A Level Math 2016 Syllabus
A Level Math 2016 Syllabus
A Level Math 2016 Syllabus
9709
For examination in June and November 2016.
Also available for examination in March 2016 for India only.
Cambridge Advanced
Version 2
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Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?
1.2 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level?
1.3 Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics?
1.4 Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma
1.5 How can I find out more?
2. Teacher support............................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Support materials
2.2 Resource lists
2.3 Training
3. Assessment at a glance.................................................................................................. 7
4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives.................................................................... 10
4.1 Syllabus aims
4.2 Assessment objectives
5. Syllabus content............................................................................................................ 11
6. List of formulae and tables of the normal distribution (MF9)........................................ 28
7. Mathematical notation................................................................................................... 33
8. Other information.......................................................................................................... 37
Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?
Recognition
Cambridge International Examinations is the worlds largest provider of international education programmes
and qualifications for learners aged 5 to 19. We are part of Cambridge Assessment, a department of the
University of Cambridge, trusted for excellence in education. Our qualifications are recognised by the
worlds universities and employers.
Cambridge International AS and A Levels are recognised around the world by schools, universities and
employers. The qualifications are accepted as proof of academic ability for entry to universities worldwide,
though some courses do require specific subjects.
Cambridge International A Levels typically take two years to complete and offer a flexible course of study
that gives learners the freedom to select subjects that are right for them.
Cambridge International AS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level course but may also be taken
as a freestanding qualification. The content and difficulty of a Cambridge International AS Level examination
is equivalent to the first half of a corresponding Cambridge International ALevel. Cambridge AS Levels
are accepted in all UK universities and carry half the weighting of an ALevel. University course credit and
advanced standing is often available for Cambridge International AS and A Levels in countries such as the
USA and Canada.
Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/recognition
Excellence in education
Our mission is to deliver world-class international education through the provision of high-quality curricula,
assessment and services.
More than 9000 schools are part of our Cambridge learning community. We support teachers in over 160
countries who offer their learners an international education based on our curricula and leading to our
qualifications. Every year, thousands of learners use Cambridge qualifications to gain places at universities
around the world.
Our syllabuses are reviewed and updated regularly so that they reflect the latest thinking of international
experts and practitioners and take account of the different national contexts in which they are taught.
Cambridge programmes and qualifications are designed to support learners in becoming:
confident in working with information and ideas their own and those of others
responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others
reflective as learners, developing their ability to learn
innovative and equipped for new and future challenges
engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Introduction
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Introduction
Learners studying Cambridge International AS and A Levels have the opportunities to:
acquire an in-depth subject knowledge
develop independent thinking skills
apply knowledge and understanding to new as well as familiar situations
handle and evaluate different types of information sources
think logically and present ordered and coherent arguments
make judgements, recommendations and decisions
present reasoned explanations, understand implications and communicate them clearly and logically
work and communicate in English.
Prior learning
We recommend that candidates who are beginning this course should have previously completed a
Cambridge OLevel or Cambridge IGCSE course in Mathematics or the equivalent.
Progression
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics provides a suitable foundation for the study of Mathematics
or related courses in higher education.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Introduction
Cambridge International AS Level Mathematics constitutes the first half of the Cambridge International
ALevel course in Mathematics and therefore provides a suitable foundation for the study of Mathematics at
ALevel and thence for related courses in higher education.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Teacher support
2.
Teacher support
2.3 Training
We offer a range of support activities for teachers to ensure they have the relevant knowledge and skills to
deliver our qualifications. See www.cie.org.uk/events for further information.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Assessment at a glance
3.
Assessment at a glance
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Assessment at a glance
1 hour 45 minutes
1 hour 45 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
1 hour 15 minutes
or
or
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Assessment at a glance
Question papers
There is no choice of questions in any of the question papers and questions will be arranged approximately
in order of increasing mark allocations.
It is expected that candidates will have a calculator with standard scientific functions available for use
for all papers in the examination. Computers, graphical calculators and calculators capable of algebraic
manipulation, are not permitted.
A list of formulae and tables of the normal distribution (MF9) is supplied for the use of candidates in the
examination. Details of the items in this list are given for reference in Section 6.
Availability
This syllabus is examined in the May/June and October/November examination series. The syllabus is also
available for examination from March 2016 for India only.
This syllabus is available to private candidates.
Detailed timetables are available from www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Centres in the UK that receive government funding are advised to consult the Cambridge website
www.cie.org.uk for the latest information before beginning to teach this syllabus.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
4.
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
5.
Syllabus content
The mathematical content for each unit in the scheme is detailed below. The order in which topics are listed
is not intended to imply anything about the order in which they might be taught.
As well as demonstrating skill in the appropriate techniques, candidates will be expected to apply their
knowledge in the solution of problems. Individual questions set may involve ideas and methods from more
than one section of the relevant content list.
For all units, knowledge of the content of Cambridge O Level/Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics is assumed.
Candidates will be expected to be familiar with scientific notation for the expression of compound units,
e.g.5 m s1 for 5metres per second.
Unit P1: Pure Mathematics 1 (Paper 1)
Candidates should be able to:
1. Quadratics
2. Functions
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
3. Coordinate
geometry
find the length, gradient and mid-point of a line segment, given the
coordinates of the end-points
find the equation of a straight line given sufficient information (e.g. the
coordinates of two points on it, or one point on it and its gradient)
understand and use the relationships between the gradients of parallel
and perpendicular lines
interpret and use linear equations, particularly the forms y = mx + c
and y y1 = m(x x1)
understand the relationship between a graph and its associated
algebraic equation, and use the relationship between points of
intersection of graphs and solutions of equations (including, in simple
cases, the correspondence between a line being tangent to a curve
and a repeated root of an equation).
4. Circular measure
5. Trigonometry
sketch and use graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions (for
angles of any size, and using either degrees or radians)
use the exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of 30, 45, 60,
and related angles, e.g. cos 150 = - 1 3
2
use the notations sin1x, cos1x, tan1x to denote the principal values of
the inverse trigonometric relations
sin i
use the identities
tan and sin2 + cos2 1
cos i
find all the solutions of simple trigonometrical equations lying in a
specified interval (general forms of solution are not included).
6. Vectors
x
use standard notations for vectors, i.e. , xi + yj,
y
AB , a
x
y , xi + yj + zk,
z
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
7. Series
n
required, but the notations and n! should be known)
r
recognise arithmetic and geometric progressions
use the formulae for the nth term and for the sum of the first n terms
to solve problems involving arithmetic or geometric progressions
use the condition for the convergence of a geometric progression,
and the formula for the sum to infinity of a convergent geometric
progression.
8. Differentiation
understand the idea of the gradient of a curve, and use the notations
dy
d2y
and
(the technique of differentiation from first
dx
d x2
principles is not required)
f(x), f(x),
use the derivative of xn (for any rational n), together with constant
multiples, sums, differences of functions, and of composite functions
using the chain rule
apply differentiation to gradients, tangents and normals, increasing
and decreasing functions and rates of change (including connected
rates of change)
locate stationary points, and use information about stationary points
in sketching graphs (the ability to distinguish between maximum
points and minimum points is required, but identification of points of
inflexion is not included).
9. Integration
1
2
x- d x and
x- 2 d x )
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
2. Logarithmic
and exponential
functions
3. Trigonometry
4. Differentiation
use the derivatives of ex, In x, sin x, cos x, tan x, together with constant
multiples, sums, differences and composites
differentiate products and quotients
find and use the first derivative of a function which is defined
parametrically or implicitly.
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
5. Integration
6. Numerical
solution of
equations
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
2. Logarithmic
and exponential
functions
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
3. Trigonometry
4. Differentiation
use the derivatives of ex, In x, sin x, cos x, tan x, together with constant
multiples, sums, differences and composites
differentiate products and quotients
find and use the first derivative of a function which is defined
parametrically or implicitly.
5. Integration
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
6. Numerical
solution of
equations
7. Vectors
8. Differential
equations
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
9. Complex
numbers
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
2. Kinematics of
motion in a
straight line
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
3. Newtons laws
of motion
4. Energy, work
and power
understand the concept of the work done by a force, and calculate the
work done by a constant force when its point of application undergoes
a displacement not necessarily parallel to the force (use of the scalar
product is not required)
understand the concepts of gravitational potential energy and kinetic
energy, and use appropriate formulae
understand and use the relationship between the change in energy
of a system and the work done by the external forces, and use in
appropriate cases the principle of conservation of energy
use the definition of power as the rate at which a force does work,
and use the relationship between power, force and velocity for a force
acting in the direction of motion
solve problems involving, for example, the instantaneous acceleration
of a car moving on a hill with resistance.
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Syllabus content
2. Equilibrium of a
rigid body
3. Uniform motion
in a circle
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
4. Hookes law
5. Linear motion
under a variable
force
dx
dv
dv
for velocity, and
or v
for acceleration, as appropriate
dt
dt
dx
solve problems which can be modelled as the linear motion of a
particle under the action of a variable force, by setting up and solving
an appropriate differential equation (restricted to equations in which
the variables are separable).
use
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
2. Permutations
and
combinations
3. Probability
4. D
iscrete random
variables
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
5. The normal
distribution
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Syllabus content
2. Linear
combinations of
random variables
3. Continuous
random variables
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Syllabus content
4. Sampling and
estimation
n
use the fact that X has a normal distribution if X has a normal
distribution
use the Central Limit theorem where appropriate
calculate unbiased estimates of the population mean and variance
from a sample, using either raw or summarised data (only a simple
understanding of the term unbiased is required)
determine a confidence interval for a population mean in cases where
the population is normally distributed with known variance or where a
large sample is used
determine, from a large sample, an approximate confidence interval
for a population proportion.
5. Hypothesis tests
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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PURE MATHEMATICS
Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :
b (b2 4ac)
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un = a + (n 1)d ,
un = ar n 1 ,
Sn =
a(1 r n )
(r 1) ,
1 r
S =
a
1 r
( r < 1)
Binomial expansion:
n
n
n
(a + b)n = a n + a n 1b + a n 2b2 + a n 3b3 + L + bn , where n is a positive integer
1
2
3
n!
n
and =
r r! (n r)!
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
x +
x L , where n is rational and x < 1
2!
3!
Trigonometry
Arc length of circle = r ( in radians)
Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2 ( in radians)
sin
cos
2
2
2
cos + sin 1 ,
1 + tan sec2 ,
cot 2 + 1 cosec2
sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A
cos 2 A cos2 A sin2 A 2 cos2 A 1 1 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1 tan2 A
Principal values:
12 sin 1 x 12
tan
0 cos1 x
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Differentiation
f(x)
f ( x)
xn
nx n 1
1
x
ex
cos x
sin x
sec2 x
dv
du
u +v
dx
dx
du
dv
v u
dx
dx
v2
ln x
ex
sin x
cos x
tan x
uv
u
v
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then
dy dy dx
=
dx dt dt
Integration
f(x)
f( x) dx
xn
x n +1
+ c (n 1)
n +1
1
x
ex
sin x
cos x
sec2 x
ln x + c
ex + c
cos x + c
sin x + c
tan x + c
dv
du
u dx = uv
v dx
dx
dx
f ( x) dx = ln f ( x) + c
f( x)
Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos
Numerical integration
Trapezium rule:
b
f( x) dx
a
1
2
h{ y0 + 2( y1 + y2 + L + yn1 ) + yn } , where h =
ba
n
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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MECHANICS
s = 12 (u + v)t ,
s = ut + 12 at 2 ,
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
y = x tan
gx 2
2V 2 cos2
T=
x
,
l
E=
x 2
2l
Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
2r
or
r
Centres of mass of uniform bodies
Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex
Solid hemisphere or radius r:
3r
8
from centre
1r
2
from centre
r sin
from centre
2r sin
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2 :
from centre
3
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 43 h from vertex
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2 :
Cambridge A & AS Level Mathematics 9709. Examination in June and November 2011.
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:
x
x=
,
n
For grouped data:
xf
x=
,
f
standard deviation =
( x x )2
x 2
=
x2
n
n
standard deviation =
( x x )2 f
x 2 f
=
x2
f
f
ar
,
r!
2 = a
=a,
E( X ) = x f( x) dx
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx {E( X )}2
Sampling and testing
Unbiased estimators:
x
x=
,
n
s2 =
1 2 (x)2
x
n 1
n
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Mathematical notation
7.
Mathematical notation
Examinations for the syllabus in this booklet may use relevant notation from the following list.
1 Set notation
{x1, x2, ...}
{x :...}
n(A)
A
+
n
is an element of
is not an element of
the set with elements x1, x2, ...
the set of all x such that
the number of elements in set A
the empty set
the universal set
the complement of the set A
the set of natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, ...}
the set of integers, {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
the set of positive integers, {1, 2, 3, ...}
the set of integers modulo n, {0, 1, 2, ..., n 1}
the set of rational numbers,
{p_q : p, q }
+
+
the set of positive rational numbers, {x : x > 0}
+
0
set of positive rational numbers and zero, {x : x 0}
the set of real numbers
+
the set of positive real numbers, {x : x > 0}
+0
the set of positive real numbers and zero, {x : x 0}
the set of complex numbers
(x, y)
the ordered pair x, y
A B
the cartesian product of sets A and B, i.e. A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}
is a subset of
is a proper subset of
union
intersection
[a, b]
the closed interval {x : a x b}
[a, b)
the interval {x : a x < b}
(a, b]
the interval {x : a < x b}
(a, b)
the open interval {x : a < x < b}
y R x
y is related to x by the relation R
y ~ x
y is equivalent to x, in the context of some equivalence relation
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Mathematical notation
2 Miscellaneous symbols
=
is equal to
is not equal to
is identical to or is congruent to
is approximately equal to
is isomorphic to
is proportional to
<
is less than
is less than or equal to, is not greater than
>
is greater than
is greater than or equal to, is not less than
infinity
p q
p and q
p q
p or q (or both)
~ p not p
p q
p implies q (if p then q)
p q
p is implied by q (if q then p)
p q
p implies and is implied by q (p is equivalent to q)
there exists
for all
3 Operations
a + b
a b
a b, ab, a.b
a
a b, _ , a / b
b
n
ai
i =1
n
ai
a plus b
a minus b
a multiplied by b
a divided by b
a1 + a2 + ... + an
a1 a2 ... an
i =1
|a|
n!
the modulus of a
n factorial
n
r
n!
the binomial coefficient ________ for n +
r! (n r)!
n(n 1)...(n r + 1)
or ________________ for n
r!
4 Functions
f(x)
f : A B
f : x y
f1
gf
lim
f(x)
xa
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Mathematical notation
x, x
an increment of x
dy
__
dx
dny
___
the nth derivative of y with respect to x
dxn
f (x), f (x), , f (n) (x)
y dx
y dx
V
__
x
xo , xp , ...
7 Complex numbers
i
z
Re z
Im z
square root of 1
a complex number, z = x + i y = r(cos + i sin )
the real part of z, Re z = x
the imaginary part of z, Im z = y
the modulus of z, z = x 2 + y 2
the argument of z, arg z = , <
the complex conjugate of z, x i y
|z|
arg z
z*
8 Matrices
1
T
det or | |
a matrix
the inverse of the matrix
the transpose of the matrix
the determinant of the square matrix
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Mathematical notation
9 Vectors
a
AB
i, j, k
|a|, a
the vector a
the vector represented in magnitude and direction by the directed line
segment AB
a unit vector in the direction of a
unit vectors in the directions of the cartesian coordinate axes
the magnitude of a
| AB |, AB
a.b
a b
the magnitude of AB
the scalar product of a and b
the vector product of a and b
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Other information
8.
Other information
Language
This syllabus and the associated assessment materials are available in English only.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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Other information
Entry codes
To maintain the security of our examinations we produce question papers for different areas of the world,
known as administrative zones. Where the component entry code has two digits, the first digit is the
component number given in the syllabus. The second digit is the location code, specific to an administrative
zone. Information about entry codes, examination timetables and administrative instructions for your
administrative zone can be found in the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries.
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Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics 9709. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
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