This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems, including:
1) Properties of the region of convergence (ROC) of the z-transform, such as the ROC depending only on the magnitude of z and different ROC properties for different signal types.
2) How to perform the inverse z-transform using partial fraction expansion and identifying power series coefficients.
3) Properties of the z-transform, including time shifting and differentiation.
4) How system functions relate convolution and how the ROC relates to causality and stability of linear time-invariant discrete-time systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems, including:
1) Properties of the region of convergence (ROC) of the z-transform, such as the ROC depending only on the magnitude of z and different ROC properties for different signal types.
2) How to perform the inverse z-transform using partial fraction expansion and identifying power series coefficients.
3) Properties of the z-transform, including time shifting and differentiation.
4) How system functions relate convolution and how the ROC relates to causality and stability of linear time-invariant discrete-time systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems, including:
1) Properties of the region of convergence (ROC) of the z-transform, such as the ROC depending only on the magnitude of z and different ROC properties for different signal types.
2) How to perform the inverse z-transform using partial fraction expansion and identifying power series coefficients.
3) Properties of the z-transform, including time shifting and differentiation.
4) How system functions relate convolution and how the ROC relates to causality and stability of linear time-invariant discrete-time systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems, including:
1) Properties of the region of convergence (ROC) of the z-transform, such as the ROC depending only on the magnitude of z and different ROC properties for different signal types.
2) How to perform the inverse z-transform using partial fraction expansion and identifying power series coefficients.
3) Properties of the z-transform, including time shifting and differentiation.
4) How system functions relate convolution and how the ROC relates to causality and stability of linear time-invariant discrete-time systems.
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Signals and Systems
Fall 2003 Lecture #22 2 December 2003 1. Properties of the ROC of the z-Transform 2. Inverse z-Transform 3. Examples 4. Properties of the z-Transform 5. System Functions of DT LTI Systems a. Causality b. Stability The z-Transform
-depends only on r = |z|, just like the ROC in s-plane
only depends on Re(s)
• Last time: •Unit circle (r = 1) in the ROC ⇒DTFT X(ejω) exists •Rational transforms correspond to signals that are linear combinations of DT exponentials Some Intuition on the Relation between zT and LT
The (Bilateral) z-Transform
Can think of z-transform as DT
version of Laplace transform with More intuition on zT-LT, s-plane - z-plane relationship
• LHP in s-plane, Re(s) < 0 ⇒ |z| = | esT| < 1, inside the |z| = 1 circle. Special case, Re(s) = -∞ ⇔ |z| = 0. • RHP in s-plane, Re(s) > 0 ⇒ |z| = | esT| > 1, outside the |z| = 1 circle. Special case, Re(s) = +∞ ⇔ |z| = ∞. • A vertical line in s-plane, Re(s) = constant ⇔ | esT| = constant, a circle in z-plane. Properties of the ROCs of z-Transforms (1) The ROC of X(z) consists of a ring in the z-plane centered about the origin (equivalent to a vertical strip in the s-plane)
(2) The ROC does not contain any poles (same as in LT). More ROC Properties (3) If x[n] is of finite duration, then the ROC is the entire z-plane, except possibly at z = 0 and/or z = ∞.
Why?
Examples: CT counterpart ROC Properties Continued
(4) If x[n] is a right-sided sequence, and if |z| = ro is in the ROC, then
all finite values of z for which |z| > ro are also in the ROC. Side by Side (5) If x[n] is a left-sided sequence, and if |z| = ro is in the ROC, then all finite values of z for which 0 < |z| < ro are also in the ROC.
(6) If x[n] is two-sided, and if |z| = ro is in the ROC, then the ROC consists of a ring in the z-plane including the circle |z| = ro.
What types of signals do the following ROC correspond to?
right-sided left-sided two-sided
Example #1 Example #1 continued
Clearly, ROC does not exist if b > 1 ⇒ No z-transform for b|n|.
Inverse z-Transforms
for fixed r: Example #2
Partial Fraction Expansion Algebra: A = 1, B = 2
Note, particular to z-transforms:
1) When finding poles and zeros, express X(z) as a function of z. 2) When doing inverse z-transform using PFE, express X(z) as a function of z-1. ROC III:
ROC II:
ROC I: Inversion by Identifying Coefficients in the Power Series
Example #3:
3 -1 2 0 for all other n’s — A finite-duration DT sequence Example #4:
(a)
(b) Properties of z-Transforms
(1) Time Shifting
The rationality of X(z) unchanged, different from LT. ROC unchanged except for the possible addition or deletion of the origin or infinity no> 0 ⇒ ROC z ≠ 0 (maybe) no< 0 ⇒ ROC z ≠ ∞ (maybe)
(2) z-Domain Differentiation same ROC
Derivation: Convolution Property and System Functions
Y(z) = H(z)X(z) , ROC at least the intersection of
the ROCs of H(z) and X(z), can be bigger if there is pole/zero cancellation. e.g.
H(z) + ROC tells us everything about system
CAUSALITY
(1) h[n] right-sided ⇒ ROC is the exterior of a circle possibly
including z = ∞:
A DT LTI system with system function H(z) is causal ⇔ the ROC of
H(z) is the exterior of a circle including z = ∞ Causality for Systems with Rational System Functions
A DT LTI system with rational system function H(z) is causal
⇔ (a) the ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole;
and (b) if we write H(z) as a ratio of polynomials
then Stability
• LTI System Stable ⇔ ROC of H(z) includes
the unit circle |z| = 1
⇒ Frequency Response H(ejω) (DTFT of h[n]) exists.
• A causal LTI system with rational system function is stable ⇔ all
poles are inside the unit circle, i.e. have magnitudes < 1
