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Understanding FiberOptics

The document summarizes key information about optical fiber types and fiber optic transmission including: 1) The two main fiber types are single-mode fiber which is used for long-haul networks over 200km and multimode fiber which is used for local networks under 2km. 2) Optical fiber transmission windows exist at 850nm, 1300nm, and 1550nm due to attenuation characteristics of silica fibers. 3) When calculating optical loss budgets for fiber links, losses from transmitters, receivers, fiber length, splices, and other components must be considered to ensure the link has sufficient power margins.

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InformaticaTemple
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1K views

Understanding FiberOptics

The document summarizes key information about optical fiber types and fiber optic transmission including: 1) The two main fiber types are single-mode fiber which is used for long-haul networks over 200km and multimode fiber which is used for local networks under 2km. 2) Optical fiber transmission windows exist at 850nm, 1300nm, and 1550nm due to attenuation characteristics of silica fibers. 3) When calculating optical loss budgets for fiber links, losses from transmitters, receivers, fiber length, splices, and other components must be considered to ensure the link has sufficient power margins.

Uploaded by

InformaticaTemple
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10/12/07

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Page 1

Understanding Fiber Optics

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Optical Fiber Types


ypes

Optical Fiber Types

iber Types
Main type
Singlemode

8m
- Low attenuation
to
12m
- 1260 to 1640 nm transmission wavelengths
- Access/medium/long haul networks (>200km)
- Nearly infinite bandwidth

50m
62.5m

- High attenuation
Multimode
(graded index) - 850 to 1300 nm transmission wavelengths
- Local networks (<2 km)
- Limited bandwidth

125m

re

Visible light

Index
Profile

propagation
Lightwave propag

Typical dimensions

Characteristics

Fiber
Optic
Transmission
Fiber Optic
Transmission
Windows

Co

250 to
900m

Transmission
Transmiss
Windows
Win
700

1100

1200

850

1300

1400

1300 /1310 1383

1st Window

Water peaks

1500

1600

Connector types*

Name

1490 1550 1625

2nd/3rd Window

NSWP Single mode Fiber

Applications

Characteristics of a 50/125 mm
multimode graded index
optical fibre cable.

Video and Datacom in premises networks.


Up to 10 GigE transmission in local area networks (up to 300 m).
Wavelength coverage: 850 to 1300 nm

G.652 Class A/B


G.652 Class C/D

Characteristics of singlemode
optical fiber and cable

From access to long haul networks. Supports high bit rate


transmission (10 Gb/s and +, 10 GigE). Suitable for DWDM and CWDM systems.
Wavelength coverage: 1260 to 1625 nm.

G.655 Class C
G.655 Class D
G.655 Class E

Characteristics of non-zero
dispersion shifted singlemode
optical fiber and cable.

Transmission applications at high bit rates for STM-64/OC-192 (10 Gb/s) over longer
distances. Suitable for STM-256/OC-568 (40 Gb/s). Supports DWDM transmission
applications in the C+L bands.
Wavelength coverage: 1550 to 1625 nm.

G.657 Class A
G.657 Class B

Characteristics of bending loss


insensitive singlemode optical fiber
and cable for the access network.

Support optimized access network installation with very short bending radii applied
in fiber management systems and particularly for in- and outdoor installation,
specialy in FTTx network.
Wavelength coverage: 1260 to 1625 nm.

G.651

1000

10

Refractive index: A measure of the speed of light in a material. n1 and n2 are the respective refractive index of the cladding and the core.
n1<n2 is the condition for the light to travel down the fiber.
Index profile: Variations of the refractive index along a fiber diameter.

Description

900

Applications

FC-PC / FC-APC

Datacom,
Telecommunication,
CATV

SC-PC / SC-APC

Datacom,
Telecommunication,
CATV, LAN

E2000-PC / E2000-APC
(Ferrule diameter : 1.25mm)

Telecommunication,
Datacom, CATV, LAN

LC-PC / LC-APC
(Ferrule diameter : 1.25mm)

High density interconnection,


Datacom,
telecommunication, CATV

ST-PC

Inter-/Intra-building,
Security, Navy, Datacom,
LAN

MU-PC / MU-APC

Datacom,
Telecommunication,
CATV

MT-RJ (Ribbon fiber)

Tatacom,
LAN

Biconic

LAN, Datacom, Medical


instrumentation, Remote,
sensing, Telemetry, CATV

DIN-PC / DIN-APC

Datacom,
Telecommunication,
CATV

Attenuation (dB/km)

n2 1.540
to 1.562

ITU Fiber Standard

Wavelength (nm)

800

635

n1 1.540

250 to
900m

Fiber transmission wavelength range


(IR - Infrared)

Windows

n1 1.457
n2 1.471

125m

Optical
Connectors
Optical Connector
nnector

S C L U

LWP Single mode Fiber


1
Rayleigh scattering
IR absorption

0.1

Wavelength (nm)
800

Water-proof tape

Possible fillers

oor)
(outd
les
b
ca

Outer jacket
Aramid yarn

tu

Overall polyester barrier

be

Outer jacket

Flooded core

Thermoplastic
jacket

Thermoplastic
jacket

Aramid
strength element

Bloisture
blocking gel

Central member

FRP strength member

900 microns tight buffered fibers

Multiple 250 microns fibers

Rib

bon

fiber cables

Outer jacket
Dielectric strength
members

Band

Description

Wavelength Range

Original (2nd Window)

1260 to 1360 nm

Extended

1360 to 1460 nm

Short Wavelengths

1460 to 1530 nm

Conventional ("erbium window")

1530 to 1565 nm

Long wavelenghts

1565 to 1625 nm

Ultralong wavelengths

1625 to 1675 nm

Buffer tube
Ribbon

Applications: Computer rooms, telecommunications


central offices, tunnel and confined areas, riser shafts.

Applications: Building interconnections, telecommunications


and, data trunk, long haul networks, ducts between buildings.

Typical applications: equipment interconnect,


high speed data transfer, premise network

Tight buffered tube cable can hold from 1 to 12 fibers


per tube (up to 200 fibers in one cable).

Applications requiring moisture and weather resistant. Loose


tube cable can hold from 1 to 12 fibers per tube (up to 200 fibers
in one cable).

Ribbon cables can hold 204 fibers in a 0.5-inch cable.


This picture shows a 3000 fiber underground cable.

Optical
Transmission
Optical Transmission

tical Transmission

1400

1600

LED and Laser diode power spectra


-15 to -25 dBm
FWHM
100 nm

0 to -10 dBm

+5 to -10 dBm

FWHM
3 nm

<<1 nm

When installing a fiber network, network topology and equipment


specifications must be considered. One of the major parameters requiring
measurement is optical loss budget, or end-to-end optical link loss.
When calculating the optical loss budget of a fiber link, the source,
detector, and optical transmission line must be considered.

Optical loss budget should take into account both link loss and system
power margins. These power margins cover allowances for the effects
Splice loss
of environment, aging and eventual repairs.
In order to calculate link loss budgets, typical values of the different
component are used.
Splice gain

An example of a typical singlemode system could be:


(1)
Average Transmitter (Tx) output optical power: 0 dBm
(2)
Minimum Receiver (Rx) sensitivity:
-20 dBm
(1) (2) Maximum optical loss budget:
20 dB

A Total connector Loss = 0.5 dB x Number of connector pairs

1300
LED

1300
FP laser diode
(MLM laser)

The type of fiber used and the characteristics of the source impose limits on system
performance. The narrower the spectral bandwidth of the source diode, the higher
the possible frequency bandwidth/bit rate of the system.
- LED: Short-haul and law bitrate (LAN networks) systems that use multi-mode fibers.
- Laser diode: Long-haul and high bitrate systems that use single mode fibers.
Multi-Longitudinal Mode (MLM) lasers, also known as Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers and Single
Longitudinal Mode (SLM) or Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers are used for these applications.
Photodetectors spectral response

S y (A/W)

InGaAs

1.0

Network
(Link Loss)

y (nm)
1300
DFB laser diode
(SLM laser)

B Total fiber Loss = loss per km x fiber distance


1310 nm 0.35 dB/km
1550 nm 0.2 dB/km

Rx

D Total other components loss = loss x Number of components


Mechanical splice 0.5 dB
1:2 splitter
3.5 dB
1:32 splitter
17 dB

Ge (23C)

Si

C Total splice Loss= 0,1 dB x Number of splices

Ge (0C)

0.5

850

1300

1550

Si: Silicon, applications in the visible light range (400 to 1000 nm)
Ge: Germanium, applications in optical windows (750 to 1600 nm)
InGaAs: Induim Galium Arsenide, application in optical windows (>1000 nm)

Attenuation is the result of a variety of scattering and absorption mechanisms, and is


wavelength dependent.
Since singlemode optical fibers are designed to operate over a wide range of wavelengths,
the attenuation measurement is performed as a function of wavelength, typically between
1200 nm and 1625 nm.
Fiber optic transmission makes use of the three optical windows (850,1300, 1550 nm) that
are given by the attenuation characteristics of the silica fibers.
Also, 635 nm light is used for visible fault location.
For remote fiber testing a wavelength of 1625nm or above is used to not disturb the traffic.

* Non exhaustive list

Before cleaning

After cleaning

Optical Connection Inspection

Rayleigh scattering: light energy is scattered in all directions causing loss.


NSWP: Non Suppressed Water Peak.
LWP: Low Water Peak (ex: G.652.D fiber).

Optical Loss Budget

Tx

1200

A cable is an assembly of optical fibers with materials providing mechanical and environmental protection of the optical fibers

Loos
e

d
re

les (Indoo
e ca b
r)
tub

Tigh
tb

uf
fe

Typical fiber cables

1000

It is very important to clean connectors.


A dirty connector will dramatically increase the power loss !
Inspect your connector before and after cleaning using a videoscope.

Physical Contact (PC) Connector

Measurement units : Watts, dB or dBm

Angled Physical Contact (APC) Connector


8

Absolute Power (mW)

Absolute Power (dBm)

1000
100
10
5
1
0,5
0,1
0,01
0,001
0,0001

+30
+20
+10
+7
0
-3
-10
-20
-30
-40

Loss (dB)

Power (%)

- 0,10
- 0,20
- 0,35
-1
-3
-6
- 10
- 20

2
5
8
20
50
75
90
99

Insertion Loss: 0 to 0.5 dB


Optical Return Loss: >40 dB

Insertion Loss: 0 to 0.5 dB


Optical Return Loss: >60 dB

Insertion Loss (IL): Loss in transmitted signal power resulting from the insertion of a component in an optical fiber link.
Optical Return Loss (ORL): Ratio of the reflected power to the incident power from a fiber optic link or system,
expressed as a positive value.

Connector Mating
Plug pair

Plug pair

Hybrid mating adapter

Key

Mating adapter

Ferrule

Key

y (nm)

dB: quantify gain or loss


P1
dB = 10 log
(P1 and P2 expressed in Watts)
P2

dBm: specify absolute power levels


P1
P(dBm) = 10 log
(P1 expressed in mW)
1mW

Understanding Fiber Optics

To learn more, visit www.jdsu.com/fibertest


Note: Specifications, terms, and conditions are subject to change without notice.
30149215 000 1007 UNDERSTANDINGFO.PO.FOP.TM.AE
4338_Poster 1-3.indd 3

10/16/07 3:34:56 PM

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