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Introduction To Qualitative and Quantitative Research

1) Qualitative research uses a naturalistic approach to understand phenomena in context-specific settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. It seeks to understand experiences, behaviors, and social and cultural influences. 2) Quantitative research tests theories deductively and examines relationships between predetermined variables numerically and statistically using methods like questionnaires, surveys and statistical analysis. 3) The key differences between qualitative and quantitative research are that qualitative research focuses on meanings, descriptions and generating theories inductively from data, while quantitative research tests hypotheses deductively and examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

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Karisma Amjad
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840 views

Introduction To Qualitative and Quantitative Research

1) Qualitative research uses a naturalistic approach to understand phenomena in context-specific settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. It seeks to understand experiences, behaviors, and social and cultural influences. 2) Quantitative research tests theories deductively and examines relationships between predetermined variables numerically and statistically using methods like questionnaires, surveys and statistical analysis. 3) The key differences between qualitative and quantitative research are that qualitative research focuses on meanings, descriptions and generating theories inductively from data, while quantitative research tests hypotheses deductively and examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Uploaded by

Karisma Amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Karisma Amjad
Lecturer
Department of Social Work
Asian University of Bangladesh

1
What is qualitative research?
• Qualitative research uses a naturalistic approach that seeks to
understand phenomena in context- specific settings, such as
"real world setting [where] the researcher dose not attempt
to manipulate the phenomenon of interest" (Patton, 2001).

• Qualitative research, badly defined, means "any kind of


research that produces findings not arrived at by means of
statistical procedures or other means of qualification" (Strauss
& Corbin, 1990) and instead, the kind of research that
produces findings arrived from real-world settings where the
"phenomenon of interest unfold naturally" (Patton, 2001). 2
What is qualitative research?
• Investigation
• Deeper understanding
• Finding meaning
• Investigating the subtle interplay of a number of factors
• Experiences
• Behaviors
• Politics
• Sensitive or high risk issues
• Non- mainstream ideas or behaviors
• Social and cultural influences
3
The Nature of Qualitative Research

• Qualitative Research is the collection, analysis, and in


order to gain insights into a particular phenomenon
of interest

• Useful for describing and answering questions about


participants and contexts

4
Goal of Qualitative Research
• Create and test new interpretation
• Develop new empirically grounded theories
• Small sample sizes- purposefully chosen
• Often allows study of phenomena (objects) in their everyday
context
• Information rich data
• Concentrates on words and objections to express reality and
attempts to describe people in natural situations
• Findings must be grounded in empirical material
• Methods must be appropriately selected and applied to the object
under study 5
Why do Qualitative Research?

• Understand meaning people attach to their


experiences
• Creative way of developing theories
• Provides insight into new areas of research
• Can be combined with qualitative methods
• Research phenomena cannot always be understood
properly by measuring them objectively
6
Characteristics of qualitative research
• a concern with meaning, especially the subjective meanings of
participants
• a commitment to viewing (and sometimes explaining) Phenomena from
the perspective of those being studied
• an awareness and consideration of the researcher's role and perspective
• naturalistic inquiry in the 'real world' rather than in experimental or
manipulated settings
• a concern with micro- social processes (i.e. their manifestation at the level
of individuals, groups or organization)
• a mainly inductive rather than deductive analytical process (i. e. broadly,
deriving theories or findings from empirical research data, rather than
deducting a hypothesis a priori which is then tested by empirical research)
7
Characteristic of Qualitative Methods
(Bryman,1992)
• Emphasis on individual interpretation
 the understanding principle in qualitative research is that social
phenomena are best understood from the person' s own
perspective
• Focus on description
 to appreciate why people adopt certain views, behave that do etc.
it is important to gain a through understanding of the person and
their social situation
Not just understanding WHAT people do, but understanding WHY
8
Characteristics of Qualitative Methods

• Flexibility
# beginning with a minimum of preconceived ideas
• Emergent theories
# theories emergency as data is collected (not
before)
• Obtaining rich data
• Researcher as research instrument
9
Six General Steps
• Identify the research topic
• Review the literature
• Select the participants
• Collect data
• Analyze the data
• Report the result

These are the same steps as those used in qualitative research


10
Qualitative Research Output

• New theories
• Description of previously unexplained situation or
behavior
• Narratives about experiences
• New ways to comprehend events or behaviours *
New ideas
• Understanding
11
Research Methodology

• Survey
• Ethnographic
• Case study
• Discourse analysis
• Documentation survey/ content analysis

12
Qualitative Data Collection techniques
• Interview
 Individual,
 In-depth Focus group discussion
 Observation
• Participation observation
 In- depth case study
 Social mapping
 Questionnaire
• Mail Questionnaire
 Documentation
13
What is quantitative research?
• Qualitative research is described by the terms
‘empiricism’ (Leach, 1990) and ‘positivism’ (Duffy, 1985).
It derives from the scientific method used in the physical
sciences (Cormack, 1991).
• This research approach is an objective, formal systematic
process in which numerical data findings.
• It describes, tests, and examines cause and effect
relationship (Burns & Grove, 1987), using a deductive
process of knowledge attainment (Duffy, 1985). 14
Characteristics of Quantitative research
• Qualitative methodologies test theory deductively from existing
knowledge, through developing hypothesized relationship and
proposed outcomes for study.

• Henwood and Pidgeon (1993) stated that qualitative research deals


with quantitates and numbers.

• Its measures concepts or variables that are predetermined


objectively and to examine the relationship between them
15
numerically and statistically.
Data Collection

Qualitative Research Design Quantitative Research Design


• Direct observation • Questionnaires
• Key informatics • Direct observation
• Documents
• Archival Data
• Photographs/Films
• Compendia of statistics (wide Ranging)
• Taste/Touch/ Smell
• Symbolism/ Imagery • Secondary data Banks
• In- depth Interviewing • Sampling observation Unit
• Focus groups • Sampling Unit of Analysis
• Sampling observation Unit • Time dimension
• Sampling Unit of Analysis 16
Thanks
Karisma Amjad
Lecturer
Department of Social Work
Asian University of Bangladesh
17

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