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Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Introduction 1 - 1

This document introduces instructional materials that complement FEMA 451, which provides design examples for the NEHRP Recommended Provisions. It outlines the motivation for earthquake engineering to minimize loss of life and economic losses. It then provides examples of historic earthquakes both in the US and other countries to illustrate the types of damages that have occurred. The materials aim to educate structural engineers on seismic design using the force-based approach of the 2003 NEHRP provisions.

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Oscar Abarca

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

314 views

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Introduction 1 - 1

Uploaded by

Oscar Abarca

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 1

NEHRP Recommended Provisions:

Instructional Materials (FEMA 451B)
These instructional materials
complement FEMA 451, NEHRP
Recommended Provisions: Design
Examples
Needed are copies of FEMA 451 and
FEMA 450, the 2003 NEHRP
Recommended Provisions for New
Buildings and Other Structures (Part 1,
Provisions, and Part 2, Commentary)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 2

FEMA 450 and 451

Single copies of both publications are available
at no charge from the FEMA Publications
Center at 1-800-480-2520
(order by publication number)

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 3

Acknowledgments
FEMA 451 and 451B were developed for
FEMA by the Building Seismic Safety Council
(BSSC) of the National Institute of Building
Sciences (NIBS).
The BSSC also manages development and
updating of the NEHRP Recommended
Provisions.
For information about the BSSC and its
member organizations or to download FEMA
451 and 451B, see
http://bssconline.org

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 4

Acknowledgments
FEMA and the BSSC are grateful to the following individuals for
their contribution to these instructional materials:

Finley A. Charney, Ph.D., P.E., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg

W. Samuel Easterling, Ph.D., P.E., Virginia Tech
James R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., J. R. Harris and Company,
Denver, Colorado
Richard E. Klingner, Ph.D., P.E., University of Texas, Austin
James R. Martin, Jr., Ph.D., Virginia Tech
Steve Pryor, S.E., Simpson Strong Tie, Inc, Dublin,
California
Michael D. Symans, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Carin Roberts-Wollmann, Ph.D., P.E., Virginia Tech

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 5

Motivation for Earthquake Engineering

Minimize human death and injury
Minimize economic loss
Direct (collapse and damage)
Indirect (loss of use, business
interruption)
Maintain lifelines

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 6

Losses Due to All Hazards

Catastrophic Event
Dollar Losses by Year
Average of years 1986 to 1995
25

Andrew & Iniki

$ Billions

20
15

Northridge
Loma Prieta

10
5
0
1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Year

Information provided by Property Claims Service

Catastrophic event is defined as an

event that has property loss claims in
excess of $5 million.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 7

A Significant Portion of Dollar Loss

Due to Earthquake
Dollar Losses by Type
Explosion/Fire
4.5%

Other
0.4%

Riot/Civil Disorder
1.0%
Earthquake
24.9%

Includes Flood
Hurricane/Tropical Storm
32.7%

Includes Flood

Wind/Hail/Tornado
36.5%

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 8

Examples of US Earthquake Losses

1906 San Francisco

1933 Long Beach
1964 Alaska
1971 San Fernando Valley
1989 Loma Prieta
1994 Northridge

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 9

1971 Earthquake in the San

Fernando Valley of California
Earth dam located about 20 km from
the epicenter. Part of the upstream
face lost bearing strength and slipped
beneath the water.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 10

1971 San Fernando Valley Earthquake

Soft story failure of the Olive View Hospital. The column
failure caused a collapse that pinned the ambulances under
the rubble, rendering them useless.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 11

1989 Earthquake in Loma Prieta, California

Oakland Bay Bridge failure.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 12

1994 Earthquake in
Northridge, California
Bull Creek Canyon Channel
Bridge on the Simi Valley freeway
near the epicenter to the north.
Shear failure of a flared column.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 13

1994 Northridge
Earthquake
Gavin Canyon Undercrossing
on I-5

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 14

Examples of Earthquake Losses

Outside the United States

1923 Tokyo
1927 China
1985 Chile
1985 Mexico City
1988 Armenia
1993 Hokkaido
1995 Kobe
1999 Turkey, Taiwan
2001 India
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 15

1985 Mexico City Earthquake

Pino Suarez Towers looking north -- one of the few
steel frame buildings to collapse.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 16

1988 Leninakan, Armenia, Earthquake

Damage to a stone bearing wall building. The floor planks
were not tied to the supporting bearing walls.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 17

1995 Kobe, Japan,

Earthquake
Distorted train tracks.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 18

Typical Cycle
Build (Rebuild)

Earthquake!
Learning
Research
Code Development
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 19

Who Is Involved in
Earthquake Hazard Mitigation?
Government
Construction

The Built Environment

Insurance

(new and existing)

Architecture
Sociology
Economics
Seismology

Buildings
Bridges
Dams
Lifelines
Other...

Research
Education
Geology
Engineering

Materials

Hazard Risk Assessment

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 20

These Instructional Materials FOCUS on

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
and

New buildings
Hazards associated with ground shaking
Force-Based approach of 2003 NEHRP

Recommended Provisions (FEMA 450)

Examples presented in NEHRP
Recommended Provisions: Design
Examples (FEMA 451)
Probabilistic and deterministic based ground
motions
New concepts of performance-based
engineering
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 21

Published Design Documents

for New Buildings
NEHRP Recommended
Provisions (FEMA 450)
IBC and IRC
ASCE 7

1906 San Francisco

Earthquake

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 22

2003 NEHRP Recommended Provisions

for New Buildings and Other Structures
Uses seismic hazard map (2%-50years) for
evaluation purposes

Relies on equal displacement concept to

establish design forces

Utilizes linear elastic static or dynamic analysis

Deformations checked globally
Intended result (obtained somewhat implicitly):
Little or no damage for frequent earthquakes
Minor nonstructural damage for common earthquakes
Life-safety or collapse prevention for rare earthquakes

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 23

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 24

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 25

Chapters in the FEMA 451 Examples CD

Ch. 1
Ch. 2
Ch. 3
Ch. 4
Ch. 5
Ch. 6
Ch. 7
Ch. 8
Ch. 9
Ch. 10
Ch. 11
Ch. 12
Ch. 13

Fundamentals
Guide to the Use of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Structural Analysis (including nonlinear analysis)
Foundation Design
Steel Structures
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Precast Concrete Structures
Composite Steel/Concrete Structures
Masonry Structures
Wood Structures
Seismically Isolated Structures
Nonbuilding Structures
Nonstructural Components

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Introduction 1 - 26

Structural engineering:
The art of using materials that
have properties which can only be estimated
to build real structures that
can only be approximately analyzed
to withstand forces that
are not accurately known
so that our responsibility to the
public safety is satisfied.