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Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011, 6469, DOI: 10.2478/v10198-011-0031-x

EVALUATION OF REAL DATA CALL SET UP SUCCESS RATE IN E-UTRAN

Martin KOLLR
CMT OP NW TAR, Siemens Program and System Engineering, Ltd.,
Trieda SNP 37, 041 00 Koice, Slovak Republic, tel.: +421 55 7953 243, e-mail: martin.kollar@siemens.com

ABSTRACT
The Call Set up Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used by all mobile
operators. The CSSR in general is a term in telecommunications denoting the fraction of the attempts to make a call which
result in a connection to the dialled number. However there is no standard measurement possible for this parameter.
Therefore the different operators can measure it differently.
In this paper, a definition of a real data CSSR, possibility of its implementation using the current technologies in LTE
(Long Term Evolution) is provided and the obtained formula proposal is discussed as well. The real in this case means that
data CSSR is calculated as ratio of the assigned Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearers to the random access preamble
requests related to data calls with excluded ghosts, signaling radio bearer drops during call set up caused by Evolved Packet
Core (EPC) network problems. The data means that the LTE is only packet switched based network, i.e. there are not any
circuit switched services as it is typical for example for GSM. The proposed modeling can help mobile operators to measure
the data CSSR properly.

Keywords: LTE, Call Set up Success Rate, EPS Bearer, RA Preamble

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STRUCTURE OF LTE

The recent increase of mobile data usage and

emergence of new applications such as MMOG
(Multimedia Online Gaming), mobile TV, Web 2.0,
streaming contents have motivated the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the Long Term
Evolution (LTE).
LTE, whose radio access is called Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), is
expected to substantially improve end-user throughputs,
sector capacity and reduce user plane latency, bringing
significantly improved user experience with full mobility.
LTE has been set aggressive performance requirements
that rely on physical layer technologies, such as,
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems,
smart antennas to achieve these targets.
With the emergence of Internet Protocol (IP) as the
protocol of choice for carrying all types of traffic, LTE is
scheduled to provide support for IP-based traffic with endto-end Quality of Service (QoS). Voice traffic will be
supported mainly as Voice over IP (VoIP) enabling better
integration with other multimedia services [1].

As mentioned in the chapter 1, LTE has been designed

to support only packet switched services, in contrast to the
circuit switched models of previous cellular systems.
While the term LTE encompasses the evolution of the
radio access through E-UTRAN, it is accompanied by an
evolution of the non-radio aspects under the term System
Architecture Evolution (SAE) which includes the Evolved
Packet Core (EPC) network. Together E-UTRAN and
SAE comprise the Evolved Packet System (EPS). The
EPS architecture consists of the following functional
elements as shown in Fig. 1 which are briefly described in
this section (a very detailed description of LTE network
elements can be found in [1]). In Fig. 1, SGi represents a
reference point between the PDN Gateway and the
operators IP services like IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS), Packet Switch Streaming (PSS) etc.
Evolved Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
E-UTRAN represents the access network of LTE
which is a network of eNodeBs. For normal user traffic
there is no centralized controller in E-UTRAN, i.e. the EUTRAN architecture is considered to be flat. The Evolved

Fig. 1 The LTE network elements

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eNodeB (eNodeBs1) are normally inter-connected with

each other by means of an interface known as X2 (see Fig.
2). The eNodeB also interfaces with the User Equipment
(UE). The eNB hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium
Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and
Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layers that include
the functionality of user-plane header-compression and
encryption. It also offers Radio Resource Control (RRC)
functionality corresponding to the control plane. It
performs many functions including radio resource
management, admission control, scheduling, enforcement
of negotiated UL QoS, cell information broadcast,
ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and
compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet
headers [1].

65

user, charging support, lawful interception and packet

screening. Another key role of the P-GW is to act as the
anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies such as for instance WiMAX (World
Interoprability For Microwave Access) technology.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
The HSS contains users SAE subscription data such
as EPS subscribed QoS profile and any access restrictions
for roaming. It also holds information about PDNs to
which user can connect.
Policy Control and Charging Function (PCRF)
The PCRF is responsible for policy control decisionmaking, as well as for controlling the flow based charging
functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement
Function (PCEF) which resides in the P-GW.
3. LTE BEARERS
In GSM for a standard Circuit Switched (CS) call it is
sufficient to assign one UL and DL TCH (Traffic
Channel). However in higher technologies (like UMTS
and LTE) to meet the throughput requirements one
physical channel may not be enough. As the result more
than one physical resource can be assigned to one call.
This is typical for applications such as VoIP, web
browsing, video telephony and video streaming which
have special QoS needs. In this case in order to enable
differentiation of packet flows based on QoS requirements
it is more reasonable to represent the service including the
user data transfer from the Layer 2 in the form of a bearer
[1,5]. The bearer is the concept in 3GPP from UMTS to
LTE. The bearers used in LTE are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2 Overall E-UTRAN architecture

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

The MME is the key control node for the LTE access
network. It is responsible for idle mode UE tracking and
paging procedure including retransmissions. It is involved
in the bearer activation/deactivation process and it is also
responsible for choosing the S-GW (Serving Gateway) for
a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE
handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation.
It is responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting
with the HSS (Home Subscriber Server)).
Serving Gateway (S - GW)
The S-GW routes and forwards user data packets,
while also acting as the mobility anchor for the user plane
during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility
between LTE and other 3GPP technologies.
Packet Data Network Gateway (P- GW)
The P-GW provides connectivity to the UE to external
packet data networks by being the point of exit and entry
of traffic for the UE. An UE may have simultaneous
connectivity with more than one P- GW for accessing
multiple Packet Data Networks (PDNs). The P-GW
performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each
1

NodeB is a term used in LTE equivalent to the BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
description used in GSM.

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Fig. 3 Bearers used in LTE

As it can be seen there are a few kinds of bearers in

LTE. Radio, S1, S5/S8 Bearers and EPS Bearers [1].
Radio bearers carry information on radio interface
while S1 bearers exist between eNB and S-GW. S5/S8
bearers are between S-GW and P-GW. The EPS bearer
implies radio, S1 and S5/S8 bearers while E-RAB implies
radio and S1 bearers. There is a one to one mapping
between Radio, S1, S5/S8 and EPS bearers.
If a bearer delivers c-plane (signalling) message, that
radio bearer will be called Signalling Radio Bearer
(SRB)2. If it delivers u-plane data, that radio bearer will
2
There are three kinds of Signaling Radio Bearers in LTE: SRB0 which is for
transmitting RRC messages using CCCH (Common control channels) logical
channel. SRB1 which is for transmitting NAS messages over DCCH (dedicated
control channels) logical channel. SRB2 which is for high priority RRC messages.
Transmitted over DCCH logical channel [1].

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66

Evaluation of Real Data Call Set Up Success Rate in E-UTRAN

be named as Data Radio Bearer (DRB)3.

How the bearers are mapped into the logical, transport
and physical channels can be found in [1].
4. CALL SET UP IN LTE
In this chapter call set up in LTE is described in such a
way that the focus is only on the parts necessary to
understand the philosophy of E-UTRAN data call set up
success rate calculation correctly.
The successful call set up consists of two procedures.
The simplified description of these procedures is provided
in the next text.
First procedure is Random Access (RA) and
connection establishment procedure which is used to
create a signalling connection between the UE and the EUTRAN. It can be initiated only by the UE sending a
RandomAccessPreamble message on the Physical
Random Access Channel (PRACH) to the eNB. This
message contains a so called contention-free signature
used by UE from a set of signatures broadcasted by the
system. Consequently a Random Access Response (RAR)
message is sent from eNB to UE on a physical DL shared
channel (PDSCH). The RAR conveys the identity of the
detected preamble, a timing alignment instruction to
synchronize subsequent uplink transmission from UE and
an initial uplink resource grant for the transmission of the
RRC connection request message. This message in fact
represents a signaling connection establishment attempt
with a specific reason why the UE is requesting a
signalling connection (SRB1) [1, 2]. Possible reasons are:
emergency call
MO signalling
Mo data
MT access
other procedures
Then it comes next signalization between the UE and
network in order to activate the signaling radio bearer 1
(SRB1). The successful seizure of physical resources
assigned to SRB1 is acknowledged by sending the
RRCConnectionSetupComplete message from UE to eNB.
This message in addition involves the transfer of the initial
uplink non Access Stratum (NAS) message which is
consequently sent from eNB to MME/EPC within the
S1AP: InitialUE message which triggers the establishment
of UE associated S1 logical connection and contains
information if initial security and default bearer activation
or only dedicated bearer activation is needed (see note 3).
Second procedure is initial context set up procedure to
establish a radio resource connection and a connection to
the core. In UMTS (3G) these two steps carried out one
after the other, make for quite a long procedure for
location of area updates, call establishments, Packet Data
Protocol (PDP) context establishments, etc., leading to a
control plane latency which would be unacceptable for
LTE. In order to solve the problem a new feature initial
context set up has been introduced for LTE. As mentioned
3
Depending whether the bearer is assigned during so called initial context set up or
additional set up (see chapter 4) we distinguish between default and dedicated
bearers. Based on the nature of QoS, bearers can be classified as Minimum
Guaranted Bite Rate (GBR) bearers which can be used for applications as VoIP and
non GBR bearers which do not guarantee any particular bit rate. Default bearers
are allways non - GBR ones [1].

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above the key feature of the initial context set up

procedure is that radio access network signaling and core
network signaling are in parallel.
The EPC is initiator of this procedure4. The EPC sends
an S1AP: InitialContextSetupRequest message to eNB
which
repeats
it
in
a form
of
RRCConnectionReconfiguration message sent to UE
containing a radio resource configuration used to establish
a radio/EPS bearer. After sending the message the
following procedures are done in parallel:
Further coordination procedure (authentication,
ciphering etc.) which are performed on the SRB1
[1,2].
And establishment of a radio resource
connection, i.e if the radio resource configuration
assigned to the radio/EPS bearer has successfully
been seizured by UE, the UE sends the
RRCConnection
ReconfigurationComplete
message (which confirms that the requested radio
bearer has been successfuly assigned) to eNB
which repeats it in a form of S1AP: Initial
ContextSetupResponse message (which confirms
that the requested EPS bearer has been
successfuly assigned) to MME [1,2]. It should be
noted that during this phase so called default and
non GBR bearers can only be assigned (see note
2 and 3 in the chapter 3). The message exchange
related to this point is also performed on SRB1.
Fig. 4 summarizes the above described procedures.
UE

E-UTRAN/eNB

EPC

Random Access Preamble

Random Access
Procedure

Random Access Response

RRCConnectionRequest

Connection
Establishment

RRCConnectionSetup
RRCConnectionSetupComplete

bl
RRCConnectionReconfiguration

S1AP Initial UE message

S1AP InitialConextSetupRequest

RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete

bl

S1AP Initial ContextSetupResponse

UE associated S1
Logical connection

Initial security
activation (not shown)
and bearer
establishment

Fig. 4 Message flows for the initial call set up in LTE

After the default EPS bearer has been successfuly

assigned there maybe a request from UE for some other,
e.g. VoIP service when GBR bearer is needed. This is
called as additional EPS bearer activation. For this kind of
bearer activation the above message flow can be reused
with the exception that random access procedure and
initial security activation do not apply as the UE is already
in active state. Therefore instead of the S1AP:
InitialContextSetupRequest
and
S1AP:
InitialContextSetupResponse between eNB and EPC the
S1AP:
E-RABSetupRequest
and
S1AP:
ERABSetupResponse are sent [1,2].
4
It is understood from E-UTRAN point of view as for E-UTRAN in fact the
initiator of this procedure is MME. But from overall point of view it is initiated by
P-GW [1].

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Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011

67

5. DEFINITION OF REAL E-UTRAN DATA CALL

SET UP SUCCESS RATE
As mentioned in the previous paragraph the successful
data call set up consists of the following parts:
Successful random access procedure (the result
of that is initial uplink resource grant for the
consequent RRC connection establishment)
Successful RRC connection establishment (the
result of that is successful assignment of the SB1
resources and transmission of the NAS message
into the EPC)
Successful default EPS bearer assignment
The rest of the procedures like UE associated S1
logical connection, initial security activation and SRB1
drops during call set up due to EPC shall not be counted.
Therefore the Real E-UTRAN Data CSSR is given by
the formula:
CSSR

EPSBearerAssignments ,
NumRA Pr eambleExc

(1)

where NumRAPreambleExc represents the number of sent

random acess preambles from UE to eNB related to data
calls with excluded ghosts5 and cases which later on lead
to SRB1 drops or unsuccessful authentication due to EPC
or unsuccessful UE associated S1 logical connection, i.e.
NumRAPreambleExc = NumRAPreambleData. The
EPSBearerAssignments represents the number of
successfuly assigned default EPS bearers.
Practical implementation of the Eq. 1 means problem
because up to now it is not possible to distinguish between
the requests for the data and signalling call in Mobile
Terminated (MT) access. In fact when UE sends
RRCConnectionRequest with the cause MT access it may
represnt both a data or signalling call.
One of the possibilities how to solve this problem
could be using of simplified formula:
CSSR*

EPSBearerAssignments
NumRA Pr eamble

(2)

where NumRAPreamble represents the total number of

random access preambles. Let us consider that
NumRAPreamble = NumRAPreambleData+ Residuum,
where Residuum represents ghosts, random access
preambles related to signalling calls and those cases which
later on lead to SRB1 drops or unsuccessful authentication
due to EPC or unsuccessful UE associated S1 logical
connection.
Then the Eq. 2 can be modified to the following form:
CSSR *

EPSBearerAssignments
.
NumRA Pr eambleData Re siduum

(3)

Under condition that Residuum/NumRAPreambleData

20 % the formula can be modified using binomial series
as follows:
5

Ghosts are phantom preambles not foreseen for the observed cell. The random
access procedure is then started, but will not be successful, because no UE will
reply with a RRCConnectionRequest message.

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CSSR*

EPSBearerAssignments
Re siduum
. (4)
1

NumRA Pr eambleData NumRA Pr eambleData

Afterwards the absolute error in measurement of data

CSSR using Eq. 2 will be
EPSBearerAssignments
Re siduum

1
NumRA Pr eambleData
NumRA Pr eambleData
EPSBearerAssignments
Re siduum

CSSR
NumRA Pr eambleData
NumRA Pr eambleData

CSSR* CSSR

(5)
In case that Residuum is equal to zero the Eq. 2
provides exactly the data CSSR but this is not real case
because in practice the ratio:
Residuum/NumRAPreambleData is on the range of tenths
of percent which can lead to the big systematic error.
Therefore the mobile operators break away from using of
the Eq. 2. In principle the Eq. 2 can be used for calculation
of data CSSR only in regions with the
Residuum/NumRAPreambleData 1 %.
It seems that the best approach promises indirect
calculation of NumRAPreambleData according to model
in Fig. 3. In similar way also a GSM Call Set up Success
Ratio is proposed to be calulated (see in [4]).
In Fig. 5, RA Procedure Success rate is given by
formula:
RASuccRate

NumRAR
,
NumRA Pr eamble

(6)

where NumRAPreamble represents the total number of

valid RandomAccessPreamble messages sent from UE to
eNB,
NumRAR
represents
the
number
of
RandomAccessResponse messages sent from eNB to UE
(see Fig. 4). The reason why the RA procedure was
unsuccessful from E-UTRAN point of view can be lack of
resources, i.e. an initial uplink resource grant for the
consequent RRC connection establishment can not be
done.
RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio is given by
formula:
RRCSetupSuccRatio

NumRRCConnectionSetupCom , (7)
NumRRCConnection Re quest

where NumRRCConnectionSetupCom represents the

number of RRCConnectionSetupComplete messages sent
from eNB to UE and NumRRCConnectionRequest
represents the number of RRCConnectionRequest
messages sent from UE to eNB (see Fig. 4 and [3]). The
reason why the RRC connection setup procedure was
unsuccessful can be for example radio access problems,
timer expiration in eNB when waiting for
RRCConnectionSetupComplete message, protocol error,
etc. [2]
SRB1 Success Ratio is given by formula

SRB1SuccRatio 1 SRB1DropRatio ,

(8)

where SRB1DropRatio is SRB1 drop rate and provides

how big part from the total number of SRB1 dropped
during the procedures (authentication, ciphering etc.)

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68

Evaluation of Real Data Call Set Up Success Rate in E-UTRAN

NumRAPreamb
leData

RA Procedure
Success rate

RRCConnectionRequ

RA Procedure

RRC
Connection
Setup Success

RRCConnectionSet
Complete

SRB1 assignment

SRB1 Success
ratio

S1AP Initial
ContextSetupReques

Authentication, ciphering
etc. performed on the

Fig. 5 Model for calculation of NumRAPreambleData

performed on SRB1. It should be noted that only drops

due to E-UTRAN are counted within the formula.
From the model in Fig. 5 then we have
S1AP : InitialContextSetup RASucccRate RRCSetupSuccRate
SRB1SuccRate NumRA Pr eambleData

(9)
From Eq. 8 then for NumRAPreambleData we can
write that
NumRA Pr eambleData

S1AP : InitialContextSetup
RASucccRate RRCSetupSuccRate
SRB1SuccRate

(10)
To point out once again with the Eq. 10 the
NumRAPreambleData, i.e. the number of sent random
acess preambles from UE to eNB related to data calls with
excluded ghosts and cases which later on lead to SRB1
drops or unsuccessful authentication due to EPC or
unsuccessful UE associated S1 logical connection is
estimated. Then including the Eq. 10 into the Eq. 1 it
follows that

chapter 4 the default EPS bearer is always classified as

non-GBR. However there can be some services like VoIP
for which GBR bearer is needed. Those kinds of bearers
are activated via additional EPS bearer assignment
procedure. Considering a general purpose of call set up
success ratio i.e. evaluation of basic procedures relevant
from E-UTRAN side until bearer assignment when UE is
passing from an idle to an active/connected state the Eq.
12 could seem enough. However there can be some
special cases when the only default (non-GBR) bearers are
not sufficient from the beginning of UE call (covering all
the services assigned to UE). Those can be some special
working cases when for example internet browsing (as an
eaxample of non GBR service) and VoIP (as an example
for GBR service) are requested at the beginning. For such
cases it makes sense to evaluate a total E-UTRAN data
call set up success ratio. Let us consider the above
described procedures from RA until successful default
EPS bearer assignment as an event A while additional EPS
bearer assignmnet as an event B. Then for the Total EUTRAN Data CSSR covering both events we can write

TotalCSSR p A B ,

(13)

where p is a probability operator, i.e. for example p(A) is

the probability of the event A.
As in our case events A and B are mutual independent
EPSBearerAssignments
CSSR
RASucccRate RRCSetupSuccRate we can consider that
S1AP : InitialContextSetup
SRB1SuccRate

(11)

CSSR E RABSetupSuccRateInit RASucccRate

RRCSetupSuccRate SRB1SuccRate
EPSBearerAssignmnets
S1AP : InitialContextSetup

represents

(12)

E-

RABSetupSuccRateInit which is a set up success ratio of

initial/default EPS bearers as EPSBearerAssignments is
triggered with the S1AP: InitialContextResponse message
(see Fig.4 and [3]). Currently the Eq. 12 seems to be best
approach for calculation of the E-UTRAN data call set up
success ratio. A disadvantage can be higher effort on eNB
or equipment (for example an offline tools) where the data
CSSR is to be calculated because four KPIs enter the Eq.
12.
With the Eq. 12 the E-UTRAN data call set up success
ratio from RA procedure until successful EPS default
bearer assignment is calculated. As mentioned in the
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(14)

Further p(A) is equal to CSSR given by Eq. 12 and

which can be also expressed in the form

because

TotalCSSR p A pB .

p B E RABSetupSuccRatioAdd
S1AP : E RABSetup Re sponse

S1AP : E RABSetup Re quest

(15)

i.e. p(B) is equal to a set up success ratio of additional

EPS bearers, where messages used in the numerator and
denominator of the formula are described in the chapter 4.
Hence including the Eq. 14 and 15 into the Eq. 13 for the
total data CSSR we receive that

TotalCSSR CSSR E RABSetupSuccRatioAdd

(16)

6. DISCUSSION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The proposal to calculate the data CSSR only for
radio, i.e. E-UTRAN part of the LTE network can be very
useful for operators as it is only sensitive to E-UTRAN

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Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011

problems. As known currently radio part and core network

are optimized and analyzed separately by different
Network Planning and Optimization6 (NPO) teams.
Therefore it is also mandatory to define the KPIs clearly
indicating to which part a possible problem is related to.
In Fig. 6a an overall LTE CSSR KPI obtained on hourly
basis according to Eq. 1 is shown while the E-UTRAN
Data CSSR obtained with Eq. 12 is shown in Fig. 6b. It
should be noted that the monitored LTE network in this
case was not a real one but simulated in a testing
laboratory. In Fig. 6a a problem in LTE call set up is
visible (averaged CSSR about 95,5% which is not
acceptable) but it is not clear whether the problem is
related to radio part or core network part or even both.
However with the E-UTRAN Data CSSR as shown in Fig.
6b can be visible there is not any problem in radio part as
an averaged CSSR is about 99,96%. Concrete in this
network a problem related to authentication and ciphering
(i.e. EPC one) was introduced in the test which perfectly
fits to what shown in Fig. 6b.

69

unsuccessful UE associated S1 logical connection cannot

be measured therefore there is no simple formula for
calculation of E-UTRAN Data CSSR. Hence more
complex formula into which RA Procedure Success rate,
RRC Connection Set up Success Ratio, SRB1 Success
Ratio and RAB Set up Success Rate Initial enter must be
used. Currently it seems to be the best approach despite
higher effort on the processor part in equipment where the
E-UTRAN Data CSSR is to be calculated may be
expected.
REFERENCES
[1] SESIA, S. TOUFIK, I. BAKER, M.: LTE The
UMTS Long Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
2009.

[2] 3GPP specification: TS 36.413

[3] 3GPP specification: TS 32.450
[4] KOLLR, M.: Evolution of the Real Call Set up Success
Ratio, Acta Electrotechnica at Informatica, Vol. 8, No. 3,
2008, pp. 5356.

CSSR (Eq.1)

[5] PAIS, I. ALMEIDA, M.: End user behavior and

99

performance feedback for service analysis, Intelligence in

Next Generation Networks, 2009, ICIN 2009 Conference,
Bordeaux, pp. 16, October, 2009.

98
97
96
95
94
93

Received April 19, 2011, accepted August 8, 2011

92
91
90
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

BIOGRAPHY

Hour

a)

E-UTRAN Data CSSR (Eq.12)

100,02
100
99,98
99,96
99,94
99,92
99,9
99,88
99,86
99,84
99,82
99,8
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Hour

b)

Fig. 6 An CSSR calculated:

a) using the Eq. 1, b) using the Eq. 12

7. CONCLUSION
The number of RA preambles for only data calls with
excluded ghosts and cases which later on lead to SRB1
drops or unsuccessful authentication due to EPC or

Martin Kollr was born in Spisk

Nov Ves, Slovakia, on 7th
December 1974. He gained an Ing.
(M.Sc.) degree in electronics and
multimedia
telecommunications
from the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Informatics (FEI),
Technical University (TU) of Koice
and a Ph.D. degree in measuring techniques from the FEI
TU of Koice, in 2000 and 2003, respectively. From 2003
till 2006, he was an assistant professor at the Department
of Theory of Electrical Engineering and Measurement FEI
TU of Koice. Since 2006 he has been a senior
analyst/architect at Siemens Program and System
Engineering and working as an external consultant for
Nokia Siemens Networks on the O&M Performance
Measurements area for GSM/GPRS/EDGE and LTE. His
research interests include performance measurement
techniques for GSM/GPRS/EDGE and LTE, nonlinear
circuit theory, smart sensors based on a flip-flop circuit
and testing the analog-to-digital converters.

6
NPO ensures that the client objective in terms of service coverage and service
quality for mobile networks, broadband networks and broadcast networks are
fulfilled on time and on budget.

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