A First Hebrew Reader Cameron

RST
1EBREW RESDER
BY
DUNCaN CartERON. B.D.
SECOND EDITION
(Revised throughout)
A HEBREW ROLL
Edinburgh: T. & T. CLARK, 38 George Street

^y
7
A FIRST HEBREW READER

i/
/
A
FIRST HEBREW READER
M/5
C/5
i«/) /library)
BY
/
DUNCAN CAMERON, B.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY
second edition
(revised throughout)
Edinburgh : T. & T. CLARK, 38 George Street

1923
MADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BT
MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED
FOR
T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH

LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO. LIMITED
NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
A FEW The
Principal Sir
alterations
writer takes
have been made
this opportunity
Donald MacAlister and Professor William B.
in this
of
Edition.
thanking
Stevenson of Glasgow University, and Professor A. R. S.

Kennedy of Edinburgh University, for their suggestions.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

book is designed for students who wish to
THISlearn in a short time enough Hebrew to enable
them to read one of the simple books of the Hebrew
Bible. The writer makes no attempt to give an accurate
knowledge of the details of Hebrew Grammar. He has
in view those who will have no tutor, and seeks to make
them familiar from the beginning with reading Hebrew as
it is in a book of the Bible. The illustrations are all taken
from the Book of Jonah. Four or five months of regular

study will enable the reader to master this First Hebrew
Reader. He will then be able to read fluently the Book of
Jonah, and can proceed to the more systematic study of
the language by using Professor A. B. Davidson's well-
known Hebrew Grmnmar.
The writer desires to offer thanks to Dr. James
his
Kennedy of the New College, Edinburgh, who read the

proofs and made several helpful suggestions.
LESSON I.
TJie Alphabet. — The of the Hebrew Alphabet

letters
should be learned carefully. This first step needs thorough-
ness and patience. The letters are given below, and should
be written and re-written, until the student is familiar with
them.
Name.
—
Remarks. (i) In the English Alphabet we have not merely,
consonants like B, C, D, but also vowels like A, E, and O. It is
not so in Hebrew. The alphabet consists entirely of consonants.
Hebrew words are written from right to left, not as in English
(2)
from left to right. Therefore, if we wish to write down the Hebrew
letters for a word in which the consonants are in the order b r ch
in English letters, we write in Hebrew n "1 2, the first letter being
hand of the word.
at the right
Aleph represents the catch in the breath heard in English
(3)
between two vowels in a word like " re-inforce." The beginner
may regard it as a mute letter. In transliterating (that is, in
writing out the Hebrew letters in the corresponding letters of the
English Alphabet) it is usual to represent Aleph by '.
(4) Ayin is a difficult sound to reproduce, and may be taken by
the beginner as a mute letter. It is represented in transliteration
by'.
(5) We have not a letter that can be compared to Cheth. The
"
final ch in
"
represents the sound fairly well.
loch do not We
find that sound at the beginning of a word in English, but it is
frequently so placed in Hebrew.

(6) Tsadi be pronounced as " ts." Many Hebrew scholars
is to
prefer topronounce this letter as an emphatic s, like a double s.

"
(7) Pronounce both Samech and Sin as s." Teth and Koph
resemble in sound our " t " and " k " pronounced with emphasis, but
beginners may be content to give the ordinary sound of these letters.
(8) Note that in Shin the point is on the right of the three
upright lines, while in Sin it is on the left.

(9) Note the point in the centre of b, g, d, k, p, t. This point is
called Daêsh.
-^b"-
EXERCISE I.
Give the names of the letters in the following Hebrew

words :
^r\ ,^'Ti:\ ,''iQ ,nt ,^3 ,n^^-i yy<^ ,n:v pr\rv îr^^
hv}^ r)in hv ,nnDto ,rhv ,tî ,cn }7pr\ ,nti''
\rhm ,"^^0 pn)^ ,n''n pph

Note. — Read from right to left, beginning with Waw, Yod, He,
Yod.
LESSON II.
Final Letters. —
Five of the letters have two forms, one
being used when the letter is at the end of a word. Note
that
Kaph at the end of a word is "[ ;

elsewhere 3 or 3
Mem „ Q „ !D
Nun „ ; „ 3
Pe „ 5j „ a or D
Tsadi „ r „ ^
Dagesh. — Attention has been called to the point in the

" "
body of six letters :
2, 2, 'n, 3, Q, n. The word Begadkepat
helps one to remember these six letters. Sometimes they
are written without the dagesh, and then there is a change
in the pronunciation.
Beth with the Dagesh "
pronounced like b in bind," is
"
but without the dagesh it is pronounced like v in vine."
In transliteration we represent Beth without dagesh by
bh.
"
Daleth with Dagesh is d in date," but without dagesh
"
it
"
represents the sound of th in
"
this." We represent it
in transliteration by dh.
Gimel and Kaph without the dagesh have the same
sound, resembling "ch" in "loch." In transliteration, 3 is
"
represented by gh and 3 by " "
kh." We have already
" " "
seen that a is pronounced like g in get," and 3 like
"k" in "keep."
" " " " "
Pe E is p in pain," but Q
pronounced like ph is
in the word
"
philosopher
" "
" —
the sound of our letter " f."
" " " "
Tau n is like t in tea," but n is th in thing."
4 A FIRST HEBREW READER
Rem(irks.—{\) Note the resemblance between some of the letters
of the Hel:)re\v Alphabet. Beth is not unlike Kaph, but note that
Beth is not rounded like Kaph. Gimel and Nun resemble each
other.
(2) Daleth and Resh are sometimes confused but note that Resh ;
is rounded while Daleih is not. jSôte that there is a short upright

line at the left of He, while both the upright lines in Cheth are of
the same size. Note the open space between the left upright stroke
in He and the top horizontal line. There is no such space in Cheth.
(3) Observe the difterence between Waw, Zayin, and Yod. Waw
comes down to the line, but Yod does not. The short line at the top
of Zayin goes beyond the upright to the right, but in Waw we have
only a very short line to the left of the upright hne. The upright
line is also slightly curved in Zayin.
EXERCISE II.
Transliterate the words in these two verses of the Book

of Jonah (chap. iv. vers. 10, I
i).
1-1 nSov ^h -^tr.s

x\''p^\)r\ hv non nn« mn'' -i^t^"î
Remarks. — (i) "Transliterate" ineans "give the corresponding

English letters."
(2) Remember that Hebrew is read from right to left. The

letters of the first word in the passage given are wy :
'
m r.
"
(3) Note the " Begadkepat "
letters. Remember that n is t,"
butn "th."
(4) Note that the end of a verse is marked by J
'
(5) Represent N by and j; by '.
EXERCISE III.
Write out the Hebrew letters for :
wythplll ywnh yhwh 'Ihyw mm'y hdghh: '1
wy'mr qr'thy mtsrh ly '1 yhwh wy'nny

mb t n sh
'
w 1 sh w '
t y sh m '
t q w y 1 :
—
Remarks. (i) Note remarks at end of Exercise II.
(2) These are two verses from the Book of Jonah.
(3) Hebrew is written from right to left The first word
wythplll is written p^SJT'V Note that a consonant is doubled
in Hebrew by using Dagesh. Thus ^ = 11.
" " " " " "
(4) Note that t is u and t is T\; and that § is D and
" s
"
is t>>.
LESSON III.
TJie Vowels. —We have seen that the letters in the

Hebrew Alphabet are all consonants. The vowel sounds
are expressed in Hebrew books by various points, written
usually below the consonants.
In this lesson we shall consider the manner in which
what we may long vowel sounds are represented in
call the
Hebrew writing. We have these five long vowel sounds
familiar to ourselves :
" " " »

( 1
) the sound of a in the word father
(2)
6 A FIRST HEBUEW READER
" "
ben," the Hebrew word for a son," is
"
written
I?. This vowel sign is called Tsere."
(3) Chlreq.
—
The sound i is represented by the sign ;-
under the consonant. Usually this vowel sound is
"
represented with the aid of the consonant Yod."
"
Yod "
then loses its value as a consonant. We
have something corresponding to this in English.
" " "
In the word bay," y has lost its value and its
"
sound as a consonant. The sound IT," the
" Note
Hebrew word for to me," is written v.
the dot under the consonant and the •*
following.
"
This vowel sign is called Chlreq."
CJwlem. The— sound 5 is represented also in two
(4)
ways, with or without the aid of a consonant
—
"
the consonant in this case being Waw." The
" "
sound of our word coal is represented in
Hebrew by ^p or îp. In transliterating these
we write " q 5 1." Note that without the
letters
aid of "Waw," "Cholem" is a dot above the
consonant. When "
Waw " is used, the dot is
"
placed above the Waw."
(5) SJmreq. The— sound u is represented in two ways,
"
with or without the aid of Waw." The syllable
" "
which we may represent by the letters kum
is written in Hebrew Dp or D^P. This is a
"
Hebrew word meaning Arise." This vowel
"
sign is called Shureq," and we see that it is
represented either by the sign under the con- •.;•
"
sonant, or by 1
"
Waw with a dagesh. Note
that i is o, but that !i is u.
Before we proceed to an exercise on this Lesson, note

the distinction between transliteration and pronunciation.
The transliteration of t^'^^* is 'i sh, but we represent its pro-
nunciation simply as Ish.
'
The transliteration of ^^'p^ is n aq i ;

its pronunciation
is na-kl.
Here are some examples on the lines of the exercise to
follow.
A FIRST HEBREW READER 7
Question : Transliterate the following Hebrew words :
m\r .Dnrr .tijmi ,pi^d .fi^pit^ ."^îp
'
Answer :
qo 1 i, 6 s i
ph, s u ph, ch a bh u sh, ha r i m,
sh e n I th.
Remarks. — (i) Express i by 0, and 1 by u (not by zc/o and tail).
(2) Read the Hebrew from beginning with the

right to left,
word on the right side, but write the EngHsh letters from left to
right.
(3) The pronunciation of these Hebrew words may be repre-
sented thus :
ko-ll, 6-sIf, suf, cha-vush ("ch" in "loch"), ha-rim,
she-nlth.
" "
(4) Remember that ch always represents the sound of ch in
" "
loch," never ch in church."
VOCABULARY I.
Hebrew Word.
EXERCISE IV.
Transliterate the following Hebrew words :
hî^n ,«'i2^ ,n«i pnv^ ,'i^vrf ,^h p^p ,"^n«S ,rT3i'^
^:irb ."TTîn ,:n ,«^n ,^5 .rr^trir ntry ,«-i'' ;3iit^
•
-v
'
t' I-t' -t'" t
Note that Hebrew words are to be read from right to

left. The transliteration of "ilîn is hole kh.
LESSON IV.
Short Vowels
" " " "
Note (i) the sound of a in hat ;
(2) „ "e" in "hen";

(3) » "i" in "pin";
(4) „ "o" in "pot";
(5) „ "u" in "put."
In transliteration and in teaching pronunciation, these

vowel-sounds will be expressed in this book as follow :
" "
a stands for the sound of " a
"
in hat and e, i, 6, u ;
" " " "

stand for the vowel-sounds in hen pin," pot," and
" "
put respectively.
We consider now how these short vowel-sounds are
in Hebrew.
expressed
(i) Pathach.
—
The vowel -sound a is represented in
Hebrew by written under the consonant that
_•-
"
precedes it. Thus har," the Hebrew word for
"
a mountain," is written in. This vowel-sign is
" " " "
called Pathach," the ch as in loch."
(2) Segol.
—The sound e is represented by
"
under ._.
"
the consonant. Thus el is the sound of the
"
Hebrew word meaning unto." It is written
"as*. Note the Aleph n* in this word, not repre-
senting a sound; and note the line which connects
it with the following word corresponding to our
hyphen. This vowel-sign is called " Segol."

(3) The sound T is represented by all written under
(4) The sound 6 is represented by the consonant.
(5) The sound li is represented by
We note then that the sign - represents a or 6 ;
i or 1
;
„ •.;• » u or u ;
lO A FIRST HEBREW READER
The student will soon come to know when these signs
represent short or long vowels. Meanwhile, it is enoiigJi to
knozu that the voivel is usually short in a closed syllable, but
lo7ig in an open syllable.
A closed syllable is one which ends with a consonantal
sound ;
an open syllable ends with a vowel-sound. Thus,
" "
"
hat a closed syllable in the word " hat-ter," but
is
"
fa
is an open syllable in the word " fa-ther."
" "
Note „ is e as in 13 a son (ben) ;
^v is I as in ^3 "for" (kl) ;
"
S or ,.;. is o as in îp or ^p a voice" (k5l) ;
.2
(J
" " C
ws u as in i^/ to us (la-nu) ;
3
C
_ is a as in "in "a mountain" (har) ; o
.; is e as in "?^5 "unto" (el).
If ; is the vowel-sign in an open syllable, pronounce

it and write it as a, unless directed otherwise in a note.
Thus N"ip is pronounced ka-ra, but "-'3 is pronounced kol.

Note again the difference between transliteration and pro-
nunciation. Ka-ra is the pronunciation of N'JP ;
but the
transliteration of that word is q a r a '. The word means
"
he called."
" "
"ba means all ;
another form is i^b (kol and kol).
and - an open syllable,
So also with .
. If they are in
pronounce I and ij ;
if in a closed syllable, T and u, unless
directed otherwise in a note.
Wenow give some examples on the lines of the
exercise which follows.
Question : Transliterate and pronounce the following
words :
Answer: (i) Transliteration:
'el, 1 e kh,
'
e 1 e h a,
'
e th, 1 e
'
1 o h i m, y a m i m,
w a y y a ch e 1,
1 a bh o ', y o m.
(2) Pronunciation :
el, lech, e-le-ha, eth, le-lo-him, ya-mim, wa-ya-chel,

la-vo, yom.
A FIRST HEBREW READER 1 1
Remarks. — (i) Note the line joining "fjN to the following word.
Written without this, the pointing is 7N.
"
(2) Final Kaph pronounced like ch in loch."
(3) Occasionally e is written (Segol followed by Yod).
"•
EXERCISE V.
Read and transliterate the following words :
:inb^
TV ,i;T^
-T
' ,Qi«
T T ,-iDn
'
V V '
.it^^'n^
•• ••
Remarks. — (i) h e e bh.

t Pronounce he-tev.
(2) Remember thatAyin is not sounded. See page 2.
(3) It is a fairly good working rule to take for a unless you
are sure it is 0.
LESSON V.
Indistinct Vowels. — The

student will be familiar with
vowel-sounds that are indistinct. Some of our English
words are pronounced in such a way that certain vowel-
sounds are scarcely heard at all. Take, as an example,
the word "
believe."The " e " in the first syllable of that
word is very indistinct. Some people pronounce the word
"
as if it were written blieve."
In Hebrew, this indistinct vowel-sound is represented
by . written under the consonant preceding the indistinct
vowel. In writing out Hebrew words in the corresponding
English letters, we usually represent the indistinct vowels
thus believe.
:
— Let us take the Hebrew word that is
pronounced Y^hi, the first syllable being indistinct. This
is written ''H^.
This sign is called " Sh^va," ^ but we must distinguish

between Sh^va Vocal and Silent Slfva. The distinction
will easily be understood by the student. Sh*^va in the
word given above is Sh^va Vocal that is, Sh^va that is ;
sounded, with the indistinct sound we have in the first

"
syllable of our word believe." But sometimes Sh^va
does not stand for an indistinct vowel-sound, but merely
marks the close of a syllable. We have an example of
"
this in the Hebrew word forTarshish," t:'^t:hri. The
Sh^va under Resh "i is not a vowel-sign, but marks the end
of the syllable. This mark is called Sh^va Silent. By
familiarity with Hebrew words, the student will soon be
able to distinguish between Vocal and Silent Sh^va.
Under Aleph, He, Cheth, Ayin, and Resh the indistinct
vowel -sign has sometimes a different form of Sh^va.
These forms are .. v-
^^ ^'^ ^^ noted that they are
...
•
combinations of Simple Sh^va with the vowel-signs for a

and e and 6. In transliterating these composite Sh^vas,
^
Most modern scholars call this sign Sh^wa, not Sh^va.
" "
we shall write and
and above the line.
"'
The a little
" "
Hebrew for them
Dn^y.
upon This is is
pronounced
^-le-hem, the a being indistinct, the stress on the second
syllable -le-. The transliteration of the word is '^-le-h e m.
Cnpf^ is word meaning "God."
a It is transliterated
'^-lo-hlm, and pronounced ""-lo-hlm,

"
n*3N; is a word meaning a ship." The transliteration
is '"-n ly-y a h, and the pronunciation °-nI-ya.
Note that in writing Hebrew words in the correspond-

ing English letters, we write Simple Sh^'va as small e
above the line thus The composite ShVa
;
''. we write ...-
'^-lo-h i m.
As an example of writing out Hebrew letters and vowel-
signs in English letters, we take the ist verse of the Book
of Jonah :
:"ib^^ ^J!i^^?"j^ n;v-^^ mnî-in^ ^ni^
Before we write this in English letters, we should note

several points.
(i) "bh" in the word "'3'^ is pronounced as "v."

(2) Dagesh — for example the
•
in Tau — is used to ex-
" "
press a double letter. Thus ^ is 11," and n in 'ripx is tt."
(3) Aleph has no sound, and is

represented in writing
the corresponding English letters by '.
"
(4) Note the sign joining pairs of words. They are
to be pronounced together, the sign corresponding to our
hyphen in a word like father-in-law. Thus, there comes

the tendency for the shortening of the first vowel in the
combined words, pi^ without this sign becomes "??< with it.
See also Remark i, page 1 1.
(5) Note the third word in the verse given above, ni^rr;.
This word occurs very frequently in the Hebrew Bible.
We see that the consonants are Yod, He, Waw, and He
(reading from right to left). The vowels are Sh^va, Cholem,
and Kametz. If we
word without the vowel-
write the
signs, we have nin\ This is the word invariably translated
"
"
the Lord in the English Bible. Our word " Jehovah "
expresses what we have in the text of the Hebrew Bible,
where the word nin'' is pointed with the vowel-sounds of
14 A FIRST IIEHREW READER
another Hebrew word — "JIN* (pronounced ''-dh5-nai), ai
"
representing the vowel-sound in the English word my."
The Hebrews regarded the very name niri'' with such
reverence that they did not utter it. They did not say the
word, the consonants of which were nin'' ; they said ''p^
^-dho-nai. Whenever you see nin\ you will know that it
'stands for our word "Jehovah." In reading it in Hebrew,

say "-dhS-nai.
(6) Note that . or followed by is written and
;_,
"<
pronounced ai, the vowel-sound in our word " my." Thus

is pronounced
••ripN ""-mit-tai.
We now to
turn the words at the beginning of the
Book of Jonah. The following is an attempt to represent
the way in which these words should be pronounced :
wa-y^ hi d^-var ^-dh5-nai el y5-na ven ^-mit-tai le-mor.

The transliteration of the words is :
way^hl d^bhar y^howah 'el yonah bhen

^-m 1 tt ai 1 e
'
mo r.
TABLE OF VOWEL SOUNDS AND SIGNS.

a 1 . thus n"i3
(ba-rach)
""lUne-dher)
„ ''3 and J{^"! and y it-ten)
(kl
„ ^3 and "?3 (kol and kol)
..:
„ 4 (la-nu)
Indistinct Vowels, like e in "believe";
^^P pronounced k^-ra, the e being indistinct

'npx „ '^-mit-tai, the a „
D^n^s; „ ^-16-hIm, the e
n^'^N „ ^-nl-ya, the o
^
In transliteration, represent . by as q^ra' for i^l?
^ '^
„ :. by as mit tai for ''^'Oii
„ ... by
^
as '^
15 h 1 m for C'^S^*
" '"
as n':x
„ ^^. by niy yah for
student has mastered the letters and the vowel-

If the
signs, he should be able to read passages from the Hebrew

Bible, though he will not be able to understand their
meaning. We take as an illustration another verse from

the Book of Jonah (chap. i. ver. 2) :
TT : T T T
We pronounce these words in the following way :
kum lech el-Nl-n^-we ha-Ir hag-g^-dho-la ii-k^-ra

a-le-ha ki a-l'-'-tha ra-a-tham 1^-fa-nai.
The transliteration of the words is as follows :
qum lekh 'el nln^weh ha'ir hagg^dholah

uq^'ra' 'aleha kl 'aPthah ra'atham Pphanai.
—
Remarks. (i) Kaph and Koph represented in transliteration by
k and q, but both are pronounced as our "k" in "keep."
(2) For the vowel-signs, see page 14.
(3) The end of a verse is marked by the sign So also the end :
of a sentence.
(4) Note the dagesh in a in the word npnan Here dagesh
does not merely signify that Gimel is to be pronounced "g," but it
is the mark of a doubled letter, "gg" not "g."
EXERCISE VI.
Write out the following in English letters :
T :
•- T v— t:-:-- t-:--:- t Itt-
V T • T T :•— TT .. .- - T T
: I •
: T '
T!
(Jonah i'.)
—
Remarks. (i) Read from right to left, but write the English
letters from left to right.
(2) The first word is w a y y a q o m.
(3) Note that ^ is "1," but that V is "11." In the case of the
" " " "
Begadkepat letters, the dagesh may or may not mean the
i6 A FIRST HEBREW READER
"
not "
"
doubling of the letter. Thus n in
n^'"»E/'iri
is t tt," and 3
in the word nN3 is "b" not "bb." The student will be right if
T T
"
he takes 2 at the beginning of a word as "b" not bb." In the
case of letters other than 3, 3, 1, 2, Q, n "dagesh" signifies the
doubling of the letter.
(4J Express rl2 by b a h. Note the dagesh in n. n is usually
T
mute at the end of a word, but when it has dagesh it is not a mute
letter.
(5) Remember that 2 is bh.

(6) The transliteration of rh'^h is 1
ibhr5a.ch, the vowel-sound
a coming before the consonant under which it is written. This is
''
called Pathach Furlive" (Pathach stealing in).
EXERCISE VII.
Write out the following in Hebrew letters :
wayyaqom yonah wayyelekh el Nln^weh

kidh^bhar Y^hdwah w^Nin^weh hay^thah
'ir g^dholah le'lohim mah^lakh sh^l5sheth
ya m I m.
Remarks. —
(i) This is the 3rd verse of the 3rd chapter of Jonah.
"
(2)Express doubled letters by dagesh." For example, in the
first word "yy" is " so also in third word. There are five of the
;
Hebrew letters that are not doubled. These are N, n, n, y, "1.
(3) h^ is n and y*"

is v
(4) sh« 16 sh e th is ntT^B'.
(5) Express 1
by v. .
; thus Tj; for 'ir.
The student should practise reading these exercises

as they are in the Hebrew letters. The pronunciation in
Exercise VI. may be represented thus :
—way-ya-kom yo-na
liv-r5-ach tar-shi-sha mil-lif-ne ^-dho-nai
way-ye-redh ya-fo
way-yim-tsa "-niy-ya ba-a thar-shlsh way-yit-ten s^-cha-ra
way-ye-redh bach la-vo im-ma-hem tar-shl-sha mil-lif-ne
''-dho-nai.
Exercise VII. —
way-ya-kom y5-na way-ye-lech el-nl-
n^-we kidh-var Mho-nai w^-nl-n*^-we ha-y^-tha ir g^-dho-Ia
le-l5-hTm ma-h''-lach sh^-lo-sheth ya-mlm.
A FIRST HEBREW JIEADER 17
VOCABULARY III.
Hebrew
Word.
LESSON VI.
The Article. — In
"
Hebrew there is no Indefinite
"
Article,
like the English
"
a or " an." "
A city is i^V (' r, the i
"
sound of our word ear ").
The Definite Article is not written as a separate word
"
like our the," but is put at the beginning of the word to
which it is attached. Its usual form is n and the letter
(ha),
" " "
following is doubled. Thus dv is a daj-," but the day
" "
dagesh," the sign of a doubled
''
is Di'n, having letter.

The transliteration of these words is y 6 and h a y m y 5 m.
" " "
The pronunciation is yom and hay-yom."
^
This is the usual form of the Definite Article, and

unless one knows a good reason for doing otherwise, one
should express the Article by with the following conson- l"
ant doubled. has already been pointed out that a con-

It
"
sonant is doubled by dagesh." Thus )2 is m, but is mm. ?2i
" "
Note then that a desert is ">2n?p, but " the desert is
"
" " " " "
-innrsn
(pronounced ham-midh-bar, dh like th in this ").
Remarks.— iS) Remember that N, n, n, y, n are not doubled.
(2) Before N, j;, "1 the Article is usually n. Hence "the ship" is
n>:N*n.
T t: T
(3) Sometimes before n or y the Article is n.
(4) Before n the Article is alivays n. Hence D?rnn is the

T V T T V
Hebrew for "the violence" (Jonah iii. 8).
Examples.
— Put the Article before the following words :
—
•
T - T t:
The first word ('ir), pronounced like our word "ear," means
For " the city
" "
a city."
we write Ti'n (Remark 2). n':N *
T T •
t;
('°n i y y a h, pronounced °-ni-ya).

Here also we have a good reason
for not writing n. X is the first letter in the word, and that letter
cannot be doubled. We write n'2Nn.
T t: T
D^n^JO
T -•
mal-la-chlm,' means
"sailors." "The sailors" is QTlVsH
T - -
ham-mal-la-chim, as there is
no reason here for not writing the Article in the usual form.
^
See Note i, page 21.
We may take as another example the word p-ii.!)

T
(go-ral). We
see that the first letter has " dagesh," but the " dagesh "
here is the
"dagesh" one of the "Begadkepat"
in letters. It indicates that
3 is to be pronounced "g" not "gh." "The lot'' is in Hebrew
plijn, and note that this word reads " hag-go-ral."
The student should now practise reading Hebrew sen-

tences, even although he is not able to understand what he
reads. The words should be read aloud. At this point it
may be well to read again the verses in the Book of Jonah
that have already been given (see pages 13, 15). We now
give the 4th verse of the first chapter of Jonah.
T~ T — •:- T— t;— •" T —
•• T •
: T :
•
T •
t: T :
Pronounce these words thus :
wa-dho-nai he-til ru-ach g®-dh5-la

el hay-yam wa-y*-hi
sa-ar ga-dhol bay-yam w^-ha-°-niy-ya chish-sh^-va 1^-hish-
sha-ver.
Note (i) Pathach Furtive; not ru-cha but ru-ach

(page 16).
"
(2) Note that vowel-signs like written above the line
are indistinct.
N.B. — A Reading Exercise is given at the end of each
Lesson. The student is advised to read these aloud.

Reading aloud should be practised regularly.
EXERCISE VIII.
Put the Article before the following words :
,trsi
» V V ,-^^0
' ,D''tp:^^
'
T -:
• ,ntr-L^
'
T T - ,D^Qt2^
' - T
• .^niri
'
T ,d^T
' ,D^n'^«
'
v: ,tr^« • '
• - ' •
T :
' -V '
T
VOCABULARY IV.
Hebrew Pronunciation. Meaning.

Word.
*-na-sh!m men
ga-dhol great
lot
gd-ral
ze-vach a sacrifice
cha-mas violence
T T
yab-ba-sha dry land

a day
yom
sea
yam
in or on the sea
T ~ bay-yam
midh-bar a desert
T :
•
CD ma-yim water, waters

mal-la-chim sailors
• ~
T
n^-dha-rlm vows
ne-fesh soul or life
sa-ar a tempest, storm

ts5n a sheep
nn ria-ach wind
(f.)
sha-ma-yim heaven
Note accent is on second

1 syllable. Hence cha-mas,
( ) " "
" ch " like " ch "in "
loch."
not cha-mos ;
21
(2) See Note i, page
LESSON VII.
TJie Sentence. — In Hebrew the Verb usually precedes

the Noun which is its Subject.
"
He made " is nb'j;
"
(Voc. but " Jonah made is nji^ r\m.
I.),
The Accusative Case our Objective

— — is marked fre-
"
quently in Hebrew by "OX or HJi. Thus Jehovah made
"
the sea is D'n-nx
T - V
nin^
T
ni^'j;.
T T
:
We have seen (Voc. III.) that Di^p_ means "

and he
"
rose." If we wish to say And Jonah rose," we write
nî""
T
The student will often come on the word ^^"'1 in
op'').
TT- •
;-
reading the Hebrew Bible. This word means " and he

was" or "and it was," "it" referring to a masculine noun.
The Hebrew for " And Jonah was ." is
nji''
\Ti So . . . . . .
"
also the Hebrew for And the word of the Lord was to
"
Jonah is njr-f'N'
nin^nn^ The subject is " The word
\-i;i.
of Jehovah," and this comes after the verb. See Voca-

bularies.
READING EXERCISE.
\x:ny^ nsujî n:^sipr7 ''n^T-^ "t1^
Pronunciation :
way-yl-r^-u ham-mal-la-chim way-yiz-^-ku ish el ^-lo-

hau way-ya-tl-lu eth hak-ke-llm ^-sher ba-°-nIy-ya el
hay-yam 1^-ha-kel me-^-le-hem w^-yo-na ya-radh el yar-
k'^-the has-s^-fl-na way-yish-kav way-ye-ra-dham.
(i) Note the manner in which the doubled Yod is to be

" "
pronounced. The first syllable way is pronounced like
" " "
wi in wire," and the second syllable begins with the
consonant " y." The pronunciation of the first word in the
exercise may be represented by wai-yl-r'û.
"
(2) Pronounce ^-lo-hau, last syllable like our how."
EXERCISE IX.
Translate into Hebrew :
(i) Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish.
(2) Jehovah made the sea and^ the dry land.

(3) And Jonah rose up.
(4) And the word of the Lord came'^ to Jonah, saying,
(c;) The king said: "Go unto Nineveh."
(6) He called the second time.
(7) And Jonah called"* the second time.
Remarks. — (i) The words for this exercise are given in Voca-
bularies l.-iv.
(2) Mark the Accusative here as on page 21. For "and" say
-nsi.
(3) Say "was." See page 21.

"
(4) And he called " is Nip').
LESSON VIII.
Noun and the Adjective. (i) Gender. In Eng-

TJie — —
lish we speak of the Gender of a Noun as masculine,
feminine, or neuter. Thus " man " is a masculine noun,
"woman" feminine, and "sea" neuter. In Hebrew there
are two genders a noun is either masculine or feminine.
;
As with us, the names of male beings are masculine,

and names of female beings are feminine.
the Thus
" "
K'''N
('
I
sh) a man is masculine, and HE'X
('
i sh-sh a h)
" "
a woman is feminine. All the Hebrew words for our
neuter nouns are either masculine or feminine. Thus
" "
"131P (midh-bar) a desert is masculine, and nK'S";
(yab-
ba-shah) "dry land" is feminine.
The Adjective has one form for the masculine and
another for the feminine. If the adjective qualifies a
masculine noun, the masculine form is used, but if it
qualifies a feminine noun, the feminine form of the adjective
is used. The feminine is formed from the masculine
adjectiveby adding n (-ah). Thus aitD (t 5 bh), nnitJ
--^-
(to-bhah). In a word of the form -'Ha the feminine is
npna, the first syllable

becoming indistinct.
(2) Number. We —
say that a noun is either singular
or plural. Thus "boy" is singular, and "boys" is plural.
In Hebrew there are three numbers. A noun is singular
when it denotes one thing or person plural when it denotes
;
more than one. The dual is used of pairs of things, as

"
two eyes."
The general rule for the formation of the plural is
add (-Im) to the singular.

D""--- But note the change in
the form of a word like ">^\ The plural is ^''l^'^, the first
syllable being indistinct. This is a common form of the
plural of words of two syllables. Thus :
23
24 A iniST IIKHREW READER
Singular.
VOCABULARY V.
Hebrew
Word.
26 A FIRST HEBREW READIER
Pronunciation :
way-yTk-rav c-lau rav ha-cho-vel way-yo-mer lo mal-

1^-cha nir-dam kum k'^-ra cl ^-l6-hc-cha u-lai yith-ash-shctii
ha-''-l5-hIm la-nu vv'^-lo no-vedh.
JVotes. (i)
— Remember that "
ch
"
"
has the sound of
"
" " "
ch in the word loch," not of " ch in the word church."
"
(2) The pronunciation of last syllable here is cha."
EXERCISE X.
Give the Hebrew for the following phrases :
A great city, the great city, a great wind, the great

a great
tempest, innocent blood, a great fear, a great fish,
evil, the great evil, a great joy, good vows, the good vows.
Isfotcs. — (
I
) The words with gender noted are given in
Vocabularies I.— V.
(2) Remember that the adjective agrees with the noun

it qualifies in gender and number.
(3) Put the adjective after the noun.
" the "
(4) Remember the distinction between great city
"
and the city is great." See page 24.
LESSON IX.
TJie Noun and the — Case. — We

Adjective. (3) have
three cases in English
— the Nominative, the Possessive, and
the Objective. We have three corresponding cases in
Hebrew. A
noun which is the subject of a verb is in the
Nominative, and this is the normal form of the word, any
change being based on this form. The Accusative is fre-
TiwS! or nx
quently marked by (page 21).
We must note carefully what corresponds to our Pos-
sessive Case (the Latin Genitive). We say
"
the Lord's
"
word," or the word of the Lord." To
express the Pos-
sessive Case we make a change in the word " Lord," in one
" "
case by adding 's," in the other by prefixing of." In
" " "
Hebrew word," not
it Lord that is inflected. In
is
"
a phrase like the word of the Lord," we have what is
called the Construct Form. In that phrase, the Hebrew
for
"
word
"
"
is inflected —undergoes a change. In English
" "
it is Lord that is inflected ;
in Hebrew it is word."
We may represent the difference in this way it is as if :
we wrote the phrase in English " the word - of the Lord,"

in Hebrew
"
the word of - the Lord." We have seen
" "
(Voc. III.) that the Hebrew for the word of the Lord is
mn"'na"i. We note that there is no change in the form of

"
the word for the Lord," but that there is a. change in
the Hebrew term for " word." The Hebrew for " the
" " "
word is "^Îp. But the word of - is represented by
Wenow give some examples of the Construct form,

taken from the Book of Jonah. We give four columns,
the first being the Hebrew phrase, the second the pro-
nunciation, the third the meaning, and the fourth the
usual form of the word — the uninflected form of the
word.
27
T Jciio 1
Hebrew Phrase. Pronunciation. Meaning. ir^..^
r orm.
nin^nai d'=-var "-dho-nai The word of the "^21
Lord
••nrpx-in ben ^"-mit-tai the son of Amit- I?
tai
nrsDH ^nsT yar-k^-the has- the sides of the D'ri2T
s^'-fl-na ship
?3nn ni rav ha-ch5-vel the shipmaster 31
c'^xn C-'s: ne-fcsh ha-Ish the Hfe of the C'DJ
man
J-in >yp m^-e had-dach the belly of the D'V^
fish
îSC* jDn be-ten sh^-6l the bellyof Hades 1^3
Cti!^ 337 P-vav yam-mlm heart of seas 337
^cnp ^3^n he-chal-kodh- the temple of thy ^^r^
sh'^-cha holiness
Dnn "'3^'P kitz-ve ha-rim the roots of moun- n'yap
tains
Nitr
: T
^bn~
••
:
hav-le shaui idols of vanity
^
D'^3n
T :
rriin pip k5l to-dha voice of praise -'ip
D^D^ ntJ'i'C^ -l^no ma-h^-lach sh<=- a three days' ^^n»

lo-sheth ya- journey
mim
mr3 ^t;'3« an-she Nl-n'^- the men of Nine- Q'p'^N
we veh
mr3 -i^D me-lech Ni-n*^- the king of Nine- ^^^
we veh
Tipsn nyp ta-am ham-me- the decree of the DJJD
lech kin
iS5< |hn ch^-ron ap-po the heat of his )iin
anger
" " " "
Note au represents sound of o\v in "how."
(i)
important to study these forms very carefully.

Tt is It
willbe good for the student to memorise the phrases given

above. This will help him to understand readily the rules
for the formation of the Construct when he comes to
A FIRST HEKREW HEADER 29
study these. Meanwhile he should note the following

points :
Remarks. — (i) It is the first word in tlic phrases that is in the
Construct form.
(2) The Construct form has not the
article. "The life" is
rD3n, but "the hfe of the man" is t^'^XH t'E;.
(3 There is no change in the Construct Singular in words of the

form -riô,
rs:.
(4) Note that the Plural Construct ends in ''

— Thus ''3Vp is
from the plural word D"'3Vp and ^K'3J< from D''C'3X-
Literally "the chief of the sailor."

(5) Hence "shipmaster."
The phrases ^J'Tp ?3M and NVJ'""''p3n deserve special atten-
(6)
tion. In Hebrew the Adjective is used much less than it is in

English. "Thy holy temple" is expressed in Hebrew by 7^^"|
'T]t^'^p.
This means literally "the temple of thy holiness." The
" "
The Construct form
word for temple is P^TI- is 73"'n. The
word for "holiness" is
:rip- "Thy holiness" is ^K'lP. When
this word is at the end of a sentence or clause, it is written '^ti'lp.
Therefore the Hebrew for "thy holy temple" coming at the end of
a sentence is ^tiHp ^^'H.
So also with the phrase Ni::^"''*'p2n (Jonah ii.
9 ;
ver. 8 in English
One word for " "

Bible). Idols in Hebrew is D''^:]n. The Construct
form of this word is ^pnn Hence the phrase "idols of vanity" is
"
N'lti'"vZin. We would say in ordinary English vain idols," using
an adjective where a noun, " vanity," is used in Hebrew. This

idiom has impressed itself on our language largely through the
Authorised Version of the Bible. Thus "rock of ages" is "eternal
rock," and "the God of my salvation" is "my saving God."
30 A FIRST HEBREW liEADER
yo-m^-ru e-lau hag-gl-dha na la-nu ba-'^-sher 1^-mI ha-ra-a

haz-zoth la-nu mam-m'^-lach-t''-cha u-me-a-yin ta-vo ma
ar-tse-cha w^-e-miz-ze am at-ta.
(i) This form at the end of a clause, but usually ^V}^'.
See page 30.

(2) This form at the end of sentence. But see page 32.
Literal translation. —And they said a man to his
neighbour, go and let us cast lots and let us know on

whose account this evil (is) to us, and they cast lots and
fell the lot on Jonah. And they said unto him, tell us
now, on whose account this evil (is) to us, what is thy
business and whence comest thou, what (is) thy country
and of what people (art) thou ?
(Note the words in brackets. No corresponding word
in the Hebrew passage.)
Note that way does not represent the sound of word
"
"
way." For the " y see page 2 1 .
EXERCISE XI.
(i) And^ Jonah came near unto the king of Nineveh.

(2) And^ the men said unto him, Rise, go unto Joppa.
(3) He went down into the sides of the ship.
(4) And^ Jonah was the son of Amittai.
(5) And the word of the Lord came^ to Jonah,
(6) The shipmaster said unto Jehovah, He went unto
Thy holy temple.
(7) Go a three days' journey.
(8) And^ the men of Nineveh said unto Jonah, Go.
Remarks. — (i) Say, "And came near Jonah." See Voc. v. So

" And " "
also said the men ;
And was Jonah."
(2) Say, "And was the word."
LESSON X.
The Pronoun. —
In a phrase like
"
he said," the pronoun
"
in Hebrew is included in the verb form. Thus i??5< means he
"
said," and ''JjiTr^
means I said." When the pronoun is added
in addition to the verb form, it is for the sake of emphasis.
The word for " I" in Hebrew is '?^« or '?Jx (^-ni or a-no-chi).
^Tp)'^^ "îS might be translated "As for me, I said," "I, I said."
"
Again nnt means " he sacrificed," and n2m means I
shall sacrifice."
We may translate natx ^3^5 "/ shall sacrifice,' laying
stresson the pronoun. {See Voc. viI. for pronunciation^
The word J^pn means "thou hast pitied." If we write
"
also the personal pronoun for thou," we get ripn nnx, which
may be translated " Thou hast pitied." So D^ns means " I

shall pity," and D^nx ^:s means "/shall pity."
We find these cases of emphasis in the Book of Jonah
" "
In a phrase like Of what people art thou ? the Hebrew
" "
may be written in the form Of what people thou ? no
verb beinji used ; thus nns DV n"iD"''«, We have seen that
" "
the Hebrew for is nriN, but here in the Book of
thou
Jonah we have nrix, because the word occurs at the end of
a clause. It is not usual to have a long vowel in a shut
syllable, but here the shut syllable is accented when the

word is at the end of a clause.
We may Hebrew for " A Hebrew
compare with this the
am I," '3!ix ^nny, literally, A Hebrew I." "
A common form in Hebrew is the nominative of the

pronoun with the form of the verb that corresponds to our
"
participle. Thus t<^^ ''^n; means I am fearing," literally,
"
I fearing." We note here that ^<")^ may also mean he
"
" " "
feared He was fleeing is nVn Nin
(pronounced hu
vo-re-ach). nn^ the present participle of the verb
is n")3,
"
which means he fled." Note the pronunciation of D"]^
v6-re-ach, the n with what is called Pathach Furtive (page i6).

Other phrases of this kind in the Book of Jonah are :
vnr "-JS
"
I am knowing " or " I know." Note
Pathach Furtive.
Occurring at the end of a clause, this reads
"
nin^ nrisi Thou art Jehovah."
"
nni' ^3!)5<i I am speaking."
nnx "
fian hii Thou art a gracious God."
Note then these pronouns :
•JN or ''3'^^
means " I," pronounced ''-ni or a-no-chl.
nnsi „ "thou," „ at-ta.
Xîn „ "he," ,,
hu.
VOCABULARY VI I.
Hebrew Word. Pronunciation, Meaning.
^-le-hem unto them
e-rets earth, land
a-mar-ti I said
b5-re-ach fleeing
go-ra-l5th lots
dib-ber he spoke
do-ver speaking
nnr
~
T
za-vach he sacrificed
ez-bach I shall sacrifice
chan-nun gracious
DnT chas he pitied
chas-ta thou hast pitied
T ya-dha he knew
•
: "T ya-dha-tl I knew
:t ya-dh^-Q they knew
yo-dhe-a knowing
m'^-la-cha business
m^-lach-t^-cha thy business
mil-lif-ne ^-dh5-nai [from the presence
T - • .
: ;
\ of Jehovah
iv-rl a Hebrew
oy am people
(i) After an open syllable sound like xin, this is written
nib, and pronounced vo-re-ach.

3
READING EXERCISE.
larh T:in ^3 mi t^^n nin*" "^:D^n"^3 D'-iyi^n
(Jonah i.
9, 10.)
Pronunciation :
way-yo-mer ^-le-hem iv-rl a-no-chi w^-eth ^-dho-nai

^-lo-he hash-sha-ma-yim ^-nl ya-re ""-sher a-sa eth-hay-yam
w*-eth-hay-yab-ba-sha way-yl-r^-u ha-^-na-shim yir-a ch^-
:
dho-la way-yo-m^-ru e-lau maz-z5th a-sl-tha kl-ya-dh^-u

ha-^-na-shlm kl-mil-lif-ne ""-dhd-nai hu v6-re-ach ki hig-gldh
la-hem.
Literal translation. — And he said unto them, A Hebrew

I and Jehovah the God of the heavens I (am) fearing who
made the sea and the dry land. And feared the men a
great fear and they said unto him, What (is) this thou hast
done, for knew the men that from the presence of Jehovah
he (was) fleeing for he told [to] them.
( ) Not in the Hebrew. [ ] Not required in the

English,
EXERCISE XII.
(i) And he said, I (am) a Hebrew.

(2) And they said, He (is) fleeing.
(3) I
(am) fearing Jehovah.
(4) Of what people (art) thou ?
(5) And he said, Thou (art) Jehovah.
I
(6) (am) speaking.
(7) Thou (art) a gracious^ God.
Remarks. — (i) Do not put in Hebrew the words in brackets.

(2) Put the adjective after the noun.
LESSON XI.
TJie Pronotm. —
So far we have only considered the
nominative case of the Personal Pronoun. In this lesson
" "
we consider the method of expressing my," his," etc.,
along with nouns. (Note that it is not the transliteration,

but the pronunciation, that is given in brackets below ; and
"
that the phrase " in pause refers to words at the end of a
clause or sentence.)
" "
When it is attached to a singular noun, my is
expressed by adding ''•.-.
" "
Thus îp is "voice" and vip my voice (k5-ll)
" " " "
mi „ head „ 'c:*x'l
my head (r5-shl).
Usually there is a change in the form of the word in
addition to added suffix.

the (We may compare the
change in the plural and construct forms. See pages 24
and 28.) Thus:
" " " "
E'S3 is life but T^? my life " (naf-shi)
"
131 „ " a word „ 'I^T
"
my word " (d^-va-rl)
nont^ „ " land " „ ^nOT^< "
my land " (adh-ma-thi)
" " "
n?2n „ prayer „ 'nîSn my prayer (t^-f il-la-thi).
"
When attached to a plural word, " my
it is is ex-
*
D^
pressed by putting :• in place of the plural ending, .
•
" "
Thus Q^'n is " life but "
"
"'»n
my life " (chay-yai)
" «
D^?^.^« „ God „ ^n^s; my God (^"-lo-hal).
" " " "
In pause, my life is ''jn
and my God ''nS?*.
There is only the one form of the suffix for " my,"
whether it refers to a masculine or feminine noun. But
"
there is one form of suffix for " thy when it refers to a
masculine noun, and a slightly different form when it refers
to a feminine noun.
35
When it is attached to a singular noun, and refers to
" "
a mascuHne noun, thy is expressed by the suffix
"
student should distinguish carefully between " thy
The
" "
referring to a noun, and thy attached to a noun. Thus
speaking of Jonah in the phrase "thy business," "thy"
refers to a masculine noun nî'' (yo-na), but it is attached
" "
to a feminine noun, the word for business i^^^^^p. The
suffix is therefore the masculine suffix. confine our- We
" "
selves here to thy and the
referring to masculine nouns,
"
student can learn later the feminine suffix for thy."
"
We
note again that attached to a singular noun, " thy
is expressed by the suffix T •. :
" " " "

Thus p^ is land but ^5»n{< is thy land (ar-ts^-
cha)
" " " "
^P is holiness „ ^•^']^ „ thy holiness (kodh-
sh^-cha).
In pause these words are ^V1^? and ^?f'1P with accent on
When it is attached to a plural noun, or a noun of a

" " "
plural form
(like D''n1'N* God "), thy is expressed by
putting T--- in place of the plural ending Q''
.
In the .
case of a word of the dual form (page 23) the dual ending
D/--- (a-yim) gives way to T* .; (e-cha).
God "
"
Thus D^n^x is
"
but ^^nSx « thy God (^-lo-
he-cha)
" " " "
Dn3C*'o is breakers „ 1'"i3f '•? thy breakers (mish-
ba-re-cha)
" " " "
D'â is waves „ ^'hi thy waves (gal-
le-cha)
" " " "
D^ry is eyes „ I'J'J? thy eyes (e-ne-
cha).
We turn now to the Hebrew method of expressing

"
their," referring to a masculine noun. When the word
" "
their is attached to a singular noun, it is expressed
usually by the suffix D --.
" " "

Thus "^pri is covenant love but Q"^pn their covenant
"
love (chas-dam)
" " " "
T}^.
is way „ ^p/[ their way (dar-
kam).
When the word has the feminine ending n ^ ^

n is
changed to n before the suffix is added.

" " " "
Thus nVT
T T
is evil but OnyT
T T T
their evil (ra-a-tham).
\ y
Compare "^^^^/P, page 36, and ^^1^., >^^^^, page 35.

When attached to a plural word, it is usually
"their" is
expressed by putting on'' {^ place of the plural ending

.
D""•
or the dual ending D' _ (Im, plural; ayim, dual).
" " " "
Thus D^S3 is
palms (of hand) Dnâ? their palms
(kap-pe-hem)
D^to is " works " ^\}VVp
"
their works
"
(ma-'^-se-hem).
We may summarise what has been said about the suffix.
" • -
My"" attached to a singular noun, suffix
" •
My " „ plural noun, „ -.
"
Thy singular noun, „ ^ ;
" "
Thy plural noun, „ T „
" " -
Their singular noun, „
" "
Their plural noun, „ ^[}'' ..-
We note that there is usually a change in the word
itself in addition to the suffix, and we also note that we

" "
have only given the suffixes for " thy and " their when
these words refer to masculine nouns. Distinguish care-
" " "
fully between my," thy," and their," etc., referring to
a noun, and attached to a noun.
VOCABULARY VIII.
Hebrew Word.
U3, for the sea was going and tempestuous. And he said
unto them, Take me up and cast me into the sea and will
be silent the sea from upon you, for knowing (am) I that
upon my account
this great tempest (is) upon you. And
rovved^ the to men
bring back to the dry land, and not
were they able, for the sea (was) going and tempestuous
upon them.
(
1
) Note "
hay
"
not our " hay," but ha —a as in " hat."
See page 22.
(2) Literally, "digged."
EXERCISE XIII.
A. Give the Hebrew for : Thine eyes. Their palms, Thy

breakers.
B. Translate into Hebrew :
(i) We shall do their works.
(2) And he came near unto thy waves.

(3) He spoke unto vain idols.
(4) I
(am) fearing my God, thy God.
(5) He (is) fleeing unto thy holy temple.
(6) I knew their evil.
(7) He knew my prayer, my

land, my life, my word.
(8) They knew their covenant-love.
LESSON XII.
The Personal Pronoun.

"
—We know that " his
"
in Encf-
"
lish always refers to a masculine noun. Its is the word
used in modern English in reference to a neuter noun.

Hebrew has no neuter gender, and in translating the word
"
its," we must note if it refers to a masculine or feminine
noun. When it refers to a masculine noun, the Hebrew
"
sufifix expressing it is the same as the suffix for his."
If it refers to a feminine noun, the sufifix is the same as the
"
suffix for her."
"
We take, first, the word "
when attached to a singu-
his
lar noun. This is expressed in Hebrew by the suffix S .
" " " "

Thus C's^'-i is head but vj'X'i his head (ro-sho).
Usually there is a change in the word in addition to

the sufifix. Thus :
" "
eiVT
"
rage or " anger," 13^! " its rage," the word " its
"
referring to the masculine noun 2^ sea."
" " " "
XD3 throne i^D? his throne (kis-o)
" " " "
ni^>* mantle irn^j{ his mantle (ad-dar-to)
" " " "
Tj-i-i way 13")"^
his way (dar-ko)
" " "
K'Q3 " life his life
iK^^3 (naf-sho)
" " " "
pjx anger i^V' his anger (ap-po)
" " " "
r^; right hand i^'O'^
his right hand (y"-mi-n5)
"
!5Nbb' « left hand " i^5<bb^
"
his left hand (s«-m6-l6)
Here we note again that when a word has the feminine

ending n ^ n is changed to n before the suffix is added
,
:
" " "

nyn evil," iny-j his evil (ra-a-tho).
" "
Rarely the suffix for his attached to a singular noun
is ;in not i .
Thus V). (re-a) "a neighbour," ^nyi "his neighbour"

(re-e-hu).
40
" "
When his is attached to a plural word, it is ex-
putting V in place of the plural ending Q^
pressed by ^ .
:
"
D'rfâ
"
God," vn^s* " his God (^-l6-hau)
" "
D^ViJ " nobles," vWa his nobles (g"-dho-lau).
" "
The suffix for the word her when it is attached to a
-
singular noun is 1^ :
« " " « " "

-13b' wages or fare," ^Db^ its fare," the word its
"
referring to the feminine noun '"l>3^? a ship."
Note "^"J^^ pronounced s^-cha-rach, n with dagesh.

" " " "
When her (or its referring to a feminine noun)
is attached to a plural noun, the suffix is H"*
„ (e-ha). Thus :
nn3 (b^-ri-ach) "bar," r\m:^ "its bars" (b'^-ri-che-ha),

" " "
its referring to the feminine noun p!^ earth."
JV.B. —Before expressing the words thy," its," and

" "
"their" by Hebrew suffixes, the student must note if the
nouns to which they are attacJied are singular or plural, and

if the nouns to which they refer are masculine or feminine.
READING EXERCISE.
T : T - T : T T ;
- t : v :?:
•-
T - • I -T T •• T I
•• • - : V - •
T V V :
^n^'L^î
•.•:-
™v-nt^
T V
^b^to"')
•-:
',rv'm
T T •
îôn
T - T:
iir«3
v -: -
nin""
t :
(Jonah i.
14-16.)
Pronunciation :
Way-yik-r^-u el-^-dho-nai way-yo-m^-ru an-na ^-dho-nai

al-na no-v^-dha b^-ne-fesh ha-Ish haz-ze w^-al-tit-ten a-le-
nu dam na-kl kl-at-ta ^-dh5-nai ka-'^-sher cha-fats-ta a-sl-tha
way-yis-u eth-y5-na wa-y^-ti-lu-hu el-hay-yam way-ya-^-

m5dh hay-yam miz-za-p5 way-yi-r^'-u ha-^-na-shim yir-a
ch^-dho-la eth-'^-dh5-nai way-yiz-b^-chu-ze-vach la-dho-nai
\vay-yid-d^-ru n'^-dha-rlm.
Literal ti'anslatioti. — And they

called unto Jehovah and
they Ah we
pray, Jehovah,
said, do not, we pray, let us
perish for^ the life of this man, and do not give upon us
innocent blood, for Thou, Jehovah, according to what Thou
hast desired Thou hast done. And they lifted up Jonah
and they cast him into the sea, and the sea^ stood from its
raging. And the men^ feared (with)^ a great fear Jehovah,
and they sacrificed a sacrifice to Jehovah and they vowed
vows.
(i) Literally, "by."

(2) Literally, "And stood the sea." See page 21.
(3) No word in the Hebrew here for "with."
EXERCISE XIV.
A. Give the Hebrew for: Thy waves, His anger, Thy

breakers, its (her) fare.
B. Translate into Hebrew :
(i) Thou hast desired his life.
(2) He saw his throne.

(3) And they called unto Jonah: Go upon his way.
(4) They knew his anger.
(5) His right hand was upon his head.
(6) And my word came^ unto Jonah saying, Rise, go

unto Nineveh.
(i) Say, "And was my word." See page 21.

LESSON XIII.
The Preposition. — Some of the

prepositions Hebrew
are attached to the beginning of the words they govern.
" " "
Take, for example, the word for in," on," or with,"
" This
as in the phrase in the shadow." is expressed
by prefixing 3 to the word it governs. So our word
" " ? to the word
to is sometimes expressed by prefixing
it governs.
The Hebrew for "shade" or "shadow" is ^^. (tsel).
« "
In a shade is ^"i;^ (b^-tsel).
"The shade" "is ^2^n. "In the shade" is ^2{? (bats-

tsel).
Note that n has taken the place of n.
" " " "

The city is i^V!?.
In the city is "i^y?
and "
To the city " is n^J?^.
"
The sea
"
is D'^n.
"
On the sea " is DJ3 (bay-yam).
"
The ship
"
is ^''}:^T:.
"
On the ship " is n^:t<zi (ba-"-nIy-ya).
"
The fish
"
is T\r].
"
To the fish " is 3^^ (lad-dach).
Note. —Words in brackets represent pronunciation, not

transliteration.
EXERCISE XV.
(i) He was in Nineveh three nights.

(2) And Jonah cried^ unto Jehovah with power.
(3) He saw the fish in their hands.
(4) And Jonah was^ in the shade.
(5) He saw the king in the city.
(6) He called " By the life of the man."
(i) Say, "And cried Jonah." See page 21.
LESSON XIV.
The Preposition.
— Another Preposition frequently used
"
in Hebrew is "IP (mm). It means from," as in the
"
phrase The sea
: ceased from its raging."
Take the sentence " Turn from the violence which is :
"
in your hands." We may express
"
from the violence in
" "
Hebrew by prefixing "ip to the word for the violence
"
Dcnn (see page 1
8). Hence " from the violence is
"
Dronn-ip (see Voc. IV.), and " from the city "I'V^'")'?.
"
The commoner way to express " from is to assimilate
the I
of iP to consonant of the following word.
the first
This is best explained by examples.

" "
The word ^VT means raging (Voc. IX.) :
"
His raging" is isVI (za-po)
" "
From his raging is isy-TO
(miz-za-p6).
We see that in this word iQîp, the final |

in ip has
disappeared, and the first letter in ^VT is doubled.
" "
Dip is the east
"
nniJiD is from the east."
We see that the j

of iP disappears, and the p of D'lp is
doubled.
"
The Hebrew word "'psp means before."
" " "
"•JSpp means from
from the face of." before or
" "
Hence from the face of Jehovah is n^n"" ''3Q^p (Voc.
vii.).
Before a letter which is not doubled (x, n, n, y, i), IP
becomes p :
" " "

iny^
T T
is his evil." From his evil is inyio
T T • (me-ra-a-tho).
\ /
Before the Definite Article we can express "from"

simply by prefixing "IP.
47
We have already seen (page 29, Remark 2) that the
Article is not prefixed to a word in the Construct :
" "
The word is ^3^^n (Voc. III.)
" "
The word of the Lord is
nhn^^
-)yi
(page 28).
So when the prepositions we have been considering

(3, b, |0) are attached to a word in the Construct, we treat
the word as having no article :
"
The life of the man " is K'^NH U'W
" "
By the life of the man is C*^xn ti'wa.
" "
^"^xn L"S33
Note that t^'Q?? is by the life (page 44), but
"
by the life of the man."
" " " "

n^yo means bowels or belly (Voc. vi.) :
" "
The belly is D''y'5n (pronounced ham-me-im)
" "
The
belly of the fish is J^n ^yo (page
28)
" "
In the belly of the fish is J-^n '>m.
We should note the form ''V^^. We might expect to

have ''Pr'^, but when two indistinct vowels come together,
the first usually becomes .. Hence ''^03.
" "
The evil way is nynn Tji'in (page 24)
"
His evil way" is nyin is^T
" "
From his evil way is r^vy^ ian'iD
"From their " CiSTnn (page
evil way" is ^Vpj} ' 37)
" "
His wrath is iSN*
(ap-p5)
*'
The heat of his wrath " is isx Jinn
"
From the heat of his wrath " is iQ^* liinp (see page 47).
VOCABULARY XI.
Hebrew Word Pronunciation. Meaning.

'Î? ga-rash he expelled
"'PiC'"}33 nich-rash-tl I was expelled
K'^n
~
T
cha-vash he bound
B'=i3n cha-vush bound (participle)
50 A FIRST IIEIJREW READER
"
(2) Literally, the temple of Thy holiness." See page
29.
"
(3) 0r unto the life,"" that is, until life was nearly
extinct.
EXERCISE XVI.
(i) Jonah called from the belly of the fish.
(2) The man fled to Tarshish from the presence of
Jehovah.^
(3) I called from his throne.
(4) He went down into the belly of Hades.
(5) He came from the east unto Nineveh.

(6) They turned from their evil way.
(i) See Voc. Vll.

LESSON XV.
—
The Comparative Degree. We note here the use of 19
in expressing the Comparative Degree.
Take the phrase " better than Hfe."
This expressed in Hebrew by D'"np '^''^.
is
It is 9, because n cannot be doubled (page 47).

p not
Note then that the Comparative is expressed by the
simple Adjective, followed by I9 or its equivalent.
Thus " For me death is better than life " is in Hebrew
'»no ''nio 3iD.
"
Literally, Better my death than my life."
VOCABULARY XII.
Hebrew Word.
"
(2) Literally, And thou hast caused to go up."
(3) Or "it will come," the word "it" referring to a
feminine noun.
READING EXERCISE.
ch'wh
T :
nrn
— —
•
; TV*:
nîi^^'2. v-^v^n
1 v t t
^pn-)-'
• —
; t
nîn
t • ''i^pS
••;'•:
• :- -T '••-:•: t v: t: — -— . _ —
tTjirip
V :'t
'
^^'^n-S^^
- V ..
^rhzD
T • Tî^
...••
•
^înm
T-
:
^rr^st
•
-.Tx
nin^-ni^
T :
'.n^n^h
T — nr\v'\'^''
T T :
nnW^^
T ~ ^nn:
—T '•
~: '
:
itri^
v -:
^V-nn!it^^
t t v : :
(Jonah ii. 7-10.)
Literal translation. —To the roots of mountains I have

gone down the earth (and) her bars (were) behind
;
me
for ever. And Thou hast brought from a pit my life
Jehovah my God. In fainting upon me my souF Jehovah

I remembered, and came unto Thee
my prayer, unto the
temple of Thy holiness.^ They who worship idols of
vanity,^ their covenant love they leave. And I, with the
voice of praise let me sacrifice to Thee what I have ;
vowed, let me complete : salvation to Jehovah.^

"
(i) That is, When my soul was fainting within me."
(2) That is, "Thy holy temple," "vain idols."
(3) Salvation is Jehovah's.
EXERCISE XVII.
(i) I cried, saying, Better for me to die than to live.
(2) I have called in trouble.
(3) My prayer cometh unto Jehovah.

(4) And Jonah was better than the king of Nineveh.
(5) He said, Thou (art) greater than my life.
Note. — (i) Say,

"
My death is better than my Hfe."
"
(2) Say, from trouble."
(3) "Cometh my prayei*." The verb is, hterally, "she
comes."
"
(4) Say, and was Jonah," and remember that the
Construct form lias not the Definite Article.
(5) Do not translate word in brackets.
LESSON XVI.
TJie Preposition. —The student should learn carefully

the following words in which prepositions have a pronoun
suffix :
" " "

r" we have seen means to or for."
" "
V is to me or " for me."
" " "
"^ is for thee," when thee refers to a masculine
noun,
" "
i^ is for him or « for it."
"
«}' is for us."
"
onj) is for them."
3 we have seen means " in."
" " " " "
ia is in him or in it," when it refers to a
masculine noun.
" "
•^3 is in her or " in it," referring to a feminine
noun.
"
t^ means from."
"âa is
"
from me " (mim-men-nl).
These forms should be mastered by the student. He
may compare the suffixes to singular nouns given in
Lessons XL and XII.
VOCABULARY XIII.
Hebrew Word.
VOCABULARY X\U.— continued.

>rew Word.
"
(6) He told them. (Say, to them.")
(7) Take my life from me.
Notes. — (i) Word

for "ship" (Voc. III.) is feminine.
Say, "in her," For "and he went down," see Voc. v.

(5) Write nb'i'rnp. Note dagesh. See page 62.
LESSON XVII.
The Preposition. —We

have seen that some prepositions
are attached to the beginning of the words they govern.
Other prepositions are words by themselves, though often
they are attached to the words they govern" by means of
" " "
Maqqeph or the hyphen. Thus from may be ex-
pressed by prefixing ~P to a word.
" "
^^ (Voc. II.), or with the hyphen "^X, means unto
or " to." Thus in the phrase, " And the word
" "
of the Lord came unto Jonah," unto Jonah
is njv-^N.
" "
^y, or with hyphen "^V (Voc. IX.), means on," upon,"
" "
against," or concerning."
"
*iy, or with up to."
hyphen "iy, means
" " "
Dy means with or along with."
DTOJ? means "along with them" (pronounced im-ma-
hem).
"
nnn means under."
" " "

Note that S: upon," nnri
unto," ^V and ^VO
under,"
have pronoun suffixes like those attached \.o plural nouns.
"
^\^X is unto thee."
" "
vJ'X
is
"
him
unto and V^Ô " from upon him
(e-lau and me-a-lau).
r\h)^ is "unto her" and n^nnn "under her."
"
^3'H'o is from upon us."
" " "
^?''.c'yp is from upon you and Q3yy. upon you."
At this point the student should revise the forms in

Lesson XVI., and take them along with the forms in this
lesson.
57
Notes. — (i) That is, "From the greatest to the least

of them."
(2) The words in brackets are added to give meaning
in English.
EXERCISE XIX.
(i) And the word of the Lord came unto Jonah.

(2) I called unto Jehovah.
(3) Go unto Nineveh.

(4) And they said every man unto his neighbour.
(5) And God said unto Jonah.

(6) The lot fell upon Jonah.
"
(7) He saw a shadow over his head. (Say, upon.")
(8) Thou hast had pity on the gourd : I shall have
pity on Nineveh.
Note See Voc. V.
(i)
"
(4) Say, a man unto his neighbour." See page 40.
See Vocs. il. and vil.
(8)
VOCABULARY XV.
Hebrew Word. Pronunciation, Meaning,
al-yit— mu let them not taste
al-yir-u let them not feed (eat)
al-yish-tu let them not drink
PVT
~
T
za-ak he cried out
way-yaz-ek and he proclaimed
3 k^ according to
nE)3 kis-sa he covered
wa-y^-chas and he covered
la-vash he put on (clothes)
way-yil-b^-shu and they put on
T ;
m*-u-ma anything
touched
~T
na-cha
he
(he reached unto
he touched
way-yig-ga and
(and it reached unto
n3£n3 ne-pe-cheth overturned
way-ya-^'-ver and he removed
sak-kim sackcloth
6o A FIRST HEBREW READER
Note that PVP] means, literally, and he caused to cry '•
"
out," and i?p and he caused to pass by." See Voc. XI.
n^snj is the Passive Participle. In pause it is written
READING EXERCISE.
•^b.s^ vVi^n ^^ZDH Dyv^72 m:^:-: -ini^'î pirtî
- T : -::• - I -: 'tt- t":-: ttt
(Jonah iii.
7.)
Literal translation. — And he proclaimed and he said in

Nineveh, From the decree of the king and his nobles say-
ing : The man and the beast, the cattle and the sheep, let
them not taste anything, let them not feed, and water let
them not drink.
EXERCISE XX.
(i) Go unto Nineveh, the great city. Cry against it.
(2) And the captain came near unto him.

(3) And they said unto him.
(4) The sea has ceased raging against you.
(5) Thesea has ceased raging against us.
(6) All thy breakers, all thy waves passed over me.
(7) Her bars were behind me for ever. (See page 41.)
(8) Cry unto him.
"
(9) And he removed his mantle from him. (Say, from
upon him.")
Notes.
(2) Say,
—
"
the leader of the sailor." See
"shipmaster," page 28.
"
For " against," see Voc. XIV.
(4) For has ceased,"
"
say, was silent," Voc. XVI.
"
(6) For over me," say, " upon me."
LESSON XVIII.
Demonstrative^ Relative and Interrogative Pronouns.

" "
ni; means this when it refers to a masculine singu-
lar noun.
" "
rm means this when it refers to a feminine singular
noun.
These words have the Definite Article when they are

used as adjectives. Thus :
" "
This is the great tempest is in Hebrew ^^JlI "lyBH nr.
" "
This great tempest is
r\\p^
^HJn -ij?Dn.
With a feminine singular noun the feminine form of the

adjective and pronoun is used. Thus :
" "
This great city is rmr\ njsinan Tyn.
Note that with the Article r is doubled.

Attention is called to the order of the words here.
(i) Noun, (2) Adjective, (3) Demonstrative.

As another example we take these phrases :
" "
This is the good word is nitsn in^n nr.
"
"
This good word is mn aitsn -i2^n.
" " "

The Relative Pronoun 1C'^« means who or which."
A peculiarity of construction with 1L"^^ should be carefully
noted here. We Shall I have pity on
say in English,
"
Nineveh in which there are more than twelve times ten

"
thousand men ? The Hebrew for " in which there are "
is r^ftJÎ IK'K. We note that the Relative in this phrase is
without the preposition, and that the preposition with
pronoun-suffix comes after the Verb, or verbal form. If
" "
which had referred to a masculine singular noun, we
61
"
should have had 13, but it refers to Nineveh," a feminine
noun hence the feminine suffix.
;
"
Wetake another example of this construction The :
gourd on which he has not toiled."

The Hebrew for " he has toiled " is ?py.
The Hebrew for the phrase given above is iib "il^x P'!^''!?'!'
:i3 ?oy,
literally, "the gourd which he has not toiled
on it."'
•p is the Interrogative Pronoun for "Who?" Thus

the Hebrew for
"
Who knows ? " is ^.y''P (mi-yo-dhe-a),
"
literally, Who (is) knowing," the Verb being the
Participle.
" "
"1^ the Interrogativê Pronoun for
is What ?
Note that the hyphen (maqqeph) is usually attached
to no
Note also that t/izs word is pointed like the Definite
Article.
Usually, therefore, it has pathach . with the following

"
letter doubled. Thus " What do you mean ? is ^f"n)0,
" "
literally, What to thee ?
" "
What will happen to the city ? is l^V? ".^'?'."'"'P,
liter-
" " "
ally, What will be on the city," r\'^J}\ meaning, it will be
"
or he will be."
Note the doubling of h in '^^ and of in n^ni. •<
We take one other example " What (is) thy land ? " :
The Hebrew is ^Vl^? no. We have no hyphen here. Note

that mem has Kametz ;. See page i8.
VOCABULARY XVI.
Hebrew Word.
(6) Call unto her the call which I (am) speaking unto
thee.
(7) The gourd on which thou hast not toiled.

(8) What (is) thy business ? What (is) thy land ?
(9) What (is) this thou hast done ?
(
I o) What shall we do to thee ?
Notes. — (2) For "upon us," say, "to us." Do not
translate words in brackets.
(^5) Note that the Construct form of cn^ is

''n%
" '
(6) Use sign of accusative before the word for call
(the noun). Page 21.

" "
(7) Put word for not before the verb.
LESSON XIX.
Tlie Conjunction.
— "
And "
is
expressed in
usually
Hebrew by \ prefixed to a word. It never a word by
is
"
itself. Thus the phrase, And in the ship was like to be
broken," the first three English words are expressed in
Hebrew by the one word i^'^^^'^"!, \ being " and," and n the
Article " the," and ^'3^« the word for " ship."
" "
Always write and as \ prefixed to a word unless you
know a good reason for not doing so. Here are some
cases when we depart from the ordinary form :
(i) Before Beth, Mem, Pe "and" is written \ pro-

nounced u.
" " « "
Water in Hebrew is D^P. And water is d:^S not
"
(2) Before Simple Sh'^va we have ^. Thus J*"]?
is Cry."
" "
And cry is
^y} (u-k"-ra).
(3) Before the indistinct vowel _. it is pointed 1, before
;;.
and before - it is V
it is ),,
(4) Note the forni" ninî " And Jehovah."

Another common Conjunction is ''3 (pronounced like
" "
our word " key "). It means
"
for or " when or " that."
We take this example from Jonah i. 10. See page
Dnb
VT
nân •
""3
.
n-12
- sin mn''
..
T
"'jd'pd '3 n''L'3xn lyT" "3 n^L"j;
..... .
T -; T.
T • •
riNrno
•
:t T
Here we have this conjunction three times. The first
means " for," the second " that," and the third " for."
VOCABULARY XVII.
Hebrew Word.
66 A FIRST IIKHREW UEADKll
A FIRST HEBREW READER G-j
EXERCISE XXII.
(i) Go and we shall not perish.
(2) Jehovah made the sea and the dry land.

(3) And Nineveh was a great city.
(4) Man and beast, cattle and sheep.
(5) Go unto Nineveh the great city and call unto her.
(6) The king and his nobles.
(7) And now, Jehovah, take I

pray Thee, my life from
me.
(8) And Jehovah
cast a great wind on the sea.
(9) Call against her, for their evil has gone up before
me.
(10) And God saw their deeds that they turned from
their evil way.
(11) I knew Thou (art) a God gracious and merciful.
(12) He went
into thy holy temple.
(13) Perhaps she will come into holy temple. my

(14) On account of whom (is) this evil to us?
(15) As Thou hast desired, Thou hast done.
Notes.
"
— (
I
)
"
And not we shall perish
"
;
the word for
"
not before the verb.
(2) Use
"nx as sign of Accusative.
See page 21.
(3) Note that the word Nineveh is feminine. For
"was" see p. 54. Here put "And Nineveh" before the
verb.
(8) Use -^x for " on." Put "

And Jehovah " first. See
page 65.
" "
(14) The Hebrew for on account of whom is ^p? i^M?.
Put verb before the subject unless you are told not to do so.
LESSON XX.
The — Readers
of English are familiar with
Verb.
changes in the form of a verb to express number and
person and case. We say, " The man comes," " The men
come." We say, "Thou didst," "We do," "He does,"
" "
They did," varying forms of the one verb to do."
In Hebrew, verbs are inflected, change their form, for
various reasons, To
express Number and Person.
(i) We
start with the form that is used to express our Fast Tense.
" "
1"]^
meanshe went down (Voc. v.).
This is the simple form of the verb, 3rd sing. masc.
We start with that form and we add the following
suffixes for 3rd sing. fem. etc. :
Singular. Plural.
3rd masc.
— ^—
3rd fem. n-_-
1—
2nd masc. T ^— Dn —
2nd fem. ^ — —
Iî
1st 'n— «—
We give the various forms of "^T^ to express Person and
Number.
Ti^ He went down. iTi^ They went down,
mi"'
T :t
She went down.
rinT Thou wentest down (masc). QJîlT You went down.
nnT Thou wentest down (fem.). \^'^?\ You went down.
^mi'' I went down.
•
-T:
l^T}""
: T
We went down.
Note the tollowing points :
(i) In 3rd sing. fem. we have ITIV. In third plural '!"'"!\
The second vowel Sh^va Vocal.

is
If I
"•
.
be the second vowel in the verb it is un-
changed.
(2) The first vowel in the 2nd plural is Sh^va Vocal.
68
(3) The third consonant, when it ends a syllable (not

the word), must have ShVa. Thus l^l"!'.
(4) Verbs of the form ^\y}^ rwv^ Nifo
have two long
vowels, the usual form of the verb being TiJ. The long
vowel is preferred before n and N.
(5) Verbs of the form
'"I'n
(having He as the third letter)
have nn\T in 3rd sing. fern.
VOCABULARY XVIII.
e-rech ap-pa-yim slow of anger^
n h^ (Interrogative)
hith-pal-lel he prayed
way-yith-pal-lel and he prayed
nnn cha-ra (anger) burned^
way-yi-char and (anger) burned
chish-shev he thought
nation chish-sh^-va she thought
ya-chol he was able
T ya-ch5-lu they were able
way-ye-ra and it was evil
kid-dam-ti I came before
rav-che-sedh of great mercy
Notes. — (i) Say, "slow to anger." "'DO"^! "great of
"
mercy ;
both iix and are m
in the Construct Form.
(Lesson IX.)
" "
(2) Literally, "he burned," the subject anger being
understood.
READING EXERCISE.
•
T :
— — *
v; — •
T : v -: t ; t t — ~
nniî ^3 ^nj?!"^
"^3 nirîrhn m;i^ ^f?^^P 15"î^
(Jonah iv. i, 2.)

Literal translation. — And
it was evil unto Jonah, a
great and (anger) burned to him. And he prayed

evil,
unto Jehovah and he said, Oh I pray Jehovah, (is) not this
my word up to my being upon my land ? Therefore I
prepared to flee to Tarshish, for I knew that Thou (art) a
God gracious and merciful, slow to anger and of great mercy,

and He will repent of the evil.
EXERCISE XXIII.
(i) She thought to come unto Joppa.

(2) They knew that I (was) speaking.
(3) They were not able to flee to Tarshish. (Voc. III.)
(4) What hast thou done to them ?

(5) I have remembered the gourd for which thou hast
toiled.
(6) I
prepared to go unto Nineveh.
(7) Thou hast heard my voice in Thy holy temple.
(8) Thou hast pitied the man who went down to
Tarshish.
(9) I was expelled from before thine eyes.
(10) I cried (for help) unto Jehovah my God (page 35).
(i i) I have vowed as thou hast desired.
Notes. — All verb forms required have been given in

Vocabularies. Words in brackets not to be translated.
(7) Say," temple of Thy holiness," and note that
in the
the Construct Form has not the Definite Article (page 28).
"
(8) Use the Hebrew word for " upon after " Thou
hast pitied."
LESSON XXI.
—
The Past Form spoken of in Lesson XX.
TJie Verb.
is used Hebrew to express our Past or Perfect.
in Thus
"
nb'y means
T T
"
he made or " he has made."
The Imperfect Form is used to express our Present or
Future. Here, as with the Past, we start with the 3rd
singular masculine. This always begins with \
The verb P^l^* means " he was silent." This is the Past
Form. The Imperfect Form is pi^'fV
It will be noticed that we have in the Imperfect Form
the consonants of the Past with ••
prefixed.
The vowels are different. The first is i and the second
6, Sh^'va under Shin marking the close of a syllable.
"
\>T\^\ means "
he is silent or " he will be silent." It
may also mean,

"
Let him be silent." We have to depend
on the context to know what meaning the Imperfect has.
If we have pnc';'"?x we know that this expresses a wish or a
" " "
command, Let him not be silent or May he not be
silent." In a wish or a command a*< is used to express
"
not." Otherwise, ^ is used.
"
DK'yn'' means he will be gracious."
"
3^ is he turned," Past Form. (Voc. X.)
"
ÎK'^ is he will turn," Imperfect Form. (Voc. XVII.)
nsT "
is he saw."
nNT "
is he will see."
"
n^'n is «
he was," and n\n^ " he will be," or it will be."
These are examples of the 3rd singular masculine of

the Imperfect Form. As with the Past Form so with the
Imperfect, the 3rd singular masculine is inflected to express
Number and Person.
"
s<i2j means he will come."
7»
72 A FIRST HEIUIEW KEADEll
" " "
Nnn means
T
thou wilt come or thou comest."
(Voc. XII.)
Note that the 3rd singular feminine is always the same
as 2nd singular masculine in the Imperfect Form. Hence
"
Ni3n may also mean she will come."
We note that n is the first letter.
The 1st singular of the Imperfect begins with x. It is
formed from the 3rd singular masculine by changing the

first letter ^
into x. The 1st plural of the Imperfect is
formed by changing the first letter of the 3rd singular

masculine into :. (If we have at the beginning of the 3rd ^.
masculine this becomes N in 1st singular; ? in ist

singular
plural.)
"
means
Pl''Di"' he will add."
"
fl^pix means I shall add."
"
D^n^ means he will pity."
"
Dinx means I shall pity."
"
l?N"' means he will perish."
" "
13X3 means we shall perish ;
in pause, 'i?^*^.
mi means "
"
he will do."
nbp. means we shall do."
plural of the Imperfect is formed from the 3rd

The 3rd
singular masculine exactly as the 3rd plural Past is formed
from the 3rd singular masculine.
Compare Vl] and ^VT Past, and
t<"3?'.
and ^^<^P'! Imperfect (yik-r^-u).
The rule may be stated thus : î is added and the vowel
preceding this is indistinct (Sh^va in the case given above).
" " " "
ixijp"; means they will call or let them call
(page 62).
3fy^ means " he will leave."
"
=i3Ty;i means " they will leave in pause, l^fl?";. ;
" " "

iD3n' means they will cover themselves or let
them cover themselves."

"
^^'^'l
means " they will turn or " let them turn."
Note that in the 3rd plural of the Imperfect the first
letter is always
••
and the last ^.
(2) Are you really angry?
(3) He on the cast side of Nineveh.
sat
(4) Jehovah will be gracious to us.

(5) Thou wilt come unto Tarshish.
(6) He will have pity on the men who knew the city.
(7) He said to us We shall :
perish.
(8) What shall we do in the city of Nineveh ?
(9) I come again unto Joppa.

shall
(10) Let them call unto Jehovah with the voice of
praise,
(11) Let them cover themselves (with) sackcloth before
the king of Nineveh.
(12) They will turn from the evil way.
Notes. — (2) Put the word for
"
really
"
first, with n
prefixed.
"
(8) For what," see page 62. For Construct Form,
see page 29.
"
(9) Say, I shall add to come." See Vocabularies.
(12) Take word for "way" as feminine. See page 24.
LESSON XXII.
TJie Verb. — Wazv Consecutive. —The student is now

directed to a construction — called Waw Consecutive —
which is used very often in Hebrew. We have already
given several examples of this in the vocabularies. In
Voc. III. we saw that \^\, the Imperfect Form of 103, means
"
he will give," but that \^^\ means " and he gave," not " and
he will give." Note that before the Imperfect in this form
i
is pointed, like the Article, with a, and the following con-
sonant doubled.
So also 2113, the Past Form, means "he repented"; but
when on:'! comes after the Imperfect Form, like 3itJ'^, it means
"
and he will repent," not " and he repented." Take verse
9 in the 3rd chapter of the Book of Jonah. The English
translation is
"
Who knows but that he will turn and will
:
"
repent, and will turn from the heat of his anger ? See page
"
66. Now the Hebrew for " and he will repent is Qn3"!, and for
" " "
and he will turn," 3C'\ nn; and 3^ mean he repented
"
and he turned," but coming after the simple Imperfect
"
Form he will return
in the narrative (^'^^\ ") with \ prefixed
they have the meaning of the Imperfect.
We give some examples of Waw Consecutive.
" " " "
iT'n rneans he was ;
^|""l means and he was or
"
and it came to pass," 'H^
being shortened form
of the Imperfect.
" "
K5iO
T T
means " he found J^^^'Q'
;
' T ;
•
he will find," »
and N*^'»^1
T — :
"
and he found."
"
Qns"! means " he will repent ;
CinjM "
and he repented."
" " "
nD2 he covered ;
D3^l and he covered."
" " "
nap „ he prepared ; iP'.i. and he prepared."
Note that there isno dagesh in 1

in the words D3^1 and
"
W\. Compare "'7^.1 and he was."
7S
At this point we call attention again to the difference
in meaning between ^^']?]\ and ^^^p'l.
The one prefix to the Imperfect is the ordinary Con-
junction, but the other is Waw Consecutive. The one word
" " "
means and let them call ;
the other, and they called."
See page 63.
VOCABULARY XX.
Hebrew Word
Literal translatio7i. —
And prepared Jehovah God a
gourd and it went up above Jonah to be a shade upon his
head to deliver him from his evil and rejoiced Jonah upon
the gourd (with) a great joy.
EXERCISE XXV.
(i) The king of Nineveh went down to Joppa and he

found a ship there.
(2) He came near, and the sailors feared, and they
cried each to his God, and they cast out the wares which
(were) in the ship into the sea.
(3) He came to Tarshish, and he lay down and slept.
(4) He went down, and they cast lots, and the lot fell
upon Jonah.
(5) Jonah sat there, and he rejoiced in the gourd (with)
great joy.
Notes. — (i) and (2). See Vocs. v. and XX.

(2) and (5). Do not translate words in brackets.
"
(5) Say, upon the gourd."
"
(2) Say, a man unto his God."
LESSON XXIII.
—
The Verb. Imperative and Participle. We have seen —
that sometimes the Imperfect Form is used to express a
wish, and that it is sometimes difficult to know whether
the Imperfect Form expresses a wish or represents our
Future or Present. In the first verse of the well-known
67th Psalm, "God be merciful unto us, and bless us," the
verbs are in the Imperfect Form, and may also mean,
"
God is merciful to us and is blessing us." The context
must be appealed to for the meaning of the Verb Form.
When we find ^{<, and not nS, to express " not," then it is
clear that a wish
expressed. See page 7 1
is Thus .
loyp^, ^y-il, ^7\^\ (Jonah iii. 7), the Imperfect Forms of verbs,
are to be taken as expressing a wish, as ^^ (not N^) is used
before them. The meaning is, " Let them not taste," and
" " "
not, They will not taste ;
Let them not feed," and
"
Let them not drink."
Sometimes the Imperfect Form is used even in the 2nd
person. Thus t^n is the 2nd singular Imperfect of the
" " "
verb in3, and means usually, Thou wilt give or Thou
" used
givest but inrr^x is plainly a wish or prayer,
;
as ?N* is
for the word "not," (Jonah i.

14.)
But, as a rule, a special form of the verb expresses a
command in Hebrew. This is called "The Imperative."
Thus:
" " " "
ni?^ means he took ;
np is take (thou).
" " " "
X-ip „ he cried ; N-jp „ cry (thou).
" " " "
•^r\ „ he went ; i>, „ go (thou), î^^J go (ye).
Di^ ,,
"he arose"; Dip „" arise."
When n ^.
is added to the ist person of the Imperfect
Form, it is to be taken usually as expressing a wish.

Thus :
78
" " "

^^53 means we shall cast ; n^'S? let us cast."
"
V1}_ „
"
we shall know ;
nyn: " let us know,"
" "
n3TX „
"
I shall sacrifice ; ^^'^W ^^^ ^^ sacrifice."
"
Dk'x „
"
I shall complete" ;
no^C'N let me complete."
In pause nok's*.
masb "
naw „ "we shall perish"; let us perish."
T/ie Participle. — ^^n is the Past Form of the verb, and

" the Active Participle, and means
means he went" ; ^?i'1 is
"
going." Note that the consonants in the Participle are
the same as the consonants in the Past Form. The Waw
in the Participle is used as a vowel-sign here the word ;
may be written ^Vn, without the Waw. The first vowel-

sound in this form of the Active Participle is 6 and the
second vowel-sound is e. Compare the following forms :
" " "

Tl^n he went ; ^^n going."
" " "
rrk he fled ;
0^2 fleeing."
" " "
iVD he was tossed ;
^Pb being tossed."
" " "
W; he knew ; V}^ knowing."
Note also i^M " speaking."
Note Pathach Furtive in 0^)2 and T^^", and see page 16.
The usual form of the Simple Past is '^?n. We see that
the first vowel-sound is a, and the second is a. Some
verbs have the Past Form ^"^.^ with the second vowel-sound
e. In these verbs the Participle the same as the Past. is
"" "
Thus ^T^ means either
or he feared
fearing,"
We note some other forms of the Participle in Hebrew.
Verbs of the form ^^2 have the Participle the same as the
"
Past Form. Thus f<3 means either " he came or " coming,"
The feminine form of this Participle is nx3. See page 23.
"
a"î3 means he slept." The simple form of this verb
is Dnn, but this is Usually when 3 is prefixed
not used.
to the Simple Past, the verb has a passive meaning in
English. The student has to keep in mind that when the
Past Form is D^-iJ the Participle is D'H^^.
Wehave seen that the Participle feminine has some-
times the form nx3, n- being added to the masculine.
Sometimes the Participle feminine has the ending n (eth).
8o A FIRST HEBREW READER
" "
n?^ is the Past (simple) of the verb, and means he turned
or "
he overturned." express the Passive of this by We
"
prefixing : thus "n?'?!? he ;
was overturned," pronounced
ne-pach.
The form expressing the Passive Participle is '^^^?.. A
feminine form of this is npanj, in pause riDsm.
We have seen that the usual form of the Simple Past
"
is '^?^.
Thushe watched." But sometimes
"iipt^
means
the Past has the form I'Sti', ^ being doubled. This gives
"
he watched much," or " he wor-
the verb the meaning,
shipped." The Participle of a Past Form like is iSK'O, W
the plural being D''"i)3;i'D. See page 23.
VOCABULARY XXI.
nn3TS ez-b^-cha let me sacrifice
al-t!t-ten do not give
ho-lech going
he turned
ha-fach
he overturned
way-yi-vash and
- • -J T •- it withered
way-yl-vash
(pause) (dried up)
(pause)
wat-tach and it smote
n''t^"'")n ch''-rl-shith silent, hot
m^-sham-m^-rlm worshippers
no-v^-dha let us perish
ne-dh'^-a let us know
T • ~ nap-pl-la let us cast
-lyo
~ T
sa-ar he was tossed
-lyb s6-er being tossed
shil-lem he completed
''^-shal-P-ma
- T • ~ 1 let
T : ;' -;
^-shal-le-ma me complete
(in pause)
(in pause)
sha-char dawn, morning
nyîn t5-la-ath a worm
"
For pronunciation of way," see page 2 2.
A FIKST HEBREW READER 8i
READING EXERCISE.
1^). ^y^.^b "^n^'D rr\hv.'i nvh^D n^rih^n \m
(Jonah iv. 7, 8 )
Literal translation. —And prepared God a worm in the
going up of the dawn next day, and it smote the gourd and
it (the gourd) dried up. And it was as soon as the rising
of the sun and prepared God a hot east wind and smote
the sun upon the head of Jonah and he was faint and he
asked his Hfe to die and he said better my death than my
Hfe.
•
EXERCISE XXVI.
(i) Take my land from me.
(2) Do not give his mantle into his right hand.
(3) Go to Nineveh and let us not perish.
(4) Let me complete the sacrifice which I vowed.
(Voc. IV.)
(5) Come and let us cast lots.
(6) God prepared a hot east wind.

(7) O sleeper, rise and go unto Nineveh.
"
(8) He said : The city (fem.) [is] overturned."
(9) He saw a ship (fem.) coming into Joppa.
Note. — (8) Do not translate "
is." Use fem. part, for
"
overturned."
LESSON XXIV.
TJie Verb. — Infinitive.

— The student is directed to
Lesson IX,, where he will read about the Construct Form
of the Noun, i?^ is the Construct Form of the Noun
"i^'n.
Just as we have the two forms of the Noun, the Noun
Absolute and the Noun Construct, so there are two forms
of the Infinitive, the Infinitive Absolute and the Infinitive
Construct.
We speak here only of the more common form, the
Infinitive Construct. The table given below indicates the
manner in which the Infinitive Construct is formed from
the Past Form of the Verb.
^Pi^ he said ibi< to

say
J<3he came xin to come
ybs he swallowed ihii to swallow
nin he fled nnn to flee
rT'n he
T T
was nvn to be
:
niT it rose nnt to rise

no he died nîD to die
npy he went up ni?y to go up

n^y he did niby to do
D^?n he beheld t2^3ri to behold
^'Sfn he delivered ?'5:n to deliver
bpn he lightened -'ipnto lighten
^''K'n he brought back ^''K'n to bring back
PltDynn he fainted Îtsynn to faint
13e'3 he is broken 15?''? to be broken
Frequently the preposition p is prefixed to the Infinitive

" "
Construct. (Compare the Infinitive in English with to
prefixed.) Hence we have niC'yS to do, tD^zini? to behold,
"lbs!?to say, Nia^ to come, yi^^b to swallow, b*"i^5'
to flee,
nVn^ to be, TW'th to die, b\>rh to lighten, ^>*n^ to deliver,

n^L-nS to bring back, '^^^rh to be broken.
82
A FIRST HEIJREVV READER 83
When two vocal sh^vas come together, the first becomes

chireq .
. Hence vb^p.
Note the forms "ibx^ to say N*i3^ to come r\vz^ to die.
; ;
Sometimes the Infinitive Form is best translated by our

Participle. Thus ibs? " saying," literally, " to say." So
the phrase '^'23 "•^y liDynna means, literally, " In the fainting
"
upon me of my soul," or in ordinary English, When my
soul fainted upon me."
"inu'n nipyn means, literally, " In the going up of the dawn,
or "As dawn went up."
"
C'DU'ri nhT3
means, literally, As soon as the rising of the
"
sun," or When the sun rose."
The following examples illustrate the use of the
Infinitive in Hebrew :
He went down go with them

to Qney xiap ht
He prepared a fish to swallow Jonah naV y^np jt nô
He rose to flee to Tarshish nc'^t^'nn'
T •- niib
-
:
cp :
•
't
We have one example of the Infinitive Absolute in the

Book of Jonah. We saw in Voc. XIX. that ^^£?''n means " he
did well," vvhile the Infinitive Form 2D\t means " honestly."
3p^n is the Infinitive Absolute, and is used as an adverb
here. The Infinitive Construct Form is ^''^''[?.
VOCABULARY XXII.
Hebrew Word.
VOCABULARY l^XW.—contintied.
;brew Word.
(5) And the man said, "Go to bring back Jonah to ^
the dry land."

(6) On the coming up of the dawn he went down to
-
look to the temple.
(7) He made a gourd to deliver the man from his
affliction.^
"
(1) Say, The word of the Lord was."
"
(2) Say, unto."
"
(3) Say, his evil." See page 40.
LESSON XXV.
The Verb. — Verbal Suffixes.

— We have already con-
sidered the pronoun suffixes added Nouns and
to Preposi-
tions. (See Lessons XI., XIL, XVI.) We now turn to
the pronoun suffixes added to the Verb.
Webegin with the Past Form of the Verb. The 3rd
plural of the Past Form ^£N* is ^SSn* (page 68). This
"
word 1S^^5 is used in Hebrew poetry and means they
surrounded," "they surrounded me," the
In the phrase
word "me" expressed in Hebrew by adding '3
is to the
word 1SSX. This eives us ''3issi<, Note the change in the
vowel-sounds. The first syllable becomes indistinct, the
second long; thus ^-fa-fu-m, from a-f^-fu.
Note, then, that this is the way in which the i st
singular
pronoun suffix is attached to the 3rd plural of the Past
Form like ^2^?.
"Me" after the 2nd plural Imperative is expressed in
the same way, by adding "3 .
"
Nb'3
(na-sa) means he lifted up."
"
^xb'
(s^-u) is lift up," the plural form of the Imperative.
"
"'J^xb'
(sa-u-nl) is lift me up." (Note vowel under b'.)
"
So 'h^r\ is cast." (See Voc. xvil.)
"
îb^pn is cast me."
We return to the Past Form. ^^3 is a Past Form, and
"
means "
he brought up," in the sense of " making grow or
" " "
rearing." Thou hast brought up is
n^'â (page 68).
In
" " "
the phrase, thou hast brought up him," the word him is
expressed by changing the ending -ta into -to {^ to in).
Thus iri^â is " thou hast broug^ht him up," or " thou hast fc.'
" "
brought it up," when it refers to a masculine noun.
We turn now to the case of pronoun suffixes added to
the Imperfect Form. \T^ means "and he answered." This

is the 3rd singular masculine of the Imperfect Form with
1 consecutive prefixed. In the phrase, " And he answered

86
me," the word "me" is expressed by adding -eni C? ..•) to

m.. Thus we get '^m. Note that the third syllable
becomes indistinct (way-ya-''-ne-nl).
So also 3301 (y^-s6-vev) is an Imperfect Form, and
"
means " he surrounds or " he will surround."
"He surrounds me" is ''^33b (y«-so-v^-ve-nI), the third
syllable being indistinct, as in ^^^Vl].
"Me" is expressed in the same way after the 2nd

singular masculine of the Imperfect Form.
means " he will cast," and ^'bfn " thou wilt cast,"
Tjî'C'':
as the 2nd singular masculine is formed from the 3rd

singular masculine of the Imperfect by changing the first
letter ^ into n.
"
Tj^'^'ni means and thou hast cast" (page 75). "And
thou hast cast me " is 'Jp^C'rii,
We have seen (Voc. xx.) that iP'tp^l

means and they "
cast." 1P"'P)
is the 3rd plural of the Imperfect Form, the
Past Form being ^'tpn (Voc. XVII.). In the phrase, " and
" "
they cast him," the word him isexpressed by adding ^ri--
to "h'î]. Thus vn^'pp or in^p;i. Note that the vowel under
the first ^
becomes indistinct.
In conclusion, note suffixes added to Infinitive Forms;
^•^v^ "
my being."
LESSON XXVI.
Certain idiomatic pJirases should be specially noted.
Chap. i. ver. 5, vnSs-^N C'^N "Each to his God." Literally,

"A man unto his God." Compare ^WT^^ ^^^
"Each to his neighbour" (p. 40), and iî^p :r>'.
(See i. 7, iii. 8.)

Chap. ver. 8, nriN* oy
i. n:l:n-\sii "And of what people art
"
thou ? Literally,
"
And whence a people thou ? "
" "
mo"''N means whence ?
nxT Q^K*:«n "
Chap. i. ver. i o, n^î"i3
And the men feared !int»i
"
greatly." And the men feared a great
Literally,
fear." Compare .\^nJ np n:i^-^x yTi (iv. i) "And it
"
was a great grief to Jonah." Literally, And it
was evil unto Jonah, a great evil." Compare also
"
rb\•^l
rw^-d^
niV npb"l (iv. 6) And Jonah rejoiced very
"
much." Literally, And Jonah rejoiced a great joy."
"
Chap. i. ver. 1 1, '^'^P\ '^>y^ ^''1' ''3 For the sea was growing
"
more and more stormy." Literally, For the sea
going and tossed."
"
Chap, ii, ver. 5, t^^^n^ ?i>piN* I shall again behold." Liter-
"
ally, I shall add to behold."
(Voc. XIX.)
"
Chap. iii. ver. 5, DSppnyi D^Snjp From the greatest of them
"
to the least." Literally, From their great and unto
their small."
Chap.
"
iv. ver. 9, V 'T^.n
"
Thou hast been angry." Literally,
(Anger) has burned to thee." See Voc. XVIII.
"
Compare iv. i, i? in^- Literally, And (anger) burned
to him."
Chap. iv. ver. 10, n^n np^'inu^ "Which came in a night."

"
Literally, Which the son of a night was."
«
Chap. iv. ver. i i
,
i^n
nnb^-Q^ri-enp T\ir\r\_ More than twelve
times ten thousand."
89
go A FlKSl^ IIKHllEW HEADER
Chap. iv. ver. ii.ii'NDb^ irp^-pa "Between his right hand
and "
his left." Literally, Between his right hand to
his left hand."
For the further study of Hebreiv : —
Professor A. B. DAVIDSON'S
INTRODUCTORY HEBREW GRAMMAR
WITH PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN
READING AND WRITING
{Twenty-first Edition) Revised throughout
BY Prof. JOHN E. McFADYEN, D.D.
Zvo, \os. net
"The best Hebrew Grammar is that of Prof. A. B.

Davidson." — British Weekly.
Professor A. B. DAVIDSON'S
HEBREW SYNTAX
Third Edition. Svo, los. net
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exactly where help is most needed, and how to give it in the
simplest and clearest fashion."

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In Post Svo. Price los. net
OUTLINES OF INTRODUCTION TO
THE HEBREW BIBLE
with many illustrations
By Professor a. S. GEDEN, D.D.
"We can speak with the highest praise of Dr. Geden's

work he has compiled a most convenient handbook to the
;
Old Testament, and has amassed an amount of information

on out-of-the-way subjects such as we have not often come
across in any one book." — Saturday Review.

/
PJ Cameron, Duncan, d
4567' 1838.
.C3 A first Hebrew
reader. —
11
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RST

DUNCaN CartERON. B.D.

Edinburgh: T. & T. CLARK, 38 George Street

A FIRST HEBREW READER

Edinburgh : T. & T. CLARK, 38 George Street

T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH

Stevenson of Glasgow University, and Professor A. R. S.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

from the Book of Jonah. Four or five months of regular

Kennedy of the New College, Edinburgh, who read the

TJie Alphabet. — The of the Hebrew Alphabet

frequently so placed in Hebrew.

prefer topronounce this letter as an emphatic s, like a double s.

upright lines, while in Sin it is on the left.

Give the names of the letters in the following Hebrew

hv}^ r)in hv ,nnDto ,rhv ,t^i ,cn }7pr\ ,nti''

\rhm ,"^^0 pn)^ ,n''n pph

Kaph at the end of a word is "[ ;

Dagesh. — Attention has been called to the point in the

is rounded while Daleih is not. jS^ote that there is a short upright

Transliterate the words in these two verses of the Book

1-1 nSov ^h -^tr.s

Remarks. — (i) "Transliterate" ineans "give the corresponding

(2) Remember that Hebrew is read from right to left. The

(5) Represent N by and j; by '.

Write out the Hebrew letters for :

wythplll ywnh yhwh 'Ihyw mm'y hdghh: '1

wy'mr qr'thy mtsrh ly '1 yhwh wy'nny

TJie Vowels. —We have seen that the letters in the

" " " »

Before we proceed to an exercise on this Lesson, note

The transliteration of ^^'p^ is n aq i ;

Question : Transliterate the following Hebrew words :

m\r .Dnrr .tijmi ,pi^d .fi^pit^ ."^^ip

Remarks. — (i) Express i by 0, and 1 by u (not by zc/o and tail).

(2) Read the Hebrew from beginning with the

Transliterate the following Hebrew words :

h^i^n ,«'i2^ ,n«i pnv^ ,'i^vrf ,^h p^p ,"^n«S ,rT3i'^

^:irb ."TT^in ,:n ,«^n ,^5 .rr^trir ntry ,«-i'' ;3iit^

Note that Hebrew words are to be read from right to

(2) „ "e" in "hen";

In transliteration and in teaching pronunciation, these

" " " "

hyphen. This vowel-sign is called " Segol."

If ; is the vowel-sign in an open syllable, pronounce

Thus N"ip is pronounced ka-ra, but "-'3 is pronounced kol.

Answer: (i) Transliteration:

el, lech, e-le-ha, eth, le-lo-him, ya-mim, wa-ya-chel,

Read and transliterate the following words :

Remarks. — (i) h e e bh.

Indistinct Vowels. — The

This sign is called " Sh^va," ^ but we must distinguish

sounded, with the indistinct sound we have in the first

combinations of Simple Sh^va with the vowel-signs for a

'^-lo-hlm, and pronounced ""-lo-hlm,

Note that in writing Hebrew words in the correspond-

:"ib^^ ^J!i^^?"j^ n;v-^^ mn^i-in^ ^ni^

Before we write this in English letters, we should note

(i) "bh" in the word "'3'^ is pronounced as "v."

(3) Aleph has no sound, and is