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Hart Chapter 8 Solutions
Hart Chapter 8 Solutions
4/24/10
8-1)
8-2)
I max
V
dc
R
1 e T /2
L 0.1
1 V
96
;
0.02s.; T ; dc
19.2 A.
T /2
R 5
60 R
5
1 e
0.341
3.94 A.
1.66)
I max 19.2
b) From Eq. 8 1: io (t )
io (0) 0 A
Vdc
Ae t /
R
Vdc
R
Vdc
1 e t /
R
i (T / 2) 19.2 1 e 1/2.4 6.54 A.
io (t )
c) PSpice results are consistent with parts (a) and (b). The current waveform reaches
steady state after approximately 100 ms, corresponding to 5 time constants.
8.0A
(8.3333m,6.5486)
(158.333m,3.9485)
4.0A
0A
-4.0A
0s
40ms
80ms
120ms
160ms
I(L)
Time
8-3)
Vdc 150
L 40 mH
7.5 A.;
2 ms;
R
20
R
20
a)
T 1 / 60
4.167
2 4 ms
Using Eq (8 8),
1 e 4.167
7.271 A.
4.167
1 e
I max 7.5
io
200ms
b)
c ) I peak 7.271 A.
d ) Vmax Vdc 150 V .
8-4)
Vdc 125
L 25 mH
6.25 A.;
1.25 ms;
R
20
R
20
a)
T
1 / 60
13.33
2 1.25 ms
Using Eq (8 8),
1 e 13.33
6.25 A.
13.33
1 e
I max 6.25
for 0 t 8.33 ms
io
120
I rms
1/120
6.25 12.5e
t /.00125
dt 5.45 A.
2
c) P I rms
R 5.25 20 594 W .
2
Is
P 594
4.75 A.
Vdc 125
8-5)
Z1 152 2 400 0.01
a)
29.3
4Vdc
b)
Vdc
Vn
4Vdc
;
n
n
1
3
5
THDI
8-6)
V1
260 V .
4
Z n R 2 2 400 L
Vn
331
110
66
1.022 0.37 2
0.136 13.6%
8.0
;
Zn
29.3
77
127
In
Vn
Zn
; I n ,rms
In,rms
8.0
1.02
0.37
In
2
31.3
4Vdc
b) Vn
Vdc
4Vdc
;
n
V1
69.6 V .
4
Z n R 2 2 120 L
n
1
3
5
Vn
88.6
29.5
17.7
THDI
Using PSpice,
In
Vn
Zn
Zn
31.3
61.8
97.5
0.342 0.132
0.185 18.5%
2.0
; I n ,rms
In,rms
2.0
0.34
0.13
In
2
1.200E+02
2.400E+02
3.600E+02
4.800E+02
6.000E+02
7.200E+02
8.400E+02
9.600E+02
1.080E+03
2.830E+00
5.377E-06
4.778E-01
3.589E-06
1.818E-01
2.858E-06
9.427E-02
2.523E-06
5.743E-02
8-7)
Using a restricted time interval of 33.33 ms to 50 ms to analyze steady-state current, the peak
value is 8.26 A and the rms value is 4.77 A. The THD from the output file is 32%.
20A
10A
Peak
(35.134m,8.2603)
rms
(50.000m,4.7738)
i(t)
0A
-10A
30ms
I(R)
35ms
RMS(I(R))
40ms
45ms
50ms
Time
voltage (100 V)
10
current
S1, S2
D3, D4
0
D1, D2
S3, S4
-10
30ms
I(R)
35ms
V(A)/10
0
40ms
Time
45ms
50ms
8-8)
4Vdc
cos
a ) V1
90
V1
1
55.6
cos
4Vdc
4 125
cos 1
4Vdc
Vn
cos n
n
n
1
3
5
Z n R jn0 L ; I n
|Vn|
90
51.6
4.43
THDI
8-9)
V1
a)
Vn
Zn
; I n ,rms
Zn
12.5
24.7
39
In,rms
5.08
1.5
0.08
1.52 0.082
0.29 29%
5.08
4Vdc 4 200
255 V .
Z1 R j0 L 10 j 2 60 0.035 16.6
V1 255
15.3 A.
Z1 16.6
I1
I1,rms
b)
15.3
2
10.9 A.
At 30 Hz ,
Z1 10 j 2 30 0.035 12.0
V1 I1Z1 15.3 12.0 184 V .
4Vdc
cos
V1
8-10)
184
V1
1
43.7
cos
4
200
4Vdc
cos 1
In
2
= 30
Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 3 are
absent.
b) = 15
Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 5 are
absent.
8-11)
90 90
12.86
n
7
8-12)
Letting T = 360 seconds and taking advantage of half-wave symmetry,
Vrms
360
Vrms Vm
8-13)
54
30
114
Vm2 dt
66
150
Vm2 dt
2
m dt
126
1
54 30 114 66 150 126 0.730Vm
180
The VPWL_FILE source is convenient for this simulation. A period of 360 seconds is used,
making each second equal to one degree. A transient simulation with a run time of 360 second
and a maximum step size of 1m gives good results. The FFT of the Probe output confirms that the
3rd and 5th harmonics and their multiples are eliminated.
0
30
30.01
54
54.01
66
66.01
114
114.01
126
126.01
150
150.01
210
210.01
234
234.01
246
246.01
294
294.01
306
306.01
330
330
360
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
8-14)
a)
b)
Vm
4Vdc
cos n1 cos n 2 cos n 3
n
Vdc 48 V ; 1 15 ; 2 25 ; 3 55
n
Vn
c) M i
1
149.5
3
0
5
-2.79
7
-3.04
9
-14.4
0.815
8-15)
To eliminate the third harmonic,
cos(31 ) cos(3 2 ) cos(3 3 ) 0
Select two of the angles and solve for the third.
Examples:
1
15
20
10
10
2
25
30
30
30
3
55
40
50
70
Mi
0.815
0.857
0.831
0.731
8-16)
This inverter is designed to eliminate harmonics n = 5, 7, 11, and 13. The normalized coefficients
through n = 17 are
n
Vn/Vdc
1
4.4593
3
-0.8137
5
0.0057 0
7
-0.0077 0
9
-0.3810
11
0.0043 0
13
-0.0078 0
15
-0.0370
17
0.1725
The coefficients are not exactly zero for those harmonics because of rounding of the angle values.
8-17)
8-18)
V1 V1,rms 2 54 2 76.8 V .
ma
V1 76.8
0.8
Vdc
96
mf
mf - 2
mf + 2
n
1
17
15
19
Vn/Vdc
0.8
0.82
0.22
0.22
Vn
76.8
78.7
21.1
21.1
Zn
33.3
157
139
175
In=Vn/Zn
2.30
0.50
0.151
0.121
0.121
0.50 0.151
2
2
2
THD
2.30
2
0.23 23%
8-19)
V1 V1, rms 2 160 2 226.3 V .
ma
V1 226.3
0.9
Vdc
250
mf
mf - 2
mf + 2
n
1
31
29
33
Vn/Vdc
0.9
0.71
0.27
0.27
0.108
0.305 0.122
2
2
2
THD
8.18
2
Vn
225
178
67
67
Zn
27.5
585
547
622
0.044 4.4%
In=Vn/Zn
8.18
0.305
0.122
0.108
8-20)
The circuit Inverter Bipolar PWM Function is suitable to verify the design results. The
parameters are modified to match the problem values.
Transient Analysis and Fourier Analysis are establish in the Simulation Setup menu:
The output file contains the THD of the load current, verifying that the THD is less than 10%.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 9.387011E+00 PERCENT
8-21)
Example solution:
Let ma 0.9,
Vdc
Vm 120 2
189 V .
ma
0.9
V1
120 2
120 2
13.6 A.
Z1 10 j 2 60 0.020
12.5
Vmf
I mf
134
123 m f 0 L
1.09
123
123
16.4
0 L 377 0.020
8-22)
Example solution:
V1 V1,rms 2 100 2 141 V .
Let ma 0.9 Vdc
I1
V1 141
157 V .
ma 0.9
V1
V1
141
4.48 A.
Z1 R j0 L 30 j 377 0.025
THDI
Z mf
mf
I mf
I1
Vmf
I mf
0.10
0.71 157
0.448
249 m f 0 L
249
26.4
377 0.025
8-23)
Use the bipolar PWM function circuit of Fig. 8-23a, and use the unipolar PWM function circuit
of Fig.8-26 with mf = 10. Use ma = 0.8 for V1 = 120 V from the 150-V dc source.
The THD for bipolar, mf = 21, is 10.2 %, for bipolar mf = 41 is 5.2%, and for unipolar mf = 10 is
5.9%.
Bipolar mf = 21:
Bipolar mf = 41:
Unipolar, mf = 10:
8-24)
a ) V1, L N
I1
V1
159
159
6.09 A.
Z1 25 j 377 0.020 26.1
I1,rms
8-25)
2Vdc
2
500
2 cos cos
3 159 V .
3
3
3
3
I1
2
4.31 A.
VnL-N
255
50.9
36.4
23.1
19.6
Zn
11.1
25.6
34.5
52.8
62.0
In
23.0
2.0
1.06
0.44
0.32
In,rms
16.3
1.41
0.75
0.31
0.22
THDI
VnL-N
255
50.9
36.4
23.1
19.6
Zn
21.3
94.8
132
208
245
In
11.9
0.54
0.27
0.12
0.08
In,rms
8.43
0.38
0.19
0.08
0.06
The THD for current is reduced from 10% to 5.19% as f is increased from 25 Hz to 100 Hz. The
THD of the line-to-neutral voltage remains at 27.3%.
These results can also be determined from a PSpice simulation for the six-step inverter.
8-26)
2Vdc
2
2 cos cos
Vdc 0.637
3
3
V1, L N
0.637
151
237 V .
0.637
276
433 V .
0.637