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    Quantitative Research Methods

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    Beverly Ann Dela Vega
    This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It discusses the research process, including identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying a research purpose, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It also discusses quantitative research designs like experimental and non-experimental designs. Some threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, and instrumentation are outlined as well as threats to external validity like sample characteristics and stimulus variations. Construct validity threats such as experimenter expectancies are also summarized. Quantitative methods aim to collect numeric data to analyze statistically and describe trends objectively.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Quantitative Research Methods

    Uploaded by

    Beverly Ann Dela Vega
    309 views23 pages
    This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It discusses the research process, including identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying a research purpose, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It also discusses quantitative research designs like experimental and non-experimental designs. Some threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, and instrumentation are outlined as well as threats to external validity like sample characteristics and stimulus variations. Construct validity threats such as experimenter expectancies are also summarized. Quantitative methods aim to collect numeric data to analyze statistically and describe trends objectively.

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    Quantitative research overview

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    This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It discusses the research process, including identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying a research purpose, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It also discusses quantitative research designs like experimental and non-experimental designs. Some threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, and instrumentation are outlined as well as threats to external validity like sample characteristics and stimulus variations. Construct validity threats such as experimenter expectancies are also summarized. Quantitative methods aim to collect numeric data to analyze statistically and describe trends objectively.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    309 views23 pages

    Quantitative Research Methods

    Uploaded by

    Beverly Ann Dela Vega
    This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It discusses the research process, including identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying a research purpose, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. It also discusses quantitative research designs like experimental and non-experimental designs. Some threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, and instrumentation are outlined as well as threats to external validity like sample characteristics and stimulus variations. Construct validity threats such as experimenter expectancies are also summarized. Quantitative methods aim to collect numeric data to analyze statistically and describe trends objectively.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    Quantitative Research Methods

    FSEHS-ARC

    Overview
    Research Process
    Quantitative Methods
    Designs
    Validity and Research Designs

    A Definition of Research
    Research is a process of steps used to
    collect and analyze information in order to
    increase our understanding of a topic or
    issue.

    Problems With Research Today


    Contradictory or vague findings
    Questionable data
    Unclear statements about the intent of
    the study
    Lack of full disclosure of the datacollection procedure
    Inarticulate rendering of the research
    problem

    The Process of Research


    Identify the
    Research Problem
    Report
    and
    Evaluate Research

    Review the
    Literature

    Analyze and
    Interpret
    Data
    Collect Data

    Specify a
    Research
    Purpose

    The Process of Research:


    Identify the Research Problem
    Specify a problem
    Justify a problem

    Suggest a need to study the problem for


    audiences

    The Process of Research:


    Review the Literature
    Locate resources
    Books
    Journals
    Electronic resources

    Select resources
    Determine the relevant resources for the
    topic
    Organize the resources by developing a
    Literature Map

    Summarize the resources in a literature


    review

    The Process of Research:


    Specify a Research Purpose
    Identify the purpose statement
    The major intent of the study
    The participants in the study
    The site of the study

    Narrow the purpose statement


    Quantitative: Write research
    questions and/or hypothesis
    Qualitative: Identify a central
    phenomenon and write
    subquestions

    The Research Process:


    Collect Data
    Determine the data-collection method
    Select the individuals to study
    Design or select data-collection
    instruments and outline data-collection
    procedures

    Obtain permissions
    Gather data

    The Research Process:


    Analyze and Interpret Data
    Take the data apart to look at individual
    responses
    Represent the data in tables, figures, and
    pictures

    Explain conclusions from the data that


    address the research questions

    Ethical Considerations in Research


    Respect the rights of the participants
    Honor the requests and restrictions of the
    research site
    Report the research fully and honestly

    Definitions of Quantitative and


    Qualitative Research
    Quantitative Research
    A type of educational research in which the researcher
    decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions;
    collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these
    numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an
    unbiased, objective manner.

    Characteristics of Quantitative
    Research
    An emphasis on collecting and analyzing
    information in the form of numbers
    An emphasis on collecting scores that
    measure distinct attributes of individuals
    and organizations
    An emphasis on the procedures of
    comparing groups or relating factors about
    individuals or groups in experiments,
    correlational studies, and surveys

    Characteristics of Quantitative Methods


    in the Process of Research
    Quantitative
    Characteristics
    Descriptive/Explanatory
    Role
    Justify Problem

    Steps in the Research


    Process

    Identify a Problem

    Major

    and Narrow
    Measurable/Observable

    Review the Literature

    Specific

    Specify a Purpose

    Predetermined

    Instruments
    Numeric Data
    Large Numbers
    Statistical
    Description

    of Trends
    Comparisons/Predictions
    Standard

    and Fixed
    Objective and Unbiased

    Collect Data

    Analyze and Interpret Data

    Report and Evaluate

    Quantitative Methods
    Nonintervention
    Research

    Intervention
    Research
    Explaining whether an
    intervention influences
    an outcome for one
    group as opposed to
    another group

    Experimental Research:
    Between-Subjects
    Approach

    Associating or
    relating variables
    in a predictable
    pattern for one
    group of
    individuals

    Describing trends for


    the population of
    people

    Nonexperimental
    Research:
    Survey Approach
    Nonexperimental
    Research:
    Correlational Approach

    Method, Research, Approach and Design


    (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2012)

    Level
    METHOD1

    Explanation
    The method is the theoretical, philosophical, and data analytic perspective. The method
    can be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed (e.g., a quantitative method1).

    RESEARCH2

    Research refers to the systematic process of group assignment, selection, and data
    collection techniques. Research can be experimental, quasi-experimental, or nonexperimental (e.g., a quantitative method1 and experimental research2).

    APPROACH3

    The approach is the first step to creating structure to the design, and it details (a) a
    theoretical model of how the data will be collected, and (b) if one case, one group, or
    multiple groups will be associated with the process (e.g., a quantitative method1,
    experimental research2 with a between-subjects approach3).

    DESIGN4

    The design is the actual structure or framework that indicates (a) the time frame(s) in
    which data will be collected or how and when the data will be analyzed using qualitative
    methods, (b) when the treatment will be implemented (or not), and (c) the exact number
    of groups that will be involved (e.g., a quantitative method1, experimental research2 with a
    between-subjects approach3 and a pre- and posttest control group design4).

    Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2012). An applied reference guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
    methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Experimental research utilizing a betweensubjects approach with a pre- and posttest


    control group design
    Research Question: Does active parent engagement in selecting and
    using routine-based activities have a positive effect on children's language
    and appropriate behavior development?
    Assignment

    Group

    Pretest

    Treatment

    Posttest

    1 (n = 22)

    TELD-3, ECBI

    Family-Centered
    Intervention

    TELD-3, ECBI

    2 (n = 19)

    TELD-3, ECBI

    TELD-3, ECBI

    Time

    Chao, P., Bryan, T., Burstein, K., & Ergul, C. (2006). Family-centered intervention for young
    children at-risk for language and behavior problems. Early Childhood Education Journal,
    34(2), 147-153.

    Nonexperimental research utilizing a


    correlational approach with an explanatory design
    Research Question: What classroom motivation

    variables are related to students sense of


    belonging?
    Variables

    Students (n = 249)

    Motivation

    Self, efficacy, instrumentality,


    goals

    Sense of belonging

    Sense of belonging survey

    Walker, C. O., & Greene, B. A. (2009). The relations between students motivational beliefs
    and cognitive engagement in high school. Journal of Educational Research, 102(6) 463-471.

    Nonexperimental research utilizing a survey


    approach with a cross-sectional design
    Research Question: What evidence exists to
    demonstrate the prevalence and consequences of
    recurrent low-back pain in children?
    Variable (N = 500)

    Time point 1

    Low-back pain

    Low-back pain
    survey

    Jones, M. A., Stratten, G., Reilly, T., & Unnithan, V. B. (2004). A school-based survey of
    recurrent non-specific low-back pain prevalence and consequences in children. Health
    Education Research, 19(3), 284-289.

    Threats to Internal Validity (examples)


    Threat

    History

    Maturation

    Testing

    Instrumentation

    Explanation
    Any event that occurs during the time of the treatment
    and the posttest that could affect the outcome (e.g.,
    natural life events such as a death in the family, change in
    job, or moving).
    The natural process of changing, growing, and learning
    over time.

    The effects of practice familiarity in taking the same test


    more than once (e.g., the participant who takes the same
    math achievement test twice in the pre- and posttest
    measures may improve performance simply because of the
    familiarity with the test)
    The change in a measuring instrument over time (i.e.,
    some instruments undergo revisions).

    Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2010). A reference guide to basic research design for education and the social and behavioral
    sciences. New York, NY: Pearson.

    Threats to External Validity (examples)


    Threat

    Explanation

    Sample
    Characteristics

    The extent to which the sample (i.e., unit) represents the


    population from which it is drawn (i.e., for a sample to represent a
    population, the researcher must employ the appropriate sampling
    procedures and perform random selection).

    Stimulus
    Characteristics
    and Settings

    The unique factors involved in providing the treatment or


    intervention, such as the setting and researchers (i.e., it is difficult
    to replicate contrived laboratory conditions to real-life scenarios).

    Treatment
    Variations

    Variations in the same treatment or the combination of multiple or


    partial treatments account for different results.

    Outcome
    Variations

    Observing the effect of one type of outcome differs when alternate


    outcomes are observed.

    ContextDependent
    Mediation

    Mediating variables related to outcomes differ between contexts or


    settings.

    Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2010). A reference guide to basic research design for education and the
    social and behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Pearson.

    Threats to Construct Validity (examples)


    Threat

    Explanation

    Similar to special treatment, the level of attention, or


    differentiated attention, between the groups from the
    Attention and
    experimenter (e.g., the researcher spends more time with Group 1
    Contact with
    than Group 2, and the differences observed in the outcome can be
    Participants
    explained by the increased amount of attention and not due to
    the intervention).
    Single
    The impact the researcher has on the development and
    Operations and
    implementation of the treatment (i.e., researchers deliver
    Narrow
    treatments differently based on experiences and expertise;
    Stimulus
    therefore, it is difficult to measure the impact the researcher has
    Sampling
    on the treatment itself).
    The researchers expectancies, beliefs, and biases about the
    results (e.g., if a researcher strongly believes anxiety reduces test
    Experimenter
    performance, then the interaction between the researcher and
    Expectancies
    the participant may influence the outcome because the delivery
    of instructions and adherence to protocols may change).
    Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2010). A reference guide to basic research design for education and the social
    and behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Pearson.

    Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity


    (examples)
    Threat

    Explanation

    Power is the extent to which the results of an analysis


    Low Statistical
    accurately reveal a statistically significant difference
    Power
    between groups (or cases) when a statistical difference
    truly exists.
    Assumption
    Violating the assumptions (depending on the extent of the
    Violation of
    violation) of statistical tests can lead to over- or
    Statistical
    underestimation of practical and statistical significance of
    Tests
    an outcome.
    Statistical significance can be artificially inflated when
    Error Rate
    performing multiple pairwise tests, also referred to as
    Problem
    familywise error rate. (i.e., the probability of making a Type
    I error when performing multiple pairwise analyses).
    Restriction of
    Lack of variability between variables weakens the
    Range
    relationship and lowers statistical power.
    Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2010). A reference guide to basic research design for education and the social and
    behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Pearson.

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