OBDSM1300
OBDSM1300
OBDSM1300
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OBD-II Systems
On Board Diagnostics II - Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles and Engines
certified under title 13, CCR section 1968.2
California OBD-II applies to all California and "CAA Sec. 177 States" for gasoline engine vehicles up to 14,000 lbs.
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) starting in the 1996 MY and all diesel engine vehicles up to 14,000 lbs.
GVWR starting in the 1997 MY.
"CAA Sec. 177 States" or "California States" are states that have adopted and placed into effect the California Air
Resources Board (CARB) regulations for a vehicle class or classes in accordance with Section 177 of the Clean
Air Act.. At this time, CAA Sec. 177 States" are Massachusetts, New York, Vermont and Maine for 2004, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania for 2008, New Jersey, Washington, Oregon for 2009, Maryland for 2011,
Delaware for 2014 and New Mexico for 2016. These States receive California-certified vehicles for passenger cars
and light trucks, and medium-duty vehicles, up to 14,000 lbs. GVWR."
Federal OBD applies to all gasoline engine vehicles up to 8,500 lbs. GVWR starting in the 1996 MY and all diesel
engine vehicles up to 8,500 lbs. GVWR starting in the 1997 MY. US Federal only OBD-certified vehicles may use
the US Federal allowance to certify to California OBD II but then turn off/disable 0.020" evap leak detection).
Starting in the 2004 MY, Federal vehicle over 8,500 lbs. are required to phase in OBD-II. Starting in 2004 MY,
gasoline-fueled Medium Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPVs) are required to have OBD-II. By the 2006 MY, all
Federal vehicles from 8,500 to 14,000 lbs. GVWR will have been phased into OBD-II.
OBD-II system implementation and operation is described in the remainder of this document.
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EMD Systems
Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics (EMD) Heavy duty vehicles (>14,000 GVWR) certified to EMD under
title 13, CCR section 1971 (e.g., 2007-2009 model year diesel and gasoline engines)
Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics (EMD) applies to all 2007 MY and beyond California gasoline-fueled and diesel
fueled on-road heavy duty engines used in vehicles over 14,000 lbs Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). EMD
systems are required to functionally monitor the fuel delivery system, exhaust gas recirculation system, particulate
matter trap, as well as emission related ECM input inputs for circuit continuity and rationality, and emission-related
outputs for circuit continuity and functionality. For gasoline engines, which have no PM trap, EMD requirements are
very similar to current OBD-I system requirements. As such, OBD-I system philosophy will be employed, the only
change being the addition of some comprehensive component monitor (CCM) rationality and functionality checks.
Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics Enhanced (EMD+) - Heavy-duty engines (>14,000 GVWR) certified to
EMD+ under title 13, CCR section 1971.1 (e.g., 2010-2012 model year diesel and gasoline engines not
certified to HD OBD, 2013-2019 model year alternate fuel engines)
Starting in the 2010 MY, EMD was updated to require functional monitoring of the NOx aftertreatment system on
gasoline engines. This requirement is commonly known as EMD+.
EMD+ vehicles use that same PCM, CAN serial data communication link, J1962 Data Link Connector, and PCM
software as the corresponding OBD-II vehicle. The only difference is the possible removal of the fuel tank pressure
sensor, canister vent solenoid, and a different PCM calibration.
The following list indicates what monitors and functions have been altered from OBD-II for EMD calibrations:
Monitor / Feature
Catalyst Monitor
Misfire Monitor
EGR/VVT Monitor
Fuel System Monitor
Secondary Air Monitor
Evap System Monitor
PCV Monitor
Thermostat Monitor
Comprehensive
Component Monitor
Communication
Protocol and DLC
MIL Control
Calibration
Functional catalyst monitor required starting in the 2010 MY to meet EMD+.
Calibrated in for service, all DTCs are non-MIL. Catalyst damage misfire criteria
o
calibrated out, emission threshold criteria set to 4%, enabled between 150 F and 220
o
F, 254 sec start-up delay.
Front O2 sensor "lack of switching" tests and all circuit and heater tests calibrated in,
response/delay test calibrated out.
Rear O2 sensor functional tests and all circuit and heater tests calibrated in,
response/delay test calibrated out.
Same as OBD-II calibration except that P0402 test uses slightly higher threshold.
Fuel monitor and FAOSC monitor (rear fuel trim for UEGO systems) same as OBD-II
calibration, A/F imbalance monitor calibrated out.
Not applicable, AIR not used.
Evap system leak check calibrated out, fuel level input circuit checks retained as nonMIL. Fuel tank pressure sensor and canister vent solenoid may be deleted.
Same hardware and function as OBD-II.
Thermostat monitor calibrated out.
All circuit checks, rationality and functional tests same as OBD-II.
Same as OBD-II, all generic and enhanced scan tool modes work the same as OBD-II
but reflect the EMD calibration that contains fewer supported monitors. "OBD
Supported" PID indicates EMD ($11).
Same as OBD-II, it takes 2 driving cycles to illuminate the MIL.
EMD system implementation and operation is a subset of OBD-II and is described in the remainder of this
document.
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IAF
Fuel _ needed _ for _ stoich
Fuel _ Measured
CMS is the catalyst monitor sensor voltage. When the rear O2 sensor crosses 0.45 volts (i.e. rich) the
monitor will complete for the given DFSO event.
CATMN_IAF_SUM is the integral from the equations above (Y axis on the right).
0.02
0.016
0.014
0.012
1.5
0.01
0.008
Fuel (lbm)
Voltage / INJON
0.018
INJON
CMS
LAM
CATMN_IAF_SUM
2.5
0.006
0.004
0.5
0.002
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Tim e (sec)
In this example, CATMN_IAF_SUM is small because it doesn't take much fuel to break though a low oxygen
storage threshold catalyst.
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0.02
0.018
INJON
CMS
LAM
CATMN_IAF_SUM
0.016
0.014
0.012
1.5
0.01
0.008
Fuel (lbm)
Voltage / INJON
2.5
0.006
0.004
0.5
0.002
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Tim e (sec)
In this example, CATMN_IAF_SUM is much larger because it takes a substantial amount of fuel to break though a
high oxygen storage threshold catalyst.
There are two sets of entry conditions into the IAF catalyst monitor. The high level entry conditions determine that
the monitor would like to run following the next injector fuel cut event. The lower level entry conditions determine
that the fuel cut-off event was suitable for monitoring and the monitor will run as soon as the injectors come back
on.
1. The high level entry conditions are met when:
o
The base monitor entry conditions have been met (ECT, IAT, cat temp, fuel level, air mass)
The catalyst/rear O2 has been rich at least once since the last monitor event.
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Fast Initial Response (FIR): The first 4 tests after a battery disconnect or code clear will
process unfiltered data to quickly indicate a fault. The FIR will use a 2-trip MIL. This will help
the service technician determine that a fault has been fixed.
Step-change Logic (SCL): The logic will detect an abrupt change from a no-fault condition to
th
a fault condition. The SCL will be active after the 4 catalyst monitor cycle and will also use a
2-trip MIL. This will illuminate the MIL when a fault is instantaneously induced.
Normal EWMA (NORM): This is the normal mode of operation and uses an Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) to filter the catalyst monitor test data. It is employed after
th
the 4 catalyst test and will illuminate a MIL during the drive cycle where the EWMA value
exceeds the fault threshold. (1 trip MIL).
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Starting in the 2010 Model Year and later, the catalyst monitor will employ catalyst break-in logic. This logic will
prevent the catalyst monitor from running until after a catalyst break-in period.
The catalyst monitor will not run on a new vehicle from the assembly plant until 60 minutes of time above a catalyst
temperature (typically 800 to 1100 deg F) has been accumulated or 300 miles has elapsed.
New modules at the assembly plant will have an NVRAM flag initialized to delay the catalyst monitor. Service
modules and re-flash software will have the flag set to allow that catalyst monitor to run. The flag cannot be reset to
delay the catalyst monitor from running by any tool or service procedure.
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No
Monitor Entry
Conditions
Met?
No
Enough O2
switches in
each cell?
Yes
Catalyst is deteriorated
EWMA Index
Ratio >
threshold?
No
Catalyst is OK
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Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
P0430 Bank 2
M ECT, IAT, TP, VSS, CKP, MAF, no misfire DTCs (P0300, P0310), no ignition
coil DTCs (P0351-P0358), no fuel monitor DTCs (P0171, P0172, P0174.
P0175), no VCT DTCs (P0010-P0017, P052A, P052B, P0344, P0365, P0369bank1) (P0018 thru P0025,P052C, P052D, P0349, P0390, P0394- bank2 ).no
evap system DTCs (P0443, P0446, P0455, P0457, P1450), no ETC system
DTCs (P0122, P0123, P0222, P0223, P02135) (P2101, P2107, P2111, P2112)
(P0600, P060A, P060B, P060C, P061B, P061C, P061D, P1674, U0300).
Approximately 700 seconds during appropriate FTP conditions (approximately
100 to 200 oxygen sensor switches are collected) for switching O2 control
sensors
Approximately 10 to 20 seconds for wide range O2 index ratio monitor.
3 Decel Fuel Cutoff events for IAF catalyst monitor
Minimum
o
Maximum
330 seconds
170 F
230 F
20 F
180 F
30 sec
900 F
1%
12%
Throttle Position
Part Throttle
Part Throttle
o
o
Vehicle Speed
5 mph
Fuel Level
15%
1.0 lb/min
2.0 lb/min
1,000 rpm
1,300 rpm
15%
35%
Monitored catalyst mid-bed temp. (inferred) for first air mass cell
850 F
50
70 mph
1,200 F
2.0 lb/min
3.0 lb/min
1,200 rpm
1,500 rpm
20%
35%
Monitored catalyst mid-bed temp. (inferred) for second air mass cell
900 F
70
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1,250 F
3.0 lb/min
4.0 lb/min
1,300 rpm
1,600 rpm
20%
40%
Monitored catalyst mid-bed temp. (inferred) for third air mass cell
950 F
30
1,300 F
(Note: Engine rpm and load values for each air mass cell can vary as a function of the power-to-weight ratio
of the engine, transmission and axle gearing and tire size.)
TYPICAL WIDE RANGE O2 SENSOR INDEX RATIO CATALYST MONITOR ENTRY CONDITIONS:
Entry condition
Minimum
o
Maximum
330 seconds
170 F
230 F
20 F
180 F
30 sec
900 F
1%
12%
Throttle Position
Part Throttle
Part Throttle
o
o
Vehicle Speed
20 mph
Fuel Level
15%
Air Mass
2.0 lb/min
5.0 lb/min
Engine RPM
1,000 rpm
2,000 rpm
Engine Load
20%
60%
Monitored catalyst mid-bed temp. (inferred) for first air mass cell
850 F
80 mph
1,200 F
(Note: Engine rpm, load and air mass values can vary as a function of the power-to-weight ratio of the
engine, transmission and axle gearing and tire size.)
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Minimum
Maximum
160 F
230 F
20 F
140 F
900 F
Fuel Level
15%
o
o
1500 F
2.0 lb/min
Air Mass
o
800 F
97%
0.45 volts
103%
0.1 volts
Rear O2 sensor lean with injectors off (voltage needed to enter monitor)
Rear O2 sensor reads rich after fuel turned back on (voltage needed to
complete monitor)
0.45 volts
Test ID
Description
$21
$80
unitless
$22
$80
unitless
** NOTE: In this document, a monitor or sensor is considered OK if there are no DTCs stored for that component
or system at the time the monitor is running.
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Misfire Monitor
There are two different misfire monitoring technologies used in the 2009 MY. They are Low Data Rate (LDR), and
High Data Rate (HDR). The LDR system is capable of meeting the FTP monitoring requirements on most
engines and is capable of meeting full-range misfire monitoring requirements on 4-cylinder engines. The HDR
system is capable of meeting full-range misfire monitoring requirements on 6 and 8 cylinder engines. All
software allows for detection of any misfires that occur 6 engine revolutions after initially cranking the engine. This
meets the OBD-II requirement to identify misfires within 2 engine revolutions after exceeding the warm drive, idle
rpm.
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Measure Delta
Time Intervals
Measure Delta
Time Intervals
Profile Correction
Profile Correction
Calculate Velocity
Calculate Velocity
Calculate
Acceleration
Calculate
Acceleration
Median Filter
Median Filter
Pattern
Cancellation Filter
Cylinder Acceleration
Values
Misfire Detection
Thresholds
Generic Misfire
Algorithm
Processing
Noisy Signal
Filtering
Monitor Entry
Conditions
Inferred Catalyst
Temperature
(Type A Misfire)
Emissions Test
(every 1000 revs)
(Type B Misfire)
Fault Codes,
Freeze Frame
MIL
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A redundant check is also performed on the RRD system to verify it is not stuck high due to other unforeseen
causes. If the RRD system indicates rough road during low vehicle speed conditions where it is not expected, the
RRD output will be ignored and the Misfire Monitor will remain active.
Profile Correction
"Profile correction" software is used to "learn" and correct for mechanical inaccuracies in the crankshaft position
o
wheel tooth spacing. Since the sum of all the angles between crankshaft teeth must equal 360 , a correction factor
can be calculated for each misfire sample interval that makes all the angles between individual teeth equal. . The
LDR misfire system will learn one profile correction factor per cylinder (ex. 4 correction factors for a 4 cylinder
engine), while the HDR system will learn 36 or 40 correction factors depending on the number of crankshaft wheel
teeth (ex. 36 for V6/V8 engines, 40 for V10 engines).
The corrections are calculated from several engine cycles of misfire sample interval data. The "mature" correction
factors are the average of a selected number of samples. In order to assure the accuracy of these corrections, a
tolerance is placed on the incoming values such that an individual correction factor must be repeatable within the
tolerance during learning. This is to reduce the possibility of learning corrections on rough road conditions which
could limit misfire detection capability and to help isolate misfire diagnoses from other crankshaft velocity
disturbances.
To prevent any fueling or combustion differences from affecting the correction factors, learning is done during
decel-fuel cutout. This can be done during closed-throttle, non-braking, de-fueled decelerations in the 60 to 40 mph
range after exceeding 60 mph (likely to correspond to a freeway exit condition). In order to minimize the learning
time for the correction factors, a more aggressive decel-fuel cutout strategy may be employed when the conditions
for learning are present and are typically learned in a single 60 to 40 MPH deceleration, but can be learned during
up to 3 such decelerations, or over a higher number of shorter duration decelerations..
For Hybrid Electric Vehicles profile is learned by using the electric drive to spin the crankshaft on the first engine
shutdown during which time profile is calculated.
Since inaccuracies in the wheel tooth spacing can produce a false indication of misfire, the misfire monitor is not
active until the corrections are learned. In the event of battery disconnection or loss of Keep Alive Memory the
correction factors are lost and must be relearned. If the software is unable to learn a profile after three 60 to 40
mph decels, a P0315 DTC is set.
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Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
0 seconds
0 seconds
20 F
250 F
Yes
15%
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Test ID
Description
A1
$80
Total engine misfire and catalyst damage misfire rate (updated every
200 revolutions) (P030x)
percent
A1
$81
percent
A1
$82
percent
A1
$83
percent
A1
$84
A2 AD
$0B
events
A2 AD
$0C
events
A2 AD
$80
percent
A2 AD
$81
percent
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Monitor Execution
Monitor Sequence:
Sensors OK:
Monitoring Duration;
Minimum
Maximum
No
No
Engine RPM
1300 rpm
3700 rpm
Change in RPM
600 rpm/background
loop
Vehicle Speed
30 mph
75 mph
Learning tolerance
1%
Minimum
Maximum
2000 rpm
3000 rpm
1%
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The evap system integrity test is done under conditions that minimize vapor generation and fuel tank pressure
changes due to fuel slosh since these could result in false MIL illumination. The check is run after a 6 hour cold
engine soak (engine-off timer), during steady highway speeds at ambient air temperatures (inferred by IAT)
o
between 40 and 100 F.
A check for refueling events is done at engine start. A refuel flag is set in KAM if the fuel level at start-up is at least
20% of total tank capacity greater than fuel fill at engine-off. It stays set until the evap monitor completes Phase 0
of the test as described below. Note that on some vehicles, a refueling check may also be done continuously,
with the engine running to detect refueling events that occur when the driver does not turn off the vehicle while
refueling (in-flight refueling).
The evap system integrity test is done in four phases.
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Refueling
Event?
Fuel Level
No
Monitor entry
condition
met?
Vehicle and
engine conditions
Fuel Tank
Pressure Sensor
Yes
Vacuum bleedup
> 0.040"
threshold?
Yes
Evap system
vacuum at
target?
Yes
No
No
Vacuum bleedup
> 0.020"
threshold?
Possible 0.020"
leak, set idle test
flag = 1 (if 0.020"
idle test present)
MIL
No
Evap System OK
END, Go to 0.020"
test, if present
Vacuum increase
< vapor generation
threshold?
No
Yes
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Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors/Components OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
OR
Maximum
4 - 6 hours
o
330 seconds
40 F
22.0 Hg
Engine Load
20%
70%
Vehicle Speed
40 mph
90 mph
75%
100%
Purge Flow
0.05 lbm/min
0.10 lbm/min
15%
85%
- 17 H2O
1.5 H2O
1800 to 2700
seconds
o
95 - 100 F
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Comp ID
Description
Units
$3A
$80
Phase 0 end pressure result and test limits (data for P1450
excessive vacuum)
Pa
$3A
$81
Pa
$3A
$82
Phase 0 end pressure result and test limits (data for P0455/P0457
gross leak/cap off)
Pa
$3B
$80
Phase 2 0.040 cruise leak check vacuum bleed-up and test limits
(data for P0442 0.040" leak)
Pa
Note: Default values (0.0 Pa) will be displayed for all the above TIDs if the evap monitor has never
completed. Each TID is associated with a particular DTC. The TID for the appropriate DTC will be updated
based on the current or last driving cycle, default values will be displayed for any phases that have not
completed.
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The Ideal Gas Law (PV=mRT) defines a proportional relationship between the Pressure and Temperature of a
gas that is contained in a fixed Volume. Therefore, if a sealed container experiences a drop in temperature it will
also experience a drop in pressure. In a vehicle, this happens when a sealed evaporative system cools after the
engine has been run, or if it experiences a drop in temperature due to external environmental effects. This natural
vacuum can be used to perform the leak check, hence the name Engine Off Natural Vacuum (EONV).
Condensation of fuel vapor during cooling can add to the vacuum produced by the Ideal Gas Law.
In contrast to the vacuum produced by drops in temperature, an additional factor can be heat transfer to the
evaporative system from the exhaust system immediately after key-off. Heat transfer from the exhaust at key-off
aided by fuel vaporization may produce a positive pressure shortly after key-off, which can also be used for leak
detection.
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The EONV system is used to perform only the 0.020" leak check while 0.040" dia. leaks and larger (including fuel
cap off) will continue to be detected by the conventional vacuum leak monitor performed during engine running
conditions.
Ford's EONV implementation for California and Green State applications uses a separate, stay-alive
microprocessor in the PCM to process the required inputs and outputs while the rest of the PCM is not powered
and the ignition key is off. The stay-alive microprocessor draws substantially less battery current than the PCM;
therefore, powering only the stay-alive micro during engine-off conditions extends vehicle battery life and allows
the EONV monitor to run more often. The PCM is the only difference between California/Green State and Federal
vehicles.
Battery Voltage
Stay-alive
Micro
FTPT
Atmosphere
Cluster
High-Speed
CAN BUS
Main
Micro
Intake Manifold
VMV
CVS
Fuel Level
Indication
Canister
Fuel Tank
Red: Indicates evaporative system
being monitored for leaks.
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Test Aborts
During the EONV test, several parameters are monitored to abort the EONV test under certain conditions. The
primary abort conditions are instantaneous changes in tank pressure and fuel level. They are used to detect
refuel events and rapidly open the CVS upon detection of them. A list of abort conditions is given below.
Fast Initial Response (FIR): The first 4 tests after a battery disconnect or code clear will
process unfiltered data to quickly indicate a fault. The FIR will use a 2-trip MIL. This will help
the service technician determine that a fault has been fixed.
Step-change Logic (SCL): The logic will detect an abrupt change from a no-fault condition to
a fault condition. The SCL will be active after the 4th EONV test and will also use a 2-trip MIL.
This will illuminate the MIL when a fault is instantaneously induced.
Normal EWMA (NORM): This is the normal mode of operation and uses an Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) to filter the EONV test data. It is employed after the 4th
EONV test and will illuminate a MIL during the drive cycle where the EWMA value exceeds
the fault threshold. (1 trip MIL). The recommended filter/time constant will produce filtering
comparable to a previously-described 5-test average.
If there is a failure using any of the fault filtering logic shown above, a P0456 DTC will be set.
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P0 = Phase 0, Stabilization Phase With CVS open, Tank Pressure is allowed to stabilize. A fuel volatility test is
performed and FTPT offset correction is learned if volatility test passes.
P1 = Phase 1, First Test Phase CVS is closed and pressure peaks below positive pass threshold sending test to
Phase 2. If the positive pass threshold were exceeded, the test would have completed and a pass would have
been recorded.
P2 = Phase 2, Transition Phase CVS is opened and a second stabilization phase occurs. A second FTPT offset
is learned during this time.
P3 = Phase 3, Second Test Phase CVS is closed again and a vacuum develops that eventually exceeds the
negative pass threshold. When this occurs, the test proceeds to Phase 4, test complete.
P4 = Phase 4, Test Compete CVS opens (not pictured in above data file), results are recorded, and stay-alive
electronics shutdown.
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Ambient, soak
time and engine
conditions
No
Key off
Event?
Monitor entry
conditions met
during drive?
Key Off
Yes
Fuel Tank
Pressure Sensor,
Canister Vent
Solenoid
Abort, no call
Yes
Pressure/vacuum >
thresholds?
Done, system
passed
Yes
MIL
Pressure/vacuum >
thresholds?
No
EONV test time
> 45 min?
Abort, no call
No
Fault Management:
EWMA, 1-trip 5 test ave.
or 2 trip 4 test average
Yes
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DTCs
Once per key-off when entry conditions are met during drive. Monitor will run up
to 2 times per day, or 90 cumulative minutes per day (whichever comes first)
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors/Components OK
EONV Processor, Canister Vent Solenoid, Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor, Fuel
Level Input, Vapor Management Valve, CAN communication link
Monitoring Duration
45 minutes in key-off state if fault present. Tests will likely complete quicker if no
fault is present.
Minimum
Maximum
3.5 - 6 hours
OR
Inferred soak criteria met: - (ECT at start IAT at start )
12 deg F
35 deg F
0 sec
20 minutes
o
40 F
11 volts
105 deg F
90 minutes
o
95 F
90 minutes
Fuel level
15%
180 seconds
Learned
22.0 Hg
Summation of air mass since start ensures that vehicle has been
operated off idle (function of ambient temperature).
7500 to 15000
lbm/min
Ratio of drive time to (drive + soak) time. (This allows for the driver to
key-off for a short time without losing the initial soak condition.)
0.8
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85%
Comp ID
Description
Units
$3C
$81
EONV Positive Pressure Test Result and Limits (data for P0456)
Pa
$3C
$82
Pa
$3C
$83
unitless
Note: Default values (0.0) will be displayed for all the above TIDs if the evap monitor has never completed.
The appropriate TID will be updated based on the current or last driving cycle, default values will be displayed
for any phases that have not completed.
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The Canister Purge Valve (CPV) output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P0443)
Note that a stuck closed CPV generates a P0455, a leaking or stuck open CPV generates a P1450.
Canister Purge Valve Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
The Canister Vent Solenoid output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P0446), a stuck closed CVS
generates a P1450, a leaking or stuck open CVS generates a P0455.
Canister Vent Solenoid Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
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The Evap Switching Valve (EVAPSV) output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P2418).
Evap Switching Valve Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
The Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor input circuit is checked for out of range values (P0452 short, P0453 open), noisy
readings (P0454 noisy) and an offset (P0451 offset).
Note that an open power input circuit or stuck check valve generates a P1450.
0.100
20
-17.82
0.500
102
-15.0
1.208
247
-10.0
2.625
464
3.475.
712
6.0
4.750
973
15.0
4.90
1004
16.06
DTCs
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
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Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
< 1 second
Minimum
Maximum
0 rpm
0%
4 - 6 hours
0.5 in H2O
11.0 Volts
Battery Voltage
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The Fuel Level Input is checked for out of range values (opens/ shorts). The FLI input is obtained from the serial
data link from the instrument cluster. If the FLI signal is open or shorted, the appropriate DTC is set (P0462 circuit
low and P0463 circuit high).
Vehicles with a "saddle tank" (a tank that wraps over the axle) have two fuel level senders. The FLI input is
obtained from the serial data link from the instrument cluster. If the FLI signal is open or shorted, the appropriate
DTC is set (P2067 circuit low and P2068 circuit high). A "jet pump" pumps fuel from the passive side of the saddle
tank to the active side of the saddle tank where the main fuel pump supplies the engine with fuel. This means that
the active side of the fuel tank typically has a high fuel level reading because it it constantly filled by the jet pump.
For purposes of computing vehicle fuel level, the two FLI readings are averaged together into one signal that
represents the combined fuel level.
Finally, the Fuel Level Input is checked for noisy readings. If the FLI input continues to change > 40% between
samples, a P0461 DTC is set.
Fuel Level Input Check Operation:
P0461 Fuel Level Sensor A Circuit Noisy
DTCs
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Page 40 of 257
The FLI signal is also checked to determine if it is stuck. "Fuel consumed" is continuously calculated based on
PCM fuel pulsewidth summation as a percent of fuel tank capacity. (Fuel consumed and fuel gauge reading range
are both stored in KAM and reset after a refueling event or DTC storage.) If the there is an insufficient
corresponding change in fuel tank level, a P0460 DTC is set.
Different malfunction criteria are applied based on the range in which the fuel level sensor is stuck.
In the range between 15% and 85%, a 30% difference between fuel consumed and fuel used is typical. The actual
value is based on the fuel economy of the vehicle and fuel tank capacity.
In the range below 15%, a 40% difference between fuel consumed and fuel used is typical. The actual value is
based on reserve fuel in the fuel tank and the fuel economy of the vehicle.
In the range above 85%, a 60% difference between fuel consumed and fuel used is typical. The actual value is
based on the overfill capacity of the fuel tank and the fuel economy of the vehicle. Note that some vehicles can be
overfilled by over 6 gallons.
Fuel Level Input Stuck Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Between 15 and 85%, monitoring can take from100 to 120 miles to complete
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Page 41 of 257
3-Port Canister
Engine
Buffer
CPS
Main Canister
VBV
FTPT
Optional
Bleed
Canister
CVS
Fuel Tank
Key:
CPS Canister Purge Solenoid
VBV Vapor Blocking Valve
FTPT Fuel Tank Pressure
Transducer
Dust Filter
Atmospheric
Pressure
Page 42 of 257
The Evaporative System monitor performs a functional check of the EVAPSV in Phase 3 of the evap monitor
cruise tests if the 0.040" leak test passes. At the end of Phase 2, tank pressure will be in the range of -8 to -5 "H20
and the EVAPSV will be open. At the beginning of Phase 3, the EVAPSV is commanded closed and the CVS is
commanded open. If the EVAPSV fails to close, there will be a rapid pressure loss in the fuel tank. If this pressure
loss exceeds a calibrated threshold, a P2450 DTC is set. (Requires 2 or 3 failures in a row during a driving cycle
(calibratable)). If the fault is present on a second driving cycle, the MIL will be illuminated.
P2450
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors/Components OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
Comp ID
Description
Units
$3D
$82
Pa
Note: Default values (0.0 Pa) will be displayed for all the above TIDs if the evap monitor has never
completed. Each TID is associated with a particular DTC. The TID for the appropriate DTC will be updated
based on the current or last driving cycle, default values will be displayed for any phases that have not
completed.
Page 43 of 257
3-Port Canister
Engine
CPS
Buffer
Main Canister
VBV
Blockage
FTPT
Optional
Bleed
Canister
CVS
Fuel Tank
Key:
CPS Canister Purge Solenoid
VBV Vapor Blocking Valve
FTPT Fuel Tank Pressure
Transducer
Dust Filter
Atmospheric
Pressure
Page 44 of 257
P144A
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Runs during Phase 0 of evap 0.040" cruise test. Performs an intrusive test in
Phases 3 & 4 to confirm a fault.
Sensors/Components OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
1.5 (lb/min)
5 "Hg
Comp ID
Description
Units
$3D
$80
Pa/sec
$3D
$81
Pa
Note: Default values (0.0) will be displayed for all the above TIDs if the evap monitor has never completed.
Each TID is associated with a particular DTC. The TID for the appropriate DTC will be updated based on the
current or last driving cycle, default values will be displayed for any phases that have not completed.
Page 45 of 257
Figure: System schematic showing the potential for reverse flow if the check valve is failed.
Intake
Manifold
Check Valve
CPV
CVV
FTPS
Carbon
Canister
Fuel Tank
Page 46 of 257
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors/Components OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
40 F
95 F
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
Fuel level
15%
160 F
23 Hg
4 to 8 Hg
85%
Page 47 of 257
Intake manifold
Charge
Air
Cooler
Recirculation flow
Check
Valve 1
Turbo
Fuel Tank
Vapors
FTPT
Ejector
CPV
Check
Valve 2
Canister
CVV
Fresh Air
Purge under boost
Air Filter
Fresh Air
Page 48 of 257
A failed CV1 is detected if the rate of rise in Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor is greater than a calibratable
threshold while the Canister Vent Valve is closed, Canister Purge Valve open, and the engine is boosted
above a minimum level. Under boost, the system should be sealed if the check valve is operating properly.
This condition will set DTC P144C.
A failed CV2 is detected if the rate of change of ejector generated vacuum is relatively flat within a threshold
window during boosted conditions. This will set DTC P144C. Steep vacuum slopes for CV2 are indicative of
good functioning valves. See the figure below for CV1/CV2 pass and fail ranges.
4.00
2.00
"Indeterminate" Range
1.00
CV2 / Ejector
failed closed
0.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
-1.00
-2.00
Page 49 of 257
14.00
16.00
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors/Components OK
ECT/CHT, IAT, MAP, CPV, CVV, FTPT, FLI, BARO, TIP, WASTEGATE
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
40 F
105 F
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
Fuel level
15%
160 F
23 Hg
8 Hg
90%
Page 50 of 257
O2 sensor voltage
Page 51 of 257
O2 sensor voltage
O2 sensor voltage
Page 52 of 257
As fuel, air, or engine components age or otherwise change over the life of the vehicle, the adaptive fuel strategy
learns deviations from stoichiometry while running in closed loop fuel. Corrections are only learned during closed
loop operation, and are stored in the PCM as long term fuel trim values (LONGFT). They may be stored into an
8x10 rpm/load table or they may be stored as a function of air mass. LONGFT values are only learned when
SHRTFT values cause the oxygen sensor to switch. If the average SHRTFT value remains above or below
stoichiometry, the PCM learns a new LONGFT value, which allows the SHRTFT value to return to an average
value near 1.0. LONGFT values are stored in Keep Alive Memory as a function of air mass. The LONGFT value
displayed on the scan tool is the value being used for the current operating condition.
O2 sensor voltage
O2 sensor voltage
Page 53 of 257
O2 sensor voltage
As components continue to change beyond normal limits or if a malfunction occurs, the long-term fuel trim values
will reach a calibratable rich or lean limit where the adaptive fuel strategy is no longer allowed to compensate for
additional fuel system changes. Long term fuel trim corrections at their limits, in conjunction with a calibratable
deviation in short term fuel trim, indicate a rich or lean fuel system malfunction.
Note that in the PCM, both long and short-term fuel trim are multipliers in the fuel pulse width equation. Scan tools
normally display fuel trim as percent adders. If there were no correction required, a scan tool would display 0%
even though the PCM was actually using a multiplier of 1.0 in the fuel pulse width equation.
Page 54 of 257
Engine conditions
(O2 sensors warm, closed
loop fuel requests)
No
Monitor Entry
Conditions
Met?
SRTFT +
LONGFT >
threshold?
Yes
No
Fuel system OK
END, return to
START
MIL
Page 55 of 257
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
o
Maximum
o
150 F
230 F
Engine load
12%
-30 F
0.75 lb/min
0%
150 F
0%
Page 56 of 257
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
> 30 seconds time in lack of movement test, > 30 seconds time in lack of switch
test
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, FVR, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV,
CVS, CPV, EVAPSV, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no
system failures affecting fuel, no EVAP gross leak failure, UEGO heaters OK, rear
HO2S heaters OK, no "lack of switching" malfunction, no "lack of movement"
malfunction, no UEGO circuit malfunction, no rear stream 2 HO2S circuit
malfunction, no rear stream 2 HO2S functional DTCs, no rear stream 2 HO2S
response rate malfunction.
Monitoring Duration
Page 57 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
20 seconds
160 F
20 seconds
Fuel Level
15%
-13%
18%
2 lbm/min
8 lbm/min
15 seconds
650 usec
1100 F
234 F
0.5
11.0 Volts
Page 58 of 257
18.0 Volts
1
VEGO11
VEGO12
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
15
Time
20
25
Page 59 of 257
30
uego11
2
1.5
1
10
20
30
40
Time(sec)
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
Time(sec)
50
60
70
0.2
diff ego11
0.4
uego11
4000
2000
0
400
10
20
30
40
Time(sec)
50
60
70
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000
4000
6000
Time(sec)
8000
10000
12000
Page 60 of 257
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV, CVS, FTP,
CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no system failures affecting
fuel, no EVAP gross leak failure, UEGO heaters OK, rear HO2S heaters OK, no
"lack of switching" malfunction, no "lack of movement" malfunction, no UEGO
circuit malfunction, no rear stream 2 HO2S circuit malfunction, no rear stream 2
HO2S functional DTCs, no rear stream 2 HO2S response rate malfunction.
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
2 lb/min
10 lb/min
Engine RPM
1250 rpm
3000 rpm
Engine Load
40%
70%
150 F
235 F
20 F
150 F
o
o
40%
Fuel Level
15%
Test ID
Description
$81
$80
unitless
$82
$80
unitless
Page 61 of 257
Stoichiometric AFR
14.64
14.36
14.08
13.79
13.51
13.23
12.95
12.67
12.38
12.10
11.82
11.54
11.26
10.97
10.69
10.41
10.13
9.85
9.56
9.28
9.00
Page 62 of 257
The fuel level input is used to determine if a refueling event has occurred, either after the initial start or while the
engine is running. If refueling event is detected (typically calibrated as a 10% increase in fuel level), the PCM tracks
the "old" fuel being consumed by the engine. After a calibrated amount of "old" fuel has been consumed from the
fuel lines, fuel rail, etc., the "new" fuel is assumed to have reached the engine. Normal long term fuel trim learning
and purge control are temporarily disabled along with the evaporative system monitor and fuel system monitor to
allow the composition of the fuel to be determined. The filtered value of short-term fuel trim is used during closed
loop to adjust AFR in order to maintain stoichiometry. During learning, all changes in AFR are stored into the
AFRMOD register. As updates are made to the AFRMOD register, the fuel composition register (PM) is updated
and stored in Keep Alive Memory. Learning continues until the inference stabilizes with stabilized engine operating
conditions. The PM inference and engine operating conditions are considered to have stabilized when all of the
following conditions are satisfied:
ECT indicates the engine has warmed up (typically 170 F) or an ECT related fault is present.
Enough "new" fuel has been consumed (typically 0.5 lb - vehicle dependant) to insure fuel is adequately
mixed.
The filtered value of short term fuel trim is in tight fuel control around stoichiometry, (typically +/- 2%) for at
least 5 O2 sensor switches or AFRMOD is at a clip.
The engine has been operated for a calibratable length of time, based on ECT temperature at start
(typically 200 sec. at 40 F and 30 sec at 200 F) or an ECT related fault is present.
The engine has been operating in closed loop fuel, with the brake off, within a calibratable (off-idle) air
mass region (typically 2.4 to 8 lb/min) for 5 seconds, to minimize the effect of errors such as vacuum
leaks.
Once the value of PM has stabilized (usually about 7 miles of driving), AFRMOD and PM are locked and deemed
to be "mature." After PM is deemed "mature," normal fuel trim learning and purge control are re-enabled along with
the fuel system monitor and evaporative system monitor. Any observed fueling errors from that point on are rolled
into normal long term fuel trim (via adaptive fuel learning).
All remaining OBD-II monitors remain enabled unless AFR is observed to be changing. If AFR is changing, all
monitors (except CCM and EGR) are disabled until the AFR stabilizes. This logic is same as was used for FFV
applications that used a sensor. The AFR rate of change required to disable OBD-II monitor operation is typically
0.1 A/F (rate is based on the difference between a filtered value and the current value). For a fuel change from
gasoline to E85 or vice versa, AFR typically stabilizes after 2 to 3 minutes on an FTP cycle.
If a large refueling event is detected (typically calibrated as a 40% to 50% increase in fuel level), the PCM strategy
tries to assign the "new" fuel as gasoline or ethanol (E85) on the assumption that the only fuels available are either
gasoline or E85. The strategy performs this fuel assignment to gasoline or ethanol (E85) only if the "old" and the
"new" stabilized inferred fuel composition values are within a specified amount of each other (typically 5-10%),
indicating that the fuel in the tank is the same as the fuel that was added and therefore must be either gasoline or
ethanol (E85). If the "old" and "new" stabilized inferred fuel composition values are not near each other, the fuel
added must be different from what was in the tank and the strategy retains the current inferred value of PM until the
next refuel. By assigning the fuel to gasoline or ethanol (E85) in this manner, normal fuel system errors can be
learned into normal long term fuel trip for proper fuel system error diagnosis.
After a battery disconnect or loss of Keep Alive Memory, the strategy will infer AFR immediately after going into
closed loop fuel operation. A vehicle that previously had fuel system errors learned into long term fuel trim will infer
incorrect values of AFR. After the value of AFR is determined, it is fixed until the next refueling event. If the next
refueling event is performed with the same fuel (either E85 or gasoline), the value of AFR will not change. The fuel
is then assigned to be E85 or gasoline as explained above. The long term fuel trim will again be a reliable
indication of normal fuel system errors.
Only one large tank fill is required to assign the fuel as being either gasoline or ethanol, if the inferred AFR did not
change significantly. If AFR did change significantly, several tank fills with the same fuel may be necessary to
assign the fuel as gasoline or ethanol.
As the vast majority of vehicles are expected to be operated with gasoline, the initial value of AFR is set to
gasoline. This is the starting point for the AFR after a battery disconnect and will allow for normal starting. Some
vehicles may have E85 in the fuel tank after having a battery disconnect, and may not have a good start or drive
away. The startability of alcohol-blended fuels at extreme cold temperatures (< 0 F) is difficult under normal
conditions; these vehicles may be required to be towed to a garage for starting if a battery disconnect occurs.
Ford Motor Company
Page 63 of 257
Monitor execution
continuous, from startup and while in closed loop fuel or open loop fuel due to HO2S
fault
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV, CVS, FTP,
CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no system failures affecting fuel,
no EVAP gross leak failure, front HO2S heaters OK, no front HO2S over voltage
Monitoring Duration
Page 64 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
-40 F
10 seconds
10 in H2O
Fuel Level
15%
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
400 F
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 65 of 257
The HO2S is also tested functionally. The response rate is evaluated by entering a special 1.5 Hz. square wave,
fuel control routine. This routine drives the air/fuel ratio around stoichiometry at a calibratable frequency and
magnitude, producing predictable oxygen sensor signal amplitude. A slow sensor will show reduced amplitude.
Oxygen sensor signal amplitude below a minimum threshold indicates a slow sensor malfunction. (P0133 Bank 1,
P0153 Bank 2). If the calibrated frequency was not obtained while running the test because of excessive purge
vapors, etc., the test will be run again until the correct frequency is obtained.
HO2S Response Rate Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV,
CVS, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no
system failures affecting fuel system, no EVAP gross leak failure, no
"lack of switching" malfunctions, front HO2S heaters OK no front
HO2S over voltage
Monitoring Duration
6 seconds
Minimum
Maximum
150 F
140 F
10 seconds
o
1600 F
15%
-9%
20%
Vehicle Speed
Maximum change in vehicle speed while in monitor
2000 rpm
150 rpm
11.0 Volts
80 mph
3 mph
1000 rpm
Battery Voltage
50%
0.13
30 mph
Engine RPM
11%
10%
240 F
Page 66 of 257
18.0 Volts
Test ID
Description
$01
$80
Volts
$01
$01
Volts
$05
$80
Volts
$05
$01
Volts
Page 67 of 257
Monitor execution
once per driving cycle for heater current, continuous for voltage monitoring
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 10 seconds for heater voltage check, < 5 seconds for heater current check
Minimum
150 F
250 F
30 seconds
1250 F
1250 F
o
o
5000 rpm
Maximum
Page 68 of 257
18.0 Volts
Test ID
Description
Units
$41
$81
Amps
$45
$81
Amps
Page 69 of 257
HO2S Monitor
START
Switching Test
Entry
Conditions
Met?
No
Yes
Front O2 Sensor Signal
Status - rich/lean
Short Term Fuel Trim
at limits
No
Monitor HO2S
voltage and heater
current and voltage
Response
Test Entry
Conditions
Met?
Front O2 Sensor
Voltage
Voltage or
current >
threshold?
Yes
Time between
O2 switches >
30 sec?
Yes
Amplitude <
threshold?
No
END
No
MIL
Yes
Page 70 of 257
Pump
Current
Measurement
PC
M
Connector
Senso
r
IP
O
Pumping Cell
Exhaust
Gasses
O2,
HC,CO
NOx, H2
Diffusion
Passage
Detection
Cavity
O
-
IA
Trim Resistor
(30 300 Ohm)
IN
Nernst cell
(EGO)
Measurement
Resistor
(61.9 Ohm)
Measured
Pumping Current
RE
Reference Air
Heater
H-
+2.5V
Virtual
Ground
450
mV
ref.
Impedance
Measuremen
t
H+
Total
Pumping
Current
+
-
d
B+
Measured
Impedanc
e Groun
Page 71 of 257
Pump
Current
Measurement
PC
M
NTK ZFAS-U2
+
Connector
Sensor
IP
O
-
Exhaust
Gasses
O2,
HC,CO
NOx, H2
Diffusion
Passage
Pumping
Cell
Detection
Cavity
O
-
COM
Nernst cell
(EGO)
VS
+
Reference Air
+3.6V
Virtual
Ground
Heater
Label Resistor
(3.5k 1m Ohm)
450
mV
ref.
Impedance
Measuremen
t
RLH
Measurement
Resistor
(300 Ohm)
Measured
Pumping Current
+
-
Total
Pumping
Current
reference pump
current
Multiplex
Voltage
Divider
Heater
Control
Ground
B+
H
+
The primary component of a UEGO sensor is the diffusion passage that controls the flow of exhaust gasses into a
detection cavity, a Nernst cell (essentially an EGO sensor inside the UEGO sensor) that measures the air fuel ratio
in the detection cavity. A control circuitry in the ASIC chip (mounted in the PCM) controls the pumping current (IP)
to keep the detection cavity near stoichiometry by holding the Nernst cell at 450 mV. This Nernst cell voltage (RE,
VS) is 450mV from the virtual ground (VM, COM), which is approximately 2.5V (Bosch UEGO) or 3.6V (NTK
UEGO) above the PCM ground. For the Nernst cell to generate a voltage when the detection cavity is rich, it needs
an oxygen differential across the cell. In older UEGO (and HEGO) sensor designs, this was provided by a
reference chamber that was connected to outside air through the wire harness that was subject to contamination
and "Characteristic Shift Down (CSD)". The new UEGO sensor uses a pumped reference chamber, which is
sealed from the outside to eliminate the potential for contamination. The necessary oxygen is supplied by
supplying a 20 uA pumping current across the Nernst cell to pump small amounts of oxygen from the detection
cavity to the reference chamber. The pumping cell pumps oxygen ions in and out of the detection cavity from and
to the exhaust gasses in response to the changes in the Nernst cell voltage. The pumping current flows through
the sense resistor and the voltage drop across the sense resistor is measured and amplified. Offset volts are sent
out of the ASIC to one of the PCM's A/D inputs. The PCM measures the voltage supplied by the ASIC, determines
the pumping current, and converts the pumping current to measured lambda. In general, the circuitry that
measures the pumping current is used to estimate the air fuel ratio in the exhaust system.
The UEGO sensor also has a trim (IA) or label resistor (RL). The biggest source of part to part variability in the
measured air fuel ratio is difference in the diffusion passage. This source of variation is simply the piece-to-piece
differences from the manufacturing process. To compensate for this source of error, each sensor is tested at the
factory and a trim or label resistor is installed in the connector. The value of this resistor is chosen to correlate with
the measured difference between a particular sensor and a nominal sensor.
Page 72 of 257
For NTK UEGO, the variation in the Ip signal value is corrected for by a compensation coefficient (CC), and then
processed by the PCM. The value of CC (Ip rank) is determined by the value of RL. The PCM must command the
ASIC to read the value of RL, so CC can be determined. After measuring the value of the label resistor, the PCM
software will multiply the measured pumping current (Ip) by a compensation coefficient and determine a corrected
pumping current that is used to calculate the measured exhaust air fuel ratio. During each power up, the PCM will
briefly turn the UEGO heater power off, measure the output voltage from the voltage divider several times, average
it, and estimate the resistance of the label resistor. The PCM will do this estimation multiple times, and if all
samples are consistently within one resistor "rank", then the RL compensation coefficient determination is
completed and the resistor "rank" compensation coefficient value will be stored in keep alive memory. On the other
hand, if the several readings are not consistently within one rank for some amount of time, then the PCM A/D input
is considered not reliable/RL erratic, and a trim circuit erratic malfunction (P164A, P164B) will be set. Conversely, if
the estimated resistance is too high, then the software in the PCM will indicate RL circuit shorted to ground or
open, and a trim circuit low malfunction (P2627, P2630) will be set. If the estimated resistance is too low, then the
software will indicate RL circuit shorted to power, and a trim circuit high malfunction (P2628, P2631) will be set.
Once a trim circuit malfunction is detected, then the compensation coefficient of the label resistor "rank" stored in
KAM will be used.
For Bosch UEGO, the trim resistor is connected in parallel to the pumping current sense resistor and the pumping
current flows through both. The trim resistor adjusts the measured pumping current back to the expected nominal
value at any given air fuel ratio (correcting for the sensor to sensor variations in the diffusion passage). Small trim
resistors are required for sensors that require more pumping current at any particular lambda. Conversely, for
sensors with lower diffusion rates than average, less pumping current is required, so a higher than average
impedance trim resistor is installed. When IA circuit is open, all of the pumping current flows through the measuring
resistor which increases the measured voltage. Since the pumping current is amplified, the UEGO pumping current
to lambda transfer function will reflect the error. The slope of the UEGO sensor transfer function changes, which
results in the wrong output of the UEGO signal (the slope of the pumping current to lambda relationship can
increase or decrease). For "stoichiometric" air/fuel control applications, an open IA circuit is not monitored since the
lambda error is minimal in "stoichiometric" mode. A worst case (40 ohm resistor) open IA was tested on a 2008 MY
3.5L Taurus PZEV and showed no impact on tailpipe emissions.
Page 73 of 257
The time spent at the limits of the short term fuel trim is monitored after vehicle startup when closed loop fuel has
been requested, during closed loop fuel conditions, or when open loop fuel has been requested due to UEGO
sensor fault. Excessive time with short term fuel trim at its limits (up to +/- 40%), or no rich / lean activity seen since
startup indicates a "lack of switch" malfunction. Since lack of switching malfunctions can be caused by UEGO
sensor malfunctions or by shifts in the fuel system, DTCs are stored that provide additional information for the lack
of switching malfunction. Different DTCs indicate whether the sensor always indicates lean (P2195, P2197), or
always indicates rich (P2196, P2198).
UEGO Lack of Switching Operation:
P2195 Lack of switching, sensor indicates lean, Bank 1
DTCs
continuous, from startup and while in closed loop fuel or open loop fuel due to
UEGO sensor fault
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, FVR, DPFE EGR, VCT,
VMV/EVMV, CVS, CPV, EVAPSV, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no
misfire DTCs, no system failures affecting fuel, no EVAP gross leak failure,
UEGO heaters OK, no "lack of movement" malfunction, no UEGO circuit
malfunction
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
-40 F
10 seconds
10 in H2O
Fuel Level
15%
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 74 of 257
For Bosch UEGO applications, the time spent when the measured lambda is nearly 1.0 is also monitored after
vehicle startup when closed loop fuel has been requested, during closed loop fuel conditions, or when open loop
fuel has been requested due to UEGO sensor fault. Excessive time without measured lambda deviating from 1.0,
in spite of attempts to force activity (via fuel control and reference current "defib") in the measured lambda, will
indicate either a "lack of movement open Pump Current circuit" malfunction or a "lack of movement - open
Reference Ground circuit" malfunction. An open Pump Current circuit (IP) is differentiated from an open Reference
Ground circuit (VM) by measuring the movements in the measured lambda during the reference current defib.
Change in lambda movement below a minimum threshold indicates "lack of movement- open Pump Current
circuit" malfunction, which results in P2237, P2240 DTCs (replaced P0134/P0154 DTCs). Conversely, change in
lambda movement greater than the minimum threshold indicates an open VM, which results in P2251, P2254
DTCs (replaced P0130/P0150 DTCs). Note that the open VM detection via reference current defib is new in 2011
MY applications.
Since the Bosch CJ125 or the Conti-Siemens ATIC42 ASIC do not have the capability to specifically detect an
open RE or VM, separate diagnostics were created to monitor these failures. An open RE or VM will typically
cause the impedance of the Nernst cell to increase. An open RE will cause the UEGO voltage to be greater than or
less than a malfunction threshold while an open VM will cause the UEGO voltage to be within a malfunction band.
Note that this open VM detection will only enable if the UEGO is unable to control the heater voltage at the desired
set point; otherwise, the "lack of movement- open Reference Ground circuit" diagnostic will enable.
Page 75 of 257
DTCs
continuous
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical UEGO Open Circuit Diagnostic RE, VM " entry conditions (Bosch UEGO only):
Entry condition
Minimum
Maximum
33%
Battery Voltage
18.0 Volts
Typical UEGO Open Circuit Diagnostic RE, VM malfunction thresholds (Bosch UEGO only):
Open RE circuit: UEGO voltage: > 4.7 V or < 0.2 V for 10 seconds to set a DTC.
Open VM circuit: 1.45 V < UEGO voltage < 1.55 V for 10 seconds to set a DTC (Bosch CJ125).
1.95 V < UEGO voltage < 2.05 V for 10 seconds to set a DTC (Conti-Siemens ATIC42).
Page 76 of 257
UEGO Lack of Movement Open Pump Current Circuit Operation (Bosch UEGO only):
P2237 O2 Sensor Positive Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
(replaces P0134)
DTCs
continuous, from startup and while in closed loop fuel or open loop fuel due to
UEGO sensor fault
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical UEGO Lack of Movement Open Pump Current Circuit " entry conditions
(Bosch UEGO only):
Entry condition
Minimum
Maximum
0.99
1.01
30 sec
3 sec
- 40 F
650 usec
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Typical UEGO Lack of Movement Open Pump Current Circuit malfunction thresholds
(Bosch UEGO only):
Stage 1: > 20 seconds in test conditions without lambda movement during fuel control and reference current
"defib" while in closed loop fuel and < = 0.05 change in lambda movement.
Stage 2: < 0.2 seconds without lambda movement since startup for > 30 seconds in test conditions during
reference current "defib" while open loop fuel is requested due to UEGO sensor fault and < = 0.05 change in
lambda movement.
Page 77 of 257
UEGO Lack of Movement Open Reference Ground Circuit Operation (Bosch UEGO only):
P2251 O2 Sensor Negative Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
(replaces P0130)
DTCs
continuous, from startup and while in closed loop fuel or open loop fuel due to
UEGO sensor fault
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical UEGO Lack of Movement Open Reference Ground Circuit " entry conditions
(Bosch UEGO only):
Entry condition
Minimum
Maximum
0.99
1.01
30 sec
3 sec
650 usec
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Typical UEGO Lack of Movement Open Reference Ground Circuit malfunction thresholds
(Bosch UEGO only):
Stage 1: > 20 seconds in test conditions without lambda movement during fuel control and reference current
"defib" while in closed loop fuel and > 0.05 change in lambda movement.
Stage 2: > 20 seconds in test conditions without lambda movement during reference current "defib" while
open loop fuel is requested due to UEGO sensor fault and > 0.05 change in lambda movement.
Page 78 of 257
UEGO equipped vehicles monitor the circuitry between the PCM and the UEGO sensor via the wire diagnostics
capability included on the UEGO ASIC chip. The wire diagnostics will detect wires (IP, IA, VM/COM, RE/VS)
shorted to battery, or ground, and in most cases will detect open circuits (IP, VM/COM, RE/VS). The diagnostic bits
are transmitted to the PCM via SPI (serial peripheral interface). The SPI communication is validated continuously,
and if a SPI communication failure is detected, fault code(s) P064D and/or P064E will be set. The ASIC is also
capable of detecting internal circuitry failure; in which case, an ASIC failure DTC (P1646, P1647) along with the
SPI communication failure DTC (P064D, P064E) will be set.
o
Beginning 2011 MY, the general UEGO circuit diagnostic DTCs P0130/P0150, are now replaced by more
specific DTCs.
A shorted to ground circuit (Bosch UEGO IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM) will set
P0131/P0151 DTCs.
A shorted to battery circuit (Bosch UEGO IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM) will set
P0132/P0152 DTCs.
P0131 O2 circuit low voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets for short to ground on
Bosch UEGO- IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM. Replaces P0130
in Bosch UEGO applications.)
P0151 O2 circuit low voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets for short to ground on
Bosch UEGO- IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM. Replaces P0150
in Bosch UEGO applications.)
P0132 O2 circuit high voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets for short to battery on
Bosch UEGO- IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM. Replaces P0130
in Bosch UEGO applications.)
P0152 O2 circuit high voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets for short to battery on
Bosch UEGO- IP, IA, RE, VM; NTK UEGO IP, VS, COM. Replaces P0150
in Bosch UEGO applications.
P2237 O2 Sensor Positive Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 1, Sensor 1). (Note:
This DTC sets for open IP. Replaces P0130 in NTK UEGO applications.
P2240 O2 Sensor Positive Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 2, Sensor 1). (Note:
Sets for open IP. Replaces P0150 in NTK UEGO applications).
P2243 O2 Sensor Reference Voltage Circuit/Open (Bank 1, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets
for open VS. Replaces P0130 in NTK UEGO applications).
P2247 O2 Sensor Reference Voltage Circuit/Open (Bank 2, Sensor 1). (Note: Sets
for open VS. Replaces P0150 in NTK UEGO applications).
P2251 O2 Sensor Negative Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 1, Sensor 1). (Note:
Sets for open COM. Replaces P0130 in NTK UEGO applications).
P2254 O2 Sensor Negative Current Control Circuit/Open (Bank 2, Sensor 1). (Note:
Sets for open COM. Replaces P0150 in NTK UEGO applications).
P164A O2 sensor positive current trim circuit performance (Bank 1, Sensor 1).
Ford Motor Company
Page 79 of 257
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
UEGO heaters OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 80 of 257
For "Non-Stoichiometric Closed Loop (NSCL)" air/fuel control applications, a continuous open IA diagnostics (Air
Rationality Test) is required since the lambda error is more significant in this mode. The air rationality test will
always monitor the UEGO sensor voltage or pumping current reading during Decel Fuel Shut Off (DFSO) event.
The monitor compares the UEGO sensor voltage or pumping current reading in air against the expected value for
pure air. If the UEGO sensor voltage or pumping current during DFSO exceeds the maximum UEGO
voltage/pumping current in air threshold, then the fault timer increments. If the fault timer exceeds the fault time
threshold, then open IA DTC P2626 and/or P2629 will set. Since transient sources of fuel in the exhaust after
injector cut can contribute to the UEGO sensor voltage/pumping current to read lower (rich), the air rationality
monitor will not call a pass until the transient sources of fuel have been exhausted and pure air entry conditions
during DFSO are met (i.e. all injectors must be off, purge must be off, no fuel must be leaking around the PCV
valve, and a few transport delays must have passed to allow the last fuel transients to be exhausted leaving
nothing for the sensor to see, but air). Note: Beginning 2011 MY and beyond, this diagnostics will monitor the
UEGO pumping current against the expected value for pure air instead of the UEGO voltage so the monitor can be
ASIC chip independent.
Page 81 of 257
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
Stream 1 UEGO heater voltage check complete, > 30 seconds time in lack of
movement test, > 30 seconds time in lack of switch test
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Page 82 of 257
Typical UEGO Air Rationality Test" entry conditions (Bosch UEGO only):
Entry condition
Minimum
Maximum
10 in H2O
Closed pedal
DFSO entry conditions met
DFSO requested
DFSO injectors cut
No purge flow being requested (pass criteria only)
No fuel flow entering thru PCV during cold start when
flashing off fuel in oil (pass criteria only)
Transport delay (pass criteria only)
2 sec
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Typical UEGO Air Rationality Test malfunction thresholds (Bosch UEGO only):
UEGO voltage: > 4.55 V (max UEGO sensor voltage in air, normal range) or
> 3.0 V (max UEGO sensor voltage in air, wide range) for >= 2 seconds in test conditions.
UEGO pumping current: > 0.00309 Amps for >= 2 seconds in test conditions.
Page 83 of 257
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
> 30 seconds time in lack of movement test, > 30 seconds time in lack of switch test
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, FVR, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV,
CVS, CPV, EVAPSV, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no
system failures affecting fuel, no EVAP gross leak failure, UEGO heaters OK, no "lack
of switching" malfunction, no "lack of movement" malfunction, no UEGO circuit
malfunction, no UEGO FAOS monitor malfunction
Monitoring Duration
4-12 seconds
Page 84 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
150 F
240 F
o
140 F
10 seconds
o
1600 F
15%
-5%
15%
20%
80 mph
3 mph
1000 rpm
70%
0.25
35 mph
Engine RPM
5%
3000 rpm
150 rpm
0.85
1.15
0.5
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Test ID
Description
$01
$84
unitless
$05
$84
unitless
Page 85 of 257
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
> 30 seconds time in lack of movement test, > 30 seconds time in lack of switch test
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, FVR, DPFE EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV,
CVS, CPV, EVAPSV, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no
system failures affecting fuel, no EVAP gross leak failure, UEGO heaters OK, no "lack
of switching" malfunction, no "lack of movement" malfunction, no UEGO circuit
malfunction, no UEGO FAOS monitor malfunction
Monitoring Duration
12 seconds
Page 86 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
150 F
240 F
o
140 F
10 seconds
o
1600 F
15%
-5%
15%
Air Mass
1.2 lbs/min
Engine Load
20%
80 mph
9 mph
1000 rpm
70%
0.25
35 mph
Engine RPM
5%
3000 rpm
150 rpm
0.85
1.15
3 degree
0.5
11.0 Volts
Page 87 of 257
18.0 Volts
Threshold (red) and No-Fault (green) data vs. No Fault Zone (Bank 1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Lean to Rich Response Time, sec
1.2
1.4
Test ID
Description
$01
$87
seconds
$01
$88
seconds
$05
$87
seconds
$05
$88
seconds
Page 88 of 257
UEGO Heaters
The UEGO heater is controlled as a function of the measured impedance to keep the sensor at a near constant
temperature (Bosch: 780 deg C, NTK: 830 deg C). The impedance of the Nernst cell decreases as the sensor
temperature increases. This impedance is measured by periodically applying a small current across the Nernst cell
and measuring the change in the voltage. The output voltage is then sent to an A/D input on the PCM. After a cold
start, the UEGO heater ramps up to the maximum duty cycle to heat the sensor. After a few seconds, the
measured impedance will start to decrease and when the target value is crossed, the heater goes into closed loop
heater control to maintain the sensor at a near constant temperature.
The "UEGO Heater Temperature Control Monitor" tracks the time at the maximum duty cycle during the open loop
sensor warm up phase. If the measured impedance does not come down to the target value to allow the system to
transition from open loop heater control to closed loop heater control within a specified time, then a fault code is
set. This monitor also sets a malfunction when the closed loop heater control reaches a maximum or minimum
value for a period of time indicating that the controller is no longer able to maintain the target temperature,;
however, if the inferred exhaust temperature is high enough that the sensor will be above the target temperature
even with no heat, then this monitor is disabled.
The UEGO heaters are also monitored for proper voltage and current. A UEGO heater voltage fault (open, shorted
to ground, or shorted to battery) is determined by turning the heater on and off and looking for corresponding
voltage change in the heater output driver circuit in the PCM.
A separate current-monitoring circuit monitors heater current once per driving cycle. This monitor normally runs in
closed loop heater control after all the exhaust gas sensor functional tests are completed (2010 MY and earlier),
however, it can also run intrusively. When the UEGO sensor indicates cold, but the heater is inferred to have been
adequately warm, the current monitor is forced to run intrusively prior to the completion of the heater temperature
control monitor. The heater current is actually sampled once to three times. Multiple samples are taken for
protection against noise on the heater current circuit. If the majority of the current samples fall below or above a
calibratable threshold, the heater is assumed to be degraded or malfunctioning.
Beginning 2012MY, some PCMs do not have a separate current-monitoring circuit. For PCMs that do not have the
current-monitoring circuit, a degraded or malfunctioning UEGO heater is detected by the "UEGO Heater
Temperature Control Monitor".
Page 89 of 257
Monitor execution
once per driving cycle for heater current monitor, continuous for voltage monitoring
and heater temperature control monitoring
Monitor Sequence
Heater current monitor: Stream 1 UEGO response test complete (2010 MY and
earlier), Stream 2 and 3 HO2S functional tests complete (2010 MY and earlier),
Stream 1 UEGO heater voltage check complete.
Heater temperature control monitor: intrusive heater current monitor completed.
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 10 seconds for heater voltage check, < 5 seconds for heater current check, >= 30
seconds for the heater temperature control monitor to register a malfunction
Minimum
o
Maximum
o
75 F
1562 F
1346 F
30 seconds
1526 F
5000 rpm
75 F
1000 F
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 90 of 257
Test ID
Description
Units
$41
$81
Amps
$45
$81
Amps
Page 91 of 257
Monitor UEGO
heater
temperature
control
Start
Monitor O2
sensor voltage
every DFSO
event (NSCL only)
Time at trim
limit <
threshold?
O2 Sensor Voltage/Pumping
Current
YES
O2 sensor
voltage/pump
current >
threshold ?
YES
NO
Switching
Test Entry
Conditions
Met?
O2 Sensor Voltage,
Heater Voltage and
Current
NO
NO
YES
Lack of
movement
suspected ?
NO
Front O2
Sensor
Lambda
YES
Time between
O2 switches <
max?
Initiate fuel/reference
current defib and
monitor Activity
NO
Change in
lambda
movement >
threshold?
Front O2
Sensor
Lambda
YES
NO
Time
heater
control
voltage at
limit <
threshold?
NO
YES
YES
NO
Response Test
Entry Conditions
Met?
YES
Modulate fuel request and
monitor voltage activity
Front O2 Sensor
Voltage
Or
Front O2 Sensor
Response Time
NO
O2 Sensor Voltage
Magnitude > threshold ?
Or
O2 Sensor Response
Time < threshold ?
YES
END
YES
Page 92 of 257
NO
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
> 30 seconds time in lack of movement test (UEGO only), > 30 seconds
time in lack of switch test, front HO2S/UEGO response test complete,
Stream 2 HO2S circuit open/short to ground test time slice complete.
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, FVR, DPFE EGR, VCT,
VMV/EVMV, CVS, CPV, EVAPSV, FTP, CKP, CMP, ignition coils, injectors,
no misfire DTCs, no system failures affecting fuel, no EVAP gross leak
failure, UEGO/HO2S (front and rear) heaters OK, no "lack of switching"
malfunction, no "lack of movement" malfunction (UEGO only), no
UEGO/HO2S (front and rear) circuit malfunction, no rear HO2S out of range
low malfunction, no UEGO FAOS monitor malfunction, no front
HO2S/UEGO response rate malfunction
Monitoring Duration
Page 93 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
150 F
240 F
o
140 F
10 seconds
o
1600 F
400 F
1400 F
90 seconds
-9%
15%
Throttle position
Part throttle
1000 rpm
2000 rpm
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
11%
Page 94 of 257
Test ID
Description
$02
$01
volts
$06
$01
volts
$03
$01
volts
$07
$01
volts
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
400 F
90 seconds
11.0 Volts
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 95 of 257
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
400 F
90 seconds
11.0 Volts
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
rear HO2S heaters OK, no rear HO2S out of range low malfunction, no rear
HO2S functional DTCs
Monitoring Duration
Page 96 of 257
Minimum
Maximum
Closed Loop
o
680 F
480 F
1 second
60 seconds
-0.05 Volts
0.05 Volts
0.40 Volts
0.50 Volts
-1.00 Volts
0.05 Volts
-1.00 Volts
0.05 Volts
11.0 Volts
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
Page 97 of 257
Rear HO2S Decel Fuel Shut Off Response Test (2009 MY+)
The catalyst monitor tracks and uses the length of the rear HO2S signal. The rear HO2S is also known as the
Catalyst Monitor Sensor (CMS). As the catalyst ages, air/fuel fluctuations begin to break through the catalyst and
the length of this signal increases. Eventually the length of the CMS signal becomes long enough to identify a
failure for the catalyst monitor.
When an HO2S sensor degrades, it's response to air/fuel fluctuations slows down. The effect of a slow rear
HO2S sensor on the catalyst monitor is to reduce the length of the signal. A slow CMS sensor, therefore, may
cause the catalyst monitor to incorrectly pass a failed catalyst. The purpose of the Rear DFSO Response
diagnostic is to ensure the catalyst monitor has a valid CMS sensor with which to perform the catalyst monitor
diagnostic. The monitor is set to trigger at the level of degradation that will cause the catalyst monitor to falsely
pass a malfunction threshold catalyst.
The OBD-II regulations require this monitor to utilize Decel Fuel Shut Off (DFSO). Ford plans to aggressively use
DFSO starting in the 2009 MY on many applications to improve fuel economy. The DFSO rear O2 response test
will be phased in coincident with this feature.
The main part of the test is the measured rich to lean response rate. It is determined by a "slew" rate calculation
which determines the rich to lean slope of the sensor during a Decel Fuel Shut Off (DFSO) event which occurs
during closed pedal at vehicle speeds higher than 28 mph. The calculation for the slew rate (mV/sec) is illustrated
below.
CMS DFSO Slew Rate Calculation
0.8
0.7
CMS
Voltage
P1
0.6
T3
Interpolated
Rich Crossing
Point
Voltage .
0.5
P2
CMS
Slew Rate
-6.51
0.4
T4
Interpolated Lean
Crossing Point
0.3
P3
0.2
P4
0.1
0
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
CMS_DFSO_TMR (sec)
Page 98 of 257
Diagnostic Data Acquisition Event Plot is a schematic of what happens when the pedal is closed and the engine
enters DFSO.
10
1.9
INJON
1.8
1.7
1.6
ego_dcms_cptmr
1.5
PPS
1.4
1.3
T0: PPS = 0
T1: Fuel Cut
T2: CMS Peak
T3: CMS_R2L_RL
T4: CMS_R2L_LL1
T5: CMS_R2L_LL2
T6: CMS_MINDT
T7: CMS_MIN
T8: Fuel On
T9: CMS_L2R_LL
T10: CMS_L2R_RL
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
T0
0.7
T2 T3
T1
CMS
Voltage
0.6
0.5
T4
0.4
2
1
0
-1
-2
T10
-3
-4
T9
-5
-6
0.3
-7
T5
0.2
0.1
-8
T7
T6
-9
T8
-10
0
State 1 1
2 2
State
State
4 3
State74
9 State
10
Time (sec)
Page 99 of 257
The monitor measures the CMS Rich to Lean slew rate during a DFSO event. The CMS voltage must be rich
prior to the injector cut for a valid measurement event. Each fuel cut can only yield 1 valid event. The monitor will
complete after 3 valid events. Additional valid event results will be stored and applied over the next drive cycle if
necessary for monitor completion.
The slope or slew rate of the CMS sensor going from rich to lean is a negative number with the units of
mVolts/sec. The measured slew rate changes as an O2 sensor degrades, but it will also change as a function of
catalyst oxygen storage/age; therefore, the slew rate is normalized using an offset based on catalyst oxygen
storage/age. The catalyst oxygen storage/age is calculated by integrating the level of oxygen mass in the exhaust
stream from the time the injectors turn off to the time where the slew rate calculation begins. The fault line (red
line in the chart below) is calibrated to 80% of the fault distribution for various levels of oxygen storage/catalyst
age. As shown below, the integrated oxygen mass becomes smaller with catalyst age.
The final output of the monitor = the measured slew rate normalized fault line, therefore, any positive number
will represent a fault. For the step change logic the fault threshold will represent 50% of the failed distribution (~
0.3).
3.5
O2 Mass @ T3 .
Calibrate a function
to represent the
80% fault line.
80% of the fault
data would lie to
the right of this
function of O2
mass @ T3.
Offset = -8.4
2.5
Offset = -4.4
2
Offset = -2.9
1.5
Offset = 1.49
0.5
0
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
Slew Rate
Fault Detection O2 Mass
Example Points
-2
-1
The delayed response part of the test indicates that the sensor is stuck in range. The code sets if the sensor can't
get above a calibrated rich or lean voltage prior to a calibrated time out period. This time out must happen three
times in a row to set the fault. If it happens once or twice and then the response monitor completes, the counter
will be reset and the sensor will have to fail 3 times in a row to again set the DTC.
Due to the fact that intrusively driving the CMS sensor rich will cause drivability and emission concerns, there are
other several condition counters that have to fail prior to intrusively forcing the sensor to go rich. The sequence of
events to get to the rich failure is shown below:
Initially, in order to avoid excess emissions, the monitor will only run if the CMS voltage is rich (> 0.6
volts) or CMS sensor is transitioning from lean to rich (large positive slope . 0.2).
o
In order to avoid a drivability issues as a result of a lean shifted bank, the first phase of intrusive
control has a short time out (1 to 2 seconds).
o
Successive failures are counted up; when the count exceeds 5 to 10 failures the monitor will
now intrusively force rich fuel to run the test.
Successive failures are counted up; when the count exceeds 3 failures the monitor will now
intrusively force rich fuel to failure or a rich sensor.
All controllable measures have failed to force the sensor to switch, so the strategy will drive rich until
the sensor switches or the failure time out is exceeded (5 to 10 seconds).
o
Successive failures are counted up; when the count exceeds 3 failures the monitor will now
set a fault (P013E for bank 1 or P014A for bank 2).
If the sensor is stuck rich (can't get lean) the fault procedure is:
While the injectors remain off, the sensor must get lean (<0.1 volts) prior to the failure time which must
be set to account for a green catalyst (5 to 10 seconds).
o
Successive failures are counted up; when the count exceeds 3 failures the monitor will now
set a fault (P013E for bank 1 or P014A for bank 2).
Fast Initial Response (FIR): The first 4 tests after a battery disconnect or code clear will
process unfiltered data to quickly indicate a fault. The FIR will use a 2-trip MIL. This will help
the service technician determine that a fault has been fixed.
Step-change Logic (SCL): The logic will detect an abrupt change from a no-fault condition to
th
a fault condition. The SCL will be active after the 4 DCMS monitor cycle and will also use a
2-trip MIL. This will illuminate the MIL when a fault is instantaneously induced.
Normal EWMA (NORM): This is the normal mode of operation and uses an Exponentially
th
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) to filter the DCMS test data. It is employed after the 4
DCMS test and will illuminate a MIL during the drive cycle where the EWMA value exceeds
the fault threshold. (1 trip MIL).
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
> 30 seconds time in lack of movement test (UEGO only), > 30 seconds time in lack
of switch test, front HO2S/UEGO response test complete, HO2S 2 and 3 functional
tests complete, HO2S/UEGO heater voltage and current checks complete, FAOS
monitor system bias maturity met (UEGO applications only)
Sensors OK
ECT, IAT, MAF, VSS, TP, ETC, FRP, EGR, VCT, VMV/EVMV, CVS, FTP, CKP,
CMP, ignition coils, injectors, no misfire DTCs, no system failures affecting fuel, no
EVAP gross leak failure, UEGO heaters OK, rear HO2S heaters OK, no "lack of
switching" malfunction, no "lack of movement" malfunction, no UEGO circuit
malfunction, no rear stream 2 HO2S circuit malfunction, no rear stream 2 HO2S
functional DTCs, Not performing CSER spark retard. Flex fuel composition not
changing. No intrusive EGO monitors running.
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
0.5
Vehicle Speed
90
140
o
240 F
1600 F
155 F
800 F
800 F
Fuel Level
15%
Fuel In Control
-5%
5%
-5%
5%
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
0.6 Volts
1 (UEGO)
Note that the thresholds use a normalized offset and the threshold is set at "zero".
Typical DFSO delayed response malfunction thresholds:
Successive failures are counted up (5 to 10 faults). Monitor will now intrusively force rich fuel to run the test.
Intrusive controls will time out based on drivability (1 to 2 sec).
Successive drivability failures are counted up (3 faults).
Intrusive controls will now time out at a slower time (5 to 10 sec) and count a fault. After 3 faults are counted,
a DTC is set.
Test ID
Description
$02
$85
mV/sec
$02
$86
msec
$06
$85
mV/sec
$06
$86
msec
DTCs Sensor 3
Monitor execution
once per driving cycle for heater current monitor and HO2S heater impedance
monitor, continuous for voltage monitoring
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 10 seconds for heater voltage check, < 5 seconds for heater current check, <
11 seconds for HO2S heater impedance test.
Minimum
Maximum
400 F
1400 F
Battery Voltage
11.0
18.0 Volts
1400 F
1400 F
250 F
250 F
30 seconds
Engine RPM
o
o
5000 rpm
Battery Voltage
11.0
18.0 Volts
680 F
480 F
1 second
60 seconds
1020 F
-0.05 Volts
0.05 Volts
0.40 Volts
0.50 Volts
-1.00 Volts
0.05 Volts
-1.00 Volts
0.05 Volts
11.0 Volts
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
18.0 Volts
11
13
14
15
18
480
9268
2856
570
25864 10522
6496
3733
1644
671
8629
4057
2905
2083
1175
730
3253
1862
1399
1066
576
770
2906
1614
1223
941
530
905
838
575
470
383
273
1020
675
473
410
359
251
Test ID
Description
Units
$42
$81
Amps
$46
$81
Amps
$43
$81
Amps
$47
$81
Amps
$42
$82
kOhm
$46
$82
kOhm
New ESM
DPFE EGR SYSTEM
PCM
MAP SIGNAL
EVR
DPFE
signal
EGR
VALVE
VREF
Sig Rtn
EGR DC
P1
INTAKE
(MAP)
MAP
DPFE
SENSOR
DELTA P = P1 - MAP
EXHAUST
No
Hose Check
Entry
Conditions
Met?
Start
Monitor DPFE
sensor voltage and
EVR output current.
DPFE
voltage
outside
thresholds?
Yes
DPFE Voltage
Yes
DPFE Voltage
> High Flow
threshold?
Yes
Engine Conditions,
(idle)
No
Flow Check
Conditions
Met?
Voltage or
current >
threshold?
No
Yes
End
No
DPFE
voltage > low
flow
threshold?
Engine Conditions,
(Part Throttle)
MIL
Fault Management MIL after 2 Driving
Cycles w/malfunction
Yes
The ESM Delta Pressure Feedback EGR Monitor is a series of electrical tests and functional tests that monitor
various aspects of EGR system operation.
First, the Delta Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor input circuit is checked for out of range values (P1400 or
P0405, P1401 or P0406). The Electronic Vacuum Regulator (EVR) output circuit is checked for opens and shorts
(P1409 or P0403).
EGR Electrical Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
0.0489
10
-13.2
0.26
53
-7.0
0.5
102
0.74
151
7.0
1.52
310
30
2.55
521
60
3.57
730
90
4.96
1015
130.7
Note: EGR normally has large amounts of water vapor that are the result of the engine combustion process. During
cold ambient temperatures, under some circumstances, water vapor can freeze in the DPFE sensor, hoses, as
well as other components in the EGR system. In order to prevent MIL illumination for temporary freezing, the
following logic is used:
o
If an EGR system malfunction is detected above 32 F, the EGR system and the EGR monitor is disabled for the
current driving cycle. A DTC is stored and the MIL is illuminated if the malfunction has been detected on two
consecutive driving cycles.
o
If an EGR system malfunction is detected below 32 F, only the EGR system is disabled for the current driving
cycle. A DTC is not stored and the I/M readiness status for the EGR monitor will not change. The EGR monitor,
however, will continue to operate. If the EGR monitor determined that the malfunction is no longer present (i.e., the
ice melts), the EGR system will be enabled and normal system operation will be restored.
Ford Motor Company
The ESM may provide the PCM with a separate, analog Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP) signal. For the
2006 MY, the MAP signal has limited use within the PCM. It may be used to read BARO (key on, then updated at
high load conditions while driving) or to modify requested EGR rates. Note that if the MAP pressure-sensing
element fails in the ESM fails, the DPFE signal is also affected. Therefore, this MAP test is only checking the circuit
from the MAP sensing element to the PCM.
The MAP sensor is checked for opens, shorts, or out-of-range values by monitoring the analog-to-digital (A/D)
input voltage.
MAP Sensor Check Operation
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
On ESM DPFE systems, after the vehicle is started, the differential pressure indicated by the ESM DPFE sensor at
idle, at zero EGR flow is checked to ensure that both hoses to the ESM DPFE sensor are connected. At idle, the
differential pressure should be zero (both hoses see intake manifold pressure). If the differential pressure indicated
by the ESM DPFE sensor exceeds a maximum threshold or falls below a minimum threshold, an upstream or
downstream hose malfunction is indicated (P1405, P1406).
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
MAF
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
0%
0%
150 F
220 F
Test ID
$32
$82
kPa
$32
$83
kPa
Note: OBD monitor ID $32, Test ID $82 (upstream hose test) may erroneously show a failing test result when no
P1405 DTC is present. This is cause by in incorrect max limit in the software. The incorrect max limit will show a
negative value (approx -32 kPa). The correct max limit will show a positive value (approx. +32 kPa). Early
production vehicles may exhibit this issue until the software is corrected by a production running change or service
fix.
Next, the differential pressure indicated by the DPFE sensor is also checked at idle with zero requested EGR flow
to perform the high flow check. If the differential pressure exceeds a calibratable limit, it indicates a stuck open
EGR valve or debris temporarily lodged under the EGR valve seat (P0402).
EGR Stuck open Check Operation:
DTCs
P0402
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
0%
0%
at idle
Idle
Test ID
Units
$32
$84
kPa
After the vehicle has warmed up and normal EGR rates are being commanded by the PCM, the low flow check is
performed. Since the EGR system is a closed loop system, the EGR system will deliver the requested EGR flow as
long as it has the capacity to do so. If the EVR duty cycle is very high (greater than 80% duty cycle), the differential
pressure indicated by the DPFE sensor is evaluated to determine the amount of EGR system restriction. If the
differential pressure is below a calibratable threshold, a low flow malfunction is indicated (P0401).
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
80%
100%
Engine RPM
2500 rpm
6% program loop
6 in Hg
10 in Hg
Test ID
Units
$32
$85
kPa
If the inferred ambient temperature is less than 32 F, or greater than 140 F, or the altitude is greater than 8,000
feet (BARO < 22.5 "Hg), the EGR monitor cannot be run reliably. In these conditions, a timer starts to accumulate
the time in these conditions. If the vehicle leaves these extreme conditions, the timer starts decrementing, and, if
conditions permit, will attempt to complete the EGR flow monitor. If the timer reaches 500 seconds, the EGR
monitor is disabled for the remainder of the current driving cycle and the EGR Monitor I/M Readiness bit will be set
to a ready condition after one such driving cycle. Starting in the 2002 MY, vehicles will require two such driving
cycles for the EGR Monitor I/M Readiness bit to be set to a "ready" condition.
Map
Sensor
Intake Manifold
Stepper Motor
EGR Valve
0403
0400
Note: Some configurations may differ slightly
Exhaust
Gates
The Stepper Motor EGR Monitor consists of an electrical and functional test that checks the stepper motor and
the EGR system for proper flow.
The stepper motor electrical test is a continuous check of the four electric stepper motor coils and circuits to the
PCM. A malfunction is indicated if an open circuit, short to power, or short to ground has occurred in one or more
of the stepper motor coils for a calibrated period of time. If a malfunction has been detected, the EGR system will
be disabled, and additional monitoring will be suspended for the remainder of the driving cycle, until the next
engine start-up.
P0403
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
EGR flow is monitored using an analog Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP). If a malfunction has been
detected in the MAP sensor, the EGR monitor will not perform the EGR flow test.
The MAP sensor is checked for opens, shorts, or out-of-range values by monitoring the analog-to-digital (A/D)
input voltage.
MAP Sensor Check Operation
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
The MAP sensor is also checked for rational values. The value of inferred MAP is checked against the actual value
of MAP at idle and non-idle engine operating conditions.
MAP Sensor Rationality Check Operation
DTCs
P0106
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Change in load
Maximum
5%
500 rpm
Engine rpm
P0109 (non-MIL)
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
1800 rpm
When EGR is delivered into the intake manifold, intake manifold vacuum is reduced and thus manifold absolute
pressure (MAP) is increased. A MAP sensor and inferred MAP are used by this monitor to determine how much
EGR is flowing. A MAP sensor located in the intake manifold measures the pressure when EGR is being delivered
and when EGR is not being delivered. The pressure difference between EGR-on and EGR-off is calculated and
averaged. If the vehicle also has a MAF sensor fitted, then the monitor also calculates and averages an inferred
MAP value in the above calculation and resulting average. After a calibrated number of EGR-on and EGR-off
cycles are taken, the measured and inferred MAP values are added together and compared to a minimum
threshold to determine if a flow failure (P0400) in the EGR system has occurred.
P0400
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
CPS, ECT, IAT, MAF, MAP (P0106/7/8), TP, BARO not available yet
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
Engine RPM
1400 rpm
2600 rpm
140 F
250 F
32 F
80 F
o
o
100 rpm
0.5 in Hg
1.5 %
BARO
22.5 " Hg
9.0 "Hg
16.0 "Hg
Vehicle Speed
35 MPH
70 MPH
0.0 degrees
4.0 degrees
Test ID
Description
Units
$33
$82
unitless
If the inferred ambient temperature is less than 20 F, greater than 130 F, or the altitude is greater than 8,000 feet
(BARO < 22.5 "Hg), the EGR flow test cannot be reliably done. In these conditions, the EGR flow test is
suspended and a timer starts to accumulate the time in these conditions. If the vehicle leaves these extreme
conditions, the timer starts decrementing, and, if conditions permit, will attempt to complete the EGR flow monitor.
If the timer reaches 800 seconds, the EGR flow test is disabled for the remainder of the current driving cycle and
the EGR Monitor I/M Readiness bit will be set to a ready condition after one such driving cycle. Two such
consecutive driving cycles are required for the EGR Monitor I/M Readiness bit to be set to a "ready" condition.
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
N/A
Sensors OK
Minimum
Maximum
N/A
4 deg
-20 deg. F.
-20 deg. F.
Barometric pressure
20 in. Hg.
Once the ECT model exceeds the WUT threshold, after a calibratable time delay, measured ECT is compared to
the same WUT threshold to determine if ECT has warmed up enough. If ECT has warmed up to at least the
WUT threshold, the thermostat is functioning properly. If ECT is too low, the thermostat is most likely stuck open
and a P0128 is set.
Calibratable Time
Time (sec.)
The WUT threshold is normally set to 20 degrees F below the thermostat regulating temperature.
There are some circumstances that could lead to a false diagnosis of the thermostat. These are conditions where
the vehicle cabin heater is extracting more heat than the engine is making. One example where this can occur is
on large passenger vans which have "dual" heaters, one heater core for the driver and front passengers and
another heater core for the passengers in the rear of the vehicle. At very cold ambient temperatures, even a
properly functioning thermostat may never warm up to regulating temperature. Another example is a vehicle that
is started and simply sits at idle with the heater on high and the defroster fan on high.
There are two features that are used to prevent a false thermostat diagnosis. For vehicles with dual heaters, the
WUT threshold is reduced at cold ambient temperatures below 50 deg F. For cases where the engine is not
producing sufficient heat, a timer is used to track time at idle or low load conditions (e.g. decels). If the ratio of
time at idle/low load versus total engine run time exceeds 50% at the time the fault determination is made, the
thermostat diagnostic does not make a fault determination for that driving cycle, i.e. "no-call".
THERMOSTAT MONITOR OPERATION
DTC
Monitor Execution
Monitoring Duration
Drive cycle dependent. Monitor completes in less than 300 seconds, when inferred
ECT exceeds threshold (at 70 deg F ambient temperature)
Minimum
Maximum
None
125 F
20 F
None
Learned
N/A
Minimum
Maximum
172 F
None
300 sec.
None
None
50%
Completion condition
Modeled ECT
Time Since Modeled ECT Exceeded WUT Threshold
Time at Idle/Low Load Compared with Total Engine Run Time
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
60 msec for processor fault, 500 msec for stuck open/closed fault
Engine Speed and Spark Timing Component Monitor (2010 MY and beyond)
Entry Conditions and Monitor Flow
The System Monitor and 2010 Component Monitor share the same entry conditions and monitor flow. During the
first 15 seconds of a cold start, the monitor checks the entry conditions, counts time in idle, observes catalyst
temperature, calculates the average difference between desired and actual engine speed, and calculates the
average difference between desired and commanded spark.
If the expected change in catalyst temperature is large enough, the monitor then begins the waiting period, which
lasts until 300 seconds after engine start. This 5-minute wait allows time to diagnose other components and
systems that affect the validity of the test. During this waiting period, there are no constraints on drive cycle and
the monitor cannot be disabled without turning off the key.
If the System monitor result falls below its threshold and all of the Component monitor results are below their
respective thresholds, the monitor determines whether the idle time was sufficient. If so, it considers the tests a
pass and the monitor is complete. If idle time was not sufficient, the monitor does not make a pass call and does
not complete. This prevents tip-ins from resulting in false passes.
Monitor Execution
Monitor Sequence
Monitor data collection takes place during first 15 seconds of cold start
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Barometric Pressure
Maximum
22 in. Hg
35 F
100 F
35 F
125 F
Fuel Level
15%
Minimum
11 sec.
50 F
10 sec.
Selected Gear
Neutral
Maximum
Drive
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Minimum
Maximum
n/a
n/a
60 seconds
Temperatures Used
The actual catalyst temperature is the same inferred catalyst temperature that is used by other portions of the
engine control system, including the CSER control system. The inputs to this actual temperature are measured
engine speed, measured air mass, and commanded spark.
The expected catalyst temperature is calculated using the same algorithm as the actual catalyst temperature, but
the inputs are different. Desired engine speed replaces measured engine speed, desired air mass replaces
measured air mass, and desired cold start spark replaces commanded spark. The resulting temperature
represents the catalyst temperature that is expected if CSER is functioning properly.
Ratio Calculation
A ratio is calculated to reflect how closely the actual temperature has followed the expected temperature. This
ratio is the difference between the two temperatures at a certain time-since-start divided by the increase in
expected temperature over the same time period. The ratio, then, provides a measure of how much loss of
catalyst heating occurred over that time period.
This ratio correlates to tailpipe emissions. Therefore applying a threshold to it allows illumination of the MIL at the
appropriate emissions level. The threshold is a function of ECT at engine start.
Monitor Execution
Monitor Sequence
Monitor data collection takes place during first 15 seconds of cold start
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Barometric Pressure
Maximum
22 in. Hg
35 F
100 F
35 F
125 F
Fuel Level
15%
Minimum
11 sec.
50 F
Time in Idle
10 sec.
Selected Gear
Neutral
Maximum
Drive
All four types of VCT are used primarily to increase internal residual dilution at part throttle to reduce NOx, and to
improve fuel economy. This allows for elimination the external EGR system.
With Exhaust Only VCT, the exhaust camshaft is retarded at part throttle to delay exhaust valve closing for
increased residual dilution and to delay exhaust valve opening for increased expansion work.
With Intake Only VCT, the intake camshaft is advanced at part throttle and WOT (at low to mid-range engine
speeds) to open the intake valve earlier for increased residual dilution and close the intake valve earlier in the
compression stroke for increased power. When the engine is cold, opening the intake valve earlier warms the
charge which improves fuel vaporization for less HC emissions; when the engine is warm, the residual burned
gasses limit peak combustion temperature to reduce NOx formation.
With Dual Equal VCT, both intake and exhaust camshafts are retarded from the default, fully advanced position to
increase EGR residual and improve fuel economy by reducing intake vacuum pumping losses. The residual
charge for NOx control is obtained by backflow through the late-closing exhaust valve as the piston begins its
intake stroke.
The VCT system hardware consists of a control solenoid and a pulse ring on the camshaft. The PCM calculates
relative cam position using the CMP input to process variable reluctance sensor pulses coming from the pulse ring
mounted on the camshaft. Each pulse wheel has N + 1 teeth where N = the number of cylinders per bank. The N
equally spaced teeth are used for cam phasing; the remaining tooth is used to determine cylinder # 1 position.
Relative cam position is calculated by measuring the time between the rising edge of profile ignition pickup (PIP)
and the falling edges of the VCT pulses.
The PCM continually calculates a cam position error value based on the difference between the desired and actual
position and uses this information to calculate a commanded duty cycle for the VCT solenoid valve. When
energized, engine oil is allowed to flow to the VCT unit thereby advancing and retarding cam timing. The variable
cam timing unit assembly is coupled to the camshaft through a helical spline in the VCT unit chamber. When the
flow of oil is shifted from one side of the chamber to the other, the differential change in oil pressure forces the
piston to move linearly along the axis of the camshaft. This linear motion is translated into rotational camshaft
motion through the helical spline coupling. A spring installed in the chamber is designed to hold the camshaft in the
low-overlap position when oil pressure is too low (~15 psi) to maintain adequate position control. The camshaft is
allowed to rotate up to 30 degrees.
Although the VCT system has been monitored under Comprehensive Component Monitoring requirements for
many years, a new, emission-based VCT monitor is being introduced for the 2006 MY on vehicles that meet LEV-II
emission standards. The intent of the new VCT monitoring requirements is to detect slow VCT system response
that could cause emissions to increase greater than 1.5 * std. in addition to detecting functional problems (target
errors).
The new logic calculates the instantaneous variance in actual cam position (the squared difference between actual
cam position and commanded cam position), then calculates the long term variance using a rolling average filter
(Exponentially Weighted Moving Average). Continued, slow response from the VCT system will eventually
accumulate large variances.
This same logic will also detect target errors that were detected by the previous CCM monitor. If the VCT system is
stuck in one place, the monitor will detect a variance which will quickly accumulate.
There are two variance indices, one that monitors cam variance in the retard direction and the other for the
advance direction,. If either variance index is greater than the malfunction threshold, a VCT slow response/target
error malfunction will be indicated (P0011, P0012, P0014, P0015 Bank 1, P0021, P0022, P0024, P0025 Bank 2).
Target errors will tend to generate only a single over-advanced or over-retarded code while slow response will tend
to generate both codes.
In addition, logic has been added to determine whether the camshaft and crankshaft are misaligned by one or
more teeth. This test calculates the absolute offset between one of the camshaft teeth and the crankshaft missing
tooth at idle when that can is at its stop. If the error is greater than the malfunction threshold, a cam/crank
misalignment error will be indicated (P0016 Bank 1, P0018 Bank 2).
For systems that phase the cams immediately off of a cold start for reducing emissions or CSER (Cold Start
Emissions Reduction) the cam position is monitored for functionality during this period of time. The logic calculates
the instantaneous variance in actual cam position (the squared difference between actual cam position and
commanded cam position), then calculates a longer term variance using a rolling average filter (Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average) This is similar to the target error logic described above, but uses separate time
constants and thresholds. There are two variance indices, one that monitors cam variance in the retard direction
and the other for the advance direction,. If either variance index is greater than the malfunction threshold, a VCT
slow response/target error malfunction will be indicated (P052A, P052B, P054A, P054B (Bank 1), P052C, P052D,
P054C, P054D (Bank 2). Target errors will tend to generate only a single over-advanced or over-retarded code
while slow response will tend to generate both codes.
The in-use performance ratio numerator for the VCT monitor can be incremented only if the VCT system has been
monitored for both functional and response faults.
Similar to the previous CCM monitor, the VCT solenoid output driver in the PCM is checked electrically for opens
and shorts (P0010 Bank 1, P0020 Bank 2).
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
5 - 10 seconds for circuit faults and functional checks, 300 - 900 seconds for
target error
Minimum
Maximum
500
4500
35 - 50 F
280 F
n/a
n/a
** VCT control of advance and retard by the engine is disabled in crank mode, when engine oil is cold (< 150
o
F), while learning the cam/crank offset, while the control system is "cleaning" the solenoid oil passages,
throttle actuator control in failure mode, and if one of the following sensor failures occur: IAT, ECT, EOT,
MAF, TP, CKP, CMP, or IMRC.
Test ID
$35
$80
Camshaft Advanced
(P011/P0014)
Position
Error
Bank
$35
$81
Camshaft Retarded
(P0012/P0015)
Position
Error
Bank
$36
$80
Camshaft Advanced
(P0021/P0024)
Position
Error
Bank
$36
$81
Camshaft Retarded
(P0022/P0025)
Position
Error
Bank
Units
For the 2011 MY, 3.5L/3.7L engine was upgraded from ICVT (Intake-only Variable Cam Timing) to TIVCT (Twin
Independent Variable Cam Timing. The 3.5L GTDI engine in the F-150 is based off this upgraded engine (3.5L
GTDI TIVCT). The DI and turbo controls, however, are unchanged.
For the 2011 MY, the Explorer will be available with a 2.0L GTDI engine with TIVCT. For 2012 MY, it is also
available in the Edge. The DI and turbo controls are similar to the 3.5L GTDI with the exception that there is only
one turbocharger.
For the 2012 MY, the Focus will be available with a 2.0L GDI engine with TIVCT. The controls are similar to the
2.0L GTDI engine. The only difference is that the GDI engine does not have the turbo controls that consist of the
Turbocharger, Wastegate Control Valve, Compressor Bypass Valve and the sensor that contains the Throttle
Inlet Pressure Sensor (TCB-A) and Throttle Charge Temperature Sensor (CACT)
Because GDI engine controls and OBD are a subset of the GDTI engine controls and OBD, they will all be
described in this chapter.
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Typical Intake Air Temperature 1 Sensor Circuit Range Check Malfunction Thresholds
P0112
P0113
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Typical Throttle Charge Temperature Sensor Circuit Range Check Malfunction Thresholds
P007C
P007D
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
P0098
Temperature, degrees F
4.89
4.86
4.81
4.74
4.66
4.56
4.45
4.30
4.14
3.95
3.73
3.50
3.26
3.00
2.74
2.48
2.23
1.99
1.77
1.56
1.37
1.20
1.05
0.92
0.80
0.70
0.61
0.54
0.47
0.41
0.36
0.32
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
1001
994
983
970
954
934
910
880
846
807
764
717
666
614
561
508
456
407
361
319
280
246
215
188
165
144
126
110
96
85
74
65
57
51
45
40
35
31
28
-40
-31
-22
-13
-4
5
14
23
32
41
50
59
68
77
86
95
104
113
122
131
140
149
158
167
176
185
194
203
212
221
230
239
248
257
266
275
284
293
302
The IAT is mounted in the engine air inlet (near air cleaner).
If the sensors all agree, no malfunction is indicated and the test is complete. Specifically, the three way check
compares 3 sensor pairings. All three pairings must correlate to pass this test.
Case 1 At least two correlation pairings are within tolerance (30F). All sensors pass.
Case 2 One correlation pairing is within tolerance (30F). Those two sensors that correlate pass, the third
sensor is flagged as faulted.
Case 3 Zero correlation pairings are within tolerance (30F). P00CE
System Multiple Sensor Correlation
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Immediate
Minimum
Maximum
6 hours
+10 F
Typical Engine Air Temperature Sensor Key-Up Correlation Check Malfunction Thresholds
CHT at least 10F hotter than TFT means block heater detected.
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Engine Air Temperature Sensor Out of Range Hot Check Entry Conditions
Entry condition
Minimum
Vehicle speed
Maximum
40 mph
5 min
1.0
Typical Engine Air Temperature Sensor Out of Range Hot Check Malfunction Thresholds
P0111
P007B
P0096
Pressure, kPa
Pressure, Inches Hg
0.3
7.6
2.2
0.5
12.7
3.8
2.638
60
17.7
4.54
115
34.0
4.75
120.3
35.5
4.8
121.6
35.9
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
P2229
Pressure, kPa
Pressure, Inches Hg
0.3
13.16
3.89
0.4
20
5.91
0.986
60.0
17.72
2.157
140
41.34
3.329
220.0
64.97
4.5
300
88.59
4.8
320.49
94.64
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Typical Throttle Inlet Pressure Sensor Range Circuit Check Malfunction Thresholds
P0237
P0238
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Pressure, kPa
Pressure, Inches Hg
0.3
5.53
1.63
0.40
10.0
2.95
1.630
65.0
19.19
2.301
95.0
28.05
3.643
155.0
45.77
4.65
200.0
59.06
4.8
206.71
61.04
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Typical Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor Range Circuit Check Malfunction Thresholds
P0107
P0108
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Monitor execution
At key-up
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
0.2 seconds
BP, TIP, MAP Sensor 3-Way Correlation Check at Key-Up Entry Conditions
Entry condition
Minimum
Maximum
10 seconds
Battery Voltage
6.75 volts
Typical BP, TIP, MAP Sensor 3-Way Correlation Check at Key-Up Malfunction Thresholds
|TCB-A MAP| < 2.72"Hg
|BARO MAP| < 2.03"Hg
|BARO TCB-A|
< 2.14"Hg
At low engine air flows no turbocharger boost is commanded and BARO should be very close to TCB-A.
In certain operation regions, MAP can be estimated from TCB-A, throttle angle, and engine speed (a.k.a.
speed-throttle).
These two correlations are then used to infer if any of the three air pressure sensors are faulted
BARO, TCB-A Sensor 2-Way Correlation Check Entry
DTCs
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
10 seconds
Minimum
Low TP
4.0
1500 rpm
Typical BARO, TCB-A Sensor 2-Way Correlation Check Entry Malfunction Thresholds
pass
(|BARO TCB-A| < 5.5"Hg) AND (|MAP Estimated MAP| < 3.5"Hg)
P2227
(|BARO TCB-A| > 5.5"Hg) AND (|MAP Estimated MAP| < 1.8"Hg)
P0106
(|BARO TCB-A| < 1.8"Hg) AND (|MAP Estimated MAP| > 3.5"Hg)
P0236
Maximum
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Wastegate actuator
Wastegate solenoid
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Wastegate
Control
Pressure
Sensor
Wastegate
Control
Actuator
Compressor
Bypass
Valve
Wastegate
Control Valve
Remote
Filter
Brake
Booster
Reservoir
3mm
Brake
Vacuum
Pump
Intake
4mm
Manifold
6mm
3/8
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
2 - 3 seconds
Under steady conditions, the control pressure error should be small. Control pressure lower than expected could
indicate an air leak between wastegate canister and the wastegate solenoid, and insufficient source of vacuum, or
that the wastegate solenoid is stuck off. Control pressure higher than expected could indicate that the wastegate
solenoid is stuck on
Wastegate Control Pressure Check Operation
DTCs
Monitor execution
Continuous
Sensors OK
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Minimum
0.5 in Hg
Maximum
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Pressure, kPa
Pressure, Inches Hg
0.3
10.0
2.95
0.4
12.3
3.62
1.0
25.9
7.65
2.0
48.6
14.36
3.0
71.4
21.07
4.5
105.5
31.14
4.8
112.8
33.31
Minimum
none
Wastegate Pneumatic Solenoid Valve Circuit malfunction thresholds:
P1012 voltage < 0.20 V
P1013 voltage > 4.93 V
P1014 open or shorted > 10 events in a driving cycle
Maximum
The wastegate control pressure sensor reading is checked at key-up using a four-way correlation check. If the
wastegate control pressure sensor reading is higher or lower than the readings of the BARO, MAP, and TIP, a
P100F is set. .A P1011 is set if the wastegate control pressure is greater than BARO.
Wastegate Control Pressure Sensor Check Operation
DTCs
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Minimum
20 sec
Maximum
Boost Control
The boost control system determines a desired boost. Active control occurs when the desired boost is above base
boost where base boost is defined as that boost that results when the wastegate vent solenoid is not venting
(circuit off).
The following conditions may result in underboost.
One or more control hoses leaking/disconnected between wastegate diaphragm and wastegate vent
solenoid.
The boost control system computes a desired boost based on operating conditions. Via the wastegate pneumatic
solenoid valve, it varies the boost pressure limit to achieve its desired boost level (measured by the TCB-A sensor).
The air charge control regulates the throttle to control the intake manifold pressure (MAP).
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors/Actuators OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
0.05
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors/Actuators OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
0.95
Maximum
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) injectors spray liquid fuel, under high pressure, directly in the cylinder when
activated. The high pressure fuel is supplied to the injector by a common fuel rail. The desired fuel pressure is
determined by the PCM. Fuel injector pulsewidth is based on actual fuel pressure which is measured by a pressure
sensor in the common rail.
Injection typically occurs in the cylinder's intake and compression stroke. Under certain conditions, multiple
injections can occur per cylinder event. Since injection pressure is variable, the fuel mass injected is a function of
both fuel pressure and injector pulsewidth.
A typical PFI injector is activated by applying battery voltage to it. The GDI injector driver applies a high voltage (65
volts) to initially open the injector and then controls injector current to hold it open during injection.
Fuel Injectors
A typical PFI injector is single side controlled by the PCM. The GDI injector has two wires per injector routed to the
PCM. The injector high side goes to a PCM pin (or two pins) that are common between an injector pair. The PCM
contains a smart driver that monitors and compares high side and low side injector currents to diagnose numerous
faults. All injector fault modes, however, are mapped into a single DTC per injector.
A higher-than-battery-voltage supply (internally generated within the PCM) is used to open the injector and
modulated battery voltage holds the injector open. The injector driver IC controls three transistor switches that
apply the boost voltage and then modulate injector current. Should that full voltage be unavailable, the proper
injector opening current may not be generated in the time required. This fault (P062D) is detected on a per
cylinder basis and reported without specifying a particular cylinder.
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
10 seconds
Minimum
Battery Voltage
11.0 volts
Maximum
Un-powered
Energized
Check Valve
The FVR control is done synchronous to the cam position on which the pump is mounted. The synchronous FVR
control must take into account that the camshaft phasing is varied during engine operation for purposes of valve
control.
FVR de-energized,
no pumping action
results
High Pressure Pump Plumbing Schematic
FVR de-energized
Check valve open
FVR de-energized
Check valve open
FVR energized
Check valve closed
FVR de-energized
Check Valve closed
FVR
control
signal
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
none
Monitoring Duration
not applicable
4.80
27.95
4054
4.50
26
3771
3.50
19.5
2828
2.50
13.0
1885
1.50
6.5
943
0.50
0.20
-1.95
-283
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
none
Monitoring Duration
A set point pressure is determined by engine operating conditions. If a pressure increase is desired, the fuel pump
effective stroke is increased via FVR valve timing. Pressure decreases are analogous; however, without injection
fuel rail pressure cannot be decreased. Acting alone, the pump can only increase pressure.
In theory, the PCM could exactly account for mass entering the rail via the pump and exiting the rail via the
injectors, however, since both the pump timing and injector timing are constantly changing and interact, this is very
difficult. Thus, the pump control performs fuel pressure control as a continuous process. It calculates average fuel
mass over 720 (one engine cycle) and average fuel pressure over 240. Control is executed at engine firing rate
240.
For diagnostic purposes, fuel fractional pressure error is computed as a ratio of the pressure error over the desired
pressure. This unitless ratio is then compared to thresholds to yield fuel pressure too low (P0087) or fuel pressure
too high (P0088).
Fuel Rail Pressure Control (Normal) Functional Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
Sensors/Actuators OK
Monitoring Duration
not applicable
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (Normal) Functional Check Entry Conditions:
Entry Condition
Minimum
Enabled
Fuel level
15%
0.05
0.90
20F
250F
CSER Mode
Not in CSER
Maximum
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (Normal) Functional Check Malfunction Thresholds:
P0087: (Fuel_Pressure_Desired Fuel_Pressure_Actual) / Fuel_Pressure_Desired > 0.25
P0088: (Fuel_Pressure_Desired Fuel_Pressure_Actual) / Fuel_Pressure_Desired > 0.25
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
Sensors/Actuators OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (Cranking) Functional Check Entry Conditions:
Entry Condition
Minimum
Fuel level
15%
Maximum
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (Cranking) Functional Check Malfunction Thresholds:
Fuel_Pressure_Actual >= Fuel_Pressure_Desired
Monitor execution
During CSER
Monitor Sequence
Sensors/Actuators OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (CSER) Functional Check Entry Conditions:
Entry Condition
Minimum
Fuel level
15%
Maximum
Typical Fuel Rail Pressure Control (CSER) Functional Check Malfunction Thresholds:
Time in Fuel Injection Pressure Window / CSER Duration > 0.70
Fuel Injection Pressure Window defined as follows:
Minimum Fuel Pressure to Support Desired Injection Mode <= Fuel Pressure Actual
Fuel Pressure Actual <= Maximum Fuel Pressure to Support Desired Injection Mode
Replace 3-track sensor Accelerator Pedal with 2-track sensor Accelerator Pedal.
Integrate the Throttle Plate Position Controller (eTPPC) into the main processor within PCM.
The Gen3 / Gen4 ETC systems have equivalent hardware systems with only software differences.
Because safety is a major concern with ETC systems, a complex safety monitor strategy (hardware and
software) was developed. The monitor system is distributed across two processors: the main powertrain control
processor and a monitoring processor called a Quizzer processor.
The primary monitoring function is performed by the Independent Plausibility Check (IPC) software, which resides
on the main processor. It is responsible for determining the driver-demanded torque and comparing it to an
estimate of the actual torque delivered. If the generated torque exceeds driver demand by specified amount, the
IPC takes appropriate mitigating action.
Since the IPC and main controls share the same processor, they are subject to a number of potential, commonfailure modes. Therefore, the Quizzer processor was added to redundantly monitor selected PCM inputs and to
act as an intelligent watchdog and monitor the performance of the IPC and the main processor. If it determines
that the IPC function is impaired in any way, it takes appropriate Failure Mode and Effects Management (FMEM)
actions.
Failure Mode
No Effect on Drivability
A loss of redundancy or loss of a non-critical input could result in a fault that does not affect
drivability. The Wrench light will turn on, but the throttle control and torque control systems will
function normally.
In this mode, torque control is disabled due to the loss of a critical sensor or PCM fault. The
throttle is controlled in pedal-follower mode as a function of the pedal position sensor input
only. A maximum allowed RPM is determined based on pedal position (RPM Guard.) If the
actual RPM exceeds this limit, spark and fuel are used to bring the RPM below the limit. The
wrench light and the MIL are turned on in this mode and an ETC component causal code is
set. EGR, VCT, and IMRC outputs are set to default values.
In this mode, the throttle plate control is disabled due to the loss of Throttle Position, the
Throttle Plate Position Controller, or other major ETC system fault. A default command is sent
to the (e)TPPC, or the H-bridge is disabled. Depending on the fault detected, the throttle plate
is controlled or springs to the default (limp home) position. A maximum allowed RPM is
determined based on pedal position (RPM Guard.) If the actual RPM exceeds this limit, spark
and fuel are used to bring the RPM below the limit. The wrench light and the MIL are turned
on in this mode and an ETC component causal code is set. EGR, VCT, and IMRC outputs
are set to default values.
This mode is caused by the loss of 2 or 3 pedal position sensor inputs due to sensor, wiring,
or PCM faults. The system is unable to determine driver demand, and the throttle is controlled
to a fixed high idle airflow. There is no response to the driver input. The maximum allowed
RPM is a fixed value (RPM Guard.) If the actual RPM exceeds this limit, spark and fuel are
used to bring the RPM below the limit. The wrench light and the MIL are turned on in this
mode and a P2104 is set. EGR, VCT, and IMRC outputs are set to default values.
(Gen 2 only)
SLOWE / BOA
(Gen3 / Gen4 only)
Shutdown
(Gen2 only)
This mode is caused by the loss of 1 or 2 pedal position sensor inputs due to sensor, wiring,
or PCM faults. For a single sensor fault, driver demand is rate limited based on input from the
remaining good sensor. For a dual sensor fault, driver demand is ramped to a fixed pedal
position (high idle RPM) and there is no response to the driver input. If the brake pedal is
applied for either a single or dual sensor fault, the engine returns to a normal idle RPM. The
wrench light is turned on in this mode, and an accelerator pedal sensor causal code is set.
If a significant processor fault is detected, the monitor will force vehicle shutdown by disabling
all fuel injectors. The wrench light is turned on in this mode and a P2105 is set.
Note: Vehicle shutdown does not increase emissions; therefore the MIL is not required to be
illuminated for this fault.
Note: The wrench light illuminates or an ETC message is displayed on the message center
immediately. The MIL illuminates after 2 driving cycles.
DTCs
On-demand
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
DTCs
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
DTCs
P2110 ETC FMEM forced limited rpm; two TPs failed; TPPC detected fault (MIL,
wrench light) [Gen2 only]
P2104 ETC FMEM forced idle, two or three pedal sensors failed (MIL, wrench
light) [Gen2 only]
P2105 ETC FMEM forced engine shutdown; Quizzer detected fault (non-MIL,
wrench light) [Gen2 only]
U0300 ETC software version mismatch, IPC, Quizzer or TPPC (Non-MIL, wrench
light for Gen2; MIL, wrench light for Gen3 / Gen4)
P0600 Serial Communication Link (Non-MIL, wrench light for Gen2; MIL, wrench
light for Gen3 / Gen4)
P060A Internal control module monitoring processor performance (Non-MIL,
wrench light for Gen2; MIL, wrench light for Gen3 / Gen4)
P060B Internal control module A/D processing performance (MIL, wrench light)
P060C Internal control module main processor performance (MIL, wrench light)
P060D Internal control module accelerator pedal performance (non-MIL) [Gen3 /
Gen4 only]
P061B Internal control module torque calculation performance (MIL, wrench light)
P061C Internal control module engine rpm performance (MIL, wrench light)
P061D Internal control module engine air mass performance (MIL, wrench light)
P061F Internal control module throttle actuator controller performance (MIL,
wrench light for Gen2; non-MIL for Gen3 / Gen4)
P062C Internal control module vehicle speed performance (MIL, wrench light)
[Gen2 only]
P1674 Internal control module software corrupted (Non-MIL, wrench light for Gen2;
MIL, wrench light for Gen3 / Gen4)
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
Stop Start
Stop Start Overview
The 2013 MY Fusion will incorporate Stop Start. Stop-Start will automatically turn off the engine when the vehicle is
stopped, such as at traffic lights, to avoid fuel waste due to unnecessary engine idle. Upon brake pedal release, the
engine will automatically restart offering normal vehicle response. The vehicle may not turn off the engine when
stopped depending on customer comfort settings or vehicle conditions.
The benefits are improved fuel economy and reduced exhaust emissions. Stop Start affects many components
and subsystems in the vehicle as shown in the diagram below.
Rationale
ECT
Combustion Stability
BARO
FRP at Idle
FRP w/Engine
Off
Time Since
Key-Start
10 seconds
Max Crank
Time
Low Fuel
Level
Purge
complete
Adaptive Fuel
Complete
If you have the message center displaying the auto start/stop feature messages, it will tell you when you come to a
stop that auto start/stop is disabled by the driver.
PCM
The PCM looks for a low to high transition to toggle the status of Stop-start from enabled (default state) to
disabled. If there is another low to high transition, stop-start will go from disabled to enabled.
If the PCM stops receiving data from the FCIM, the PCM sets a U0256 - Lost Communication with Front
Controls Interface Module "A".
If the FCIM detects that the switch is shorted to ground, it sets a B12CB -11 Start/Stop "Eco-Start" Enable
Button Circuit Short To Ground. DTC sets if the button is pushed for 4 continuous seconds (8 samples) but
will clear it if the fault is not detected any time after that for 500 msec
If the FCIM detects that the status indicator is shorted to ground, it sets a B12CA-11 - Start/Stop "Eco-Start"
Status Indicator Circuit Short To Ground
If the FCIM detects that the status indicator is shorted to battery or open, it sets a B12CA-15 -Start/Stop
"Eco-Start" Status Indicator Circuit Short To Battery or Open
If the button is stuck open, there are no low to high transitions. Since the PCM does not recognize a button
push, stop-start will not be disabled if requested by the customer. All stop-start HMI will continue indicating
that stop-start is enabled (e.g. Tell-Tale and IOD).
If the button is stuck closed, there are no low to high transitions. Since the PCM does not recognize a button
push, stop-start will not be disabled if requested by the customer. All stop-start HMI will indicate that stopstart is enabled (e.g. Tell-Tale and IOD).
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
The ECT rationality test checks to make sure that ECT is not stuck in a range that causes other OBD to be
o
disabled. If after a long (6 hour) soak, ECT is very high (> 230 F) and is also much higher than IAT at start, it is
o
assumed that ECT is stuck high. If after a long (6 hour) soak, ECT is stuck midrange between 175 F (typical
o
thermostat monitor threshold temperature) and 230 F, it is assumed that ECT is stuck mid range.
ECT Sensor Rationality Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
On first valid sample after key on (engine does not have to start)
Minimum
360 min
Maximum
50 deg
230 F
175 F
230 F
Currently, vehicles use either an ECT sensor or CHT sensor, not both. The CHT sensor measures cylinder head
metal temperature as opposed to engine coolant temperature. At lower temperatures, CHT temperature is
equivalent to ECT temperature. At higher temperatures, ECT reaches a maximum temperature (dictated by
coolant composition and pressure) whereas CHT continues to indicate cylinder head metal temperature. If there is
a loss of coolant or air in the cooling system, the CHT sensor will still provide an accurate measure of cylinder head
metal temperature. If a vehicle uses a CHT sensor, the PCM software calculates both CHT and ECT values for
use by the PCM control and OBD systems.
Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor Check Operation:
DTCs
P1289 (high input), P1290 (low input), P1299 (fail-safe cooling activated)
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
For P1299, MIL illuminates immediately if CHT > 270 Fuel shut-off is activated to reduce engine and coolant
temperature
Beginning in the 2013 MY, an Exhaust Metal Temperature (EMT) sensor has been added to the 2.0L GTDI engine
in some vehicles along with an ECT sensor. This EMT sensor is located in the cylinder head near the exhaust port.
The signal correlates well to ECT during normal operating conditions with a properly filled and sealed coolant
system. However, if the engine coolant system was damaged and coolant was low or lost, the EMT sensor will still
sense the actual exhaust metal temperature while the ECT could be sitting in air instead of coolant (reading a
much lower temperature). This sensor is used strictly for engine component protection via the PCMs fail-safe
cooling algorithm with diagnostics for open and short circuit faults (P1289, P1290) along with the fail-safe cooling
fault (P1299). This EMT sensor is actually a CHT sensor that only uses the high range resistor network, hence it
uses the CHT Hot End transfer function shown below.
Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor Check Operation:
DTCs
P1289 (high input), P1290 (low input), P1299 (fail-safe cooling activated)
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
For P1299, MIL illuminates immediately if CHT > 270 Fuel shut-off is activated to reduce engine and coolant
temperature
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Temperature, degrees F
4.89
1001
-40
4.86
994
-31
4.81
983
-22
4.74
970
-13
4.66
954
-4
4.56
934
4.45
910
14
4.30
880
23
4.14
846
32
3.95
807
41
3.73
764
50
3.50
717
59
3.26
666
68
3.00
614
77
2.74
561
86
2.48
508
95
2.23
456
104
1.99
407
113
1.77
361
122
1.56
319
131
1.37
280
140
1.20
246
149
1.05
215
158
0.92
188
167
0.80
165
176
0.70
144
185
0.61
126
194
0.54
110
203
0.47
96
212
0.41
85
221
0.36
74
230
0.32
65
239
0.28
57
248
0.25
51
257
0.22
45
266
0.19
40
275
0.17
35
284
0.15
31
293
0.14
28
302
The Cylinder Head Temp Sensor uses a switchable input circuit to create two transfer functions for cold and hot
range temperatures
Temperature, degrees F
4.899
1002
-40
4.861
995
-31
4.812
985
-22
4.75
972
-14
4.671
956
-4
4.572
936
4.452
911
14
4.309
882
22
4.14
847
32
3.95
808
40
3.737
765
48
3.508
717
58
3.26
666
68
3.00
614
77
2.738
560
87
2.478
507
96
2.226
455
105
1.985
406
114
1.759
360
122
1.551
317
132
1.362
279
141
1.193
244
149
1.043
213
159
0.91
186
168
0.794
162
176
0.693
142
186
0.604
124
194
0.528
108
203
0.462
95
204
Temperature, degrees F
4.235
866
168
4.119
843
168
3.993
817
176
3.858
789
185
3.714
760
194
3.563
729
203
3.408
697
212
3.244
664
221
3.076
629
230
2.908
595
239
2.740
561
248
2.575
527
257
2.411
493
266
2.252
461
275
2.099
430
284
1.953
400
294
1.813
371
303
1.680
344
312
1.556
318
320
1.439
294
329
1.329
272
338
1.228
251
347
1.133
232
356
1.046
214
366
0.965
197
375
0.891
182
383
0.822
168
392
0.760
155
401
0.701
144
408
0.648
133
415
0.599
123
422
0.555
113
428
0.513
105
433
0.476
97
438
0.441
90
442
0.409
84
447
0.380
78
450
0.353
72
454
0.328
67
457
0.306
63
460
0.285
58
463
0.265
54
465
0.248
51
468
0.231
47
470
0.216
44
472
0.202
41
474
0.190
39
475
0.178
36
477
0.167
34
478
0.156
32
480
P0111 (range/performance)
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
6 hours
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
30 min
40 mph
5 min
-30 F
Maximum
-90 F
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Typical Intake Air Temperature Sensor Out of Range high Entry Conditions
Entry condition
Minimum
6 hours
Battery Voltage
11.0 Volts
Vehicle speed
40 mph
5 min
Maximum
The IAT rationality test employs alternate statistical MIL illumination. This protocol allows up to 6 trips before MIL
illumination based on the magnitude of the measured error. The greater the error the fewer number of trips before
a DTC will be indicated. In the case of the IAT rationality test the measured error is the difference between the IAT
input and the CHT (ECT) input.
The error space is divided into bands. Each band represents a range of error. There are two bands for each of; 5
trips to pending DTC, 4 trips to pending DTC, 3 trips to pending DTC, 2 trips to pending DTC and 1 trip to pending
DTC. There are two bands for each because there is one band for positive error and one band for negative error
of the same magnitude range.
Counters are maintained that keep track of how many trips a malfunction has occurred within each band. When a
sufficient number of trips with a malfunction has been achieved in any band, a P0111 DTC will be set.
If an IAT error, trip to trip, remains just above the IAT-out-of-range error threshold, it will take 6 trips to illuminate the
MIL. If the IAT-out-of-range error, trip to trip, is much larger (80 deg F), the MIL will illuminate in the standard 2
trips.
Note that immediately after an KAM clear/battery disconnect, the MIL will be set after two trips regardless of the
amount the IAT error exceeds the threshold.
80
75
2 Trip MIL
3 Trip MIL
65
4 Trip MIL
50
5 Trip MIL
30
6 Trip MIL
No Fault
-30
6 Trip MIL
-50
-65
-75
-80
5 Trip MIL
4 Trip MIL
3 Trip MIL
2 Trip MIL
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Pressure, psi
4.85
993
76.125
4.50
922
70
4.00
820
61.25
3.50
717
52.5
3.00
614
43.75
2.50
512
35
2.00
410
26.25
1.50
307
17.5
1.00
205
8.75
0.50
102
0.15
31
-6.125
The FRP range/performance test checks to make sure that fuel rail pressure can be properly controlled by the
electronic returnless fuel system. The FPS sensor is also checked for in-range failures that can be caused by loss
of Vref to the sensor. Note that the FRP is referenced to manifold vacuum (via a hose) while the fuel rail pressure
sensor is not referenced to manifold vacuum. It uses gage pressure. As a result, a mechanical gage in the fuel rail
will display a different pressure than the FPR PID on a scan tool. The scan tool PID will read higher because of
manifold vacuum.
FRP Range/Performance Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
FRP
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
35 psig
60 psig
Fuel level
15%
Minimum
Maximum
0 psig
46 psig
1 psig / sec
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
or
P0068
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
Engine RPM
550 rpm
150 F
P2610
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
Ignition "ON"
NA
NA
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
Ignition "ON"
NA
NA
invalid
Filter fault, set U0422 DTC, nonMIL (Invalid Data from BCM)
valid
VIN, Tire/Axle and CCC status determined as:
missing, valid or invalid
Set appropriate state in fault DID $056C for:
valid, not supported, not received, not configured, or out of range
No
Yes
Valid VIN/Tire/Axle
mismatch with values
stored NVRAM?
No
Done
Yes
Scan tool configuration
learning flag set for VIN or
Tire/Axle?
Yes
First, several relationships are checked on the CKP signal. The microprocessor looks for the proper number of
teeth (35 or 39 or 58) after the missing tooth is recognized; time between teeth too low (< 30 rpm or > 9,000 rpm);
or the missing tooth was not where it was expected to be. If an error occurs, the microprocessor shuts off fuel and
the ignition coils and attempts to resynchronize itself. It takes on revolution to verify the missing tooth, and another
revolution to verify cylinder #1 using the CMP input. Note that if a P0320 or P0322 DTC is set on a vehicle with
Electronic Throttle Control, (ETC), the ETC software will also set a P2106.
If the proper ratio of CMP events to PIP events is not being maintained (for example, 1 CMP edge for every 8 PIP
edges for an 8-cylinder engine), it indicates a missing or noisy CMP signal (P0340). On applications with Variable
Cam Timing (VCT), the CMP wheel has five teeth to provide the VCT system with more accurate camshaft control.
The microprocessor checks the CMP signal for an intermittent signal by looking for CMP edges where they would
not be expected to be. If an intermittent is detected, the VCT system is disabled and a P0344 (CMP Intermittent
Bank 1) or P0349 (CMP intermittent Bank 2) is set.
Finally, for driver in module ignition systems, the relationship between NOMI events and PIP events is evaluated. If
there is not an NOMI signal for every PIP edge (commanded spark event), the PCM will look for a pattern of failed
NOMI events to determine which ignition coil has failed.
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 5 seconds
Minimum
500 rpm
Maximum
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 5 seconds
Minimum
200 rpm
Maximum
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
< 1 seconds
Minimum
Maximum
200 rpm
Positive torque
Battery Voltage
11 volts
16 volts
If an ignition coil primary circuit failure is detected for a single cylinder or coil pair, the fuel injector to that cylinder or
cylinder pair will be shut off for 30 seconds to prevent catalyst damage. Up to two cylinders may be disabled at the
same time on 6 and 8 cylinder engines and one cylinder is disabled on 4 cylinder engines. After 30 seconds, the
injector is re-enabled. If an ignition coil primary circuit failure is again detected, (about 0.10 seconds), the fuel
injector will be shut off again and the process will repeat until the fault is no longer present. Note that engine misfire
can trigger the same type of fuel injector disablement.
Knock Sensor
Due to the design of the knock sensor input circuitry, a short to battery, short to ground, or open circuit all
result is a low knock signal voltage output. This output voltage is compared to a noise signal threshold
(function of engine rpm and load) to determine knock sensor circuit high, circuit low or performance faults.
Some PCM/ECM modules use a driver circuit that will periodically and actively test the knock sensor lines
for short circuit faults. In these modules, supplemental codes can be set for the short circuit condition.
Some PCM/ECM modules use a standalone Knock IC. In these modules, the knock signal processing chip SPI
bus is checked for proper communication between the main processor and the chip used as the interface
the knock sensor.
Knock Sensor Check Operation:
P0325 Knock Sensor 1 Circuit
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
2.5 seconds
Minimum
60 to 20 sec
140 F
Engine load
35%
Engine speed
1500 rpm
Maximum
6000 rpm
Engine Outputs
The Idle Air Control (IAC) solenoid is checked electrically for open and shorts (P0511) and is functionally checked
by monitoring the closed loop idle speed correction required to maintain the desired idle rpm. If the proper idle rpm
cannot be maintained and the system has a high rpm (+200) or low rpm error (-100) greater than the malfunction
threshold, an IAC malfunction is indicated. (P0507, P0506)
IAC Check Operation:
DTCs
P0511 (opens/shorts)
P0507 (functional - overspeed)
P0506 (functional - underspeed)
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
15 seconds
Minimum
150 F
30 seconds
Yes
Closed
Maximum
Closed
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Minimum
Battery Voltage
11.0 volts
Maximum
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
None
Monitoring Duration
3 seconds
PCM Status
37%
47%
51-67%
67-83%
83-100%
The fuel pump control module communicates diagnostic information to the PCM through the FPM circuit. This
information is sent by the fuel pump control module as a duty cycle signal. The 4 duty cycle signals that may be
sent are listed in the following table.
FUEL PUMP CONTROL MODULE DUTY CYCLE SIGNALS
Duty Cycle
20%
40%
60%
80%
Comments
This duty cycle indicates the fuel pump control module is receiving an invalid duty cycle from the
PCM.
For vehicles with event notification signal, this duty cycle indicates the fuel pump control module is
receiving an invalid event notification signal from the RCM. For vehicles without event notification
signal, this duty cycle indicates the fuel pump control module is functioning normally.
For vehicles with event notification signal, this duty cycle indicates the fuel pump control module is
functioning normally.
This duty cycle indicates the fuel pump control module is detecting a concern with the secondary
circuits.
DTCs
P025B Invalid Fuel Pump Control Data (20% duty cycle from FPM)
P0627 Fuel Pump Secondary Circuit (80% duty cycle from PFM)
U2010B Fuel Pump Disabled Circuit (40% duty cycle from FPM)
U0109 Loss of Communication with Fuel Pump Module
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
2 seconds
Minimum
Battery Voltage
11 volts
Maximum
There are several different styles of hardware used to control airflow within the engine air intake system. In general,
the devices are defined based on whether they control in-cylinder motion (charge motion) or manifold dynamics
(tuning).
Systems designed to control charge motion are defined to be Intake Manifold Runner Controls. IMRC systems
generally have to modify spark when the systems are active because altering the charge motion affects the burn
rate within the cylinder.
Systems designed to control intake manifold dynamics or tuning are defined to be Intake Manifold Tuning Valves.
IMTV systems generally do not require any changes to spark or air/fuel ratio because these systems only alter the
amount of airflow entering the engine.
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
P1549 or P0660 - IMTV output electrical check (does not illuminate MIL)
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Engine Block
Cylinder Head
Water Outlet
Radiator
Sub Cool
Zone
Bypass
Shutoff
Turbo
Trans
Warming
Valve
Trans
Cooling
Valve
After run
pump
FOH
Pump
FOH
Rad Vent
FEAD
Pump
TOC
Degas
Bottle
Heater
Core
Engine Oil
Cooler
Heater
Shutoff
Tstat Housing
Tstat
Element
The Coolant Bypass Valve is normally closed (de-energized) forcing all of the engine coolant through the radiator
to provide maximum cooling of the engine and components when the thermostat is open. When opened, a
portion of the engine coolant bypasses the radiator providing for coolant pressure and flow control. The Heater
Core Shut Off valve has a single purpose which is to limit coolant flow for fast engine warm-up. The ATWU-C valve
will transfer engine coolant from the sub-radiator to the Transmission Oil Cooler (TOC) when energized, resulting
in a heat transfer from the transmission into the engine coolant (over-temperature control of the transmission). The
ATWU-H valve is used to provide hot engine coolant to the TOC to improve transmission fluid temperature control.
The Coolant Bypass Valve output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P26B7).
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
The Heater Core Shut-Off Valve output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P26BD).
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
The Active Transmission Heating Valve output circuit is checked for opens and shorts (P2681).
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Monitor execution
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
DTCs
continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
not applicable
Monitoring Duration
5 seconds
Minimum
Battery Voltage
11.0 volts
Maximum
Transmission Inputs
Transmission Range Sensor Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
480 seconds
Invalid pattern from 3 or 5 digital inputs and/or 1 analog circuit open for 5 seconds
Dual analog TRS: Voltage > 4.84 volts or < 0.127 volts for 200 ms or
Sum of both inputs is outside the range of 5.0 volts +/- 0.29 volts for 200 ms
PWM TRS:
Most vehicle applications no longer have a standalone vehicle speed sensor input. The PCM sometimes obtains
vehicle speed information from another module on the vehicle, i.e. ABS module. In most cases, however, vehicle
speed is calculated in the PCM by using the transmission output shaft speed sensor signal and applying a
conversion factor for axle ratio and tire programmed into the Vehicle ID block. A Vehicle Speed Output pin on the
PCM provides the rest of the vehicle with the standard 8,000 pulses/mile signal.
Note: If the Vehicle ID block has not been programmed or has been programmed with an out-of-range (uncertified)
tire/axle ratio, a P1639 DTC will be stored and the MIL will be illuminated immediately.
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
30 seconds
Minimum
drive
3000 rpm
1500 rpm
650 rpm
15 mph
Maximum
50 %
Engine rpm
2400 rpm
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
30 seconds
Minimum
drive
3000 rpm
400 rpm
1500 rpm
12.5 - 15 mph
Maximum
Monitor execution
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
30 seconds
Minimum
drive
3000 rpm
1500 rpm
650 rpm
15 mph
Maximum
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
30 seconds
Minimum
Forward range
3000 rpm
12.5 - 15 mph
Maximum
DTCs (non-MIL)
continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
> 100 F
150 sec
Vehicle Speed
15 mph
420 min
Maximum
o
< 20 F
Engine Coolant Temp AND Trans Fluid Temp (inferred cold start)
122 F
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoid Check Operation:
DTCs
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
Maximum
70 F
225 F
Throttle position
Minimum
each gear
Throttle position
Maximum
Minimum
each shift
Throttle position
Maximum
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
12 seconds
Minimum
forward range,
Maximum
> 8 seconds
Engine Torque
100 NM
Throttle position
10%
Not shifting
Engine/input Speed
550 rpm
250 rpm
1350 rpm
Entry Conditions
Minimum
Maximum
forward range,
> 1 second
Absolute value of Engine rpm Turbine rpm
150 rpm
500 rpm
DTCs
electrical - continuous,
mechanical - during lockup
Monitor Sequence
None
Sensors OK
TSS, OSS
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
o
Maximum
o
70 F
225 F
Engine Torque
60%
90%
Entry Conditions
Minimum
Maximum
Throttle Position
steady
Engine Torque
70 F
225 F
60%
100%
Not shifting
Typical TCC malfunction thresholds:
Electrical circuit check: Output driver feedback circuit does not match commanded driver state for 0.5 5.0
seconds
Electrical current check: Feedback current out of range for 0.5 seconds
ISIG functional check: ISIG chip hardware circuit does not detect characteristic current dip and rise produced
by solenoid movement.
Mechanical check, stuck off: Slip across torque converter > 100 200 rpm or speed ratio < 0.93
Mechanical check, stuck on: Slip across torque converter < 20 rpm with converter commanded off
Mechanical check, stuck on: engine rpm < 100 after drive engagement (engine stall)
DTCs
Continuous
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Electrical: 5 seconds,
Mechanical functional: up to 30 seconds
Minimum
each gear
70 F
Throttle Position
Maximum
225 F
Monitor execution
Monitor Sequence
none
Sensors OK
Monitoring Duration
Minimum
o
70 F
225 F
< 2 seconds
Maximum
Transmission Inputs
The Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor provides a single analog and three digital inputs to the PCM. The
PCM decodes the inputs to determine the driver-selected gear position (Park, Rev, Neutral, OD, 2, 1). This input
device is checked for opens and invalid input patterns. (P0708 P0705)
The Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS), Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor, and Turbine Speed Sensor (TSS) if
equipped, are inputs that are checked for rationality. If the engine rpm is above the torque converter stall speed
and engine load is high, it can be inferred that the vehicle must be moving. If there is insufficient output from the
VSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0500). If there is insufficient output from the OSS sensor, a malfunction
is indicated (P0720). If there is insufficient output from the TSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0715).
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
The Shift Solenoid (SSA and SSB) output circuits are checked for opens and shorts by the PCM by monitoring
the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (P0750 SSA, P0755 SSB).
All vehicle applications will utilize an inductive signature circuit to monitor the shift solenoids functionally. The ISIG
circuit monitors the current signature of the shift solenoid as the solenoid is commanded on. A solenoid that
functions properly will show a characteristic decrease in current as the solenoid starts to move. If the solenoid is
malfunctioning, the current will not change (P1714 SSA, P1715 SSB). The lack of communication between the
ISIG chip and the PCM microprocessor is also monitored (P1636).
Speed Sensors
The Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor, Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS)
sensor, if equipped, are hall effect inputs that are checked for rationality. The vehicle speed signal is provided from
the ABS system to the PCM. If the engine rpm is above the torque converter stall speed and engine load is high, it
can be inferred that the vehicle must be moving. If there is insufficient output from the VSS sensor, a malfunction is
indicated (P0500). If there is insufficient output from the TSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0715). If there is
insufficient output from the ISS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0791). If there is insufficient output from the
OSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0720).
nd
5R110W has a feature called "Cold mode". If TFT is below 0 deg F, the transmission will limit operation to 1 , 2 ,
rd
th
th
th
3 , and 4 gears (5 and 6 gears are disabled). Cold mode remains in effect until TFT rises above 0 deg F or
vehicle operation (based on shift times or heat generated by driving) indicates that TFT should not be in the cold
mode range, at which point normal operation is enabled.
Direct clutch apply times cold have forced the addition of this cold mode (DC takes excessive times to apply below
10 deg F), and require revisions to TFT failure management if TFT is failed at start up the transmission will be
placed in cold mode and remain there until TFT is no longer failed and above 0 deg F or the vehicle operating
conditions listed above trigger an exit from cold mode.
Once out of cold mode a TFT failure will not trigger cold mode (can only go into cold mode once/power-up); but this
mode is new to 5R110W.
TFT is monitored for circuit faults (P0712, P0713) and in-range failures (P0711)
For this reason all TFT diagnostics illuminate the MIL on 5R110W.
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
The Shift Solenoid (SSA, SSB, SSC, SSD, and SSE) output circuits are checked for opens and shorts by the PCM
by monitoring the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (SSA P0750, P0973, P0974; SSB P0755,
P0976, P0977; SSC P0760, P0979, P0980; SSD P0765, P0982, P0983; SSE P0770, P0985, P0986).
The shift solenoids will be tested for function. This is determined by vehicle inputs such as gear command, and
gear. Shift solenoid malfunction codes actually cover the entire clutch system (using ratio there is no way to isolate
the solenoid from the rest of the clutch system. Diagnostics will isolate the fault into clutch functionally (nonelectrical) failed off (SSA P0751, SSB P0756, SSC P0761, SSD P0766, SSE P0771) and clutch functionally failed
on (SSA: P0752, SSB: P0757, SSC: P0762, SSD: P0767, SSE: P0772). These fault codes replace the P2700
level clutch fault codes previously used since the additional information of the failed state of the clutch adds value
for service.
hardware, these signals must be simulated. The model for the simulation strategy is based on fixed mechanical
gear ratios of the transmission, scheduled shift points; small losses of efficiency in the torque converter, and
approximations of transmission characteristics during transition periods (i.e. shift transition between 1st & 2nd
gears). Simulated characteristics during shifts are based on extensive experience with real world transmission and
vehicle operation. The initial inputs to the simulator are engine speed and transmission lever position (e.g. park,
drive), these signals determine the status of the Torque Converter Clutch, and in turn output the TSS. In park, TSS
equals engine rpm. In drive with the engine speed less than an approximate engine speed of 1000 rpm, the TSS
equal zero. As the engine accelerates (or decelerates), the model ramps the TSS signal to respond as closely as
possible to the way the turbine shaft would respond on the road. The TSS in turn, along with the status of the
overdrive gear set, is used to generate the ISS. This is based on the commanded gear, and fixed gear ratios.
During shift events, the model ramps the ISS signal between gear ratios. Likewise, ISS is then used, with the
status of the simpson gear set, to generate the OSS, based on the fixed gear ratios. OSS is in turn used by the
PCM to establish commanded gear. VSS is calculated from the OSS, using tire size and axle ratio. VSS is used
within the PCM for vehicle speed limiting and as an entry condition to some of the engine on-board diagnostics.
The goal of this new 'simulator' strategy is to ensure proper function of the PCM without transmission hardware.
Only the transmission OBD recognizes that the engine is in 'dyno cert' mode, the rest of the transmission control
systems react as if the transmission hardware is present and is running normally as it would on the road.
Transmission Range Sensor still 4 bit digital, but the transmission bulkhead connector could not
accommodate 4 pins so a micro processor was added to the sensor. This processor converts the 4 bit
digital signal into a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) 125 Hz signal.
The 6R80 is a 6-speed, step ratio transmission that is controlled by an external PCM (gas engine applications) or
TCM (Diesel engine applications). For Diesel the TCM communicates to the Engine Control Module (ECM), ABS
Module, Instrument Cluster and Transfer Case Control Module using the high speed CAN communication link. The
TCM incorporates a standalone OBD-II system. The TCM independently processes and stores fault codes, freeze
frame, supports industry-standard PIDs as well as J1979 Mode 09 CALID and CVN. The TCM does not directly
illuminate the MIL, but requests the ECM to do so. The TCM is located outside the transmission assembly. It is not
serviceable with the exception of reprogramming.
Transmission Inputs
Transmission Range Sensor
Due to transmission bulkhead connector issues the 4 bit digital TRS used by 6R80 with an internal TCM has been
revised. The sensor now contains a micro processor that converts the 4 bit digital signal from into a Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) 125 Hz signal that is then output to the PCM. The sensor outputs a specific duty cycle for each
bit pattern, including the invalid bit patterns. TRS is tested for invalid bit pattern (P0705 inferred by the PCM thru
the duty cycle), frequency out of range (P0706), duty cycle out of range low (P0707), duty cycle out of range high
(P0708).
Speed Sensors
The Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor are Hall effect sensors.
The Turbine Shaft Speed sensor is monitored for circuit faults and rationality (P0715, P0717). If turbine shaft speed
exceeds a maximum calibrated speed (7,700 rpm), a fault is stored (P0716). If engine speed and output shaft
speed are high and a gear is engaged, it can be inferred that the vehicle is moving. If there is insufficient output
from the TSS sensor a fault is stored (P0716).
The Output Shaft Speed sensor is monitored for circuit faults and rationality (P0720, P0722). If output shaft speed
exceeds a maximum calibrated speed (7,450 rpm), a fault is stored (P0721). If output shaft speed does not
correlate with turbine shaft speed and wheel speed while a gear is engaged and the vehicle is moving, a fault is
stored (P0721). If the output shaft speed decreases at an erratic/unreasonable rate, a fault is stored (P0723).
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
6R80 has 5 shift solenoids:
1. SSA a Variable Force Solenoid (VFS) that controls CB1234 (a brake clutch, grounds an element to the
st
nd
rd
th
case, that is on in 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 gear)
rd
th
th
4. SSD a VFS that controls either CBLR (a brake clutch on in 1 gear with engine braking and Reverse) or
th
th
th
C456 (a rotating clutch on in 4 , 5 and 6 gear)
5. SSE an On/Off solenoid that controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456.
Output circuits are checked for opens, short to ground and short to power faults (codes listed in that order) by the
PCM by monitoring the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (SSA P0750, P0973, P0974; SSB P0755,
P0976, P0977; SSC P0760, P0979, P0980; SSD P0765, P0982, P0983; SSE P0770).
The shift solenoids are also functional tested for stuck on and stuck off failures. This is determined by vehicle
inputs such as gear command, and achieved gear (based on turbine and output speed). In general the shift
solenoid malfunction codes actually cover the entire clutch system (solenoid, valves, and the clutch itself) since
using ratio there is no way to isolate the solenoid from the rest of the clutch system
For SSA thru SSD Diagnostics will isolate the fault into clutch functionally (non-electrical) failed off (SSA P0751,
SSB P0756, SSC P0761, SSD P0766) and clutch functionally failed on (SSA: P0752, SSB: P0757, SSC: P0762,
SSD: P0767). The On/Off solenoid (SSE) controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456 clutches.
Using ratio we can determine if the multiplex valve is in the wrong position, but cannot be sure if the failure is due to
the solenoid or a stuck valve. The multiplex valve is tested for stuck in default position (P0771, includes SSE stuck
off) and stuck in spring compressed position (P0772, includes SSE stuck on) failures.
Pressure Control
The Pressure Control solenoid is a variable force solenoid that controls line pressure in the transmission. The
Pressure Control solenoid output circuit is a duty-cycled output that is checked electrically for short circuit to ground
or short circuit to battery by monitoring the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (P0962, P0963).
Note that the Pressure Control Solenoid failures P0960 and P0963 do not illuminate the MIL because the
diagnostic action (maximum line pressure) does not affect emissions.
rd
If the TRID block is unavailable FMEM action limits operation to 1 and 3 gear until the issue is correct.
TCM voltage
If the system voltage at the TCM is outside of the specified 9 to 16 volt range, a fault will be stored (P0882, P0883).
Both PCM inputs are open when the shifter is on the left hand side. From Drive as the customer moves the shifter
to the right both inputs transition from open to closed (the TRS continues to indicate Drive). The control system
enters "Grade Assist Mode" (provides more engine braking but still follows an automatic shift schedule) at this
point. If the customer never requests a shift the control system will remain in Grade Assist Mode.
The customer requests a shift by pushing the shifter up or down, which opens the appropriate switch. Once the
customer requests a shift the control system transitions from Grade Assist Mode to SST. In SST the control system
follows the customer's commands except for special conditions (downshifts to the lowest available gear at high
pedal, downshifts at low speeds).
Diagnostics monitors for either switch closed in Park, Reverse or Neutral, and a failure will result in non-MIL P0815
(upshift switch error) or P0816 (downshift switch error) fault codes.
If either switch fails open the customer will not be able to enter Grade Mode or SST since both switches must
transition from open to closed while in the Drive position to enter SST.
If either switch is detected failed Grade Assist Mode and SST are disabled and the control system defaults to Drive
(normal automatic shift schedules).
Speed Sensors
The Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor are Hall Effect inputs that are
checked for rationality. The vehicle speed signal is provided from the ABS system (if present) to the PCM, or is
derived from OSS. If the engine rpm is above the torque converter stall speed and engine load is high, it can be
inferred that the vehicle must be moving. If there is insufficient output from the VSS sensor (if present), a
malfunction is indicated (P0500). If there is insufficient output from the TSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated
(P0715). If there is insufficient output from the OSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0720).
6F has a feature called "Cold mode" (1 implemented in 5R110W in 2003 MY). If TFT is below -20 deg F, the
st
nd
rd
th
th
th
transmission will limit operation to 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 gears (5 and 6 gears are disabled). Cold mode remains in
effect until TFT rises above -20 deg F or vehicle operation (based on shift times or heat generated by driving)
indicates that TFT should not be in the cold mode range, at which point normal operation is enabled.
if TFT is failed at start up the transmission will be placed in cold mode and remain there until TFT is no longer failed
and above -20 deg F or the vehicle operating conditions listed above trigger an exit from cold mode.
Once out of cold mode a TFT failure will not trigger cold mode (can only go into cold mode once/power-up); this
mode is the same as implemented on 5R110W in 2003.5 MY.
TFT is monitored for circuit faults (P0712, P0713) and in-range failures (P0711)
For this reason all TFT diagnostics illuminate the MIL on 6F.
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
6F has 5 shift solenoids:
o
SSA a Variable Force Solenoid (VFS) that controls CB1234 (a brake clutch, grounds an element to the
st
nd
rd
th
case, that is on in 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 gear)
SSD a VFS that controls either CBLR (a brake clutch on in 1 gear with engine braking and Reverse) or
th
th
th
C456 (a rotating clutch on in 4 , 5 and 6 gear)
SSE an On/Off solenoid that controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456.
rd
nd
th
th
st
Output circuits are checked for opens, short to ground and short to power faults (codes listed in that order) by the
PCM by monitoring the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (SSA P0750, P0973, P0974; SSB P0755,
P0976, P0977; SSC P0760, P0979, P0980; SSD P0765, P0982, P0983; SSE P0770).
The shift solenoids are also functional tested for stuck on and stuck off failures. This is determined by vehicle
inputs such as gear command, and achieved gear (based on turbine and output speed). In general the shift
solenoid malfunction codes actually cover the entire clutch system (solenoid, valves, and the clutch itself since
using ratio there is no way to isolate the solenoid from the rest of the clutch system), BUT due to the hydraulic
controls arrangement on 6F it is possible to isolate two specific solenoid failures from clutch system faults:
a) SSB stuck on from C35R stuck on - due to hydraulic interlock between CBLR and C35R we can isolate
st
st
SSB stuck on from C35R by turning SSE on in 1 gear without engine braking (get 1 if SSB stuck on, get
rd
3 if C35R is stuck on)
b) SSD stuck off. Since SSD is multiplexed (controls both CBLR and C456) we can isolate CBLR stuck off
and C456 stuck off from SSD stuck off since the latter impacts both clutch systems.
For SSA thru SSD Diagnostics will isolate the fault into clutch functionally (non-electrical) failed off (SSA P0751,
SSB P0756, SSC P0761, SSD P0766) and clutch functionally failed on (SSA: P0752, SSB: P0757, SSC: P0762,
SSD: P0767). The On/Off solenoid (SSE) controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456 clutches.
Using ratio we can determine if the multiplex valve is in the wrong position, but cannot be sure if the failure is due to
the solenoid or a stuck valve. The multiplex valve is tested for stuck in default position (P0771, includes SSE stuck
off) and stuck in spring compressed position (P0772, includes SSE stuck on) failures.
If communication with the ADLER is lost a P1636 fault code will be stored. If this failure is detected the states of the
solenoids are unknown, so the control system will open the high side switch (removes power from all the
solenoids), providing P, R, N and 5M with open TCC and max line pressure.
TRID Block
The TRID block is a portion of flash memory that contains solenoid characterization data tailored to the specific
transmission to improve pressure accuracy.
The TRID block is monitored for two failures:
rd
If the TRID block is unavailable FMEM action limits operation to 1 and 3 gear until the issue is correct.
Both PCM inputs are open when the shifter is on the left hand side. From Drive as the customer moves the shifter
to the right both inputs transition from open to closed (the TRS continues to indicate Drive). The control system
enters "Grade Assist Mode" (provides more engine braking but still follows an automatic shift schedule) at this
point. If the customer never requests a shift the control system will remain in Grade Assist Mode.
The customer requests a shift by pushing the shifter up or down, which opens the appropriate switch. Once the
customer requests a shift the control system transitions from Grade Assist Mode to SST. In SST the control system
follows the customer's commands except for special conditions (downshifts to the lowest available gear at high
pedal, downshifts at low speeds).
Diagnostics monitors for either switch closed in Park, Reverse or Neutral, and a failure will result in non-MIL P0815
(upshift switch error) or P0816 (downshift switch error) fault codes.
If either switch fails open the customer will not be able to enter Grade Mode or SST since both switches must
transition from open to closed while in the Drive position to enter SST.
If either switch is detected failed Grade Assist Mode and SST are disabled and the control system defaults to Drive
(normal automatic shift schedules).
Speed Sensors
The Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor are Hall Effect inputs that are
checked for rationality. The vehicle speed signal is provided from the ABS system (if present) to the PCM, or is
derived from OSS. If the engine rpm is above the torque converter stall speed and engine load is high, it can be
inferred that the vehicle must be moving. If there is insufficient output from the VSS sensor (if present), a
malfunction is indicated (P0500). If there is insufficient output from the TSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated
(P0715). If there is insufficient output from the OSS sensor, a malfunction is indicated (P0720).
6F35 has a feature called "Cold mode" (1 implemented in 5R110W in 2003 MY). If TFT is below -20 deg F, the
st
nd
rd
th
th
th
transmission will limit operation to 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 gears (5 and 6 gears are disabled). Cold mode remains in
effect until TFT rises above -20 deg F or vehicle operation (based on shift times or heat generated by driving)
indicates that TFT should not be in the cold mode range, at which point normal operation is enabled.
if TFT is failed at start up the transmission will be placed in cold mode and remain there until TFT is no longer failed
and above -20 deg F or the vehicle operating conditions listed above trigger an exit from cold mode.
Once out of cold mode a TFT failure will not trigger cold mode (can only go into cold mode once/power-up); this
mode is the same as implemented on 5R110W in 2003.5 MY.
TFT is monitored for circuit faults (P0712, P0713) and in-range failures (P0711)
For this reason all TFT diagnostics illuminate the MIL on 6F35.
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
6F has 5 shift solenoids:
a. SSA a Variable Force Solenoid (VFS) that controls CB1234 (a brake clutch, grounds an
st
nd
rd
th
element to the case, that is on in 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 gear)
rd
th
nd
th
d. SSD a VFS that controls either CBLR (a brake clutch on in 1 gear with engine braking and
th
th
th
Reverse) or C456 (a rotating clutch on in 4 , 5 and 6 gear)
e. SSE an On/Off solenoid that controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456.
Output circuits are checked for opens, short to ground and short to power faults (codes listed in that order) by the
PCM by monitoring the status of a feedback circuit from the output driver (SSA P0750, P0973, P0974; SSB P0755,
P0976, P0977; SSC P0760, P0979, P0980; SSD P0765, P0982, P0983; SSE P0770).
The shift solenoids are also functional tested for stuck on and stuck off failures. This is determined by vehicle
inputs such as gear command, and achieved gear (based on turbine and output speed). In general the shift
solenoid malfunction codes actually cover the entire clutch system (solenoid, valves, and the clutch itself since
using ratio there is no way to isolate the solenoid from the rest of the clutch system), BUT due to the hydraulic
controls arrangement on 6F it is possible to isolate two specific solenoid failures from clutch system faults:
1. SSB stuck on from C35R stuck on - due to hydraulic interlock between CBLR and C35R we can
st
st
isolate SSB stuck on from C35R by turning SSE on in 1 gear without engine braking (get 1 if SSB
rd
stuck on, get 3 if C35R is stuck on)
2. SSD stuck off. Since SSD is multiplexed (controls both CBLR and C456) we can isolate CBLR stuck
off and C456 stuck off from SSD stuck off since the latter impacts both clutch systems.
For SSA thru SSD Diagnostics will isolate the fault into clutch functionally (non-electrical) failed off (SSA P0751,
SSB P0756, SSC P0761, SSD P0766) and clutch functionally failed on (SSA: P0752, SSB: P0757, SSC: P0762,
SSD: P0767). The On/Off solenoid (SSE) controls the multiplexing of SSD between CBLR and C456 clutches.
Using ratio we can determine if the multiplex valve is in the wrong position, but cannot be sure if the failure is due to
the solenoid or a stuck valve. The multiplex valve is tested for stuck in default position (P0771, includes SSE stuck
off) and stuck in spring compressed position (P0772, includes SSE stuck on) failures.
rd
If the TRID block is unavailable FMEM action limits operation to 1 and 3 gear until the issue is correct.
TCM voltage
If the system voltage at the TCM is outside of the specified 9 to 16 volt range, a fault will be stored (P0882, P0883).
The Electronic Auxiliary Transmission Oil Pump is a smart device the PCM or TCM communicates with the
pump via 2 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) hardwires:
PCM or TCM outputs a commanded pump speed to the pump using a PWM signal:
Duty Cycle
RPM of motor
0-9.9%
10-19.9
Off state
20-22.9
23-90%
90.1-100%
The pump outputs the fault status of the pump to the PCM or TCM using a PWM signal. The fault status is
used to stores the appropriate DTC in the PCM or TCM.
Duty Cycle
Indicated Operating
Condition
DTC
Definition
0-10%
P0C2D
10-15%
P0C27
20-25%
P0C28
30-34%
Over Temperature
P175A
Transmission Fluid Over Temperature Condition Electric Transmission Fluid Pump Disabled
35-40%
Stalled
P0C2A
45-50%
n/a
55-60%
P0B0D
65-70%
P0B0D
75-80%
P0C29
85-90%
No Command Signal
Received from PCM
P2796
90-100%
P0C2E
Frequency out
of range or duty
cycle between
valid ranges
P0C2C
Failures of the pump take the Stop Start system out of operation if stopped the engine will restart, then will no
longer stop for the remainder of the current drive cycle.
Twin Clutch
Actuators with
E-motors
Shift drums
with Emotors
Twin Dry
Clutches
rd
th
th
th
Clutch
3 phase electric motor rotates a screw driven fulcrum that controls clutch position (and torque).
There are end stops at the full open and full closed positions
Each motor phase has a hall position sensor that combine to provide a relative position the
system must sweep the clutch full open to full closed, then count increments on the sensors to
know position. It takes many rotations of the motor to sweep the clutch from fully open to fully
closed.
Spring that returns the clutch to the full open position if the motor is turned off.
rd
th
1. Shift Drum A controls the shift forks that engage 1 , 3 and 5 gear
nd
th
th
2. Shift Drum B controls the shift forks that engage Reverse, 2 , 4 and 6 gear
Shift drum with groove that controls the position of shift forks
3 phase electric motor that controls the position of the shift drum
Hall sensor system that knows the position of the motor within a rotation, used to calculate the
shift drum angular position (the shift drum motor rotates 61.44 times for a single revolution of the
shift drum)
0 deg
10 deg
Centered in 1
55 deg
90 deg
Centered in 3
135 deg
190 deg
Centered in 5
200 deg
st
st
Centered in Reverse
st
rd
rd
nd
Centered in 2
rd
th
th
nd
th
th
th
Centered in 4
th
th
4 gear
235 deg
280
Centered in 6
290
th
th
Transmission Inputs
Transmission Range Sensor
DPS6 is range by wire with mechanical Park. DPS6 uses a dual PWM output (at 250 Hz) TRS where one signal is
the inverse of the other and the sum of the two signals add up to 100%. Each signal is tested for frequency errors
(P0706 / P2801), duty cycle out of range low (P0707 / P2802) and duty cycle out of range high (P0708 / P2803).
There is also a correlation error (P2805) if the two signals do not add up to 100%.
Speed Sensors
st
rd
Input 1 Speed Sensor (I1SS) detects input shaft 1 speed, connected to clutch 1 and the odd gears (1 , 3 and
th
5 ). I1SS is tested for power supply faults (P06A6), circuit failures detected by the TCM hardware (P0715), erratic
signal (P0716), and lack of signal (P0717).
nd
th
Input 2 Speed Sensor (I2SS) detects input shaft 2 speed, connected to clutch 2 and the even gears (R, 2 , 4
th
and 6 ). I2SS is tested for power supply faults (P06A7), circuit failures detected by the TCM hardware (P2765),
erratic signal (P2766), and lack of signal (P2767).
Output Speed Sensor (OSS) detects output speed. OSS is tested for power supply faults (P06A8), circuit failures
detected by the TCM hardware (P0720), erratic signal (P0721), and lack of signal (P0722).
Note: because DPS6 is "Dry clutch" the only transmission fluid is for splash lube (no pump, no pressure control
solenoids), so DPS6 does not have a temperature sensor.
Transmission Outputs
DPS6 has four 3-phase electric motors:
1. Clutch A motor controls clutch A torque capacity. The Clutch A system is tested for:
a. ATIC faults (P0805) the ATIC is an internal TCM component that controls motor current.
b. Hall sensor faults (P0806) each phase has a hall sensor that provides motor position
information
c. Sequence faults (P0809) as the motor rotates it generates an defined pattern from the 3 hall
sensors, if the sequence of hall sensor patterns is off this code sets.
d. Open circuit (P0900)
e. Short to ground (P0902)
f. Short to power (P0903)
g. Clutch functionally stuck off (P07A2)
h. Clutch functionally stuck on (P07A3)
2. Clutch B motor controls clutch B torque capacity. The Clutch B system is tested for:
a. ATIC faults (P087A) the ATIC is an internal TCM component that controls motor current.
b. Hall sensor faults (P087B) each phase has a hall sensor that provides motor position
information
c. Sequence faults (P087E) as the motor rotates it generates an defined pattern from the 3 hall
sensors, if the sequence of hall sensor patterns is off this code sets.
d. Open circuit (P090A)
e. Short to ground (P090C)
f. Short to power (P090D)
g. Clutch functionally stuck off (P07A4)
h. Clutch functionally stuck on (P07A5)
st
rd
th
st
rd
th
3. Shift drum A motor controls the shift forks that engage 1 , 3 and 5 gear. The system is tested for:
a. ATIC faults (P2831) the ATIC is an internal TCM component that controls motor current.
b. Sequence faults (P2835) as the motor rotates it generates an defined pattern from the 3 hall
sensors, if the sequence of hall sensor patterns is off this code sets.
c. Open circuit (P285B)
d. Short to ground (P285D)
e. Short to power (P285E)
f. Stuck in gear (P072C, P072E, P073A)
g. Position error (P2832) includes blocked motor, or any failure that results in the TCM losing
confidence in the relative position of the shift drum.
4. Shift drum A motor controls the shift forks that engage 1 , 3 and 5 gear. The system is tested for:
a. ATIC faults (P2836) the ATIC is an internal TCM component that controls motor current.
b. Sequence faults (P283A) as the motor rotates it generates an defined pattern from the 3 hall
sensors, if the sequence of hall sensor patterns is off this code sets.
c. Open circuit (P285F)
d. Short to ground (P2861)
e. Short to power (P2862)
f. Stuck in gear (P072B, P072D, P072F, P073B)
g. Position error (P2837) includes blocked motor, or any failure that results in the TCM losing
confidence in the relative position of the shift drum.
CPU performance is monitored for incorrect instructions or resets, if detected a P0607 fault code is set
Transmission Inputs
Transmission Range Sensor
6R140 uses a Non-contacting Pulse Width Modulated Transmission Range Sensor (TRS) that provides a duty
cycle signal for each position. This signal is transmitted at a frequency of 125 Hz. The PCM / TCM decode the duty
cycle to determine the driver-selected gear position (Park, Rev, Neutral, OD, 3, 2, 1). This input device is checked
for frequency out of range (P0706), duty cycle out of range low (P0707) and duty cycle out of range high (P0708)
Speed Sensors
The Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor are Hall effect sensors.
The Turbine Shaft Speed sensor is monitored by a rationality test, if engine speed and output shaft speed are high
and a gear is engaged, it can be inferred that the vehicle is moving. If there is insufficient output from the TSS
sensor a fault is stored (P0715).
The Output Shaft Speed sensor is monitored by a rationality test. If engine speed and turbine speed are high and a
gear is engaged, it can be inferred that the vehicle is moving. If there is insufficient output from the OSS sensor a
fault is stored (P0720).
Transmission Outputs
Shift Solenoids
6R140 has 5 shift solenoids:
SSA a Variable Force Solenoid (VFS) that controls CB1234 (a brake clutch,
st
nd
rd
th
grounds an element to the case, that is on in 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 gear)
SSD a VFS that controls CBLR (a brake clutch on in 1 gear with engine braking
and Reverse)
rd
th
nd
th
st
th
th
th
Output circuits are checked for opens, short to ground and short to power faults (codes listed in that order) by the
"smart driver" (see ADLER below) that controls the solenoids (SSA P0750, P0973, P0974; SSB P0755, P0976,
P0977; SSC P0760, P0979, P0980; SSD P0765, P0982, P0983; SSE P0770, P0985, P0986).
The shift solenoids are also functional tested for stuck on and stuck off failures. This is determined by vehicle
inputs such as gear command, and achieved gear (based on turbine and output speed). In general the shift
solenoid malfunction codes actually cover the entire clutch system (solenoid, valves, seals and the clutch itself
since using ratio there is no way to isolate the solenoid from the rest of the clutch system)
For SSA thru SSE Diagnostics will isolate the fault into clutch functionally (non-electrical) failed off (SSA P0751,
SSB P0756, SSC P0761, SSD P0766. SSE P0771) and clutch functionally failed on (SSA: P0752, SSB: P0757,
SSC: P0762, SSD: P0767, SSE: P0772).
manual lever position. This solenoid is tested for open (P0960), short to ground (P0962), and short to power
(P0963) malfunctions.
rd
If the TRID block is unavailable FMEM action limits operation to 1 and 3 gear until the issue is correct.
TCM voltage
If the system voltage at the TCM is outside of the specified 9 to 16 volt range, a fault will be stored (P0882, P0883).
The On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Executive is a portion of the PCM strategy that manages the diagnostic
trouble codes and operating modes for all diagnostic tests. It is the "traffic cop" of the diagnostic system. The
Diagnostic Executive performs the following functions:
Sequence the OBD monitors such that when a test runs, each input that it relies upon has already
been tested. For 2008 MY and beyond ISO 14229 programs, the OBD monitors are no longer
sequenced by the diagnostic executive.
Controls and co-ordinates the execution of the individual OBD system monitors: Catalyst, Misfire,
EGR, O2, Fuel, AIR, EVAP and, Comprehensive Component Monitor (CCM). For 2008 MY and
beyond ISO 14229 programs, the execution of the OBD monitors is no longer controlled and
coordinated by the diagnostic executive.
Stores freeze frame and "similar condition" data.
Manages storage and erasure of Diagnostic Trouble Codes as well as MIL illumination.
Controls and co-ordinates the execution of the On-Demand tests: Key On Engine Off (KOEO)Key
On Engine Running (KOER), and the Output Test Mode (OTM). For 2008 MY and beyond ISO
14229 programs, the Output Test Mode is no longer supported by the diagnostic executive.
Performs transitions between various states of the diagnostic and powertrain control system to
minimize the effects on vehicle operation.
Interfaces with the diagnostic test tools to provide diagnostic information (I/M readiness, various J1979 test
modes) and responses to special diagnostic requests (J1979 Mode 08 and 09).
Tracks and manages indication of the driving cycle which includes the time between two key on events
that include an engine start and key off.
The diagnostic executive also controls several overall, global OBD entry conditions.
The battery voltage must fall between 11.0 and 18.0 volts to initiate monitoring cycles.
The engine must be started to initiate the engine started, engine running, and engine off monitoring cycles.
The Diagnostic Executive suspends OBD monitoring when battery voltage falls below 11.0 volts.
The Diagnostic Executive suspends monitoring of fuel-system related monitors (catalyst, misfire, evap,
O2, AIR and fuel system) when fuel level falls below 15%. For 2005 MY and beyond, the execution of
the fuel related OBD monitors is no longer suspended for fuel level by the diagnostic executive.
The diagnostic executive controls the setting and clearing of pending and confirmed DTCs.
A pending DTC and freeze frame data is stored after a fault is confirmed on the first monitoring cycle. If the
fault recurs on the next driving cycle, a confirmed DTC is stored, freeze frame data is updated, and the
MIL is illuminated. If confirmed fault free on the next driving cycle, the pending DTC and freeze frame data
is erased on the next power-up.
For the 2005 MY and later, pending DTCs will be displayed as long as the fault is present. Note that OBDII regulations required a complete fault-free monitoring cycle to occur before erasing a pending DTC. In
practice, this means that a pending DTC is erased on the next power-up after a fault-free monitoring cycle.
For clearing comprehensive component monitoring (CCM) pending DTCs, the specific monitor must
determine that no fault is present, and a 2-hour engine off soak has occurred prior to starting the vehicle.
The 2-hour soak criteria for clearing CCM confirmed and pending DTCs has been utilized since the 2000
MY. For 2008 MY and beyond ISO 14229 programs, the engine off soak is no longer used by the
diagnostic executive.
After a confirmed DTC is stored and the MIL has been illuminated, three consecutive confirmed fault-free
monitoring cycles must occur before the MIL can be extinguished on the next (fourth) power-up. After 40
engine warm-ups, the DTC and freeze frame data is erased.
Ford Motor Company
The diagnostic executive controls the setting and clearing of permanent DTCs.
A permanent DTC is stored when a confirmed DTC is stored, the MIL has been illuminated, and there are
not yet six permanent DTCs stored.
After a permanent DTC is stored, three consecutive confirmed fault-free monitoring cycles must occur
before the permanent DTC can be erased.
After a permanent DTC is stored, one confirmed fault-free monitoring cycle must occur, following a DTC
reset request, before the permanent DTC can be erased. For 2010MY and beyond ISO 14229 programs
a driving cycle including the following criteria must also occur, following the DTC reset request, before a
permanent DTC can be erased:
o Cumulative time since engine start is greater than or equal to 600 seconds;
o Cumulative vehicle operation at or above 25 miles per hour occurs for greater than or equal
to 300 seconds (medium-duty vehicles with diesel engines certified on an engine
dynamometer may use cumulative operation at or above 15% calculated load in lieu of at or
above 25 miles per hour for purposes of this criteria); and
o Continuous vehicle operation at idle (i.e., accelerator pedal released by driver and vehicle speed
less than or equal to one mile per hour) for greater than or equal to 30 seconds.
A permanent DTC can not be erased by a KAM clear (battery disconnect). Additionally, its confirmed DTC
counterpart will be restored after completion of the KAM reset (battery reconnect).
EWMA Examples
EWMA with FIR and SCL has been incorporated in the IAF catalyst monitor, the Rear O2 response test and the
EONV Evaporative system leak check monitor. There are 3 parameters that determine the MIL illumination
characteristics.
Fast filter constant (0.9999), used for 2 driving cycles after DTCs are cleared/KAM is reset (FIR) and for Step
Change Logic (SCL)
Normal filter constant( typically 0.4), used for all subsequent, normal customer driving
Number of driving cycles to use fast filter after KAM clear (set to 2 driving cycles)
Several examples for a typical catalyst monitor calibration are shown in the tables below. The first example does
not show SCL in order to better illustrate the EWMA calculation and the 1-trip MIL.
Monitor
evaluation
Weighted
Average
(new data)
set to 0.4
(new
average)
Driving
cycle
number
Action/Comment
0.15
0.15
1.0
0.49
1.0
1.0
0.69
1.0
0.82
1.0
0.89
MIL on
0.8
0.41
0.8
0.57
0.8
0.66
0.8
0.72
0.8
0.75
0.8
0.77
MIL on
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Note that older implementations of EWMA for the Index ratio catalyst monitor and non-intrusive stepper motor
EGR monitor incorporate Fast Initial Response but do not incorporate step change logic. For both FIR and
normal EWMA usage, a pending code is set when the new EWMA average exceeds the threshold and a
confirmed code is set after the second time the EWMA average exceeds the threshold. (2-trip MIL). The "normal"
filter is calibrated to illuminate the MIL between 2 and 6 driving cycles.
I/M Readiness
The readiness function is implemented based on the SAE J1979/ISO 15031-5 format. Clearing codes using a
scan tool results in the various I/M readiness bits being set to a not-ready condition. As each non-continuous
monitor completes a full diagnostic check, the I/M readiness bit associated with that monitor is set to a ready
condition. This may take one or two driving cycles based on whether malfunctions are detected or not. The
readiness bits for comprehensive component monitoring and misfire monitoring are immediately considered
complete since they are continuous monitors. Because the evaporative system monitor requires ambient
o
conditions between 40 and 100 F and BARO > 22.5 " Hg (< 8,000 ft.) to run, special logic can bypass the
running the evap monitor for purposes of clearing the evap system I/M readiness bit due to the continued
presence of these extreme conditions. The table below shows which monitors must complete for I/M readiness.
I/M Readiness bit
Bank 1
Bank 2
Catalyst monitoring
P0420
P0430
Not Supported
Not Supported
P0442 (0.040")
P0491/P0410/P2448
P0492/P2449
P0133
P0153
P2195/P2196
P2197/P2198
Upstream heater
P0053/P0030
P0059/P0050
P0136/P2270/P2271
P0156/P2272/P2273
Downstream heater
P0054/P00D2
P0060P00D4
P013A/P013E
P013C/P014A
P2096/P0297
P2098/P2099
P0400
DPFE EGR
P1405/P1406/P0401/P0402
VVT supported
P0011/P0012/P0014/P0015
P0021/P0022/P0024/P0025
Misfire monitoring
Always ready
Always ready
P219A
P219B
Always ready
Always ready
Evap bypass logic for new 1999 MY, 2000 MY, and beyond vehicles:
o
If the evaporative system monitor conditions are met with the exception of the 40 to 100 F ambient temperatures
or BARO range, a timer is incremented. The timer value is representative of conditions where the Evap monitor
could have run (all entry conditions met except IAT and BARO) but did not run due to the presence of those
extreme conditions. If the timer continuously exceeds 30 seconds during a driving cycle in which all continuous
and non-continuous monitors were evaluated, the evaporative system monitor is then considered complete. If the
above conditions are repeated during a second driving cycle, the I/M readiness bit for the evaporative system is
set to a ready condition.
Controling Monitor
P0420
P0430
P0133
P0153
P0400/P0401
P0011/P0012/P0014/P0015
P0021/P0022/P0024/P0025
EVAP Monitoring
0.020" monitoring (California)
P0456
P0442
P0455
AIR Monitoring
P0410/P0491/P2448
P013A/P013E
P013C/P014A
current airflow
(peak airflow at WOT@STP as a function of rpm) * (BARO/29.92) * SQRT(298/(AAT+273))
Calibration Table:
Airflow as a function of rpm
engine rpm
current airflow
(peak airflow at WOT@STP as a function of rpm) * (BARO/29.92) * SQRT(298/(AAT+273))
Calibration Table:
Airflow as a function of rpm
engine rpm
current airflow
(peak airflow at WOT@STP as a function of rpm) * (BARO/29.92) * SQRT(298/(AAT+273))
Calibration Table:
Airflow as a function of rpm
engine rpm