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    Qualitative Research: The Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing Nursing 200W

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    Langgeng Wahyu
    Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it uses a subjective approach to understand and describe human experiences. It focuses on understanding phenomena holistically rather than through hypothesis testing. Qualitative data comes from words rather than numbers. Common qualitative methods include phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography. Researchers interact directly with participants and study their experiences in natural settings. Purposive sampling is used to select informative cases for study. Sample sizes are typically smaller than in quantitative research. Rigor involves adhering to a philosophical approach, obtaining data saturation from multiple sources, and maintaining openness.

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    Qualitative Research: The Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing Nursing 200W

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    Langgeng Wahyu
    57 views26 pages
    Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it uses a subjective approach to understand and describe human experiences. It focuses on understanding phenomena holistically rather than through hypothesis testing. Qualitative data comes from words rather than numbers. Common qualitative methods include phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography. Researchers interact directly with participants and study their experiences in natural settings. Purposive sampling is used to select informative cases for study. Sample sizes are typically smaller than in quantitative research. Rigor involves adhering to a philosophical approach, obtaining data saturation from multiple sources, and maintaining openness.

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    Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it uses a subjective approach to understand and describe human experiences. It focuses on understanding phenomena holistically rather than through hypothesis testing. Qualitative data comes from words rather than numbers. Common qualitative methods include phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography. Researchers interact directly with participants and study their experiences in natural settings. Purposive sampling is used to select informative cases for study. Sample sizes are typically smaller than in quantitative research. Rigor involves adhering to a philosophical approach, obtaining data saturation from multiple sources, and maintaining openness.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    57 views26 pages

    Qualitative Research: The Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing Nursing 200W

    Uploaded by

    Langgeng Wahyu
    Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it uses a subjective approach to understand and describe human experiences. It focuses on understanding phenomena holistically rather than through hypothesis testing. Qualitative data comes from words rather than numbers. Common qualitative methods include phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography. Researchers interact directly with participants and study their experiences in natural settings. Purposive sampling is used to select informative cases for study. Sample sizes are typically smaller than in quantitative research. Rigor involves adhering to a philosophical approach, obtaining data saturation from multiple sources, and maintaining openness.

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    of 26

    Qualitative Research

    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING


    NURSING 200W
    How does Qualitative Research differ
    from Quantitative?
    •A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences
    and give them meaning
    •Useful in understanding human experiences such as pain, caring,
    powerlessness, and comfort
    •Focuses on understanding the whole
    •Consistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
    What are the Frameworks for Qualitative
    studies?
    •The goal of qualitative research is not hypothesis testing.
    •Frameworks are used in a different sense in qualitative research.
    •Each type of qualitative research is guided by a particular
    philosophical stance.
    How does the Data in Qualitative
    research look different?
    •Data is subjective, systematic
    •Describes life experiences and gives them meaning
    •Data in qualitative research are typically words versus numbers in
    quantitative research
    •Focus on the whole, holistic
    •Data incorporate perceptions and beliefs of researcher and
    participants
    Qualitative Research Purpose

    Describe Understand Explain

    Identify Develop Generate


    Qualitative Research Methods
    •Multiple realities
    •Natural setting for data collection
    •Researchers and participants interact
    •Results are rich descriptions
    Approaches to Qualitative Research
    Phenomenological

    Grounded Theory

    Ethnography

    Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative

    Historical
    Approaches to Qualitative Research
    •Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome

    •The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the


    research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study
    Phenomenology
    •Provides a rich description of the ‘lived experience’
    Grounded Theory
    •Symbolic Interaction Theory
    •Meaning is attached to things or actions which form our reality
    •Often result in theory development
    Ethnography
    •Based in anthropology
    •Focus on understanding the culture
    Exploratory-Descriptive
    •No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry,
    descriptive, or qualitative
    •Addresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative
    method
    Historical
    •Examination and description of events or other factors that influence
    what you are interested in
    Qualitative Research Process
    •Select topic and problem
    •Justify the significance of the study
    •Design study
    •Identify and gain access to subjects
    •Select study subjects and data
    •Interpret results
    Which methods are unique to Qualitative
    Research?
    •Selection of subjects
    •Researcher-participant relationship
    •Data collection methods
    •Data management
    •Data analysis
    •Interpretation
    How are subjects selected?
    •Subjects are referred to as participants.
    •May volunteer to be involved in study
    •May be selected by researcher because of their particular
    knowledge, experience, or views related to study
    What is purposive sampling?
    •May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under
    study
    •May seek out individuals different in some way from other
    participants to get diverse perspectives
    •Snowballing technique is commonly used.
    How do sample sizes differ from
    quantitative studies?
    •Decisions regarding sample size differ
    ◦ Based on needs related to study purpose
    ◦ Number of subjects is usually smaller
    ◦ Case studies with only one subject may be used
    ◦ Six to 10 subjects not unusual
    What are the characteristics of
    researcher-participant relationships?
    •Participants are treated as colleagues rather than subjects.
    •The researcher must have the support and confidence of
    participants to complete the study.
    •Maintaining relationships is of utmost importance.
    What does Observation Include?
    •A process of understanding ‘What is going on here?’
    •Look and listen carefully.
    •Note routine activities.
    •Focus on details.
    •Note processes as well as discrete events.
    •Note unexpected events.
    What is Included in Interviewing?
    •Open-ended format
    •Researcher defines focus.
    •No fixed sequence of questions
    •Questions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous
    interviews and/or observations.
    •Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by
    researcher.
    How is text collected?
    •May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of
    researcher
    •Narratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.
    •Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or
    procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.
    •Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)
    How are Qualitative research results
    interpreted?
    •The researcher offers his or her interpretation of what is going on.
    •The focus is on understanding and explaining beyond that which can
    be stated with certainty.
    •May focus on usefulness of findings for clinical practice
    •Researcher develops hunches about relationships that can be used
    to formulate tentative propositions.
    Rigor
    •Openness
    •Adherence to a philosophical perspective
    •Data saturation
    •Multiple sources of data
    Rigor
    •Rigor is impacted by all of the following negative factors:
    ◦ Inconsistency in adhering to method or philosophy
    ◦ Poorly developed methods
    ◦ Lack of data collection time
    ◦ Poor data collection methods
    ◦ Failure to consider multiple sources of data
    Questions? Comments?
    THE END!

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