Inferential Statistics in Psychology: Help

and Review Chapter Exam Answers

1.A representative sample must always match the population of interest on:

 It depends on the study

 Demographics

 Characteristics

 Both demographics and characteristics

2.If approximately 30% of a country's population is of Japanese descent, a

sample of ___ out of 1000 people are needed to make the sample representative.

 250

 30

 300

 This number doesn't matter

3.To do a study of cheerleaders' future success in the business world, which of

the following is LEAST relevant when selecting a representative sample?

 The percentage of each gender within the sample

 The age distribution of the sample

  The ethnic makeup of the sample

 The percentage of businesspeople that are/were cheerleaders

4.You are observing a psychologist run a chi-square. You see the psychologist
take his number of categories and subtract 1. Which of the following is the
psychologist calculating?

 The chi of chi-square

 How to make a chi-cube

 How to reduce the chi-square to useability

 Degrees of freedom

5.Which of the following types of data are required in order to run a chi-square?

 Interval data

 Ratio data

 Categorical data

 Experienced data

6.The chi-square formula cannot function if the number of observed or expected

is below which of the following?

 1

 5

 10

 50
7.If the null hypothesis states, 'There is no relationship between the amount of
sleep a person gets each night and the amount of coffee they drink,' which of the
following could be an example of an alternative hypothesis for this study?

 As the amount of sleep a person gets each night increases, the amount of
tea they drink decreases.

 The amount of sleep a person gets each night does not affect the amount
of coffee they drink.

 If a person drinks coffee before going to sleep at night, they will have more
dreams.

 As the amount of sleep a person gets each night decreases, the amount of
coffee they drink increases.

8.If your data produces a p-value of 0.12, which of the following would be true
concerning your study?

 There is a 98.8% probability that your results occurred by chance.

 There is an 88% probability that your results occurred by chance.

 There is an 1.2% probability that your results occurred by chance.

 There is a 12% probability that your results occurred by chance.

9.Which of the following is a p-value that would show statistical significance?

 0.04

 0.3

 1.05

 0.75
  0.21

10.In statistical equations, probability is usually represented by _____.


the abbreviation py


a lower case p


the word probability


the alpha symbol

11.The _____ is a test where all of the significance is on only one side of the bell
curve.

 t-test

 two-tail test

 one-tail test

 chi-square test

12.Why is a two-tailed test sometimes referred to as the non-directional

hypothesis?

 Because researchers are unsure of what to do with their data.

 Because this test determines if there is a statistically significant difference

between groups in either direction.

 Because two-tailed tests are conducted when the results are both positive
and negative.
  Because this test only verifies if there is a statistically significant difference
between groups or not.

13.On which of the following cases would an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) be

useful?

 Finding the average score of a group in a Spanish test

 Comparing the language acquisition skills of two different groups

 Testing whether children in Iowa, California, and New York have different
learning skills

 Testing whether girls enjoyed hearing a certain story read aloud

14.A teacher wants to compare children of high, medium, and low family
incomes on their satisfaction with the school lunch program. Which statistical
test should he use to make this comparison?

 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 Regression

 t-test

 p-test

15.Which of the terms below can be defined as 'an educated guess about a trend,
group difference, or association believed to exist'?

 Reliability

 Internal validity

 Hypothesis

 External validity
16.A group of seven people have taken a quiz and their scores are 8,9,10,5,8,9
and 10. Calculate the standard deviation.

 2.9

 8.4

 1.6

 2.5

17.The t-value is supposed to be:

 greater than 0.5.

 a positive number.

 greater than the value on the table.

 greater than the standard deviation.

18.
Some high school students were divided into two groups, group A and
group B, and given the same test.
Group A consisted of 6 students and the average score was 12 with a
standard deviation of 2. Group B consisted of 8 students and the average
score was 11 with a standard deviation of 3. The variance within the groups
is:

 1.339

 1.125

 1.792
  0.667

19.The null hypothesis is a prediction that _____.

 the relationship exists, but is unknown

 there is a relationship

 the relationship is unknowable

 further statistics are required

 there is no relationship

20.When a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, it is an example of a

_____.

 ANOVA

 Type I Error

 Type II Error

 Type III Error

 t-test

21.If an experiment is shown to be statistically significant, then which of the

following would be true?

 The results did not occur by random chance.

 The results are free of Type I and II error.

 The p-value would be negative.

  The p-value would be greater than .05.

 The results are unique.

22.Which is NOT a step in conducting the one-tailed significance test?


compute the z score


find the difference between the means


specify the significance level


find the p-value

23.For all significance tests, the null hypothesis states _____.


there is a large difference between the observed value (x) and the overall
mean of values (mu)


there is no difference between the observed value (x) and the overall mean of
values (mu)


there is a small difference between the observed value (x) and the overall
mean of values (mu)


None of the answers are correct.

24.One-tailed tests are called directional tests because _____.


only p-values fall in between the upper tail and the lower tail, depending on our
hypothesis
 
extreme values fall in either the upper tail or the lower tail, depending on our
hypothesis


only p-values fall in either the upper tail or the lower tail, depending on our
hypothesis


extreme values fall in between the upper tail and the lower tail, depending on
our hypothesis

25.Brian plans to have one group participate in different lengths of meditation

time for his study to determine whether meditation affects body weight. After
each length of meditation time, he will measure the body weight of each
individual in the group. Brian's assistant, Barney, is worried that they will not
see a big difference in the body weight of the participants from the first post-
meditation weigh-in to the subsequent weigh-ins. What phenomenon is Barney
worried about?

 F-ratio effect

 Correlation effect

 Carryover effect

 ANOVA effect

26.The purpose of running an ANOVA is to find the _____ .

 most effective score

 similarities between means

 differences between means

 characterizations shared between means

27.In order to conduct a study to determine whether meditation affects body

weight, Brian plans to have one group participate in different lengths of
meditation time. After each length of meditation time, Brian will measure the
body weight of each individual in the group, which is _____ form of ANOVA.

 multivariate

 between subject

 repeated measure

 mixed method

28.A large group of centenarians (people who lived to 100) were asked for their
secret to longevity. Why shouldn't their advice be trusted?

 Because the centenarians may not represent all of the people who took
the advice

 Because the advice is biased by the effects of aging

 Their advice should most certainly be trusted

 Because the demographic makeup of the group of centenarians does not

match the demographic makeup of the world population

29.Which of the following p-values indicates that the findings of the experiment
are statistically significant?

 .06

 .02

 .1

 5.0

30.Frank performs an experiment to determine whether the amount of cookies a

person eats has an affect on their blood sugar level. Frank finds a strong
relationship between the amount of cookies a person eats and their blood sugar
level, with a p-value of 0.02. Which of the following shows the correct way for
Frank to report his findings? How does one properly write that the alternative
hypothesis was correct?

 The results were not statistically significant, and therefore, the experiment
fails to reject the null hypothesis.

 The results were statistically significant, and therefore, the experiment

accepts the alternative hypothesis.

 The results were statistically significant, and therefore, the experiment

rejects the null hypothesis.

 The results were not statistically significant, and therefore, the experiment
rejects the null hypothesis.