MATH 41

College Algebra II
and Trigonometry
Lecture Notes

MATH 41

1.1 Basic Equations

College Algebra II

This section is a review of basic equation solving techniques. Each of these

techniques will be used frequently throughout the semester. Remember that solving
an equation means isolating the variable on one side of an equation.

Linear
Equations

Solving linear equations ax + b = 0

Solving equations involving fractional expressions
Solving nth -degree equations xn = a
Solving equations with fractional exponents
Solving for one variable in terms of another

Solve each linear equation.

1. 4x 6 = 14

2. 3t 7 = t + 3

nth -degree
Equations

3.

1
t1

t
3t2

4.

1
3t

4
3+t

1
3

16
9t2

=0

Find all real solutions to the equation.

5. x3 + 8 = 0

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MATH 41

1.1 Basic Equations

6. x4 1 = 0

7. x2 12 = 0

8. 2(x + 1)2 4 = 0

9. x3/2 8 = 0

Solving for a
Specific
Variable

Solve for the indicated variable.

10. a2 + b2 = c2 , for a

11. e = mc2 , for c

12.

a+b
b

a1
b

b+1
,
a

for a

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College Algebra II

MATH 41

1.2 Modeling with Equations

College Algebra II

To solve a story problem, first identify what the unknown quantity is, and then
assign it a variable. Then set up equations from the information given in the problem. Solve the equation, and check your answer. Dont make the problems any
more difficult than they are!

Money
Problems

Money Problems
Mixture Problems
Geometric Problems
Distance, Rate, and Time Problems

1. Butch earns $8 an hour at his job, but if he works more than 40 hours in a week,
he is paid 1 12 times his regular salary for the overtime hours worked. One week, he
earns $392. How many overtime hours did Butch work that week?

2. Stu invested $2,000, part at 4% interest, and the rest at 10%. During that year,
Stu earned the same amount from interest as he would have if he had invested the
$2000 at 8.5% interest. How much did Stu invest at each interest rate?

3. My couch has $2.50 under the cushions in nickels, dimes, and quarters. If there
are three times as many nickels as quarters, and the same number of dimes and
quarters, how many coins of each type are there?

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MATH 41

1.2 Modeling with Equations

College Algebra II

Mixture
Problems

4. Hectors favorite drink is Sprite ($2.70/gal) mixed with Eggnog ($4.00/gal). He

cant recall the proper proportions to mix, but what he does remember is that the
total cost of the mixture is $3.00 per gallon. If Hector wants to mix up 5 gallons
for his big holiday party, how much of each drink should he use?

Geometric
Problems

5. A 6 ft tall man wants to estimate the height of a light post. He notes that his
shadow is 4 feet long, and light posts shadow is 28 feet long. How tall is the light
post?

6. Find the length x in the figure, if the shaded area is 126 cm2 .
x
x
2x

3x

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MATH 41
Distance,
Rate, Time
Problems

1.2 Modeling with Equations

College Algebra II

7. Harry flew his broom 550 miles from Hogwarts to Paris and back in 8 hours. A
15 mi/hr tailwind assisted him on the way to Paris, but impeded him on his return
trip. What was Harrys flight speed (without the wind)?

8. My wife (Jenny) can clean our cluttered living room in 30 minutes. My son
(Andrew) can clutter up the living room in 40 minutes. If Jenny starts cleaning the
cluttered living room while Andrew is busy cluttering it back up, how long will it
take for the room to get cleaned?

Page 6 of 112

MATH 41

1.3 Quadratic Equations

College Algebra II

A quadratic equation is an equation of the form

ax2 + bx + c = 0

a , 0.

Quadratic equations can be solved by factoring and using the property that AB = 0
if and only if A = 0 or B = 0. When a quadratic equation doesnt factor, then it can
be solved by completing the square or using the quadratic formula.

Factoring

Solving quadratic equations by factoring

Completing the square
x2 + bx +
2
Quadratic formula
x = b 2ab 4ac
Discriminant
b2 4ac

+c=0

Solve the equation by factoring.

1. y2 + 7y + 12 = 0

2. x2 + 8x + 12 = 0

3. 3x2 8x + 4 = 0

4. 2x(x + 1) = 7x 2

Completing
the Square

Solve the equation by completing the square.

5. x2 4x 12 = 0

6. w2 + 6w 18 = 0

7. t2 + 5t 3 = 0

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MATH 41

1.3 Quadratic Equations

College Algebra II

8. 4x2 8x + 8 = 0

9. 6y2 + 7y 5 = 0

Quadratic
Formula

Solve the equation using the quadratic formula.

10. x2 4x 5 = 0

11. 32 + 4 18 = 0

12. x2 2 = 0

Discriminant

Applications

Find the number of real solutions of the equation using the discriminant.
13. 5x2 + 7x + 2 = 0

14. A box with a square base and no top is to be made from a square piece of
cardboard by cutting out a 2 in 2 in squares from the corner and folding up the
sides as shown. The box is to hold 72 in3 . How big a piece of cardboard is needed?
2

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MATH 41

1.4 Complex Numbers

College Algebra II

To solve equations of the form x2 = 1, we introduce a number i which satisfies

i2 = 1. Complex numbers are numbers of the form a + bi. We call a the real part
and b the imaginary part. To do calculations with complex numbers, simply treat i
like a variable, and always simplify i2 to be 1.
Definition of complex numbers
Calculations with complex numbers
Complex numbers as solutions of equations

Complex
Numbers

Calculations
with
Complex
Numbers

Decide whether each statement is true or false.

1. T F
3 + 4i has imaginary part 4 and real part 3.

2. T

6 is a complex number.

3. T

i4 = 1.

4. T

16 = 4i.

Perform the indicated operations

5. (3 + 4i) + (2 5i)

6. (3 + 4i) (2 5i)

7. (3 + 4i)(2 5i)

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MATH 41
8.

3 + 4i
2 5i

9.

1
2

2 + i 1 + 2i

1.4 Complex Numbers

10. i17

11. i17

12. ( 5 6)( 10 + 3)

Solving
Quadratics

Solve each equation.

13. x2 + 4 = 0

14. x2 3x + 3 = 0

15. 2x2 + x + 1 = 0

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College Algebra II

MATH 41

1.5 Other Types of Equations

College Algebra II

Polynomials are expressions such as x4 + 3x2 2x + 4. Polynomial equations

can often be solved by factoring. Equations involving radicals can be solved either
by substitution or by raising both sides of the equation to a power to remove the
radicals.
Solving by factoring
Equations involving radicals
Equations of quadratic type

Solving by
Factoring

Find all real solutions of the equation.

1. x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 = 0

2. x4 + 3x3 2x2 6x = 0

3.

QuadraticType
Equations

1
x+3

x
x+4

x2 4
x2 +7x+12

4. (x + 4)2 + 13(x + 4) + 36 = 0

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MATH 41
5.

1.5 Other Types of Equations

 x 2
6x

+8=0
x3
x3

6. 3x4 + 2x7 6 = 0

7. x + x1/2 6 = 0

8. x8 + 15x4 16 = 0

9. x3/2 + 3x1/2 10x1/2 = 0

10. x6 9x4 4x2 + 36

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College Algebra II

MATH 41
Radical
Equations

11. 2x +

12.

1.5 Other Types of Equations

x+1=8

3
4x2 4x = x

r
13.

College Algebra II

1+

x + 2x + 1 = 5 + x

14. A students debt D (in dollars) can be modeled by the formula

D(t) = 10t + 36 t + 196,

where t is time (in weeks) since moving to State College. How many weeks will it
take for the students debt to reach $500?

Page 13 of 112

MATH 41

1.6 Inequalities

College Algebra II

Inequalities are preserved when quantities are added or subtracted from both
sides. Multiplying or dividing by a negative reverses the direction of the inequality. Polynomial or rational inequalities are solved by getting 0 on one side of the
inequality and then factoring the other side to break up the numberline into test
intervals.
Linear inequalities
Polynomial inequalities
Rational inequalities

Linear
inequalities

Solve each inequality. Write the solution using interval notation.

1. 3x 5 7

2.

3x + 4
2
2

3. 3 2x + 7 9

Polynomial
Inequalities

4. (x + 3)(x 4) < 0

5. x2 x + 2

6. x3 4x 0

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MATH 41

1.6 Inequalities

College Algebra II

7. x5 < x3

Rational
Inequalities

8.

x+4
0
x2

9.

x+4
1
x2

10.

Applications

3
4
1
x1 x

11. A telephone company offers two long-distance plans.

Plan A: $25 per month and $.05 per minute
Plan B: $5 per month and $.12 per minute
For how many minutes of long-distance calls would plan B be financially advantageous?

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MATH 41

1.7 Absolute Value Equations

College Algebra II

The absolute value of a number is the distance from that number to 0. Thus,
|x| = c if and only if x = c,
|x| < c if and only if c < x < c,
|x| > c if and only if x < c or x > c.
Absolute value equations
Absolute value inequalities

Absolute
Value
Equations

Solve each equation.

1. |2x 1| = 5

2. |3x + 1| = 6

3. 2|x + 3| 4 = 6

4. |x + 2| = |2x 4|

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MATH 41
Absolute
Value
Inequalities

1.7 Absolute Value Equations

College Algebra II

Write the solution to each inequality in interval form.

5. |3x + 4| 7

6. |2x + 1| > 7

7.

1
|x
3

+ 4| 3 1

8. 2 |x 1| 5

9. Write an inequality that describes the set of all numbers that are at least 3 units
away from 5.

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MATH 41

2.1 The Coordinate Plane

College Algebra II

Algebraic relationships can be visualized as a graph of points in the plane. That

is, a graph represents the solution set to some equation or inequality. The vertical
axis is the y-axis, and the horizontal axis is the x-axis. Each point is specified as an
ordered pair (x0 , y0 ), where x0 is the x-coordinate, and y0 is the y-coordinate.

Areas and
Plots

Plotting points
Area of triangles and parallelograms
Distance formula
Midpoint formula

The area of a triangle is given by the formula 12 (base)(height). A parallelogram

has area given by (base)(height).
1. Draw the parallelogram with vertices (1, 1), (4, 1), (0, 5) and (3, 5), and find
its area.

2. Draw the triangle with vertices (2, 3), (4, 2), and (2, 4), and find its area.

Sketch the region given by the set.

3. {(x, y) | x 2}

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MATH 41

2.1 The Coordinate Plane

4. {(x, y) | 0 x 3 and y < 2}

5. {(x, y) | |x| 1 and |y| 2}

6. {(x, y) | xy > 0}

Distance

The distance between points A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ) is

p
d(A, B) = (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 .
7. Which of the points A(5, 6) or B(7, 4) is closer to the origin?

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College Algebra II

MATH 41

2.1 The Coordinate Plane

College Algebra II

8. Show that the triangle A(4, 2), B(0, 4), C(3, 2) is a right triangle by using
the Pythagorean theorem.

9. Show that the points A(1, 0), B(4, 2), C(2, 7), and D(3, 5) are the vertices of
a square.

Midpoints

x + x y + y 
1
2
1
2
,
.
The midpoint between points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is
2
2
10. Find the midpoint of the points A(2, 1) and B(4, 3).

11. If M(1, 4) is the midpoint of the line segment AB, and if A has coordinates
(2, 2), find the coordinates of B.

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MATH 41

2.2 Graphs of Equations

College Algebra II

The graph of an equation in x and y is the set of all points (x, y) in the coordinate
plane that satisfy the equation. The intercepts of a graph are the points where the
graph meets the coordinate axis (i.e. either the x or y coordinate is 0).

Intercepts

Sketching graphs by plotting points

Intercepts
Symmetry in equations
Equation of a circle

1. Which of the points (2, 3), (3, 2), or (1, 9) are on the graph of x3 yyx = 19?

Find the intercepts of each of the following equations.

2. x2 + y3 x2 y = 64

3. y = x2 7x + 10

Symmetry

An equation is symmetric about the x-axis if it remains unchanged when x is

replaced by x (e.g. y = x2 ). An equation is symmetric about the y-axis if it remains
unchanged when y is replaced by y (e.g. x = y2 ). An equation is symmetric about
the origin if it remains unchanged when x and y are replaced by x and y (e.g.
x = y).
4. Discuss the symmetries of
y = x3 + x
y=

1
x2

+1

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MATH 41

2.2 Graphs of Equations

College Algebra II

Sketch the graph of each equation. Find the intercepts and test for symmetry.
5. y = 3x 3

6. x + y2 = 4

7. y = 1 |x|

8. y = |1 x|

Circles

A circle of radius r with center (h, k) has a standard form equation

(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 .

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MATH 41

2.2 Graphs of Equations

College Algebra II

9. Find the equation of the circle with center at (2, 1) and radius 9.

10. Find the equation of the circle that has a diameter with endpoints (1, 2) and
(9, 2).

11. Find the center and radius of the circle x2 + 2x + y2 = 3.

12. Find the center and radius of the circle x2 + 8x + y2 6y = 0.

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MATH 41

2.2 Graphs of Equations

13. Sketch the region give by the set {(x, y) | 1 < x2 + y2 9}.

Page 24 of 112

College Algebra II

MATH 41

2.4 Lines

College Algebra II

Lines are the backbone of geometry. Here we discuss the algebra behind lines
and the various forms of the equations of a line.

Slope

Slope
Point-slope form
Slope-intercept form
General equation of a line
Parallel and perpendicular
A nonvertical line through the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) has slope
m=

rise y2 y1
=
.
run x2 x1

1. Find the slope of the line through the points (1, 4) and (3, 6).

Point-slope
Form

The equation of the line that passes through the point (x1 , y1 ) and has slope m is
y y1 = m(x x1 ).
Find the equation of the line that satisfies the given conditions.
2. Through (1, 2); slope 4

3. Through (1, 3); slope 0

4. x-intercept 3; y-intercept 7

5. Through (1, 3); parallel to the x-axis

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MATH 41
Slopeintercept
Form

2.4 Lines

College Algebra II

An equation of the line that has slope m and y-intercept b is

y = mx + b.
6. Find the equation of the line with slope 2 and y-intercept 4.

7. Find the y-intercept of the line 6x 2y = 4.

General
Form

The general form of the equation of a line is

Ax + By + C = 0.
8. Sketch the graph of 5x + 2y 10 = 0.

Perpendicular
Two lines with slope m1 and m2 are parallel if m1 = m2 . The lines are perpenand Parallel dicular if m1 m2 = 1.
Lines 9. Find the equation of a line through the point (3, 4) that is perpendicular to 2x +

3y = 17.

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MATH 41
Applications
of Lines

2.4 Lines

College Algebra II

10. Student A made me 12 cookies and earned an A (4.0) in the course. Student B
made me 4 cookies and earned a C (2.0) in this course. Write out a linear model
that relates the number of cookies given to the instructor (x-variable) and the grade
that a student can expect (y-variable). What grade can a student expect who gives
the instructor no cookies? Interpret the slope of the equation in the context of this
problem.

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MATH 41

3.1 What is a Function?

College Algebra II

A functions is a special relation between variable quantities. A correct understanding of the language and uses of functions is essential for success in this course
and all courses to come.
Definition of a Function
Domain and Range

Definition of
a Function

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

element, called f (x), in a set B. The set A is the domain of f (i.e. the input of
the function), and the set { f (x) | x A} is the range of f (i.e. the output of the
function).
1. Let f (x) = |x|. Evaluate f (2) and f (1). Find the domain and range of f .

2. Let f (x) = (x 1)2 . Evaluate f (2), f (1), f (2a), and f (x3 ). Find the domain
and range of f .

3. Let g(x) =

x
. Evaluate g(2), g(1), g(2a), and g(x2 ). Find the domain and
|x|

range of g.

4. Find the domain of f (x) =

x2 5x + 6
.
x

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MATH 41
Functions
Inside
Functions

3.1 What is a Function?

College Algebra II

5. Use the function f (x) = x2 1 to calculate the following:

f (x2 )
( f (x))2
f (x + 1)
f (x) + 1
 
f 2x

f (x)
2

6. Use the function f (x) = x2 to calculate the difference quotient:

f (a + h) f (h)
f (x) =
h

Piecewise
Defined
Functions

7. Evaluate
f (5), f (0), f (2), and f (5) for

3x
if x < 0

f (x) =
x+1
if 0 x 2

(x 2)2 if x > 2

8. Harvey earns 10/hour at his job. After 40 hours, he earns time-and-a-half. Write
a piecewise defined function that gives Harveys pay as a function of the number
of hours he works.

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MATH 41

3.2 Graphs of functions

College Algebra II

A graph is a tool that allows geometric intuition to aid in solving an algebraic

problem. The graph of a function f consists of points (x, f (x)).

Plots from
Tables

Graphs from tables

Domain and range
Vertical line test
Piecewise defined graphs

Plot the following functions after making a table of values.

1. f (x) = x3 + x2 x 1

2. f (x) = |x| x

3. f (x) =

x+5

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MATH 41

PiecewiseDefined
Functions

x
4. f (x) =

x2

3.2 Graphs of functions

College Algebra II

if x < 0
if x 0

5. Find an equation of the function graphed below.

Vertical Line
Test

A graph represents a function if any vertical line intersects the graph at most
once (i.e. there is at most one y value for each x value).
6. Which of the following represents a function?

Determine whether the equation defines y as a function of x.

7. x2 y + y = x

8. 2x + |y| = 0

Page 31 of 112

MATH 41

3.2 Graphs of functions

College Algebra II

9. x2 = y2

10. Find the equation for the right half of the circle x2 + y2 = 16.

Page 32 of 112

MATH 41

3.3 Increasing and decreasing functions

College Algebra II

The concept of an increasing or decreasing function is a fundamental tool in calculus. Here we introduce the important concept of the rate of change of a function
on an interval.
Increasing and decreasing functions
Average rate of change

Increasing
and
Decreasing
Functions

A function, f , is increasing % on an interval I if f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever

x1 < x2 in I. f is increasing & on an interval I if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2
in I.
1. On what intervals is the function pictured increasing?

f (x) = 18 x4 x2
Average
Rate of
Change

The average rate of change of a function f on an interval [a, b] is the slope of

the line joining the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)).
Average Rate of Change =

change in y
f (b) f (a)
=
change in x
ba

2. Find the average rate of change of the function pictured below between the
following x-values.
x = 0 and x = 2
x = 2 and x = 0
x = 4 and x = 6
x = 2 and x = 4

f (x) =

3x2
8

x3
16

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MATH 41

3.3 Increasing and decreasing functions

College Algebra II

Find the average rate of change of the function between the given values of the
variable.
3. f (x) = x2 2x; x = 1, x = 4

4. g(t) =

t 1; t = 2, t = 5

5. The graph below shows the number of people who have told me that I am going
bald in each of the past few years.
(a) What is the average number of unwanted remarks about the status of my hair
per year from the year 2000 to the end of 2007?
(b) Between which two successive years did the number of hair criticisms increase most quickly?
(c) Interpret the data and make a prediction for what can be expected in the
coming years.
People Year
0
2000
1
2001
1
2002
8
2003
18
2004
22
2005
30
2006
26
2007

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MATH 41

3.4 Transformations of functions

College Algebra II

Here we cover some extremely useful techniques for transforming the graph of
a function.

Vertical
Shifts

Vertical and horizontal shifts

Reflections
Vertical stretching/shrinking
Horizontal stretching/shrinking
Even and odd functions

The graph of y = f (x) + c shifts the graph of y = f (x) upward by c units.

1. Plot the functions f (x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = x2 4.

Horizontal
Shifts

The graph of y = f (x c) shifts the graph of y = f (x) to the right by c units.

2. Plot the functions f (x) = (x 3)2 and g(x) = (x + 1)2 .

Reflecting
Graphs

To graph y = f (x) reflect the graph of y = f (x) across the x-axis. To graph
y = f (x) reflect the graph of y = f (x) across the y-axis.
3. Plot the functions f (x) = x2 and g(x) = (x 3)2 .

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MATH 41

3.4 Transformations of functions

College Algebra II

Vertical and
Horizontal
Stretching
and
Shrinking

To graph y = c f (x) stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c. To

graph y = f (cx) stretch the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of 1/c.
 2
4. Plot the functions f (x) = 2x2 , g(x) = 41 x2 , h(x) = (2x)2 and k(x) = 13 x .

Combining
Transformations

A function is given. Write the equation that gives the requested transformations.
5. f (x) = |x|; reflect across the x-axis, stretch vertically by a factor of 2, shift left
1 unit and up 3 units

6. f (x) = 1x ; reflect across the y-axis, shrink horizontally by a factor of 3, shift

right 2 units and down 1 unit

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MATH 41

3.4 Transformations of functions

College Algebra II

7. A function is pictured below. Plot each of the following functions.

y = f (x)
y = f (2x)
y = f (x) + 1

y = f (x) + 2

Even and
Odd
Functions

y = 14 f (x + 4) 3

y = 2 f (4x + 4) 2

A function f is even if f (x) = f (x) for all x. f is odd if f (x) = f (x) for all
x.
8. Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither.
f (x) = x3 x
g(x) = x4 x2
h(x) =
k(x) =

1
|x|

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MATH 41

3.5 Quadratic Functions; Extrema

College Algebra II

Quadratic functions take the form f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. The graph of a quadratic
function is a parabola.
Standard form of a quadratic function
Extrema of a quadratic function

Standard
Form

The standard form of a quadratic function with vertex (h, k) is

f (x) = a(x h)2 + k.
The parabola f opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.
Express each quadratic equation in standard form.
1. f (x) = 6x2 + 24x 5

2. f (x) = x2 + 5x + 8

Maxima and
Minima

A quadratic equation f (x) = a(x h)2 + k will always have either a maximum or
a minimum value of k when x = h (i.e. at the vertex of the graph). By completing
2
the square,

 we can see that f (x) = ax + bx + c has a relative maximum or minimum
at f 2ab .
A quadratic function is given. Express the function in standard form, sketch its
graph, and find its maximum or minimum value.
3. f (x) = x2 8x + 18

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MATH 41

3.5 Quadratic Functions; Extrema

College Algebra II

4. f (x) = 12 x2 + 2x 1

5. g(x) = 3 2x x2

Find the maximum or minimum value of each function.

6. f (x) = 2x2 + 8x 9

7. g(x) = 100x2 1500x

8. Stus enjoyment of his week depends on how many dates d he goes on. On a
scale of 0 to 100 his enjoyment E is given by E(d) = d(48 6d) + 4. How many
dates should Stu go on each week to ensure the maximum enjoyment?

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MATH 41

3.6 Combining Functions

College Algebra II

Here we discuss different ways to make new functions by combining functions.

Adding,
Subtracting,
Multiplying,
and Dividing
Functions

Adding and subtracting functions

Multiplying and dividing functions
Composing functions
Domain of combined functions

Two functions f (x) and g(x) can be combined to form new functions in the
following elementary ways:
( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)
( f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
( f g)(x)
= f (x)g(x)

f (x)
f
g (x) = g(x)
1. For f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x2 2 find f + g, f g, f g, and f /g and evaluate each
of these new functions at x = 3

Composition
of Functions

Given two functions f and g, the composite functions f g is defined by

( f g)(x) = f (g(x)).
For each of the following pairs of functions, find f g, g f , f f , and g g,
and then evaluate each of the composite functions at x = 1.
2. f (x) = x2 1, g(x) = x + 1

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MATH 41

3.6 Combining Functions

College Algebra II

3. f (x) = 1x , g(x) = 2x

4. Find f g f where f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x 1.

5. Find functions f and g such that F = f g, where F(x) =

1
.
x2

6. A circular ripple in a pond is expanding outward at a rate of 6 in/sec.

(a) Find a function g that models the radius as a function of time.
(b) Find a function f that models the area of the circle as a function of the radius.
(c) Find f g. What does this function represent?

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MATH 41
Domain of
Combined
Functions

3.6 Combining Functions

College Algebra II

For the purposes of this course, the domain of a combined function will be the
set of all values on which the new function is defined.
7. Find the domain of each of thefollowing functions.
f + g; f (x) = x + 2, g(x) = x

f g; f (x) = x2 , g(x) =

f g; f (x) =

1x

x + 1, g(x) =

f /g; f (x) = x, g(x) = x 3

f g, g f ; f (x) = x + 2, g(x) =

f g, g f ; f (x) = x2 , g(x) =

4 2x

Page 42 of 112

MATH 41

3.7 1-1 Functions and Inverses

College Algebra II

The inverse of a function undoes or reverses what the function has done.

One-to-one
Functions

One-to-one functions
Horizontal line test
Inverse function definition
Finding an inverse function
Plotting an inverse function

A function with domain A is called a one-to-one function if no two elements of

A have the same image, that is
f (x1 ) , f (x2 )

whenever

x1 , x2 .

Decide whether each function is one-to-one.

1. f (x) = x4

2. g(x) = 2x 1

3. h(x) =

Horizontal
Line Test

1
x

A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph

more than once.
Decide whether each function is one-to-one using the horizontal line test.
4. f (x) = x4

5. g(x) = 2x 1

Page 43 of 112

MATH 41
6. h(x) =

Inverse
Functions

3.7 1-1 Functions and Inverses

College Algebra II

1
x

Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse
function f 1 has domain B and range A defined by
f 1 (y) = x

f (x) = y

for any y in B. Alternatively, we can define the inverse function of f to be any

function f 1 that satisfies each of the following conditions.
f 1 ( f (x)) = x for every x in A
f ( f 1 (x)) = x for every x in B
Determine if the following pairs of functions are inverses.
7. f (x) = 3x + 1, g(x) = x1
3

8. f (x) =

Finding
Inverse
Functions

x, g(x) = x2

To find the inverse of a function y = f (x), simply interchange x and y and then
solve for y in terms of x.
Find the inverse function.
9. f (x) = 1x

10. f (x) =

x2
x+2

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MATH 41

3.7 1-1 Functions and Inverses

College Algebra II

11. f (x) = (3 + x7 )5

Plotting an
Inverse
Function

To plot f 1 (x), simply reflect the graph of f (x) across the line y = x (i.e. interchange x and y values of each point).
12. Plot f (x) = x3 and f 1 (x).

13. Going to the movie costs $8 for admission plus $3 per bag of popcorn. Thus
if you go to the movie and buy x bags of popcorn the total cost is given by the
function f (x) = 8 + 3x. Find and interpret the meaning of f 1 (x).

Page 45 of 112

MATH 41

Modeling with Functions

College Algebra II

The ability to set up an equation that models a relationship is an essential skill

that is required in calculus.
Setting up models
Optimization problems
The basic steps in modeling with functions are
1. Express the model in words.
2. Choose the variable(s).
3. Set up the model.
4. Use the model to answer the question.
Setting up
Models

1. A poster is 10 inches longer than it is wide. Find a function that models its area
A in terms of its width w.

2. The height of a cylinder is four times its radius. Find a function that models the
volume V of the cylinder in terms of its radius r.

3. Find a function that models the surface area S of a cube in terms of its volume
V.

4. The volume of a cone is 100 in3 . Find a function that models the height h of the
cone in terms of its radius r.

Page 46 of 112

MATH 41

Modeling with Functions

College Algebra II

5. The bases on a baseball diamond are 90 feet apart. A runner from 2nd is stealing
3rd . Find a function that models the distance from the runner to 1 st base when the
runner is x feet from 2nd base.
2nd
x

1 st

3rd

Home

Optimization
Problems

6. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 30 and the sum of whose squares is a
minimum.

7. Bessie the cow is building her dream home. She has 400 feet of fencing and
will make her pasture by dividing up a rectangular pen into four pens as pictured.

(a) Find a function that models the total area of the four pens.
(b) Find the largest possible total area of the four pens.

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MATH 41

4.1 Polynomials and Graphs

College Algebra II

A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

P(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 ,
where n is a nonnegative integer and an , 0.

Graphing polynomials
End behavior of a polynomial
Zeros and graphs of polynomials
Intermediate value theorem
Multiplicity of a zero

A polynomial function will always have a smooth graph without any corners or
holes.
Graphing
Polynomials

End
Behavior of
Polynomials

1. Plot f (x) = x5 , g(x) = (x 2)5 , and h(x) = x5 2.

If f (x) has odd degree, then the graph of f (x) looks like -. . .

&

or

...%

depending on the sign of the lead coefficient. Think of f (x) = x3 .

If f (x) has even degree, then the graph of f (x) looks like . . . or -. . . %
. &
depending on the sign of the lead coefficient. Think of f (x) = x2 .

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MATH 41

4.1 Polynomials and Graphs

College Algebra II

2. Determine the end behavior of the following polynomials.

f (x) = x4 + 2x2 + x 7
f (x) = 4x7 + x6
f (x) = 3x3 2x2 + x 78

Real Zeros of
Polynomials

If P(x) is a polynomials and c is a real number, then the following are equivalent.
1. c is a zero of P(x).
2. x = c is a solution of P(x) = 0.
3. (x c) is a factor of P(x).
4. x = c is an x-intercept of the graph of P.
3. Sketch the graph of f (x) = (x + 4)(x 2)(x 5).

Intermediate
Value
Theorem

If a < b and f (a) and f (b) have opposite signs, then there is a zero of f (x)
between a and b.
4. Show that f (x) = x3 x2 + 1 has a zero between x = 1 and x = 0.

Multiplicity
of Zeros

If c is a zero of a polynomial f (x) and the corresponding factor x c occurs exactly m times in the factorization of f (x), then we say that c is a zero of multiplicity
m. Near the point x = c the graph of f (x) looks a lot like the graph of y = xm .

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MATH 41

4.1 Polynomials and Graphs

5. Graph f (x) = x3 (x + 4)(x 1)2 (x 3)2

6. Graph f (x) = x5 9x3

7. Graph f (x) = x4 2x3 + 8x 16

Page 50 of 112

College Algebra II

MATH 41

4.1 Polynomials and Graphs

College Algebra II

8. Find a polynomial f such that f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f (2) = 2, f (3) = 3, f (4) = 4,

but f (5) , 5.

Page 51 of 112

MATH 41

4.2 Dividing Polynomials

College Algebra II

Polynomial division is a useful technique for simplifying problems and finding

roots of polynomials.

Long
Division of
Polynomials

Long division of polynomials

Division algorithm
Synthetic division
Remainder Theorem
Factor Theorem

To divide polynomials, just apply the same techniques as dividing real numbers.
The key is to only focus on the lead terms.
Perform the division in the following problems.
2780
1.
13

2.

Division
algorithm

4x3 + 3x2 + x 1
2x + 1

If P(x) and D(x) are polynomials, with D(x) , 0, then there exist unique polynomials Q(x) and R(x), where R(x) is either 0 or of degree less than the degree of
D(x), such that
P(x)
R(x)
= Q(x) +
.
P(x) = D(x) Q(x) + R(x)
or
D(x)
D(x)
We call Q(x) the quotient and R(x) the remainder.
For each P(x) and D(x), divide P(x) by Q(x) and express the result in both forms
of the division algorithm.
3. P(x) = x3 + 6x + 5, D(x) = x 4

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MATH 41

4.2 Dividing Polynomials

College Algebra II

4. P(x) = 2x5 + 4x4 4x3 x 3, D(x) = x2 2

Synthetic
division

Synthetic division is a quick method of dividing by a polynomial of the form

x c. It is basically a streamlined version long division. Use synthetic division to
divide the polynomial below.
5. P(x) = x3 + 6x + 5, D(x) = x 4

Remainder
Theorem

If the polynomial P(x) is divided by x c, then the remainder is the value P(c).
6. Use synthetic division and the Remainder Theorem to evaluate P(11) for P(x) =
2x3 21x2 + 9x 200.

7. Find P(7) for P(x) = (x1 4 + x8 98x)(x 7) + 19.

Factor
Theorem

The value c is a zero of P(x) if and only if x c is a factor of P(x).

8. Show that c = 4 are zeros of P(x) = x3 + 3x2 36x + 32, and find all other zeros
of P(x).

Page 53 of 112

MATH 41

4.2 Dividing Polynomials

9. Is x 1 a factor of P(x) = 17x3 18x2 + 5x 4?

10. Find a polynomial of degree 4 with zeros 1, 3, 5, 7.

Page 54 of 112

College Algebra II

MATH 41

4.5 Rational Functions

College Algebra II

A rational function is a fraction of polynomial functions.

Vertical and horizontal asymptotes
Slant asymptotes

Vertical and
Horizontal
Asymptotes

An asymptote of a function is a line that the graph of a function gets closer

and closer to as one travels along that line. Vertical asymptotes often occur where
division by 0 would take place. Horizontal asymptotes occur when the denominator
gets large at least as fast as the numerator as x .
1. Plot f (x) = 1x

2. Use a transformation of f (x) =

1
x

to plot g(x) =

2
x+1

If the numerator and denominator have the same degree, then the y-value of the
horizontal asymptote can be found by taking the ratio of the lead coefficients.

Page 55 of 112

MATH 41
3. Plot f (x) =

Slant
Asymptotes

4.5 Rational Functions

College Algebra II

4x2 +1
x2 x6

When the degree of the numerator exceeds the degree of the denominator, then
there is no horizontal asymptote. Instead, the behavior of the graph as x can
be found by using long division.
4. Plot f (x) =

x2 +2x
x1

Page 56 of 112

MATH 41

4.5 Rational Functions

5. Plot f (x) =

x3 x
x+4

6. Plot f (x) =

x2 +x
x+1

College Algebra II

7. After a certain drug is injected into a patient, the concentration c (in mg/L) of
the drug t minutes since the injection is given by c(t) = t30t
2 +2 . Draw a graph of the
drug concentration and describe what eventually happens to the drug concentration.
c

Page 57 of 112

MATH 41

5.1 Exponential Functions

College Algebra II

Exponential functions are an important class of functions that describe naturally

occuring phenomena.

Exponential
Functions

Exponential functions
Natural exponential functions
Compound interest
Exponential decay

The exponential function with base a (with a > 0) is defined for all real numbers
to be f (x) = a x .
1. f (x) = 2 x . Find f (2), f (1), f (1/2), f (0), and f (1). Find the domain, range,
and any asymptotes.

2. Plot f (x) = 2 x , g(x) = 2x , and h(x) = 2 x+1 + 6 on the same coordinate axis.

3. Plot f (x) = 3 x , g(x) = 4 x , and h(x) = 5 x on the same coordinate axis.

Page 58 of 112

MATH 41
Natural
Exponential
Function

5.1 Exponential Functions

College Algebra II

The number e 2.718281828 is an important constant that we will use repeatedly in this course and in courses to come.
4. Plot f (x) = e x .

5. Find the domain, range, and asymptote(s) of the following functions.

f (x) = e x
g(x) = 3ex
h(x) = e
k(x) =

Compound
Interest

1 ex

The amount A in an account after t years that had a principal investment P that
is compounded n times per year at an interest rate of r is given by the formula

r nt
A(t) = P 1 +
.
n
If the interest is compounded continuously (i.e. n ) the formula is
A(t) = Pert .

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MATH 41

5.1 Exponential Functions

College Algebra II

6. Suppose you invest $100 in the bank at a rate of 10% interest. How much money
will you have at end of the year if interest is compounded annually? biannually?
10 times per year? continuously?

Page 60 of 112

MATH 41

5.2 Logarithmic Functions

College Algebra II

Exponential functions are an important class of functions that describe naturally

occuring phenomena.

Log base a
Properties of logarithms
Plots of logarithms
Common log and natural log

For any positive number a , 1, the logarithmic function with base a is defined

Log base a

by
loga x = y

ay = x.

So, loga x is the exponent to which the base a must be raised to give x.
1. Convert the following from exponential form to logarithmic form or vice versa.
104 = 10, 000
41/2 = 2
20 = 1
log4 16 = 2
log3 81 = 4

2. Evaluate each of the following expressions.

log2 16
log16 4
log10 .01
log4 1/2
log3 1

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MATH 41
Properties of
Logarithms

5.2 Logarithmic Functions

College Algebra II

3. Simplify each of the following expressions.

loga 1

loga a
loga a x
aloga x

Plotting
Logarithmic
Functions

The logarithmic function base a and the exponential function base a are inverses, so their graphs are obtained by reflecting across the line y = x. The domain
of loga is (0, ) and the range is (, ).
4. Plot f (x) = log2 x.

5. Plot f (x) = log3 x and g(x) = log5 x.

Page 62 of 112

MATH 41

5.2 Logarithmic Functions

College Algebra II

6. Plot f (x) = log2 (x) and g(x) = 12 log2 (x + 4) + 1.

Common
and Natural
Log

When the base is 10, we often omit it from the notation log x = log10 x. We call
log base 10 common log. When the base is e, we write ln x = loge x and call this
natural log.

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MATH 41

5.3 Laws of Logarithms

College Algebra II

Logarithms allow us to do math with exponents, so the laws of exponents convert to laws of exponents
Laws of logarithms
Expanding and combining logarithmic expressions
Change of base formula

Laws of
Logarithms

For A > 0, B > 0, and any C the following properties hold:

loga (AB)
  = loga A + loga B
loga AB = loga A loga B
loga ((Ac )) = C loga A
1. Evaluate each expression.
log2 160 log2 5
log 8 + log 125

log

1000

log3 100 log3 18 log3 50

ln 7 + ln 17


4
ln ln ee

Page 64 of 112

MATH 41
Combining
and
Expanding
Logarithms

5.3 Laws of Logarithms

College Algebra II

2. Expand each expression using the Laws of Logarithms.

log2 (7/2)
3
log7 ab

log4

4x2
y

r q

ln x y z

ln x+4
3e x

3. Combine each expression using the Laws of Logarithms.

log(a + b) + log(a b) log(a2 b2 )
log 8 + log 50 log 4
3 log2 x 2 log2 x2
ln(x2 5x) + ln 4 ln x
ln 7 + ln 17

Change of
Base
Formula

1
[ln a
2

ln(a + b)

logb x =

loga x
loga b

The change of base formula is especially important when using a calculator for
computations.

Page 65 of 112

MATH 41

5.3 Laws of Logarithms

4. Simplify (log2 3)(log3 5)

5. Rewrite using natural log. log2 20

Page 66 of 112

College Algebra II

MATH 41

5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations College Algebra II

Exponential and logarithmic equations will be important in calculus.

Exponential equations
Logarithmic equations

Exponential
equations

Exponential equations have variables in the exponent. To solve an exponential

equation do the following steps.
1. Isolate the exponential expression.
2. Take the logarithm of both sides.
3. Solve.
Solve each equation.
1. 2 x+4 = 7

2. 3 x+1 = 4 x

3. 3 + 52x = 95

4. e3x2 = 2 x4

5.

100
1+e x

= 10

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MATH 41

5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations College Algebra II

6. e2x 4e x 12 = 0

Exponential
equations

Logarithmic equations involve logarithms of variables. To solve an logarithmic

equation do the following steps.
1. Isolate the logarithmic expression.
2. Exponentiate both sides.
3. Solve.
Solve each equation.
7. ln(3 x) = 6

8. log2 (x2 12) = 2

9. log5 x + log5 (x 1) = log5 20

10. log(x 2) = log x log 2

11. $1000 is invested in an account for 4 years, and the interest was compounded
semiannually.
If the total after 4 years was $1400.00, find the interest rate. (Recall

r nt
A(t) = P 1 + n .)

Page 68 of 112

MATH 41

6.1 Angle Measure

Trigonometry

We introduce a new unit of measure for angles called a radian. It will have
various advantages over using degrees to measure an angle.

Measure of = 1 rad
Measure of 57.296
Convert Radians Degrees,

multiply by
180
Convert Degrees Radians,
180
multiply by

Radians and
Degrees

Radians and degrees

Coterminal angles
Arc Length
Area of a circular sector
Linear speed and angular speed

An angle AOB consists of two rays R1 and R2 with a common vertex O. We

think of R1 as stationary and R2 rotating. If a circle has radius 1, then the measure
of an angle in radians is the length of the arc that subtends the angle.
1. Draw and label the following angles.

= rad
= 1 rad
= /2 rad
= 2 rad

To convert radians to degrees, multiply by

multiply by 180
.

.
180

Page 69 of 112

To convert degrees to radians,

MATH 41

6.1 Angle Measure

Trigonometry

2. Convert the following angle measures to radians.

60

135

90

750

3. Convert the following angle measures to degrees.

3 rad

7
6

rad

rad

4 rad

Coterminal
Angles

Two angles are coterminal if their sides coincide when graphed (e.g. 360 =
0 ).
4. Determine whether the following angles are coterminal
30 , 330

125 , 845

7
,
3 3

2, 2 + 6

Page 70 of 112

MATH 41

6.1 Angle Measure

Trigonometry

In a circle of radius r, the length s of an arc that subtends a central angle of rad

Arc Length

is
s = r.
5. Find the length of an arc that subtends a central angle of 30 in a circle of radius
4 cm.

6. A central angle in a circle of radius 5 is subtended by an arc of length 6 m.

Find the measure of in radians.

Area of a
Circular
Sector

In a circle of radius r, the area A of a sector with central angle of rad is

1
A = r2 .
2
7. Find the area of a sector with central angle

Linear Speed
and Angular
Speed

2
3

rad in a circle of radius 4 mi.

If a point moves along a circle of radius r with angular speed , then its linear
speed is given by
= r.
8. The earth rotates about its axis once every 24 hours. The radius of the earth
is 4000 mi. Find the linear speed of a point on the equator in mi/hr.

Page 71 of 112

MATH 41

6.2 Trigonometry of Right Angles

Trigonometry

We introduce the 6 trigonometric ratios.

hypotenuse

opposite

adjacent
opposite
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
csc =
opposite
sin =

adjacent
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
csc =
adjacent

cos =

Trigonometric ratios
Special Triangles
Applications

Trigonometric
Find all six trigonometric ratios for each triangle.
Ratios 1.

12

2.

10

Page 72 of 112

opposite
adjacent
adjacent
cot =
opposite
tan =

MATH 41

6.2 Trigonometry of Right Angles

3. Calculate
cos 2 + sin 2
cos 3
(cos 3 )2 + (sin 3 )2

Special
Triangles

4. 45 -45 -90 triangle

5. 30 -60 -90 triangle

Applications

Find all sides and angles of the triangle.

Page 73 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

6.2 Trigonometry of Right Angles

6.

7. tan = 4

Page 74 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

6.3 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

Trigonometry

We introduce the 6 trigonometric ratios.

Trigonometric
Functions

Reference
Angles

y
r
r
csc =
y
sin =

x
r
r
csc =
x

cos =

y
x
x
cot =
y
tan =

Trigonometric Functions
Reference angles
Trig identities
Area of a triangle

1. Describe the relationship between sin and csc . Do they share the same domain?

Let be an angle in standard position. The reference angle associated with

is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of and the x-axis.
2. Find the reference angle for each of the following angles.
= 105
= 225
=

7
6

= 17
3

Page 75 of 112

MATH 41

6.3 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

3. Find the exact value of the trigonometric function.

sin 135

tan 45

sec 300

cos 7
6
cot 17
3
csc 5
4

4. In which quadrant does lie if sin > 0 and tan < 0?

5. If lies in quadrant II and cos = 45 , find tan .

6. If tan > 0 and csc = 3, find cos .

Page 76 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41
Trig
Identities

6.3 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

Trigonometry

Pythagorean Theorem tells us that

sin2 + cos2 = tan2 ,

1 + tan2 = sec2 ,

cot2 + 1 = csc2 .

7. Write tan in terms of cos .

Area of a
Triangle

The area A of a triangle with sides a and b with included angle is

A = 12 ab sin .
8. Find the area of the triangle with sides 3 and 12 with included angle = 30 .

9. An isosceles triangle has an area of 24 cm2 , and the angle between the sides is
5/6. What is the length of the two sides?

Page 77 of 112

MATH 41

6.4 The Law of Sines

Trigonometry

A triangle with sides a, b, and c and angles A, B, and C can usually be determined if we know 3 of the 6 parts, as long as at least one of these three is a side.
C

sin A sin B sin C

=
=
a
b
c

Law of Sines
The ambiguous case
Applications

Law of Sines

The Law of Sines

sin A sin B sin C

=
=
a
b
c
can be used to solve triangles in the cases of ASA, or SAA.
Find the indicated quantity in the following cases.
1. A = /6, B = /4, a = 4; Find b.

2. A = /6, B = /4, a = 4; Find c.

Page 78 of 112

MATH 41

6.4 The Law of Sines

Trigonometry

3. A = 70 , C = 25 , c = 10; Find a.

The
Ambiguous
Case

There will often be two solutions in the SSA case.

ind the indicated quantity in the following cases.
4. A = /6, c = 5, a = 4; Find b.

5. B = 45 , b = 10, a = 9; Find c.

Applications

6. A tree on a hillside casts a shadow of length 100 feet down a hill that has slope
14 . If the angle of elevation of the sun (above horizontal) is 44 , find the height
of the tree.

Page 79 of 112

MATH 41

6.5 The Law of Cosines

Trigonometry

A triangle with sides a, b, and c and angles A, B, and C can usually be determined if we know 3 of the 6 parts, as long as at least one of these three is a side.
C

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A

b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
A

Law of
Cosines

Law of cosines
Solving triangles
Herons Formula
Applications

The Law of Cosines

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
can be used to solve triangles in the cases of SSS or SAS.
Find the indicated quantity in the following cases.
1. a = 2, b = 3, c = 4; Find A.

Page 80 of 112

MATH 41

6.5 The Law of Cosines

Trigonometry

2. A = 5/6, b = 18, c = 4; Find a.

3. A = 70 , b = 8, c = 10; Find B.

Solving
Triangles

Find the missing pieces using either the Law of Sines or Law of Cosines.
4. C = /3, c = 6, a = 5

Page 81 of 112

MATH 41

6.5 The Law of Cosines

Trigonometry

5. B = 45 , c = 12, a = 8

Herons
Formula

The semiperimeter s of a triangle ABC is half the perimeter (i.e. s = 21 (a+b+c)).

Herons formula gives the area of this triangle:
p
Area(ABC) = s(s a)(s b)(s c).
6. Butch wants to buy a triangular field for $100,000 per square kilometer. He
drives his car around the field and notes that the three sides measure 5 km, 6 km,
and 7 km respectively. How much will the field cost Butch?

Applications

7. two straight roads diverge an an angle of 30 . Two cars leave the intersection at
12:00 noon, one traveling 40 mi/h, the other at 60 mi/h. How far apart are the cars
at 1:30 p.m.?

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MATH 41

7.1 The Unit Circle

Trigonometry

All circles are just scale models of a circle with radius 1.

(2 2,

( 12 ,

3
)
2

2
)
2

3 1
, )
2 2

(0, 1)

( 12 ,

/2
/3

2/3

3
)
2

(
/4

3/4

2
2
,
)
2
2

( 23 , 12 )

/6

5/6

0 (1, 0)
2

(1, 0)
7/6

11/6

3
, 21 )
5/4
2

4/3
( 2 2 , 22 )

( 12 , 23 )

3
, 12 )
2

( 22 , 22 )

( 12 , 23 )

7/4
5/3
3/2
(0, 1)

The unit circle

Terminal points
Reference number

The Unit
Circle

The unit circle is the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin:

x2 + y2 = 1
1. Show that the point


1 2 6
,
5
5

(1)

is on the unit circle.

2. The point P lies on the unit circle. The x-coordinate of P is

coordinate is negative. Find the y coordinate.

Page 83 of 112

3
5

and the y-

MATH 41
Terminal
Points

7.1 The Unit Circle

Trigonometry

A point P that is found by tracing the unit circle from (1, 0) in the counterclockwise direction for t units is called a terminal point for the angle t.
3. Find the terminal point P(x, y) on the unit circle determined by t.
t = 2
3

t=

3
2

t =

Reference
Number

The reference number t is the shortest distance from the terminal point for t to
the x-axis along the unit circle.
4. Find the terminal point P(x, y) and the reference number determined by t.
t = 7
4

t=

7
6

t = 3
4

t=

31
3

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MATH 41

7.2 Trig Functions of Real Numbers

Trigonometry

We compute exact values of trigonometric functions using the geometry of the

unit circle.
Exact values of trig functions
Signs and quadrants
Trig functions in terms of trig functions

Exact Values
of Trig
Functions

1. Find the exact values of each of the trigonometric functions.

cos 6
tan 2
3
 
csc 3
cot 7
6
sec 11
4
sin 15

2. Find
 t, and tan t for the terminal point P(x, y) determined by t.
 sin t, cos
135 , 12
13


35 , 54

Signs and
Quadrants

3. Find the quadrant where each of the following is satisfied.

cos t > 0 and sin t < 0
tan t > 0 and sin t > 0
csc t < 0 and cot t > 0

Page 85 of 112

MATH 41

7.2 Trig Functions of Real Numbers

4. Determine whether the function is even, odd, or neither.

f (x) = cos x

g(x) = sin x

h(x) = x2 tan x

k(x) = sin(cos x)

Trig
Functions in
Terms of Trig
Functions

5. If sin t < 0, write sin t in terms of cos t.

Page 86 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

7.3 Trigonometric Graphs

y = cos x

Trigonometry

y = sin x

Periodic properties
Transformations
Amplitude and period
Mixing functions

Both y = sin x and y = cos x have period 2. Thus their graphs repeat every 2
units. Plot each of the following:
1. f (x) = sin x, g(x) = cos x

2. f (x) = 1 + 2 sin x

Page 87 of 112

MATH 41

7.3 Trigonometric Graphs

Trigonometry

3. f (x) = | cos x|

Amplitude
and Period

The functions y = a sin kx and y = a cos kx have amplitude |a| and period 2/k.
Find the amplitude and period for each function and the plot the function.
4. f (x) = sin 2x

5. f (x) = cos x

6. f (x) = 3 cos 12 x

Page 88 of 112

MATH 41

7.3 Trigonometric Graphs

7. f (x) = 2 sin(x /2)

8. f (x) = cos(2x )

Mixing
Functions

9. f (x) = x sin x

Page 89 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

7.4 More Trigonometric Graphs

Trigonometry

Tangent and cotangent

Secant and cosecant

Tangent and
Cotangent

Both y = tan x and y = cot x have period . That is, tan( + x) = tan x and
cot( + x) + cot x. The period of y = a tan(kx) is 2/k.
Plot each of the following:
1. f (x) = tan x

Page 90 of 112

MATH 41

7.4 More Trigonometric Graphs

2. f (x) = cot x

3. f (x) = cot(x + /2)

Page 91 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

7.4 More Trigonometric Graphs

Trigonometry

4. f (x) = 2 tan(x)

Secant and
Cosecant

Both y = sec x and y = csc x have period 2. That is, sec(2 + x) = sec x and
csc(2 + x) + csc x. The period of y = a sec(kx) is /k.
5. f (x) = sec x and g(x) = cos x

Page 92 of 112

MATH 41

7.4 More Trigonometric Graphs

6. f (x) = sec 2x

7. f (x) = 12 csc( 12 x)

Page 93 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

7.4 More Trigonometric Graphs

8. f (x) = 12 csc(4x + 2)

Page 94 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

8.1 Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities are formulas that are always true. They can be used to
simplify complicated expressions into forms that are equivalent but more friendly.

Reciprocal identities
Pythagorean identities
Even-Odd identities
Cofunction identities

Reciprocal
Identities

csc x =

1
sin x

sec x =

tan x =
Pythagorean
Identities

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

Even-Odd
Identities
Cofunction
Identities

sin(x) = sin x



x = cos x

2
cos x = sin x
2

sin

sin x
cos x

1
cos x
cot x =

tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
cos(x) = cos x



x = cot x
2


cot x = tan x
2

tan

cot x =

1
tan x

cos x
sin x
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
tan(x) = tan x



x = csc x
2


csc x = sec x
2
sec

Write the trigonometric expression in terms of sine and cosine, then simplify.
1. cos2 (1 + cot2 )

2. tan csc

Page 95 of 112

MATH 41

8.1 Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometry

Simplify the trigonometric expression.

3. cos3 x + sin2 x cos x

4.

sin
+
csc

5.

cos x
cos x
+
1 sin x 1 + sin x

cos
sec

Verify the identity. (Often things are easiest if you write everything in terms of
sines and cosines.)
cos
6.
= csc sin
sec sin

Page 96 of 112

MATH 41

8.1 Trigonometric Identities

7.

sec t cos t
= sin2 t
sec t

8.

sin x
tan x
=
sin x + cos x 1 + tan x

9. sec4 x tan4 x = sec2 x + tan2 x

Page 97 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41
10.

8.1 Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometry

tan x + tan y
= tan x tan y
cot x + cot y

11. Show that the equation

1
= csc x + sec x is not an identity.
sin x + cos x

Page 98 of 112

MATH 41

8.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas

(cos(s + t), sin(s + t))

Trigonometry

s
(cos t, sin t)
t
(1, 0)

s
(cos s, sin s)
Formulas for sine
Formulas for cosine
Formulas for tangent

Formulas for
Sine

Formulas for
Cosine

Formulas for
Tangent

sin(s + t) = sin s cos t + cos s sin t

sin(s t) = sin s cos t cos s sin t
cos(s + t) = cos s cos t sin s sin t
cos(s t) = cos s cos t + sin s sin t
tan s + tan t
1 tan s tan t
tan s tan t
tan(s t) =
1 + tan s tan t
The proof of the addition formula for cosine can be proved by finding the length
of the line segments pictured above using Pythagorean theorem. The other formulas
can be derived through a similar procedure or from the addition formula for cosine.
Use an addition or subtraction formula to find the exact value of each expression.
1. sin 15
tan(s + t) =

Page 99 of 112

MATH 41

8.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas

2. cos 5
12

3. Write the expression as a single value.

+ tan 9
tan 18

1 tan 18
tan 9

Prove each identity.





4. sin 2 x = sin 2 + x

Page 100 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41
5. tan x tan y =

8.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas

sin(xy)
cos x cos y

6. cos(x + y) cos(x y) = cos2 x sin2 y

Skip problems 45-47,54,55.

Page 101 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

8.3 Double-Angle/Half-Angle/Product-Sum Formulas Trigonometry

We provide some formulas that allows us to compute the values of trig functions
for nonstandard angles.

Double-angle formulas
Formulas for lowering powers
Half-angle formulas
Product-sum formulas

DoubleAngle
Formulas

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x
= 1 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 tan2 x
To prove these formulas, just use the addition formula for angles.
1. Find sin 2x, cos 2x, and tan 2x if sin x = 45 and x is in quadrant I.

2. Calculate sin 15 cos 15 .

Page 102 of 112

MATH 41
Formulas
For Lowering
Powers

Half-Angle
Formulas

8.3 Double-Angle/Half-Angle/Product-Sum Formulas Trigonometry

1 cos 2x
2
1
+
cos
2x
cos2 x =
2
1

cos
2x
tan2 x =
1 + cos 2x
To prove these formulas, just take square roots in the appropriate double angle
formula for cos 2x
3. Write cos4 x in terms of the first power of cosine.
sin2 x =

r
1 cos x
x
sin =
2
2
r
x
1 cos x
cos =
2
2
sin x
x 1 cos x
=
tan =
2
sin x
1 + cos x
To prove these formulas, just replace x with x/2 in the formulas for lowering powers.
4. Find the exact value of cos 75 .

Page 103 of 112

MATH 41
5. Simplify

Product-toSum
Formulas

Sum-toProduct
Formulas

8.3 Double-Angle/Half-Angle/Product-Sum Formulas Trigonometry

1cos 4
sin 4

1
sin x cos y = [sin(x + y) + sin(x y)]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin(x + y) sin(x y)]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)]
2
1
sin x sin y = [cos(x y) cos(x + y)]
2
To prove these formulas, just combine the addition and subtraction formulas for the
sine function.
6. Write the product as a sum.
cos x sin 5x

x+y
xy
cos
2
2
x+y
xy
sin x sin y = 2 cos
sin
2
2
x+y
xy
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
cos
2
2
x+y
xy
cos x cos y = 2 sin
sin
2
2
To prove these formulas, just reverse engineer the product-to-sum formulas
(substituting x+y
for x and xy
for y).
2
2
sin x + sin y = 2 sin

Page 104 of 112

MATH 41

8.3 Double-Angle/Half-Angle/Product-Sum Formulas Trigonometry

7. Write the sum as a product.

sin 75 + sin 15

8. Prove the identity

(sin x + cos x)2 = 1 + sin 2x

9. Show that sin 130 sin 110 = sin 10

Page 105 of 112

MATH 41

8.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometry

We define the inverse trigonometric functions.

Inverse sine and cosine
Inverse tangent
Other inverses

Inverse Sine
and Cosine

The inverse sine function is the function sin1 with domain [1, 1] and range
[/2, /2] defined by
sin1 y = sin = y.
The inverse cosine function is the function cos1 with domain [1, 1] and range
[0, ] defined by
cos1 x = cos = x.
Evaluate each of the following.
1. sin1

2. sin1

3
2

1
2

Page 106 of 112

MATH 41

8.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3. sin(sin1 12 )

4. cos1

2
2

5. cos1 1

Page 107 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

8.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometry

)
6. cos1 (cos 5
3

Inverse
Tangent

The inverse tangent function is the function tan1 with domain (, ) and
range (/2, /2) defined by
tan1 x = tan = x.
7. tan1 1

8. tan1

Page 108 of 112

MATH 41

8.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometry

9. Plot f (x) = tan1 x.

Other
Inverses

The inverses of sec, csc, and cot also exist and are defined analogously.
q
10. Show that sin(tan1 x) = x21+1 . (Hint: Draw a triangle in the unit circle with
angle tan1 x and set x = u 2 and then solve for u.)
1u

Page 109 of 112

MATH 41

8.5 Trigonometric Equations

We solve trigonometric functions.

Intersection
Points

Intersection Points
Solving by Factoring
Using a trig identity
Extra solutions

1. Find the all points of intersection of y = sin x and y = tan x.

Solve each equation.

Solving by
Factoring

2. tan x sin x + sin x = 0.

Page 110 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

8.5 Trigonometric Equations

3. sin2 x cos2 x = 0.

4. 2 cos3 x + 2 cos2 x 1 cos x 1 = 0

Using a Trig
Identity

5. sin x + 1 = cos x (Hint: Square both sides.)

Page 111 of 112

Trigonometry

MATH 41

8.5 Trigonometric Equations

6. sin 2x + cos x = 0 (Hint: Use the double angle formula)

7. tan x 3 cot x = 0

Extra
Solutions

8. 2 sin 4x cos x cos x = 0

Page 112 of 112

Trigonometry