CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS

(1-1)

(1-2)
 25V

20V

15V

10V

5V

0V

-5V

0s 2us 4us 6us 8us 10us 12us 14us 16us

V(D1:2)

  Time

25V

(1.4333u,23.800)
20V

15V

10V

5V

(4.0833u,-851.690m)

0V

-5V

0s 2us 4us 6us 8us 10us 12us 14us 16us

V(S1:4)

Time

In part (b), the voltage across the current source is reduced from 24 V by the switch resistance
and diode voltage drop.
(1-3)

40 V

96.46n,23.94)

20 V

0V (3.150u,-1.052)

(3.150u,-1.052)

-20V
0s 5us 10us 15us
V(V2:-)
Time

(1-4)
 25V

(800.000n,23.924)
20V

15V

10V

5V

(3.8333u,-1.0517)

0V

-5V

0s 2us 4us 6us 8us 10us 12us 14us 16us

V(V2:-)

Time

CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS
2/21/10

2-1) Square waves and triangular waves for voltage and current are two examples.

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

 v 2 (t ) [170sin (377t )]2 2
2-2) a)  p ( t ) = v (t ) i (t ) = = = 2890sin 377 t W .
 R 10
b) peak power = 2890 W.

c) P = 2890/2 = 1445 W.

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
2-3)

v(t) = 5sin2πt V.

a) 4sin2πt A.; p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 20 sin22πt W.; P = 10 W.

b) 3sin4πt A.; p(t) = 15sin(2πt)sin(4πt) W.; P = 0

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-4) a)

0 0  t  50 ms

 p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = 40 50 ms  t  70 ms
0 70 ms  t  100 ms

b)

T  70 ms
1 1
P =
T
 v (t ) i (t ) dt = 100 ms 
0 50 ms
40 dt = 8.0 W .  

c)

T  70 ms

W =  p (t ) dt = 
0 50 ms
40 dt = 800 mJ .; or W = PT = (8W )(100 ms ) = 800 mJ .  

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-5) a)

70 W . 0t  6 ms
−50 W . 6 ms  t  10 ms

 p ( t ) = v ( t ) i (t ) = 
10 ms  t  14 ms
40 W .
0 14 ms  t  20 ms

b)

1
T 
 1
6 ms 10 ms 14 ms

P =  p ( t ) dt =   70 dt +
 ( −50 ) dt +  40 dt  = 19 W .  
T 0
20 ms 
 0 6 ms 10 ms 

c)

T 
 6 ms 10 ms 14 ms

W =  p ( t ) dt =   70 dt +  ( −50 ) dt +  40 dt  = 0.38 J.;  
0  0 6 ms 10 ms 
or W = PT = (19 )( 20 ms ) = 380 mJ  
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-6)

P = Vd c I a vg
a) I avg = 2 A., P = (12 )( 2 ) = 24 W .  
b) I avg = 3.1 A., P = (12 )( 3.1) = 37.2 W .  
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-7)

a)

v R ( t ) = i ( t ) R = 25 sin 3 77t V .  

 p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 25 sin 377t )(1.0 sin 377t ) = 25 sin 377 t = 12.5 (1 − cos 754 t ) W .
2

T 
1
P R =
T  0  p ( t ) dt = 12.5 W .  

b)

di ( t ) −3
v L ( t ) = L = 10 (10 ) ( 377 )(1.0) cos 377t = 3.77 cos 377t V .  
dt 
( 3.77 )(1.0 )
 p L ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 3.77 cos 377t )(1.0 sin 377t ) = sin 754t = 1.89 sin 754t W .
2
T 
1
P L =
T  0  p ( t ) dt =  0

c)

 p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = (12)( 1.0 sin 377t ) = 12 sin 377 t W .

T 
1
Pdc =
T  0 p ( t ) dt =  0
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
2-8) Resistor:

v ( t ) = i ( t ) R = 8 + 24sin 2 60t V .  
 p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 8 + 24 sin 2 60t )( 2 + 6 sin 2 60t )
= 16 + 96 sin 2 60t + 144 sin 2 2 60t W .
1
T 
1/60 1/60
1
1/60

P =  p ( t ) dt =   16 dt +  96sin 2 60t dt +  144sin 2 60t   
2

T  0 1/60  0 0 0 
= 16 + 72 = 88 W .
Inductor: P L = 0.

dc source: Pdc = I avgVdc = ( 2) ( 6 ) = 12 W.  

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-9) a) With the heater on,

Vm I m (1500 )( 2 )
P= = 1500 W . → I m = = 12.5 2
2 120 2
 p ( t ) = Vm I m sin t
2
= (120 2 )(12.5 2 ) sin t = 3000sin  t 2 2

max (  p ( t ) ) = 3000 W .

b) P = 1500(5/12) = 625 W.

c) W = PT = (625 W)(12 s) = 7500 J. (or 1500(5) = 7500 W.)

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-10)

t 
1 1
i L ( t ) =
 L v L ( t ) dt =
0.1 0  90 d   = 900t 0  t  4 ms.

−3
i L ( 4 ms ) = ( 900 )( 4 )(10 ) = 3.6 A.
a)

1 2 1 2
W = Li = ( 0.1)( 3.6) = 0.648 J .  
2 2

b) All stored energy is absorbed by R: WR = 0.648 J.

 c)

W  R 0.648
P R = = = 16.2 W .
T 40 ms

PS = PR = 16.2 W .

d) No change in power supplied by the source: 16.2 W.

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
 10 A

5A Inductor current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10 A

Source current
0A

-10A
-I(Vcc)
1.0KW
Ind. inst. power
0W

-1.0KW
W(L1)
1.0KW

Source inst. power (supplied)

0W

-1.0KW
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-W(Vcc)
  Time

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
2-13)

a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor
current.

b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 20 ms.

()
di L t 
v L = 12 V . = L
dt 
di L vL 12
= = = 160  A/s
dt L 0.075
at t = 20 ms, i L = (160) ( 0.02) = 3.2 A.

Switch open, zener on:

v L = 12 − 20 = −8 V .
di L vL −8
= = = −106.7  A/s
dt L 0.075
t to return to zero :

i −3.2
t = = = 30 ms
−106.7 −106.7
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 20 + 30 = 50 ms.

iL = 0 for 50 ms < t < 70 ms.

c)
 40mW

Inductor inst. power

0W

-40mW
W(L1)
80mW

Zener inst. power

40mW

SEL>>
0W
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms
W(D1)
  Time

d)

P L = 0.
T 
1 11 
P Z =
T  0 pZ  ( t ) dt = 
0.07  2
( 0.03)( 64)  = 13.73 W .

 

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-14) a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor
current.

b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 15 ms.

di L ( t )
v L = 20 V . = L
dt 
di L vL 20
= =
= 400  A/s
dt 0.050 L
at t = 15 ms, i L = ( 400 )( 0.015 ) = 6.0 A.
 Switch open, zener on:

v L = 20 − 30 = −10 V .

di L vL −10
= = = −200  A/s
dt L 0.050
t to return to zero :

i −6.0
t = = = 30 ms
−200 −200
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 15 + 30 = 45 ms.

iL = 0 for 45 ms < t < 75 ms.

c)
200W

Inductor inst. power

0W

-200W
W(L1)
200W

Zener inst. power

100W

SEL>>
0W
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms
W(D1)
Time

d)

P L = 0.
T 
1 1 1 
P Z =
T  0 pZ ( t ) dt =
0.075  2
( 0.03 )(180 )  = 36 W .  

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-15) Examples are square wave (Vrms = Vm) and a triangular wave (Vrms = Vm/√3).

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
 2 2
2-16) Phase conductors: P  = I R = 12 ( 0.5 ) = 72 W .  

Neutral conductor: P N  = I R

2
=
(12 3 ) ( 0.5 ) = 216 W .  

( )
Ptotal = 3 72 + 216 = 432 W .

P N  72
 R N  = 2
= 2
= 0.167 
 I  N 
(12 3 )
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-17) Re: Prob. 2-4

Vrms = Vm D = 10 0.7 = 8.37 V .  

 I rms = Im D = 4 0.5 = 2.83 A.

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-18) Re: Prob. 2-5

 14 
Vrms =V m
D = 10   = 8.36 V .  
 20 
0.006 0.01 0.02
1
  4
2
 I rms = 7 dt
2
+ ( −5) dt +
2
dt = 27.7 = 5.26 A.
0.02 0 0.006 0.01

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
3-38)

See Problem 3-37 for the circuit diagram.

a) Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 36.1 W. Power absorbed by the inductor is zero.

10 A

5A
Inductor Current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10 A

5A Zener Diode Current

0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms
-I(D1)
Time

b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5Ω resistor is 4.4 W. Power absorbed by
the Zener diode is 14.2 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 784 mW.
2-39)

40 A

Total Current

20 A

0A

-20A
0s 4ms 8ms 12ms 16ms 20ms
I(I1) I(I2) I(I3) I(I4) -I(V1)
Time

Quantity Probe Expression Result

Power AVG(W(V1)) 650 W

 rms current RMS(I(V1)) 14 A

Apparent power S RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1)) 990 VA

Power factor AVG(W(V1)) / (RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1))) 0.66

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

2-40)

DESIRED QUANTITY ORIGINAL RESULT NEW VALUES

Inductor Current max = 4.5 A. 4.39 A

Energy Stored in Inductor max = 2.025 J 1.93 L

Average Switch Power 0.010 W. 0.66 W

Average Source Power (absorbed) -20.3 W. -19.9 W

Average Diode Power 0.464 W. .449 W

AVG(W(D1))
0.464 W.

Average Inductor Power  0 0

Average Inductor Voltage  0 0

Average Resistor Power 19.9 W. 18.8 W

Energy Absorbed by Resistor 1.99 J. 1.88 J

Energy Absorbed by Diode .046 J. .045 J

Energy Absorbed by Inductor  0 0

rms Resistor Current 0.998 A. 0.970 A

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
2-41) Use the part VPULSE or IPULSE (shown). Here, the period is 100 ms, and the rise times
chosen are 20 ms, 50 ms, and 80 ms. The fall times are the period minus the rise times. Each
rms value is 0.57735, which is identical to 1/√3.

1.0A

(100.000m,577.350m)

0A

-1.0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-I(R1) RMS(I(R1))
Time

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS
2/20/10

3-1)
 V0 V m   170/   
a) I 0 = = = = 3.60 A.
 R R 15
Vrms V m 170
b) I rms = = = = 5.66 A.
 R 2R 2(15)
c) P = I R = 5.66 (15) = 480 W .  
2 2

 170 
d ) S = Vrms Irms =   (5.66) = 679 VA.
 2 
P 480 W 
e) pf  = = = 0.707 = 70.7%
S 679 VA

3-2)

V 0
a ) I 0 = 12 A.; I 0 = → V0 = I 0 R = (12)(20) = 240 V .  
 R
V m
Vo = ; Vm = Vo = 240    = 754 V .  
  

754
Vrms = = 533 V .
2
 N 1 240
= = 0.45
 N 2 533
 N 2 12
b) I o  = I o = = 26.7 A.
 N 1 0.45

3-3)
 2 2
P Vrms / R Vrms / R Vrms  
 pf  = = = =
S (Vs ,rms )( I s ,rms ) (Vs , rms )(Vrms / R) Vs ,rms 

V m  sin2 
1− +
2  2  1  sin 2 1  sin 2  
= = 1− + = − +
V m / 2 2  2 2 2 4  
3-24)

V m 120 2
a) Vo = (1 + cos  ) = (1 + cos 45) = 46.1 V .
2 2 
2
Vrms V m  sin2 
b) P = ; V rms = 1− +
 R 2  2 
120 2 0.785 sin(2(0.785))
= 1− + = 80.9 V .
2  2 
80.9 2
P= = 65.5 W .
100
 80.9  P 65.5
c) S = Vs , rms I rms = (120)   = 97.1 VA; pf =  = = 0.674 = 67.4%
 100  S  97.1

3-25)

V 
a) vo = I o R = (2.5)(30) = 75 V =   m (1 + cos  )
2 
 2 V o   2 (75) 
  = cos −1  − 1 = cos −1  − 1 = 65.5 or 1.143 rad  
 V m   240 2 
V o2,rms
b) P =
 R
V m  sin 2  240 2 1.143 sin(2(1.143))
Vo ,rms = 1− + = 1− + = 147.6 V .
2  2 2  2  
147.62
P= = 726 W .
30
 147.6  P 726
c) S = Vs , rms I rms  = ( 240)   = 1181 VA; pf   = = = 0.615 = 61.5%
 30  S  1181
3-26)
 a) i(t ) = 5.42sin( t − 0.646) + 1.33e − t 
/0.754
A.
 = 25 = 0.524 rad ,   = 3.79 rad = 217 ( numerically )
  
1
b) I o =
2     i(t)d ( t) = 1.80 A.
  
1
2  
c) I rms = i (t ) d ( t ) = 2.80 A.; Po = PR = I rms R = (2.80) 25 = 193 W.  
2 2 2

 

3-27)

a) i(t ) = 3.46sin( t − 0.615) − 6.38e− t /0.707 A.

 = 60 = 1.047 rad ,   = 3.748 rad = 215 ( numerically)
  
1
b) I o =
2    i(t)d ( t) = 0.893 A.
  
1
2  
c) I rms = i (t ) d ( t) = 1.50 A.;
2
Po = PR = I rms
2
R = (1.50) 2 40 = 90.3 W.  
 

3-28) α ≈ 46°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and
use Ron = 0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 46 degrees results in approximately 2 A in the
load.
3-29) α ≈ 60.5°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and
use Ron = 0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 60.5 degrees results in approximately 1.8 A in
the load.
3-30) From Eq. 3-61,

a ) i(t ) = 4.29sin(t − 1.263) − 4.0 + 7.43e− t /3.142 A., 0.873   t  3.95 rad  
  
1
 I o =
2     i(t )d ( t ) = 1.04 A., Pdc = IoVdc = (1.04)(48) = 50.1 W .

  
1
2  
b) I rms = i (t ) d ( t) = 1.67 A.;
2
PR = Irms
2
R = (1.67) 212 = 33.5 W .  
 

P 50.1+ 33.5
c) pf  = = = 0.417 = 41.7%
S  (120)(1.67)
3-31) From Eq. 3-61,
− t /0.565
a) i(t ) = 2.95sin(t − 0.515) − 0.96 + 3.44e A., 1.047   t  3.32 rad  
  
1
 I o =  i(t )d ( t) = 0.454 A.,
2   
Pdc = IoVdc = (0.454)(96) = 43.6 W .

  
1
2  
b) I rms = i (t ) d ( t) = 0.830 A.;
2
PR = I rms
2
R = (0.830) 2100 = 69.0 W .  
 

P 43.6 + 69.0
c) pf  = = = 0.565 = 56.5%
S  (240)(0.830)
 3Vm 3 2 (240) V o 324
a ) Vo = = = 324 V .; I o = = = 4.05 A.
    R 80
6V m
b) V6 = = 0.055Vm = 0.055 2 (240) = 18.5 V .  
 (6 − 1)
2

 Z 6 = R = 80
V 6 18.5
 I 6 = = = 0.23 A.
 Z 6 80
2
 0.23 
 I rms  I + I 6 rms
2
o = 4.05 +  2
 = 4.06 A.
 2 
 I o 4.04
c) I D = = = 2.02 A.
2 2
 I o ,rms 4.05
d ) I  D ,rms = = = 2.87  A.
2 2
 I o ,rms 2 4.06
4.06 2
e) I s ,rms = = = 3.31 A.
3 3
 f ) P = I o2,rms R = (4.06) 2 80 = 1315 W .; S = 3VI = 3 (240)(3.31) = 1376 VA
P 1315
 pf  = = = 0.956
S  1376
4-36)

3Vm 3 2 ( 480) V o 649

a ) Vo = = = 649 V .; I o = = = 6.49 A.
    R 100
6V m
b) V6 = = 0.055Vm = 0.055 2 ( 480) = 37.1 V .  
 (62 − 1)
 Z6 = R + j 6 o L = 100 + j6(377)(.015) = 100 + j37.9 =10
106 
V 6 37.1
 I 6 = = = 0.35 A.
 Z 6 106
2
 0.35 
 I rms  I + I 6 rms = 6.49 +   = 6.49 A.
2 2
o
 2 
 I o 6.49
c) I  D = = = 3.25  A.
2 2
 I o ,rms 6.49
d ) I D , rms = = = 4.59 A.
2 2
 I o ,rms 2 6.49
.49 2
e) I s ,rms = = = 5.3 A.
3 3
 f ) P = I o ,rms R = (6.49) 100 = 4212 W .; S = 3VI = 3 (480)(5.3) = 4406 VA
2 2

P 4212
 pf  = = = 0.956
S  4406
4-37)

There are no differences between the calculations

calc ulations in Problem 4.36 and the PSpice
results. The power absorbed by each diode ia approximately 1.9 W.

4-38)Equation (4-46) gives values of of I 1 = 28.6 A, I 5 = 5.71 A, I 7 = 4.08 A, I 11 = 2.60
A, and I13 = 2.20 A. All compare well with the PSpice results. The total harmonic
distortion (THD) is 27.2% when including harmonics through n = 13.

 ______________________
 ___________________________________
_______________________
______________________
______________________
____________________
__________
 ________

4-39)
 a ) Vo = I o R = (25)(120) = 3000 V .  
  V o  −1   3000 
  = cos −1   = cos   = 57.7
3V 
 m  3 2(4160
2(4160)
) 
V 6
b) From Fig. 4 − 21,  0.28  V6 = 0.28 2 ( 4160) = 1640 V .  
V m
V 12
 0.135  V12 = 794 V .
V m
V 18
 0.09  V18 = 525 V .
V m

c)

50A

0A
Load

-50A

I(R)

40A
S1

0A

I(S1)

80A

S4
SEL>>

0A

I(S4)

50A

Ia
0A

-50A

65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms

-I(VAN)

Time

4-40)
a ) Vo = I o R = (10)(50) = 500 V .  
  V o  −1   500 
  = cos −1   = cos   = 39.5 
3V 
 m  3 2(480
2(480)
) 
V 6
b) From Fig. 4 − 21,  0.21  V6 = 0.21 2 (480) =143 V.  
V m
V 12
 0.1  V12 = 68 V .
V m
V 18
 0.07  V18 = 48 V .
V m

c)

20A

SEL>> Load

-20A
I(R)

S1
10A

0A
I(S1)

10A S4

0A
I(S4)

10A

0A Ia

-10A

65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms

-I(VAN)
Time

 ______________________
 ___________________________________
_______________________
______________________
____________________________
____________________
____
 ________
4-41)

3V m 3 2(480)
a) Vo = cos   = cos 35  = 531 V .
  
V o 531
 I o = = = 10.6 A.
 R 50
V 6
b)  0.19  V6 = 0.19 2(480) = 130 V .
V m
 Z 6 = R + j 6 0 L = 50 + j6(377)(0.05) = 124 
V 6 130
 I 6 = = = 1.05 A.
 Z 6 124
2 2
  I    1.05 
 I o , rms  i +  6  = 10.62 + 
2
o  = 10.65 A.
 2  2 
 2  2
 I s ,rms =   I o,rms = 

 3  3 10.65 = 8.6 A.
   
4-42)

3V m 3 2(480)
a) Vo = cos   = cos 50  = 417 V .
  
V o 417
 I o = = = 41.7 A.
 R 10
V 6
b)  0.25  V6 = 0.25 2(480) = 170 V .
V m
 Z 6 = R + j 6 0 L = 10 + j6(377)(0.01) = 24.7 
V 6 170
 I 6 = = = 6.9 A.
 Z 6 24.7
2 2
  I    6.9 
 I o , rms  i +  6  = 41.7 2 + 
2
o  = 42.3 A.
 2   2 
 2  2
 I s ,rms =   I o,rms = 

 3  3  41.7 = 34 A.
   
4-43)

a ) Vo = I o R = (20)(20) = 400 V .  

  V o  −1   400 
a = cos −1   = cos   = 52
3V 
 m  3 2(480) 
V 6
b) From Fig . 4 − 21,  0.25  V6 = 0.25( 2)(480) =170 V.  
V m
2 2 2
  I 6    I 12   I 18 
  +  +   0.02 I o or I 62 + I122 + I182  0.02 2 I o
 2  2  2
 Z 6 = R + j 6 L
V 6
=  I 6  0.02 I o = 0.02(20) = 0.4 A.
 Z 6
V 6 170
 Z 6 = = = 425  = R + j 6 L = 20 + j6(377) L
 I 6 0.4
6(377) L  425
425
 L = = 0.188 H 
6(377)
 L  190 mH 
4-44)

 V o    −280  
  = cos −1   = cos −1
  = 149.8
3V 
 m  3 2 ( ) 
280

300V − 280V 
 I o = = 40 A
0.5

Pdc = Vdc Io = ( 300 )( 40 ) = 12,000 W supplied 

 

P R = I o R = 40 ( 0.5) = 800 W absorbed

2 2
   

P Bridge = Pac = ( 280 )( 40 ) = 11,200 W  absorbed 

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
4-45)

 1.5(10) 6 W . 
Pbridge = 1.5 MW .; Vo =   = −1500 V .  
 1000  A. 
  V     ( −1500) 
  = cos −1  o  = cos −1   = 105.5 
3V 
 m  3 2(4160) 
 2
 I s ,rms = 
 3 1000 = 816 A.
 

4-46)

−100,000
With Pac = Pbridge = 100 kW absorbed, - Vo Io = 100,000 or V o =
 I o

Kirchhoff's voltage law gives - Vo + ( Io ) ( 0.1 ) − 1000V  = 0

−100,000
Substituting for Vo , − + 0.1 I o − 1000 = 0
 I o

0.1 I o2 − 1000 I o + 100, 000 = 0 yields the two roots I o = 9,890  A or 101 A

Choose I o = 101 A because this solution results in lower  I o2 losses.

Vo = −1000V + I o ( 0.1 ) = −1000 + (0.1 )101 = −989.9 V  

3V m
Vo = cos  , where Vm = 2 12,500 ( N 2 / N1 )   
 

 
−1  V o 
 −1 −989.9 
  = cos   = cos  
3V 
 m  3 2 12,5 00 ( N / N  )  
  2 1 

 N 2 / N 1 = 1 will theoretically work, but   = 93.36, but the harmonic content will be large.

A better solution would be to choose  N 2 / N 1 to be perhaps 1/10 (step-down). Then   = 125.9
V 6
From Fig. 4-21,  0.3
V m

Vm = 2 (12,500 ( N 2 / N1 ) ) = 2 (12,500 / 10 ) = 1768 V  

V6  0.3Vm = 0.3 (1768 ) = 530 V 

 I o  2I 6  0.5I o = 0.5 (101) = 5.05 A → I 6 = 2.525 A

V 6 530
 Z 6 = = = 210  = R + j L = 0.1 + j 377 L  377 L
 I 6 2.525

210
= 0.56 H 
 L =
377
 _____________________________________________________________________________
4-47)

a) Vo1 =
3V m, L − L
cos( 1 ) =
(
3 230 2 ) cos(45) = 329.5 kV  
  

Vo 2 =
3V m, L − L
cos( 2 ) =
(
3 230 2 ) cos(134.4) = −326 kV 
  
Vo1 + V o 2 329.5kV − 326kV  
 I o = = = 231 A
 R 15
P1 = Vo1 Io = 76.17 MW  

P2 = Vo 2 Io = −75.37 MW  

b) Pline = I o2 R = 800 kW  
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

4-48)

3V m
a) Vm = 230 2 kV ; Vo =
  cos(  )
  

Vo,max =
3V m
=
(
3 230 2 ) = 325.3kV 
   

 V     
 Let Vo 2 = −300 kV (arbitrarily); Then  
2 = cos−1  o 2  = 164.98
 3V m 
P2 −80MW 
 I o = = = 267 A (line current )
Vo 2 −300kW 
Vo1 = I o R − Vo 2 = 267(12) − (− 300kV ) = 303.2 kV  

Pline = Io2 R = 853 kW  

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

4-49)
5-2)

V m  sin(2 )  sin(2 )  

a) Vo,rms = 1− + = V rms 1 − +
2  2  2  

V o,rms 114.4
Vm = 120 2   = 45  Vo ,rms = 114.4 V ; Io ,rms = = = 5.72 A
 R 20

V o2,rms 114.42
b) P= = = 655 W 
 R 20
P P 655
c) pf  = = = = 0.953
S Vrms I rms (120) ( 5.72)
V m 120 2
d ) I avg,SCR = (1 + cos  ) = (1 + cos 45 ) = 2.30  A
2 R 2  ( 20 )

 I o,rms 5.72
 I rms,SCR = = = 4.05 A
2 2

 120 
e) I1,rms  0.92   = 5.53 A
 20 

 I rms − I 1,rms
2 2
5.722 − 5.532
THD I  = = = 0.26 = 26%
 I 1,rms 5.53

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-3)

V o2.rms
P=  Vo.rms = PR = (800 )( 35 ) = 167.3 V  
 R
167.3
 from Fig . 5.2, = 0.7     92
240

V o,rms 167.3
 I o,rms = = = 4.78 A
 R 35

 I o,rms 4.78
 I SCR,rms = = = 3.38 A
2 2

P 800
 pf  = = = 0.70 = 70%
S  120( 4.78 )

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
5-4)

120
With the 240-V source, Vo,rms = 120V ; = 0.5 ; a  115 from Fig.5.2
240
 sin(2 )
or solving Eq.5-3, 120 − 240 1 − + = 0    = 1.99 rad  = 114
 2 

240 V source : Vo,peak  = 2 ( 240) sin (114) = 310 V 

120 V source : Vo, peak = Vm = 2 (120) = 170V 

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-5)

For P = 200 W , Vo,rms = PR = 200 ( 40 ) = 89.4 V  

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
89.4 − 120 1 − + = 0    = 1.48 rad  = 85
 2 

P P 200
 pf  = = = = 0.75 = 75%.
S Vrms I rms (120 )(89.4 / 40 )
For P = 400 W , Vo,rms = PR = 400 ( 40 ) = 126 V  

Since 126 V > 120 V of the source, 400 W is not  possible.

1202
The maximum power available is = 360 W. The pf is 1.0 for 360 W.
40

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________
5-6)

Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,

For P = 750W , Vo,rms = PR = 750 ( 32 ) = 154.9 V  

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
154.9 − 240 1 − + = 0    = 1.703 rad  = 97.6
 2 

For P = 1500 W , Vo,rms = PR = 1500 (32 ) = 219 V  

 sin(2 )
219 − 240 1 − + =0  0.986 rad  = 56.5
 2 

 I o 219 / 32
Maximum SCR  currents are for 1500 W:  I SCR,rms = = = 4.84 A
2 2

V m 2 ( 240 )
 I SRC ,avg =
2 R
(1 + cos  ) =
2  ( 32 )
(1 + cos (56.5 ) ) = 2.62 A

Vmax = 2 (240) = 340 V 

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-7)

Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,

For R = 20, Vo ,rms = PR = 1200 ( 20 ) = 154.9 V 

Using Eq. 5-3,

 sin(2 )
154.9 − 240 1 − + =0    = 1.703 rad  = 97.6
 2 

For R = 40 , Vo,rms = PR = 1200 ( 40 ) = 219 V 

 sin(2 )
219 − 240 1 − + =0  0.986 rad  = 56.5
 2 

 I o 154.9/ 20
Maximum SCR currents are for R = 20 :  I SCR,rms = = = 5.48 A
2 2

V m 2 ( 240 )
 I SRC,avg =
2 R
(1 + cos  ) =
2  ( 20 )
(1 + cos (97.6 ) ) = 2.34 A

V = 2 (240) = 340 V 
 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-8)

2
V  1202
 R = = = 144 
P 100

a ) P = 75 W : Vrms = (144)( 75 ) = 103.9V  

From Fig.5-3,    1.16 rad  = 66.2

b) P = 25 W : Vrms = (144)( 25 ) = 60 V  

From Fig.5-3,    1.99 rad  = 114

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-9) S1 is on from α to π, and D 2 is on from π to 2π.

vo (t ) = Vm sin t for    t   2    

2  
1 1   sin ( 2  )
 (Vm sin t )
2
Vo,rms =  d ( t ) = Vm   − +
2 2 4 8  
 

V m   sin ( 2  )

= 1− +
2 2 4  

Vm V m
0         V o,rms 
2 2

 _____________________________________________________________________________
 ________

5-10)
three phases is approximately 1.28 kW. The THD for the load current is computed as 140% for
harmonics through n = 9 in the .FOUR command. However, the current waveform is rich in
higher-order harmonics and the THD is approximately 300% for n = 100. It should be noted
that this load is not conducive for use with the voltage controller because the load voltage will
get extremely large (over 5 kV) because of stored charge on the capacitor.

40 A
S1 S1

(1.0000,5.5229)

0A

Phase A current

SEL>> S4 S4
-40A
I ( RA ) R MS ( I ( RA ) )
2.0KW

(1.0000,1.2811K)

1.0KW

Total average power

0W
0 . 9 80 s 0 .9 8 4 s 0 . 9 8 8s 0 . 99 2 s 0 . 9 9 6s 1 . 0 00 s
AVG(W(RA))*3
Time

 ______________________
 ___________________________________
_______________________
______________________
______________________
____________________
__________
 ________

5-23) With the S1-S4 switch path open, the equivalent circuit is as shown. The current in phase
A is zero, so the voltage across the phase-A resistor is zero. The voltage at the negative of V 14 is
then Vn, and the voltage at the positive of V 14 is Va. The voltage across the phase B resistor is
half of the voltage from phase B to phase C, resulting in

Vb − Vc Vb + Vc  
Vn = V b − =
2 2

Therefore,

Vb + V 
c
V14 =V
a
−V
n
= Va −
 
2
 CHAPTER 6 SOLUTIONS
5/17/10

6-1)

Po = Vo I o = Vo I s ; Ps = Vs I s 

Po Vo I o Vo  
  = = =

Ps Vs I s Vs  

6-2)

P 100
 I o = = = 3.33 A.
V o 30
Po 100
a ) Ps = Vs I o = (100)(3.33) = 333 W .;  
  = = = 30%
Ps 333
b) PQ = VCE I o = (70)(3.33) = 233 W .  
1 yr.=8760
yr.=8760 Hr.; W = (233)(8760)=204
(233)(8760)=2044
4 kW-Hr,
kW-Hr,
c) e.g.,
e.g., @10 cents/k
cents/kW-
W-Hr,
Hr, cost = $204.40/
$204.40/yr
yr..

6-3)

a ) Vo = Vs D = (100)(0.6) = 60 V .  

b) Vo , rms = Vm D = (100) 0.6 = 77.5 V (s ee Example 2-4)

2
V o ,rms 77.52
c) P = 600 W .
= =

10
 R
d ) Results are
are not dependent
dependent on
on frequency.
frequency.

6-4)
 a) Vo = Vs D = ( 24)(0.65) = 15.6 V .  

V o 15.6
b) I L = I R = = = 1.56 A.
 R 10
V o 15.6 1
i L = (1 − D)T = (1 − 0.65) = 2.18 A.
 L 25(10) −6 100, 000
i L 2.18
 I L ,max = I L + = 1.56 + = 2.65 A.
2 2
i L 2.18
 I L ,min = I L − = 1.56 − = 0.47 A.
2 2

Vo (1 − D) 15.6(
15.6(1 − 0.65)
0.65)
c) V o = 2
= = 0.182
8 LCf  8(25)(10)−6 (15)(10)−6 (100,000
,000)2
V o
or  = 1.17%
V o

6-5)

a ) Vo = Vs D = 9 V .  

b) I L = 1.8 A.; i L = 2.4 A.

i L
 I L ,max = I L + = 3.0 A.
2
i L
 I L ,min = I L − = 0.6 A.
2
V o
c) = 0.44%
V o

6-6)
 V o
a) D = = 0.5
V s
Po 125
b) I L = I R = = = 5 A.
V o 25
i L V o
 I L,max = 6.25 A.  = 1.25; iL = 2.5 A. = (1 − D) T 
2  L
V o 25 1
 L = (1 − D)T = (1 − .5) = 50  H .
i L 2.5 100, 00
000
V o 1− D
c)  = 5% = .005 =
Vo 8 LCf 2  
1 − D 1 − .5
C= = = 25  F .
 V o  2 8(.005)(50)(10) −6 (100,000)
8(.005)(50)(10) 100, 000) 2
8  Lf 
 V 
o 

6-7)
 V o 1.5
a) D = = = 0.25
V s 6
2
V o 1.5  0.5625 / 2 
b) average : I L = I R = = = 0.5 A. = 0.5 +   = 0.526 A.
2
rms : I L, rms
 R 3  3 
i L = 0.5625
1 1 −  D  1 1 − .25 
 peak : I L,max = Vo  +  = 1.5  + −6  = 0.781 A.
  R 2 Lf    3 2(5)(10) (400, 000) 
 1 1 −  D 
 I L,min = V o  −  = 0.219  A.
  R 2 Lf  
Vo I R 1.5(0.5)
c ) Ps = Po  Vs I s = Vo I R  I s = = = 0.125 A.
V s 6
d ) I D ,max = I L,max = 0.781 A.
 I D = I o − I s = 0.5 − 0.125 = 0.375 A.

6-8)

Po 25
 I o = I L = = = 1.25 A.
V o 30
V o 20
 D = = = 0.667
V s 30
i L
 I L,min = (0.25)(1.25) = 0.31 A. = I L −
2
i L = ( I L − I L,min )2 = (1.25 − 0.31)2 = 1.88 A.
V o
i L = (1 − D)T 
 L
V o 1 20 1
 L = (1 − D) = (1 − .667 ) = 89  H 
i L f  1.88 40000
6-9)

(1 − D) R
 Lmin =
2 f 
V o 20 20
 D = ; Dmax = = 0.4; Dmin = = 0.33
V s 50 60
Po 75 125
 I L = IR = ; I R, min = = 3.75 A.; I R, max = 6.25 A.
V o 20 20
V o 20 2 20 2
 R = ; Rmax = = 5.33 ; Rmin = = 3.20 
P 75 125
(1 − Dmin ) Rmax (1 − .33)(5.3
.33)(5.33)
3)
 Lmin = = = 17.76  H 
2 f  2(100, 000)

6-10)

(1  D)( R)
−

 Lmin = f = 200 kHz

2 f 

Vo=5 V

Vs, V D I, A. R, Ω Lmin, µH

10 0.5 0.5 10 12.5

10 0.5 1.0 5 6.25

1/3 16.7 (worst case,

case, D = 1/3, R
15 0.5 10
= 10)
15 1/3 1.0 5 8.33

(1 −  Dmin ) Rmax
 L =
2  f 

 1
 1 −  (10)
=
3
 Lmin = 16.67  H 
2(20
(200 k )
6-11) Example design:

V o 15
 D = = = 0.3125
V s 48

 Let f = 100 kHz ( for example)

 V o   15 
 Let i L = 40% of I L = 0.40   = 0.40 8  = 0.75A
  R   
(Vs − Vo ) D ( 48 − 15) 0.3
0.312
125
5
 L = = = 137.5  H 
( i L ) f  ( 0.75)100,000
1 −  D 1 − 0.3125
C= = = 12.5  F 
 V o  8 (150) 10−6 (0.005
(0.005))100,000
100,000
8 L   f 
 V o 

Other values of L and C are valid if the inductor current is continuous with margin.

6-12) (Based on the example

example design
design in 6-11)

Vmax, switch = Vs = 48 V

Vmax, diode = Vs = 48 V

Imax, switch = ILmax = 1.5 + 0.75/2 = 1.875 A

Vo Io (
15 1.875 )
Iavg, switch = = = 0.586A
Vs 48

DT
1
T 
Irms, switch = i 2
L (t) d t = 1.06A
1.06A (num
(numeric
erical
ally
ly))
0

Imax,diode = ILmax = 1.875 A

Iavg,diode =IL- Iavg,switch = 1.875 – 

1.875 –  0.586
 0.586 = 1.289 A

T
1
T 
Irms,diode = i 2
L (t) d t = 1.56A
1.56A (nume
(numeri
rica
call
lly)
y)
DT
6-13) Example design:

V o 15
 D = = = 0.625
V s 24

 Let f = 400 kHz ( for example)

 Let i L = 40% of I L = 0.40 ( 2 ) = 0.8 A

(Vs − Vo ) D ( 24 − 15) 0.6

0.625
25
 L = = = 17.6  H 
( i L ) f  ( 0.8) 400,
400, 000

1 −  D 1 − 0.625
C= = = 1.67  F 
 V o  17.6 )10−6 (0.01
8 (17.6 (0.01)400
)400,000
,000
8 L   f 
 V o 

6-14) Example design:

 V o 12
 D = = = 0.667
V s 18

 Let f = 200 kHz ( for example

example )

Po 10W 
 I L = I o = = = 0.833 A
Vo 12V 

 Let i L = 40% of I L = 0.40 ( 0.833 ) = 0.333 A

(Vs − Vo ) D (18 − 12) 0.6 0.667

67
 L = = = 60  H 
( i L ) f  ( 0.333
0.333 ) 200,
200, 000

1 −  D 1 − 0.667
C= = = 3.5  F 
 V o  −6 0.1 
8 L   f  8 ( 60 )10   200, 000
 V o   12 

Other values of L and C are valid if the inductor current is continuous with margin.

6-15)

n =1  V 1 = 30.27
Usin
sing ac circ
ircuit analysis,
is, Vo1 = 0.0
0.048 V = 2(0.
(0.048
048) = 0.096
.096 V p − p
0.09
0.096
6 0.09
0.096
6
= = 0.48%
V o 20
V o
Using Eq. 6-16
6-16, = 0.469%
V o

The output voltage is mainly the dc term and the first ac term.
6-16)

a ) rC = 0.5 , iL = 2.88 A = iC 

Vo, ESR = iC rC   = 2.88(0.5) = 1.44 V .  

V o 1.44
= = 8%
V o 18
V o
b)  0.5%
V o

V o 0.005(18)
Vo  Vo, ESR = iCrC  rC =
 
  = = 0.031 
iC  2.88
6 6 6
50(10) − 50(10) − 50(10)−
rC  =  C = = = 1600  F .
C r C  0.031

6-17)
 V s 20
a ) Vo = = = 50 V .
1 −  D 1 − .6
V s 20
b) I L = = = 10 A.
(1 −  D ) 2 R (1 − .6) 2 (12.5)
Vs Vs DT   20 20(.6) / (200, 000)
 I max = 2
+ = 2
+ = 13 A.
(1 −  D ) R 2L (1 − .6) (12.5) 2(10)(10) −6
Vs Vs DT  
 I min = 2
− = 7.0 A.
(1 −  D ) R 2L
Vo D 0.6
c) = = 6
= 0.6%
Vo RCf   12.5(40)(10) − (200,000)
V o 50
d )  I D = Io = = = 4.0 A.
 R 12.5

6-18)

Inductor current: (see Example 2-8)

2 2
  I  / 2   4.61 / 2 
 I L , rms = 2
IL +  L
 = 10 + 
2
 = 10.09 A.
 3   3 

Capacitor current: (define t=0 at peak current)

 1/2
 1  10  s 25  
 s

−6  
 I C ,rms = (−4.61(10) t + 8.3) dt +  ( −4) dt  
5 2 2
= 4.97 A.
 25(10)  0 10  

 s

6-19)

Vs V s 5
Vo =  D = 1− =1− = 0.667
1 − D V o 15
2
V o 152
 R = = =9 
25 25
V s 5
 I L = = = 5 A.
(1 − D) R 2
(1 − .667) 2 (9)
 I L,min = 0.5(5) = 2.5 A.  I L = 5 A.
Vs DT  5(.667) / 300
 I L = = = 2.22  H 
 I  L 5
 D 0.667
From Eq. 6 − 27, C = = = 24.7  F.  
 V   9(.01)(300,000)
 R   o  f 
 V o 
 Vs
DVap = Vs − Vo and Vap = −Vo  Vo =
1− D

Io = −ic + Dic = ic ( D − 1) and Is = −ic  Io = Is (1 − D)

Buck-Boost Converter:

Show from Eqs. (6-47) and (6-49) and preceding equations that

 D 
Vo = − Vs   and Is = IL D
1− D 

From the averaged circuit of Fig. 6.33d,

IL = ic and Is = Dic  Is = I L D

 D 
Vap = Vs − Vo and Vo = − DVap  Vo = − Vs  
 1− D 

Ćuk Converter:
Show from Eqs. (6-59) and (6-61) that

IL1 D  D 
= and Vo = − Vs  
IL2 1− D  1− D 
  D 
Vap = Vs − Vo and DVap = − Vo  Vo = − Vs  
1− D 
I L1 D
i c = Di c + I L2 and IL1 = Dic  =
I L2 1− D
CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS

4/03/10
7-1)
  D   N 2  0.4  1 
a) Vo = Vs   = 36    = 12 V .  
 1 − D  N 1  0.6  2 
V o2 122
b) I Lm = = = 1.67 A.
Vs DR 36(0.4)(6)
Vs D 36(0.4)
i Lm = = = 1.44 A.
 Lm f  100(10)−6 (100, 000)
i Lm
 I Lm,max = I Lm + = 2.39 A.
2
i Lm
 I Lm,min = I Lm − = 0.947 A.
2
Vo D 12(0.4)
c) V o = = = 0.16 V .
 RCf  6(50)(10)−6 (100,000)
V o 0.16
= = 1.33%
V o 12

7-2)
   D   N 2  0.6  1 
a) Vo = Vs   = 4.5    = 16.9 V .  
 1 − D  N 1  0.4  0.4 
V o2 (16.9) 2
b) I Lm = = = 7.03 A.
Vs DR 4.5(0.6)(6)
Vs D 4.5(0.6)
i Lm = = = 1.08 A.
 Lm f  10(10)−6 (250, 000)
i Lm
 I Lm,max = I Lm + = 7.57 A.
2
i Lm
 I Lm,min = I Lm − = 6.49 A.
2
 D (0.6)
c) V o = = = 1.6%
 RCf  15(10)(10)−6 (250,000)

7-3)
  D   N 2 N 2 V o  1 − D  3  1 − .32 
a ) Vo = V s    =  =   = 0.145
 1 − D  N1 N1 Vs  D  44  .32 
 N 
or  1 = 6.90
 N 2
2
V o 32
b) I Lm = = = 0.640 A.
Vs DR 44(0.32)(1)
i Lm = 0.4 I Lm = 0.4(0.640) = 0 .256 A.
Vs D 44(0.32)
 Lm = = = 184  H .
i Lm f  (0.256)(300,000)

7-4) Example design

 Vs DT  100(0.25)
c) i Lm = = 0.20 A.
 Lm 333(10)−6 375,
333( 375, 000
1 2 1
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax Lm ( iLm ) = (333)(10) −6 (0.2) 2 = 6.66  J  
2 2
W 
P= = Wf = 6.66(10)) −6 (375
.66(10 ,000) = 2.5
375,000) 2.5 W .  
T 

7-11)
  N 2   N 1  Vs D 125(0.3)
a) Vo = Vs D     = = = 0.75
 N
 1 N
 2 V o 50
V o 50
b) I Lx = = = 2 A.; I Lx,min = (0.4)(2) = 0.8 A.; iLx = 2(2 − 0.8) = 2.4 A.
 R 25
Vo (1 − D)T Vo (1 − D)T   50(
50(1 − 0.3)
0.3)
i Lx =  Lx = = = 58.3  H .
 L x iLx 2.4(250,000)
V o 1− D 1− D 1 − 0 .3
c) =  C  = = = 4.8  F .
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2   V   2 8(58.3)(10)−6 (0.005)(250,
8(58.3)(10) (0.005)(250, 000)2
8 L x  o   f 
 V o 

7-12)
  N 1
 Let = 1, then D  0.5
 N 3
 Let D = 0.35, then
 N 1 Vs D (170)(.35)
= = = 1.2396
 N 2 V o 48
 N 1
 Rounding, let  = 1.25
 N 2
V o  N 1 
 48 
Then D =  = 1.25)) = 0.35
 (1.25 0.353
3
Vs  N 2   170 
 Let f = 200 kHz, and design for i Lx = 40% of I Lx
Vo (1 − D) 48(1 − 0.353)
48(1 0.353)
 L x = = = 124   H 
0.4 I Lx f  0.4(3.125)200,000
Po 150
where I Lx = I o = = = 3.125 A.
V o 48
 Alternatively, solving for the minimum L x for continuous current ,
 Alternatively
i Lx Vo Vo (1 − D)
 I Lx ,min = 0 = I Lx − = −
2  R 2 L x f 
(1 − D) R (1 − 0.353)(15.36)
 L x ,min = = = 24.9  H 
2 f  2(200, 000)
2
V o 482
where R = = = 15.36 
Po 150
 L x must be greater than 24.9  H with margin, ( e.g., 25% greater )
making L x  31  H  

Using L x = 124  H , 

1 −  D 1 − 0.353
C = = 1.63  F 
 V o  2 8(124)(10) −6 (0.01)(200,
8(124)(10) (0.01)(200, 000) 2
8 L x   f 
V 
 o 

7-13)
 150  Vs  175 V .
Vo = 30 V .
20  Po  50 W  0.667  I o  1.667 A.
 Example design :
 N 1
 Let = 1, then D  0.5
 N 3
 Let D = 0.3 for Vs = 150 V .
 N 1 Vs D (150)(0.3)
Then = = = 1.5
 N 2 V o 30
V o   N 1 
 30 
For Vs = 175 V ., D =  =  (1.5) = 0.35
Vs  N 2   175 
 0.3  D  0.35,
which is an acceptable range of D. Other choices are possible.
Using the design criterion of i Lx = 40% of I Lx
  ,
Vo (1 − D)
 L x =
0.4 I Lx f 
The worst case is for the smallest D and the smallest I  Lx .
 Letting f = 250 kHz(arbitrary),
30(1 − 0.3)
30(1 0.3)
 L x = = 315   H 
0.4(0.667)(250,000)
1 − D 1 − 0 .3
C = −6
= 2.22  F 
 V o  2 8(315)(
8(315)(10) (0.002)(250,000) 2
10) (0.002)(250,000)
8 L x   f 
V 
 o 

7-14)

The current in the physical primary winding is the sum of iL1 and iLm in the model. The
 physical currents
currents in windings 2 and 3 are the same
same as in the model.
7-15)
  N s 
a) Vo = 2Vs   D = 2(50)(0.5)(0.35) = 17.5 V .  
  N  p
 
V o 17.5
b) I Lx = = = 2.19 V .
 R 8
V  17.5
i Lx = o (0.5 − D)T = (0.5 − 0.35)150, 000 = 0.29 A.
 L x 60(10)−6
i Lx 0.29
 I Lx ,max = I Lx + = 2.19 + = 2.33 A.
2 2
i Lx 0.29
 I Lx ,min = I Lx − = 2.19 − = 2.04 A.
2 2
V o 1 − 2 D 1 − 2(0.35)
c) = = = 0.018%
V o 32 L x Cf  2 32(60)(10)−6 39(10)−6 (150,000)2

7-16)
7-17)
 di Lm
Sw1 closed : v P1 = Vs = 50 = v Lm = Lm
dt 
di Lm V Lm 50
= = −3
= 25(10) 3  A / s
dt Lm 2(10)
0.35
For DT = = 2.33  s  i Lm = 25(10) 3 2.33(10) −6 = 58.3 mA.
150,000
Sw2 closed : v P 2 = −Vs , V P1 = −V s  

di Lm 3
= −25(10)  A / s
dt 
di Lm
 Both switches open : V P1 = 0  =0
dt 

7-18) The input voltage vx to the filter is Vs(Ns / N p) when either switch is on, and vx is zero
when both switches are off. (See Fig. 7-8.) The voltage across Lx is therefore
   N s 
v Lx = Vs  0  t  DT  
  N  p 
 
= −Vo DT  t  T /  2

   N s   T    1 
V Lx = Vs   DT − Vo − DT     T  / 2  = 0

   p 
 N  2    
  N  
Vo = 2Vs  s  D
  N  p 
 
7-19)
   N s  
Vs 24  1 
Vo =    =    = 17.1 V .
 2(1 −  D ) N  
   p   2(1 − 0.65)  2 
2
V o 17.12
 I Lx = = = 1.22 A.
Vs R 24(10)
  N  p 
VSw,max = 2Vs   = 2(24)(2) = 96 V .
 N 
 s
7-20)
   Ns 
Vs V   N p / N s 50
V o =      o = =
 2(1 − D)   N p  Vs 2(1 − D) 30
 Let D = 0.7 ( D  0.5)
 N s  50 
=   (2)(1 − 0.7) = 1.0
 N  p  30 
2 2
Vo 502 V o 502
 R = = 62.5; I Lx = = = 1.33 A.
Po 40 Vs R 30(62.5)
 8.0A
(8.3333m,6.5486)

(158.333m,3.9485)

4.0A

0A

-4.0A
0s 40ms 80ms 120ms 160ms 200ms
I(L)
  Time

8-3)

V dc 150 L 40 mH T   1 / 60
a) = = 7.5 A.;   = = = 2 ms; = = 4.167
 R 20 R 20  2  4 ms

Using Eq (8 − 8),

 1 − e−4.167 
 I max = 7.5   −4.167 
= 7.271 A.
 1 + e 
 I min = − I max = −7.271 A.

Using Eq. (8-5),

7.5 − 14.8e −t /.002 for 0  t  8.33 ms


io = 
−7.5 + 14.8e −(t −1/120)/.002  for 8.33 ms  t  16.7 ms

 b)
 c) I peak  = 7.271 A.

d ) Vmax = Vdc = 150 V .  

8-4)
 V dc 125 L 25 mH T   1 / 60
a) = = 6.25 A.;   = = = 1.25 ms; = = 13.33
 R 20 R 20  2  1.25 ms

Using Eq (8 − 8),

 1 − e−13.33 
 I max = 6.25   −13.33 
= 6.25 A.
1+ e 
 I min = − I max = −6.25 A.

Using Eq. (8-5),

6.25 − 12.5e−t /.00125 for 0  t  8.33 ms


io = 
−6.25 + 12.5e− (t −1/120)/.00125  for 8.33 ms  t  16.7 ms

b) Using the first half-period,

1/120
1 2

 ( 6.25 − 12.5e
−
 I rms =
120
t /.00125
) dt = 5.45 A.
0

2
c) P = I rms R = ( 5.25 ) 20 = 594 W .  
2

P 594
 I s = = = 4.75 A.
V dc 125

8-5)
2
a) Z 1 = 152 +  2  ( 400)( 0.01)  = 29.3 

V1 = I1Z1 = 8 2 ( ) ( 29.3) = 331 V .  

4V dc  V 1
V1 =  Vdc = = 260 V .
  4
4Vdc 2 Vn I n
Vn = Zn = R + ( 2 400L ) In = ; I n ,rms  =
2
b) ; ;
n  Z n 2
n Vn Zn In,rms
1 331 29.3 8.0
3 110 77 1.02
5 66 127 0.37

2 2
1. 02 + 0.37
THD I  = = 0.136 = 13.6%
8.0
8-6)
 2
a) Z 1 = 2.52 +  2  (120)( 0.025) = 31.3 

V1 = I1Z1 = 2 2( ) (31.3) = 88.6 V .  

4Vdc  V 1
V1 =  Vdc = = 69.6 V .
  4
4Vdc 2 Vn I n
b) Vn = ; Zn = R 2 + ( 2 120L ) ; In = ; I n ,rms  =
n  Z n 2

n Vn Zn In,rms
1 88.6 31.3 2.0
3 29.5 61.8 0.34
5 17.7 97.5 0.13

2 2
0.34 + 0.13
THD I  = = 0.185 = 18.5%
2.0

Using PSpice,
 FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(L_L)

DC COMPONENT = -3.668708E-06

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 1.200E+02 2.830E+00 1.000E+00 -3.716E+01 0.000E+00

2 2.400E+02 5.377E-06 1.900E-06 -1.203E+02 -4.594E+01
3 3.600E+02 4.778E-01 1.688E-01 -6.658E+01 4.490E+01
4 4.800E+02 3.589E-06 1.268E-06 -1.223E+02 2.629E+01
5 6.000E+02 1.818E-01 6.422E-02 -7.587E+01 1.099E+02
6 7.200E+02 2.858E-06 1.010E-06 -1.162E+02 1.068E+02
7 8.400E+02 9.427E-02 3.331E-02 -8.028E+01 1.798E+02
8 9.600E+02 2.523E-06 8.913E-07 -1.095E+02 1.878E+02
9 1.080E+03 5.743E-02 2.029E-02 -8.292E+01 2.515E+02

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.847695E+01 PERCENT

8-7)
Using a restricted time interval of 33.33 ms to 50 ms to analyze steady-state current, the
 peak value is 8.26 A and the rms value is 4.77 A. The THD from the output file is 32%.
9-10)

1
 0 = = (10)7 rad / s
 LrC r 

 Lr 
 Z 0 = = 10 
C r 
Vs C r 
t1 = = 16.7 ns
 I o

1  −1  V s 

t2 = sin   +    + t1 = 348 ns
 0   I Z 
 o 0 
 Lr I o
t3 = [1 − cos 0 (t2 − t1 )] + t2 = 1.54  s
 0
  t 1  
Vo = Vs 1 − f s  t3 −   = 1.17 V .  
  2 
1 − Vo / V s
For Vo = 2.5, f s = = 326 kHz.
t3 − t 1 / 2
9-11)

1
 0 = = 1.414(10) 7 rad / s
 LrC r 

 Lr 
 Z 0 = = 7.07 
C r 
Vs C r 
t1 = = 12 ns
 I o

1  −1  V s 

t2 = sin   +    + t1 = 246 ns
 0
   I o Z 0  
 Lr I o
t3 = [1 − cos 0 (t2 − t1 )] + t2 = 1.07  s
 0

  t 1  
Vo = Vs 1 − f s  t3 −   = 5.6 V .  
  2 
For I o = 8 A., t1 = 15 ns, t2 = 252 ns, t3 = 911 ns
1 − V o / V s
 f s = = 394.1 kHz.
t3 − t 1 / 2
For I o = 15 A., t1 = 8 ns, t2 = 238 ns, t3 = 1.48  s

 f s = 645.4 kHz

394.1 kHz  f s  645.4 kHz

9-12)

VC , peak − V s 40 − 15
VC , peak = Vs + I o Z 0  Z0 =  = = 6.25 
 I o 4
 Lr 
 Z 0 =  Lr  = Z02 C 
C r 
1 1
 0 =  C r  = 2
 LrC r   Lr  0

 1   Z  6.25
 Lr = Z 0 Cr = Z0   Lr  = 0 = = 3.91  H 
2 2
2  6
 L 
 r  0   0 1.6(10)
1
C= 2
= 0.1  F .
 Lr  0
VsC r 
t1 = = 0.375  s
 I o

1  −1  V s 

t2 = sin   +    + t 1 = 2.74  s
 0   I Z 
 o 0 
 Lr I o
t3 = [1 − cos 0 (t2 − t1 )] + t2 = 4.62  s
V s
1 − Vo / V s 1 − 5 / 15
 f s = = = 150 kHz.
t3 − t 1 / 2 (4.62 − 0.375/ 2)(10) −6
9-13)

V o 15
 I o = = = 3 A.
 R L 5
 R L 5 V o 15
= = 0.2; = = 0.5
 Z 0 25 V s 30
 f s f s 100 kHz
From Fig. 9 − 2 g,  0.37  f0 = = = 270 kHz.
 f 0 0.37 0.37
1
0 = 2  f 0 = 1.70(10) 6 rad / s =
 LrC r 

 Lr   Z 0 25
 Z 0 =  Lr  = = = 14.7  H 
C r   0 1.70(10)6
 Lr 
Cr  = 2
= 23.5 nF .
 Z 0

9-14) A suitable circuit is shown. The values of the output filter components L1 and C2
are not critical. The load resistor is chosen to give 10 A. The switch must be open for an
interval between t2 and t3; 50 ns is chosen.
 400u

Energy from source per period

(149.500u,-72.676u)
0

SEL>>
-400u
S(W(V1))

(149.470u,120.125)
100V
Capacitor

50 V Output

149.088u,14.578)

0V
149.0us 149.2us 149.4us 149.6us 149.8us 150.0us
V(INPUT,D3:2) V(R1:1)
Time

Results from Probe for steady-state output: a) Vo ≈ 14.6 V., b) VC,peak = 120 V., c)
Integrate instantaneous power, giving 72.7 μJ per period (supplied).

9-15)
 20 0

10 0

(10.416m,3.6212)
0

-100

-200
10.0ms 10.4ms 10.8ms 11.2ms 11.6ms 12.0ms
V(V1:+) V(OUT) I(R1)
  Time

The output file shows that the THD is 10.7%. Increase Q by increasing L, and adjust C
accordingly. L=1.4 mH and C=12.6 µF gives THD=9.8%. Switching takes place when
load (and switch) current is approximately 3.6 A.

9-17)
 2
V 1,rma
P  V1,rms = PR = 500(15) = 86.6 V .  
 R
4V dc
V1 = 86.6 2 = 122.5 V . =  Vdc = 96.2 V .  
 
V 3
THD   V3  (0.1)(122.5) = 12.25 V .  
V 1
V 1 122.5
For a square wave, V3 = = = 40.8 V (input to filter ) 
3 3
V o,3 12.25 1
= = 2
 Q = 1.19
V i ,3 40.8  3   
1 + Q2  0 − 0 
 0 3 0 
1
C  = = 17.8  F .
Q 0 R
1
 L = = 5.68 mH .
 02C 
V 1 122.5
VC , peak  = = = 146 V .
0 RC  (2 500)(15)(17.8)(10)−6
V 1 122.5
 I L , peak  = = = 8.17 A.
 R 15
 20 0

v(out)
V(in) V(cap)
10 0

(10.434m,8.1206)
I(L)
0

-100

-200
10.0ms 10.4ms 10.8ms 11.2ms 11.6ms 12.0ms
V(OUT) V(IN) V(L1:2,C1:2) I(L1)
  Time

From the output file, THD = 10.8%. From Probe: VC,peak =149 V.; IL,peak =8.12 A.

9-18)

2 
 f 0 = 2 0 = = 839 kHz  f3  f 0
 Lr C r 
8 R L
 Re = = 8.11 
 2
s = 2  f s = 5.65(10)
6

 X L =  s Lr  = 33.9 

1
 X C  = = 29.5 
 s C r 
   
   
V s  1  10  1  = 4.38 V .
Vo =  2 
=
2   33.9 − 29.5  
2
 1 +   X L − X C   
2
 1 +  8.11  
   R  
   
  e  

9-19)
 2 
 f 0 = 2 0 = = 1.33 MHz  f s  f 0
 Lr C r 
8 R L
 Rs = = 4.05 
 2
s = 2  f s = 9.42(10) 6 rad / s.
 X L =  s Lr  = 11.3 
1
 X C  = = 8.84 
 s C r 
 
 
V s  1 
Vo =  2 
= 10.25 V .
2  
 1 +  X L − X C  
   R  
  s  
9-20)

V o 6
= = 0.3
V s 18
 s
 Let = 1.2  Q  3 from Fig. 9 − 5d 
 0

s  s 2 (800,000) 6
 0 = = = = 4.19(10) rad / s
1.2 1.2 1.2
QR L 3(5)
 Lr  = = = 3.58  H 
 0 4.19(10) 6
1 − 8
Cr  = 2
= 1.59(10) = 15.9 nF .
 0  Lr 
A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6(a) gives an output voltage of
approximately 5.1 V.

9-21)
 iQ = 0
iC = I L = 4
 I  L  I L t f 
vC = (t − t f  ) + = 8(10) 7 (t − 0.5(10)
  6 −
) + 20
C 2C 

Time tx is defined as when the capacitor voltage reaches V s (50 V.):

vC (t x ) = Vs = 50 = 8(10) 7 (t x − 0.5(10) 6 ) + 20  tx = 0.875  s

 b) With tx > tf , the waveforms are like those in Fig. 10.12(d).

c) Turn-off loss is the switch is determined from Eq. 10-12,

42 [0.5(10)−6 ]2 (120000)
2 2
 I L t f  f 
PQ = = = 0.4 W .
24C  24(0.05)(10) −6
Snubber loss is determined by the amount of stored energy in the capacitor that
will be transferred to the snubber resistor:

1 2 0.05(10) 6 (50)2 (120000)

−

P R = CV f s = = 7.5 W .  
2 2
10-6)

Switch current is expressed as

 t   t  
iQ = I L  1 −  = 4 1 − −6 
= 4 − 8(10) 6 t 
 t  f    0.5(10) 

 I Lt 4t 
iC  = = −6
= 8(10) 6 t 
t  f  0.5(10)
2
 I L t 4t 2
vC  (t ) = = −6 −6
= 4(10)14 t 2
2Ct  f  2(0.01)(10) (0.5)(10)
Capacitor voltage at t = tf = 0.5 µs would be 100 volts, which is greater than V s.
Therefore, the above equations are valid only until v C reaches Vs:

vC (t x ) =V
s
= 50 = 4(10)14 t x2  tx = 0.354  s

For tx < t < tf ,

iQ = 4 8(10) 6 t 
−

iC  = 0
vC = V s = 50

 b) With tx < tf , the waveforms are like those of Fig. 10.12(b).

Equation 10-12 is not valid here because t x < tf . Switch power is determined from
 T T T 
1 1
PQ =
T  p(t )dt = T   i v dt = f  i v dt = 
0 0
Q Q
0
Q C  

t   x
t 
  f 

   
120000   4 − 8 (10 ) t  4(10) t  dt +  4 − 8 (10 ) t (50)dt  = 1.84 W .  
6 14 2 6
   
 0 t    x

Snubber loss is determined by the amount of stored energy in the capacitor that
will be transferred to the snubber resistor:

1 2 0.01(10 6 (50)2 (120000)

−

P R = CV f s = = 1.5 W .  
2 2
10-7)

 I L t f  10(0.1)(10) −6

C = = = 3.33 nF .
2V s 2(150)
t on D / f  0.4 / 100000
 R = = = = 240 
5C 5C  (5) 3.33(10) −9
1
P R = (3.33(10) −9 (150)2100000 = 3.75 W .
2
 I L2t 2f  f  102 [0.1(10)−6 ]2 10 5
PQ = = = 1.25 W .
24C  24(3.33)(10) −9
10-8)

 I L t f  10(0.1)(10) −6

C= = = 6.67 nF .
2V  f  2(75)
t on D / f  0.4 / 100000
 R = = = = 120 
5C 5C  5(6.67)(10) −9
1 1
P R = CVs f = (6.67)(10) 9 (150)2100000 = 7.5 W.
2
 
2 2
102 [.1(10)−6 ]2 105
2
 I L t f  f 
PQ = = = 0.625 W .
24C  24(6.67)(10) −7
10-9)

 I L t f  7(0.5)(10) −6

C = = = 10.3 nF .
2V s 2(170)
t on D / f  0.4 / 125000
 R = = = = 62.2 
5C 5C  5(10.3)(10) −9
1 1
P R = CVs2 f = (10.3)(10) −9 (170)2125000 = 18.6 W .  
2 2
 I L2t 2f  f  2
10 [0.5(10)− ] 125000
6 2

PQ = = = 6.2 W .
24C  24(10.3)(10) −9
10-10)

 I L t f  7(0.5)(10) −6

C= = = 14.0 nF .
2V  f  2(125)
t on D / f  0.4 / 125000
 R = = = = 45.7 
5C 5C  5(14)(10) −9
1 1
P R = CVs f =
2
(14)(10) −9 (170)2125000 = 25.3 W.  
2 2
2 2
 I L t f  f  102 [0.5(10) −6 ]2125000
PQ = = = 4.56 W .
24C  24(14)(10) −9
10-11)

Using the snubber circuit of Fig. 10-12(a), Eq. 10-12 yields

 I L2t 2f  f  52 [0.5(10)−6 ]2 200000

C= = = 52.1 nF .
24 PQ 24(1)
t on D / f  0.35/ 200000
 R = = = = 6.72 
5C 5C  5(52.1)(10) −9
1 1
P R = CVs2 f = (52.1)(10) −9 (80)2 200000 = 33.3 W .  
2 2
10-12)

Using the snubber circuit of Fig. 10-12(a), Eq. 10-12 yields

 I L2t 2f  f  62[1(10)−6 ]2 100000

C = = = 75 nF .
24 PQ 24(2)
t on D / f  0.3 / 100000
 R = = = = 8.0 
5C 5C  5(75)(10) −9
1 1
P R = CVs2 f = (75)(10) −9 (120)2100000 = 54 W .  
2 2

10-13)
 a) From Eq. (10-16), ( )
T J = TA + P R , JA = 30 + 2 ( 40) = 110C  

T J − T A 150 − 30

b) P = = = 3 W 
 R , JA 40
10-14)

a) From Eq. (10-16), (

T J = TA + P R , JA = ) 25 + 1.5 ( 55) = 107.5 C  

T J − T A 175 − 25

b) P = = = 2.73 W 
 R , JA 55

10-15)

(
T J = P R , JC + R ,CS + R  , SA + TA = 10 ) (1.1 + 0.9 + 2.5 ) + 40 = 85 C  

10-16)

(
T J = P R , JC + R ,CS + R  , SA + TA = ) 5 (1.5 + 1.2 + 3.0 ) + 25 = 53.5 C  

10-17)

(
T J = P R , JC + R ,CS + R , SA + TA   )

T J − T A 110 − 40

 R , SA = − R , JC − R ,CS =  − 0.7 − 1.0 = 2.19 C / W 
P 18

10-18)

From Fig. 10.24 using the bottom curve for a single pulse,
 Z , JC   0.013 C / W  for a pulse of 10 −5 sec.
T J = Pdm Z , JC  = ( 500W )( 0.013 C / W ) = 6.5 C  

10-19)
a) For 50 kHz and D = 0.1, the pulse width is 2 s. From Fig. 10.24, Z , JC   0.11C / W .
T J = Pdm Z , JC  = (100 )( 0.11) = 11 C 

 b) Using R  , JC  = 1.05 C / W ,

T J = Pavg R , JC = ( Pdm D) R , JC  = 100 ( 0.1)1.05 = 10.5 C.  

 Note that the value of Z f rom the graph is very rough,

and more precise evaluation in (a) is closer to the 10.5 of part (b).