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    SPSS Answers (Chapter 7)

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    Abhijit Singh
    This document summarizes the key findings from two statistical analyses conducted on relationship happiness data. The first analysis compared happiness scores after participants read different books, finding a statistically significant difference with a large effect size. The second analysis was commissioned by one of the book publishers and found their book produced significantly higher happiness, but with only a small effect size. The document emphasizes that statistical significance does not necessarily indicate practical or substantive importance, and stresses the need to also consider and report effect sizes.

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    SPSS Answers (Chapter 7)

    Uploaded by

    Abhijit Singh
    265 views3 pages
    This document summarizes the key findings from two statistical analyses conducted on relationship happiness data. The first analysis compared happiness scores after participants read different books, finding a statistically significant difference with a large effect size. The second analysis was commissioned by one of the book publishers and found their book produced significantly higher happiness, but with only a small effect size. The document emphasizes that statistical significance does not necessarily indicate practical or substantive importance, and stresses the need to also consider and report effect sizes.

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    This document summarizes the key findings from two statistical analyses conducted on relationship happiness data. The first analysis compared happiness scores after participants read different books, finding a statistically significant difference with a large effect size. The second analysis was commissioned by one of the book publishers and found their book produced significantly higher happiness, but with only a small effect size. The document emphasizes that statistical significance does not necessarily indicate practical or substantive importance, and stresses the need to also consider and report effect sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    265 views3 pages

    SPSS Answers (Chapter 7)

    Uploaded by

    Abhijit Singh
    This document summarizes the key findings from two statistical analyses conducted on relationship happiness data. The first analysis compared happiness scores after participants read different books, finding a statistically significant difference with a large effect size. The second analysis was commissioned by one of the book publishers and found their book produced significantly higher happiness, but with only a small effect size. The document emphasizes that statistical significance does not necessarily indicate practical or substantive importance, and stresses the need to also consider and report effect sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: Chapter 7

    Chapter 7: Answers
    Task 1
    Example: One of my pet hates is pop psychology books. Along with banishing Freud from all
    bookshops, it is my vowed ambition to rid the world of these rancid putrefaction-ridden wastes
    of trees. Not only do they give psychology a very bad name by stating the bloody obvious and
    charging people for the privilege, but they are also considerably less enjoyable to look at than
    the trees killed to produce them (admittedly the same could be said for the turgid tripe that I
    produce in the name of education but lets not go there just for now!). Anyway, as part of my
    plan to rid the world of popular psychology I did a little experiment. I took two groups of
    people who were in relationships and randomly assigned them to one of two conditions. One
    group read the famous popular psychology book Women are from Bras and men are from
    Penis, whereas another group read Marie Claire. I tested only 10 people in each of these
    groups, and the dependent variable was an objective measure of their happiness with their
    relationship after reading the book. I didnt make any specific prediction about which reading
    material would improve relationship happiness.
    SPSS Output for the Independent t-test
    Group Statistics

    Relationship Happiness

    Book Read
    Women are from Bras, Men are from Penis
    Marie Claire

    N
    10
    10

    Mean
    20.0000
    24.2000

    Std. Deviation
    4.10961
    4.70933

    Std. Error
    Mean
    1.29957
    1.48922

    Independent Samples Test


    Levene's Test for
    Equality of Variances

    F
    Relationship
    Happiness

    Equal variances
    assumed
    Equal variances
    not assumed

    .491

    Sig.
    .492

    t-test for Equality of Means

    Sig. (2-tailed)

    -2.125

    18

    .048

    -4.2000

    1.97653

    -8.35253

    -.04747

    -2.125

    17.676

    .048

    -4.2000

    1.97653

    -8.35800

    -.04200

    df

    Std. Error
    Difference

    95% Confidence
    Interval of the
    Difference
    Lower
    Upper

    Mean
    Difference

    Calculating the Effect Size


    We know the value of t and the df from the SPSS output and so we can compute r as follows:
    r=
    =

    2.1252
    2.1252 +18
    4.52
    22.52

    = 0.45

    If you think back to our benchmarks for effect sizes this represents a fairly large effect (it is
    just below 0.5the threshold for a large effect). Therefore, as well as being statistically
    significant, this effect is large and so represents a substantive finding.
    Interpreting and Writing the Result
    When you report any statistical test you usually state the finding to which the test relates, and
    then in parenthesis, report the test statistic (usually with its degrees of freedom), the
    probability value of that test statistic, and more recently the American Psychological
    association are, quite rightly, requesting an estimate of the effect size. To get you into good
    habits early, well start thinking about effect sizes nowbefore you get too fixated on Fishers
    magic 0.05. In this example we know that the value of t was 2.12, that the degrees of
    freedom on which this was based was 18, and that it was significant at p = 0.048. This can all
    be obtained from the SPSS output. We can also see the means for each group. Based on what
    we learnt about reporting means, we could now write something like:

    Dr. Andy Field

    Page 1

    8/13/2003

    Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: Chapter 7


    ; On average, the reported relationship happiness after reading Marie-Claire (M =
    24.20, SE = 1.49), was significantly higher than after reading Women are from Bras
    and men are from Penis (M = 20.00, SE = 1.30) (t(18) = 2.12, p < .05, r = .45).

    Task 2
    Imagine Twaddle and sons, the publishers of Women are from Bras men are from penis, were
    upset about my claims that their book was about as useful as a paper umbrella. They decided
    to take me to task and design their own experiment in which participants read their book, and
    this book (Field and Hole) at different times. Relationship happiness was measured after
    reading each book. To maximize their chances of finding a difference they used a sample of
    500 participants, but got each participant to take part in both conditions (they read both
    books). The order in which books were read was counterbalanced and there was a delay of 6
    months between reading the books. They predicted that reading their wonderful contribution to
    popular psychology would lead to greater relationship happiness than reading some dull and
    tedious book about experiments. The data are in Field&Hole.sav, analyse them using the
    appropriate t-test.
    SPSS Output
    Paired Samples Statistics

    Pair
    1

    Mean
    20.0180
    18.4900

    Women are from Bras, Men are from Penis


    Field & Hole

    N
    500
    500

    Std. Deviation
    9.98123
    8.99153

    Std. Error
    Mean
    .44637
    .40211

    Paired Samples Correlations


    N
    Pair
    1

    Women are from Bras, Men are from


    Penis & Field & Hole

    Correlation
    500

    .117

    Sig.
    .009

    Paired Samples Test


    Paired Differences

    Mean
    Pair
    1

    Women are from Bras, Men


    are from Penis - Field & Hole

    1.5280

    Std. Deviation

    Std. Error
    Mean

    12.62807

    .56474

    95% Confidence
    Interval of the
    Difference
    Lower
    Upper
    .4184

    2.6376

    df

    2.706

    499

    Sig.
    (2-tailed)
    .007

    Calculating the Effect Size


    We know the value of t and the df from the SPSS output and so we can compute r as follows:
    r=
    =

    2.706 2
    2.706 2 + 499
    7.32
    506.32

    = 0.12

    If you think back to our benchmarks for effect sizes this represents a small effect (it is just
    above 0.1the threshold for a small effect). Therefore, although this effect is highly
    statistically significant, the size of the effect is very small and so represents a trivial finding.
    Interpreting and Writing the Result
    In this example, it would be tempting for Twaddle and sons to conclude that their book
    produced significantly greater relationship happiness than our book. In fact, many researchers
    would write conclusions like this:
    9

    The results show that reading Women are from Bras, men are from Penis produces
    significantly greater relationship happiness than that book by smelly old Field and Hole.
    This result is highly significant.

    Dr. Andy Field

    Page 2

    8/13/2003

    Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: Chapter 7


    However, to reach such a conclusion is to confuse statistical significance with the importance of
    the effect. By calculating the effect size weve discovered that although the difference in
    happiness after reading the two books is statistically very different, the size of effect that this
    represents is very small indeed. So, the effect is actually not very significant in real terms. A
    more correct interpretation might be to say:
    9

    The results show that reading Women are from Bras, men are from Penis produces
    significantly greater relationship happiness than that book by smelly old Field and Hole.
    However, the effect size was small revealing that this finding was not substantial in real
    terms

    Of course, this latter interpretation would be unpopular with Twaddle & sons who would like to
    believe that their book had a huge effect on relationship happiness.

    Dr. Andy Field

    Page 3

    8/13/2003

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