Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

GiFi stands for Gigabit Wireless. GiFi is a wireless technology which promises high speed short
range data transfers with speeds of up to 5 Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The GiFi operates
on the 60GHz frequency band. This frequency band is currently mostly unused. The GiFi
measures 5mm square and it is manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology. The same GiFi system is currently used to print silicon
chips. This new wireless technology is named GiFi. The GiFi Chip developed by the Australian
researchers. In theory this technology would transfers GBs of our fav high definition movies in
seconds. So GiFi can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could
find applications ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics. GiFi allows a fulllength high definition movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds. to the higher
megapixel count on our cameras, the increased bitrate on our music files, the higher resolution
of our video files, and so on. We demand more than ever, but we also want this content to be
transferred in the most expedient manner possible. 802.11g and 802.11n are fine and all, but
some people want to push the envelope even further. This chip is 5mm per side and it can
operate at a frequency of 60GHz while Wi-Fi chip can operate only at 2.4GHz. This have low
power conception of 2 watt comes and comes with 1mm antenna.

Fig.1.1 High speed indoor data transmission

The GiFi chip is a good news for personal area networking because there is no internet
infrastructure available to cop it with. It can have a span of 10 meters. The usable prototype may
be less than a year away. With the help of GiFi chips the videos sharing can be possible without

any hurdles.
This chip is 5mm per side and it can operate at a Frequency of 60GHz while Wi-Fi chip can
operate only at 2.4GHz. This have low power conception of 2 watt comes and comes with 1mm
antenna. The complete GIFI index is contained in the CRA's Guide to the General Index of
Financial Information (GIFI) For Corporations which you can download or get in a paper or
diskette version from your nearest tax services office. You will find links to both the Guide to the
General Index of Financial Information (GIFI) For Corporations and the GIFI.

Fig 1.2 Use of spectrum in GiFi

The Cost of GiFi chip is only $10. The purpose of the GIFI is to allow the CRA to collect and
process financial information more efficiently; for instance, the GIFI lets the CRA validate tax
information electronically rather than manually. Short-range wireless technology is a hotly
contested area, with research teams around the world racing to be the first to launch such a
product.Professor Skafidas said his team is the first to demonstrate a working transceiver-on-achip that uses CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology the cheap,
ubiquitous technique that prints silicon chips.
This means his team is head and shoulders in front of the competition in terms of price and
power demand. His chip uses only a tiny one-millimetre-wide antenna and less than two watts of
power, and would cost less than $10 to manufacture. It uses the 60GHz "millimetre wave"
spectrum to transmit the data, which gives it an advantage over Wi-Fi (wireless internet).
WiFi's part of the spectrum is increasingly crowded, sharing the waves with devices such as
cordless phones, which leads to interference and slower speeds. But the millimetre wave spectrum
(30 to 300 GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster
than the average home Wi-Fi unit. However, Wi-Fi still benefits from being able to provide
2

wireless coverage over a greater distance. Victorias minister for information and communication
technology, Theo Theophanous, said it showed Victoria was at the cutting edge of IT innovation.
He praised the 27-member team which worked on the development of the chip. The high-powered
team included 10 PhDs students from the University of Melbourne and collaborated with
companies such as computer giant IBM during the research.
The worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS
(complementary

metaloxidesemiconductor)

process,

the

most

common

semiconductor

technology, was announced today by NICTA, Australias Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) Research Centre of Excellence.
The development will enable the truly wireless office and home of the future. As the integrated
transceiver developed by NICTA is extremely small, it can be embedded into devices. The
breakthrough will mean the networking of office and home equipment - without wires - will
finally become a reality.
Researchers from NICTAs Gigabit Wireless Project, which is based out of NICTAs Victoria
Research Laboratory, are the first in the world to have developed an integrated transceiver, a
complete transmitter and receiver, on a single chip at 60GHz on CMOS.
This technology breakthrough will enable the wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5
gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the
cost.Our team, which includes 10 PhD students from the University of Melbourne, has overcome
some

significant

challenges

in

developing

this

breakthrough technology, NICTA Chief

Executive Officer Dr David Skellern said. Developing very high frequency radio components in
a standard CMOS process and then integrating those components on a single chip has posed
challenges in dealing with the inherent limitations of that process for radio circuits. Now that
NICTA researchers have successfully addressed these challenges, the ICT industry will soon have
access to low cost, low power and high broadband chips that will be vital in enabling the digital
economy of the future.
NICTA Gigabit Wireless Project Leader Professor Stan Skafidas said the design and development
of the worlds first 60GHz transceiver integrated on a single CMOS was the result of a three-year
research effort.
NICTAs research involved a close collaboration with leaders in the global semiconductor
industry. The technology was developed using the IBM 130nm RF CMOS process.
Our collaborators IBM, Synopsys, Cadence, Anritsu, Agilent, Ansoft and SUSS MicroTec have
3

been critical to our success and we are grateful to have had their valuable support, Professor
Skafidas said. Our innovative design methodology and access to leading design, test and
measurement, and fabrication technology has allowed us to deliver this world-first success.
NICTA researchers chose to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed frequency band
as the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on-chip integration
as well as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays.
The availability of 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second
to users within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 metres, Professor Skafidas
said.
NICTA Chief Technology Officer, Embedded Systems, Dr Chris Nicol said the availability of a
single chip, low cost, very high speed wireless technology will transform the home entertainment
industry. For example, consumers will be able to download a high definition DVD onto their
personal digital assistants at a public kiosk in seconds, take it home and play it directly onto their
high definition TV. Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a
single chip that operates at
Frequency band as the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component onchip integration as well as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays. The
available 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users
within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 metres. The new technology is
predicted to revolutionize the way household gadgets talk to each other. According to the
University Of Melbourne, Australia, the chip is very small at only 5 millimeters per side, has a
1mm antenna, uses just two watts of power and they estimate it would cost less than $10 each to
build. It also uses the 60GHz millimetre wave spectrum which is not as crowded as the
spectrum that Wi-Fi uses, competing with things like cordless.
Wi-Fi (IEEE-802.11b) and Wi-Max (IEEE-802.16e) have captured our attention, as there
are no recent developments in the above technologies which cannot transfer data and video
information at a faster rate and led to the introduction of Gi-fi technology. It offers some
advantages over Wi-Fi, a similar wireless technology, that offers faster information rate in Gbps
less power consumption and low cost for short range transmissions.
Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip in which a
small antenna used and both transmitter- receiver are integrated on a single chip which is
fabricated using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process.
4

Because of

Gi-Fi transfer of large videos, files can be done within seconds.

Researchers of Melbourne University has come up with a wireless technology which promises
high speed short range data transfers with a speed of up to 5Gbps within a radius of 10 meters.
The new wireless technology is named as Gi-Fi and operates on the 60GHz frequency band,
which is currently mostly unused. The Gi-Fi Chip developed by the Australian researchers
measures

5mm square

and

is

manufactured

using existing complementary metal-oxide-

semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the same system that is currently used to print silicon chips.
The best part about this new technology is its cost effectiveness and power consumption, it
consumes only 2watts of power for its operation with antenna (1mm) included and the
development of Gi-Fi chip costs approximately $10( Rs 380) to manufacture.
In theory this technology would transfers GBs of your favorite high definition movies in seconds.
So Gi-Fi can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find
applications ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics.
Theory this technology would transfers GBs of your favorite high definition movies in seconds.
So Gi-Fi can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find
applications ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics.

Chapter-2
HISTORY OF GIFI

Melbourne University researchers have achieved up to 5Gbps data transfer rates on a wireless
chip. This is a lot faster than any current WiFi speeds. Dubbed GiFi, for obvious reasons, it can
deliver the connection speed up to ten meters. To fully comprehend how fast GiFi is, one of the
researchers said that a full-length high-definition movie can be transferred from one device to
another in a matter of seconds.
The GiFi chips is only 5mm in size and use current CMOS technology. Cost is only $10. I say,
lets begin mass producing it.
Professor. Stan Skafidis of Melbourne University , Australia is the inventor of GiFi chip.
The GiFi chip uses only a tiny one-millimeter-wide antenna and less than two watts of power,
and the GiFi chip would cost less than $10 to manufacture it . According to the website of
Melbourne University, Australia by using GiFi an entire high-definition movie from a video
shop kiosk could be transmitted to a mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone could then
upload the movie to a home computer or screen at the same speed, this statement about the GiFi
was given by Nick Miller. GiFi uses the 60GHz millimetre wave spectrum to transmit the data
from one part to the another part. It provides an advantage over WiFi (wireless internet),.WiFis
part of the spectrum is increasingly crowded, sharing the waves with devices such as cordless
phones, which leads to interference and slower speeds. But the millimetre wave spectrum (30 to
300 GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster than the
average home WiFi unit .The best part about this new technology GiFi is its cost effectiveness
and power consumption, it only consumes 2 watts of power for its operation with antenna (1mm)
included and the development of Gi-Fi chip costs approximately $10( Rs 380) to manufacture.
In theory this technology would transfers GBs of our fav high definition movies in seconds. So
GiFi can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications
ranging from new mobile phones to consumer electronics. GiFi promises some serious gamechanging wireless transfer speeds for all types of consumer gadgets. The tiny silicon chip invented
by professor Stan Skafidas is able to move data through the air as fast as 5 gigabits per second
at a distance of just over 30 feet. The GiFi uses the short-range wireless technology would
potentially be a competitor or more than likely a replacement for WiFi, and things like Bluetooth
6

might want to look out as well. The transfer speeds combined with the constantly increased
storage capacities of small handheld devices could really take media down some new avenues as
well. The Age newspaper uses an example of transferring a high-definition movie from a kiosk at
a store to your mobile phone in seconds. Then that same movie can be transferred just as quickly
from the phone to our home computer or entertainment system to watch.
According to the University of Melbourne, Australia, the chip is very small at only 5 millimeters
per side, has a 1mm antenna, uses just two watts of power and they estimate it would cost less
than $1

Chapter-3
TECHNOLOGY USED BY GIFI

3.1CMOS
GiFi uses CMOS

technology.

technology for constructing

Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) is a

integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in

microprocessors,

microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for
several analog circuits such as

image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers

for many types of communication.

Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967

(US

patent

3,356,858).
CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metaloxidesemiconductor
(or COS-MOS). The words "complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital
design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type metal
oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions.
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) is the semiconductor technology used in the
transistors that are manufactured into most of today's computer microchips. Semiconductors are
made of silicon and germanium, materials which "sort of" conduct electricity, but not
enthusiastically. Areas of these materials that are "doped" by adding impurities become full-scale
conductors of either extra electrons with a negative charge (N-type transistors) or of positive
charge carriers (P-type transistors). In CMOS technology, both kinds of transistors are used in a
complementary way to form a current gate that forms an effective means of electrical control.
CMOS transistors use almost no power when not needed. As the current direction changes more
rapidly, however, the transistors become hot. This characteristic tends to limit the speed at which
microprocessors can operate
Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high
immunity and low static

power

noise

consumption. Significant power is only drawn while the

transistors in the CMOS device are switching between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS
devices do not produce as much
transistor logic (TTL) or

waste heat as other forms of logic, for example transistor-

NMOS logic, which uses all n-channel devices without p-channel

devices. CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It was primarily this
reason why CMOS won the race in the eighties and became the most used technology to be
8

implemented in VLSI chips.

The phrase "metaloxidesemiconductor" is a reference to the physical structure of certain fieldeffect transistors, having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator, which in turn
is on top of a

semiconductor material. Aluminum was once used but now the material is

polysilicon. Other metal

gates have made a comeback with the advent of

high-k dielectric

materials in the CMOS process, as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and
beyond.
2. In CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) technology, both N-type and P-type
transistors are used to realize logic functions. Today, CMOS technology is the dominant
semiconductor technology for microprocessors, memories and application specific integrated
circuits (ASICs). The main advantage of CMOS over NMOS and bipolar technology is the much
smaller power dissipation. Unlike NMOS or bipolar circuits, a CMOS circuit has almost no static
power dissipation. Power is only dissipated in case the circuit actually switches. This allows to
integrate many more CMOS gates on an IC than in NMOS or bipolar technology, resulting in
much better performance.
The following applets demonstrate the N-type and P-type transistors used in CMOS technology,
the basic CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR gates, and an AOI32 complex gate.
Finally, it demonstrates the CMOS transmission-gate and a transmisson- gate Dlatch. The first applet illustrates the function of both N-type and P-type MOS
transistors.
The source and gate contacts of the transistors to toggle the corresponding voltage levels and
watch the resulting output value on the drain contacts. The applet uses colors to display the
different voltages.
(1) A logical '1' corresponding to electrical level VCC (typical values for current technolgies are
+5V or +3.3V) is shown in red,
(2) A logical '0' (corresponding to 0V or GND) in blue.
(3) A floating wire (not connected to either VCC or GND) is shown in orange.
N-type transistor is conducting when its input is '1', while the P-type transistor is conducting when
its input is '0'. The applet displays the channel of a conducting transistor as a rectangle filled with
the color of its source voltage. The channel of a nonconducting transistor is shown as rectangle
outline in black. The most important CMOS gate is the CMOS inverter. It consists of only two
9

transistors, a pair of one N-type and one P-type transistor. The applet demonstrates how the
inverter works. If the input voltage is '1' (VCC) the P-type transistor on top is nonconducting, but
the N-type transistor is conducting and provides a path from GND to the output Y. The output
level therefore is '0'. On the other hand, if the input level is '0', the P-type transistor is conducting
and provides a path from VCC to the output Y, so that the output level is '1', while the N -type
transistor is blocked. If the input is floating, both transistors may be conducting and a short-circuit
condition is possible.

3.2Transmission of image in GiFi:

CMOS uses image sensor for transferring image and
those image sensors can have much more functionality on-chip than CCDs. In addition to
converting photons to electrons and transferring them, the CMOS sensor might also perform
image processing, edge detection, noise reduction, and analog to digital conversion. What's more,
sensor and digital camera designers can make the various CMOS functions programmable,
providing for a very flexible device.
This functional integration onto a single chip is CMOS' main advantage over the CCD. It also
reduces the number of external components needed.

Fig 2.1. Image Sensor

Using an integrated CMOS sensor allows the digital camera to devote less space to other chips,
such as digital signal processors (DSPs) and ADCs. In addition, because CMOS devices consume
less power than CCDs, there's less heat, so thermal noise can be reduced.
The breakthrough for CMOS sensor technology came in the early 1990s, when Active Pixel
10

Sensors (APS) were successfully implemented by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). A
theoretical technology that was understood for decades but not effectively used until 1993, APS
adds a readout amplifier transistor to each pixel. This allows the conversion of the charge to
voltage to happen at the pixel. It also provides for random access to the sensor's pixels, similar to
the row-column memory cell access in RAM technology.
The charge readout from the AP CMOS sensor is done using parallel circuitry, which allows the
signal from single pixels or columns of pixels to be directly addressed. This direct random access
ability allows a CMOS sensor to intelligently choose to readout select groups of pixel charges
(rather than the entire sensor array). This is called window-of-interest or windowing readout. A
CMOS sensor can intelligently subsample (reduce the size of) an image when it is captured. It
also offers the potential of increased readout speed, as compared to CCD's, which must offload all
its charge through a single horizontal shift register.
In addition to amplification within the pixel site, amplifying circuitry may be placed elsewhere
along the CMOS signal chain. This provides different, multiple gain stages throughout the sensor.
Amplifiers can apply global gain to increase sensitivity in low light situations. Or selective gain
can be applied to a specific color to assist in white balance algorithms or artistic effects.
By adding all this extra circuitry to the chip, CMOS has traditionally experienced a great deal of
difficulty with noise, including transistor leakage, diode leakage, and residual charge. Noise
elimination continues to be an important area for continued CMOS research and development.
But one advantage that CMOS has is that the sensor can have subtractive elements on the chip, to
remove dark current noise from the charge before it is offloaded.
Given the number of options of what functions you can put on the CMOS sensor, it's not
surprising that there's considerable variety among various CMOS architectures.

3.3 Color creation in GiFi :

All image sensors are grayscale devices that record the
intensity of light from full black to white, with the appropriate intervening gray. To add color to
a digital camera image, a layer of color filters is bonded to the silicon using a photolithography
process to apply color dyes.
Photolithography :

Photolithography (or "optical lithography") is a process used in micro

fabrication to selectively remove parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate. It uses light to
11

transfer a geometric pattern from a photo mask to a light-sensitive chemical "photoresist", or

simply "resist," on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either engraves the exposure
pattern into, or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon, the material
underneath the photo resist. In complex integrated circuits, for example a modern CMOS, a wafer
will go through the photolithographic cycle up to 50 times.
Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the
etching resist is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a
projected image using an optical mask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version
of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in
common with etching than to lithographic printing. It is used because it can create extremely
small patterns (down to a few tens of nanometers in size), it affords exact control over the shape
and size of the objects it creates, and because it can create patterns over an entire surface costeffectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very
effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating
conditions.
A single iteration of photolithography combines several steps in sequence. Modern cleanrooms
use automated, robotic wafer track systems to coordinate the process. The procedure described
here omits some advanced treatments, such as thinning agents or edge-bead removal.
(i) Cleaning
If organic or inorganic contaminations are present on the wafer surface, they are
usually removed by wet chemical treatment, e.g. the RCA clean procedure based on solutions
containing hydrogen peroxide
(ii) Preparation
The wafer is initially heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture
that may be present on the wafer surface. Wafers that have been in storage must be chemically
cleaned to removecontamination. A liquid or gaseous "adhesion promoter", such as
Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine ("hexamethyldisilazane", HMDS), is applied to promote adhesion of the
photoresist to the wafer. The phrase "adhesion promoter" is given because HMDS secures
adhesion between the wafer and the photoresist. The surface layer of silicon dioxide on the wafer
reacts with HMDS to form tri-methylated silicon-dioxide, a highly water repellent layer not
unlike the layer of wax on a car's paint. This water repellent layer prevents the aqueous developer
from penetrating between the photoresist layer and the wafer's surface, thus preventing so-called
12

lifting of small photoresist structures in the (developing) pattern.

(iii)

Photoresist application:
The wafer is covered with photoresist by spin coating. A viscous,

liquid solution of photoresist is dispensed onto the wafer, and the wafer is spun rapidly to produce
a uniformly thick layer. The spin coating typically runs at 1200 to 4800 rpm for 30 to 60 seconds,
and produces a layer between 0.5 and 2.5 micrometres thick. The spin coating process results in a
uniform thin layer, usually with uniformity of within 5 to 10 nanometres. This uniformity can be
explained by detailed fluid- mechanical modelling, which shows that the resist moves much faster
at the top of the layer than at the bottom, where viscous forces bind the resist to the wafer surface.
Thus, the top layer of resist is quickly ejected from the wafer's edge while the bottom layer still
creeps slowly radially along the wafer. In this way, any 'bump' or 'ridge' of resist is removed,
leaving a very flat layer. Final thickness is also determined by the evaporation of liquid solvents
from the resist. For very small, dense features (<125 or so nm), thinner resist thicknesses (<0.5
micrometres) are needed to overcome collapse effects at high aspect ratios; typical aspect ratios
are <4:1.
(iv)Photoresist removal
After a photoresist is no longer needed, it must be removed from the substrate. This usually
requires a liquid "resist stripper", which chemically alters the resist so that it no longer adheres to
the substrate. Alternatively, photoresist may be removed by a plasma containing oxygen, which
oxidizes it. This process is called ashing, and resembles dry etching.
(v)Etching
In etching, a liquid ("wet") or plasma ("dry") chemical agent removes the uppermost
layer of the substrate in the areas that are not protected by photoresist. In semiconductor
fabrication, dry etching techniques are generally used, as they can be made anisotropic, in order to
avoid significant undercutting of the photoresist pattern. This is essential when the width of the
features to be defined is similar to or less than the thickness of the material being etched (i.e.
when the aspect ratio approaches unity). Wet etch processes are generally isotropic in nature,
which is often indispensable for microelectromechanical systems, where suspended structures
must be "released" from the underlying layer.
The development of low-defectivity anisotropic dry-etch process has enabled the ever-smaller
features defined photo lithographically in the resist to be transferred to the substrate material.

13

(vi)Light sources:
Photolithography has used ultraviolet light from gas-discharge lamps using
mercury, sometimes in combination with noble gases such as xenon. These lamps produce light
across a broad spectrum with several strong peaks in the ultraviolet range. This spectrum is
filtered to select a single spectral line. From the early 1960s through the mid-1980s, Hg lamps
had been used in lithography for their spectral lines at 436 nm ("g-line"), 405 nm ("h-line") and
365 nm ("i-line"). However, with the semiconductor industrys need for both higher resolution (to
produce denser and faster chips) and higher throughput (for lower costs), the lamp-based
lithography tools were no longer able to meet the industrys requirements.

Fig 2.2 Graph for Lithography wavelength vs. Resolution requirement

One of the evolutionary paths of lithography has been the use of shorter wavelengths. It is worth
noting that the same light source may be used for several technology generations. The commonly
used deep ultraviolet excimer lasers in lithography systems are the Krypton fluoride laser at 248nm wavelength and the argon fluoride laser at 193-nm wavelength. The primary manufacturers of
excimer laser light sources in the 1980s were Lambda Physik (now part of Coherent, Inc.) and
Lumonics, but since the mid-1990s Cymer Inc. has become the dominant supplier of excimer
laser sources to the lithography equipment manufacturers. Generally, an excimer laser is designed
14

to operate with a specific gas mixture; therefore, changing wavelength is not a trivial matter, as
the method of generating the new wavelength is completely different, and the absorption
characteristics of materials change. For example, air begins to absorb significantly around the 193
nm wavelength; moving to sub-193 nm wavelengths would require installing vacuum pump and
purge equipment on the lithography tools (a significant challenge). Furthermore, insulating
materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), when exposed to photons with energy greater than the
band gap, release free electrons and holes which subsequently cause adverse charging.
Optical lithography has been extended to feature sizes below 50 nm using the 193 nm ArFexcimer
laser and liquid immersion techniques. Also termed immersion lithography this enables the use of
optics with numerical apertures exceeding 1.0. The liquid used is typically ultra-pure, deionised
water, which provides for a refractive index above that of the usual air gap between the lens and
the wafer surface. The water is continually circulated to eliminate thermally-induced distortions.
Water will only allow NA's of up to ~1.4, but materials with higher refractive indices will allow
the effective NA to be increased further.
Experimental tools using the 157 nm wavelength from the F2 excimer laser in a manner similar to
current exposure systems have been built. These were once targeted to succeed 193 nm
lithography at the 65 nm feature size node but have now all but been eliminated by the
introduction of immersion lithography. This was due to persistent technical problems with the 157
nm technology and economic considerations that provided strong incentives for the continued use
of 193 nm excimer laser lithography technology. High-index immersion lithography is the newest
extension of 193 nm lithography to be considered. In 2006, features less than 30 nm were
demonstrated by IBM using this technique.

15

Fig 2.3 Graph for photon energy vs. resolution

Image sensors that have micro lenses will put the color between the micro lens and the
photodetector. With scanners that use trilinear CCDs (three adjacent linear CCDs using different
colors, typically red, green, and blue) or high-end digital cameras that use three area array image
sensors, it's a very simple issue of coating each of the three sensors with a separate color. (Note
that some multi-sensor digital cameras use combinations of colors in their filters, rather than the
three separate primaries). But for single sensor devices, such as the majority of consumer and
prosumer digital still cameras used today, color filter arrays (CFAs) are used.

Fig 2.4 Color creation in image during transmission through GiFi

CFAs assign a separate primary color to each pixel by placing a filter of that color over the pixel.
As photons pass through the filter to reach the pixel, only wavelengths of that primary color will
16

pass through. All other wavelengths will be absorbed. Primary colors are a small set of colors
identified by science as being the building blocks for all other colors. Therefore, in the RGB color
model, combining varying amounts of red, green and blue will create all the other colors in the
spectrum numerous types of CFAs have been developed for different applications. But in the vast
majority of digital camera image sensors, the most popular CFA is the Bayer pattern. Kodak
developed the Bayer pattern in the 1970s, based on work in spatial multiplexing. Using a
checkerboard pattern with alternating rows of filters, the Bayer pattern has twice as many green
pixels as red or blue. And they are arranged in alternating rows, of red wedged between green,
and of blue wedged between green.
This takes advantage of the human eye's predilection to see green luminance as the strongest
influence in defining sharpness. What's more, it produces identical images regardless of how you
hold the camera--in landscape or portrait mode.
When a Bayer pattern sensor's charge is read out, the colors are recorded sequentially line by line.
One line would be BGBGBG, followed by a line of GRGRGR and so forth. This is known as
sequential RGB.
In CCD cameras, the compositing (demosaicing) of all these colors into a picture is done off the
sensor, in the image processing stage, after the ADC has converted the analog data to digital.
CMOS sensor-based cameras have the advantage of being able to perform the demosaicing on the
sensor itself. In either case, the primary colors of each pixel are mathematically interpolated by
factoring in the color values of neighboring pixels. (In reality, few points of light in any picture
are true primary red, green or blue; they are a combination of the three colors.)
For instance, a linear interpolation will look at a 3x3 square of pixels and compare values from
neighboring pixels to determine how many of the neighbor component colors should be added to
the center pixel. In a simple case of three pixels with blue, red, and blue color filters lined up in a
horizontal row, assume you are trying to derive the actual color of a pixel with the red filter. If
you assume there are no weighted averages at play and all pixels are treated equally, then the true
color of the pixel location using the red color filter would be derived mathematically by giving
two parts weight to the blue pixels and one part weight to red. The actual algorithms of even
simple linear interpolation are much more complex than that, taking into account all the
neighboring pixels of any one pixel. When this interpolation isn't done well, color aliasing (or
artifacts of inappropriate colors) are introduced, especially at color change edges.

17

Chapter-4
BEHAVIOR OF GiFi

No longer just fuzzy recordings to YouTube (see Spies Like Us), kids will be able to live
stream from cell phone to HD TVs around the world.
It can also be used as cyberbullying, hacking, and other behaviors, is because most schools
largely ignore technology and relegate it to the "computer teacher's job."
As cell phones, computers, digital paper, and even computing surfaces integrate fully with our
lives, we will see that these are part of everything we do and should indeed be a part of every
subject. Hardware (and to some extent software) is becoming a commodity. Increasingly, its
presence does not guarantee that a school will be "leading edge." It is the USE of technology that
determines the success of a school and the future success of its students.
Too many IT directors bemoan the dusty smart boards and unused laptops . It is a never-ending
hunger for bandwidth is driving the market. The exploding use of web video services, Web 2.0
and social networking sites and enterprise applications is filling fixed broadband access is access
networks and backbones. Spare capacity is shrinking at the same time mobile Internet taking off
and spreading like wildfire to the mass market, driven by Internet brousing.
Our research shows that the personal computer remains the most used device for accessing the
Internet at home. Yet, 13 percent of all Internet users in mature markets go online via a mobile
phone when they are at home. In the near future, 44 percent of online users in mature markets and
54 percent in emerging markets will increase their existing (fixed) bandwidth.
Clear broadband trends are emerging. Any Communications Service Provider (CSP) broadband
strategy will be based on one or more of three focal points - speed, simplicity and services . This
short-range wireless technology would potentially be a competitor or more than likely a
replacement for WiFi, and things like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The transfer
speeds combined with the constantly increased storage capacities of small handheld devices could
really take media down some new avenues as well. The Age newspaper uses an example of
transferring a high-definition movie from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in seconds.
Then that same movie can be transferred just as quickly from the phone to your home computer
or entertainment system to watch.

18

According to the U. of Melbourne, the chip is very small at only 5 millimeters per side, has a
1mm antenna, uses just two watts of power and they estimate it would cost less than $10 each to
build. It also uses the 60GHz millimetre wave spectrum which is not as crowded as the
spectrum that Wi-Fi uses, competing with things like cordless phones. The chip still has about a
year of work left on it before it becomes a reality. Skafidas says they still needs to work on
transceiver.

19

Chapter-5
FEATURES OF GIFI

1. Multi-gigabit wireless technology that removes the need for cables between consumer
electronic devices.
2. More than 100 times faster than current short-range wireless technologies.
3. Allows wireless streaming of uncompressed high-definition content.
4. Operates over a range of 10 metres without interference.
5. Entire transmission system can be built on a cost effective single silicon chip.
6. Operates in the unlicensed, 57-64 GHz spectrum band.

20

Chapter-6
BENEFITS

1. Removes need for cables to connect consumer electronics devices

2. Low-cost chip allows technology to be readily incorporated into multiple devices
3. Secure encryption technology ensures privacy and security of content
4. Simple connection improves the consumer experience
5. Enhancements to next generation gaming technology

21

Chapter-7
USES OF GIFI
7.1 Wireless video transmission using GiFi chip:
Electrical Engineerings Professor
Stan Skafidas (BE Elec. Eng) 1993; MEngSc 1996; PhD 1998) has successfully demonstrated a
transmission of wireless video using the world-first Gigabit Wireless (GiFi) technology. The
demonstration, attended by Victorian Government Minister for Innovation, Gavin Jennings
earlier this year, was the first time it has been on public.display.
The GiFi chip is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip operating at 60GHz on
the CMOS (complementary metaloxidesemiconductor) process, the most common
semiconductor technology. The breakthrough will lead to wirelessly connected environments that
will enjoy audio and video transfer rates of up to 5 gigabits per second, ten times the current
maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost.
In the future, Gigabit wireless technology will be used to show DVD movies on High
Definition Digital TV without a wired connection and for very fast downloads of content from
devices such as PDAs, games consoles and wireless digital cameras. The Gigabit Wireless
Project was recently selected as a finalist in the INNOVIC 2009 Next Big Thing Award

7.2 For communication process :

GiFi provides 5 Gbits per second it better be able to
transmit 10 videos without buffer delays.

7.3 GiFi wireless chip to bring 5Gb per second speed:

The University of Melbourne
announced on Friday a new technology they are calling GiFi, which promises some serious
game-changing wireless transfer speeds for all types of consumer gadgets. The tiny silicon chip
invented by professor Stan Skafidas is able to move data through the air as fast as 5 gigabits per
second at a distance of just over 30 feet.
This short-range wireless technology would potentially be a competitor or more than likely a
replacement for WiFi, and things like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The transfer
speeds combined with the constantly increased storage capacities of small handheld devices could

22

really take media down some new avenues as well. The Age newspaper uses an example of
transferring a high-definition movie from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in seconds. Then
that same movie can be transferred just as quickly from the phone to your home computer or
entertainment system to watch

7.4 Provides high resolution:

The higher megapixel count on our cameras, the increased
bitrate on our music files, the higher resolution of our video files, and so on. We demand more
than ever, but we also want this content to be transferred in the most expedient manner possible.
802.11g and 802.11n are fine and all, but some people want to push the envelope even further.
Melbourne University researchers are working on a wireless chip that can effectively offer data
speeds of up to 5 gigabits per second. This 5Gbps technology has been named GiFi and it seems
to only be able to support that speed at a distance of up to 10 meters. This rate, however, would
allow a full-length high definition movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds.
Seconds!
The 5mm chip itself makes use of currently existing CMOS technology and would cost about
$10 manufacture. GiFi operates over the 60GHz frequency, a band that has largely gone unused
thus far.

7.5 GiFinew wireless high speed communication standard:

The Melbourne Universitybased laboratories (Australia) unveiled a new wireless technology called GiFi. This is a short
range technology, effective within 10 meters. However it features impressive data transfer speeds
5 gigabits per second, it can transmit stream video online without buffer delays. The developers
have already held a demo of GiFi in action. They introduced a 5-mm CMOS-chip that uses a onemillimeter antenna and consumes mere 2 Watt. GiFi works in 60 GHz spectrum and would have a
production cost less than $10. The final GiFi version is expected in 2009 or later. The developers
believe the new wireless technology will be widely applied in household electronics like TVs and
mobile phones.

7.6 Low power consumption:

Australian

researchers

from

National

ICT

Australia

(NICTA) have developed a lower power, short-range chip for wireless communications that can
achieve up to 5Gbps -- allowing them to transfer a complete DVD in a matter of seconds .
23

7.7 Provides short-range wireless:

A new wireless technology has been developed that
should serve as an extremely fast replacement for technologies such as Bluetooth and ultrawideband (UWB), says Australian research group NICTA. Nicknamed GiFi, the process would
use a chip (not pictured) that transmits at an extremely high 60GHz frequency versus the 5GHz
used for the fastest forms of Wi-Fi. The sheer density of the signal would allow a chip to send as
much as five gigabits per second. While the spectrum would limit the device to the same 33-foot
range as Bluetooth or UWB, it could theoretically transfer an HD movie to a cellphone in
seconds, the researchers claim.
The technology could also be used for beaming full HD video in real-time and could be used by
notebooks and other computers to wirelessly connect virtually all the expansion needed for a
docking station, including a secondary display and storage. Mixing and signal filtering would
keep the signal strong versus the longer-ranged but slower and more drop-prone Wi-Fi option of
today.
NICTA does not expect a production-grade chip to leave the development stage until early 2009
but notes that any future chip would likely cost about $10 or less to build. This and a small design
would allow cellphones and other small devices to add the technology without significantly drive
up the price, according to the company. The change opens the possibility of a successor to UWB
and its related technology Wireless USB, which matches the same range but roughly the same
480Mbps peak speed of its wired equivalent.

7.8 A Tiny GiFi Chip provides Big Wireless Capabilities:

The

"GiFi"

chip,

which

measures 0.2 of an inch on each side, was developed at Melbourne University-based labs .of the
National Information and Communications Technology research center,

The Age reported. The

high transmission rate of the chip would make it possible, for example, to transfer a highdefinition movie from a video kiosk to a mobile device in a few seconds.
Skafidas and his team claim to be the first to demonstrate a working transceiver-on-a-chip that
uses CMOS, or complementary metal oxide semiconductor. CMOS is a particular style of digital
circuitry design used in microprocessors.
The chip uses an antenna 0.04 of an inch wide, less than two watts of power, and would cost
about $9.20 U.S. The device transmits over the 60-GHz spectrum, which the researchers said is
24

nearly unused. Wi-Fi technology, in contrast, shares its spectrum with other devices such as
cordless phones, which can cause disruptions.
The chip is about a year away from being ready for market, Skafidas told the newspaper. As to its
uses, the researcher said the processor could be used to transfer video and other data-intensive
content between storage and display devices in the home. It also could be used to turn a mobile
device into a "shopping cart" for digital movies and other content that could be bought elsewhere
and played in the home. The 27-member team developing the new chip worked with companies
such as IBM in the research.

25

Chapter-8
FUTURE ASPECTS
1. The GiFi team is looking for partners interested in commercializing its 60GHz chips
2. Demonstrations of the technology can be arranged showing the huge potential it has to change
the way consumers use their in-home electronic devices
3. With growing consumer adoption of high definition television, the anticipated worldwide
market for this technology is vast.

26

Conclusion
GiFi is a wireless technology which promises high speed short range data transfers with speeds
of upto 5 Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The GiFi operates on the 60GHz frequency band.
The Gifi measures 5mm square and it is manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high
noise

immunity and low static

power consumption. The same GiFi system is currently used to

print silicon chips. The GiFi Chip developed by the Australian researchers. GiFi allows a fulllength high definition movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds. to the higher
megapixel count on our cameras, the increased bitrate on our music files, the higher resolution of
our video files, and so on. The GiFi chip is one of Australia's most lucrativee technology.

27

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