High Voltage DC Transmission

Prof. Dr. S. N. Singh

So, todays lecture that is lecture number 4 of this module and now we will just
categorize and will see the various type of control that is feasible for the H V D C link.
We discuss about the constant current controller and also we discussed the characteristics
in the previous lectures.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:37)

Now, here I will just discuss how the C E A control is accomplished. The C E A control
as I said we have to maintain the gamma minimum angle. So, that the commutation
failure can be avoided especially in the inverter because the commutation failure is a
only possible in the inverter because the rectifier we are having the valve voltage most of
the time it is negative. So, the commutation failure may not occur.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:03)

So, we know this we have to in the C E A control we are maintaining this is your
commutation voltage of any valve and if I am writing this for the valve 3 it is a e b a and
this is the zero crossing and basically we are maintaining this period that is a gamma
minimum. So, that the commutation can be successful even at the during time of after
firing at the during time of the firing if u is changing. So, we should land off and there
should be successful of your commutation. So, based on this we are just calculating the
angle beta where this inverter is to be fired and we are calculating at that time what will
be the value of u.
So, for the known value here u we can maintaining this, we can calculate the b instant the
beta instant and then we can give the firing pulse. Now, in this condition here you can
just write, because here we are talking about the two three valve conduction mode and
this expression we already derived if remember. Here, we are talking that earlier one and
two valves were conducting and three is given pulse. So, in that case your valve 1, 2 and
3 are conducting. So, the current which will be basically there will be the commutation
from 1 to 3 the current earlier it was idle here now it is going to be taken by the three
current and we derived this expression that is a 2 L d i by d t e b a. Taking this our
convention of your this, this is a sinusoidal that we are taking zero axis here this is
voltage.

And you can calculate the current here you can integrate here what will be the value. The
instant that is at t 1 here it is your this value is your t 1 and this value is your t 2. We are
giving the firing instant here, where, the valve three is going to ignite. And it will ignite
because the voltage across this valve is positive and if here the ignition is successful then
it is a t 1 instant and then it is going to be off 1 is going to off here means 3 is taking
complete current of this link. So, the t 1 will be basically nothing, but, if you are
measuring from here.
So, this is basically nothing but, your alpha. So, t 1 I can write it is nothing but, your
alpha divided by omega. Because this axis is your omega t. So, this omega t here at this
point is alpha. So, it is a t 1 instant we can just calculate. Similarly, the t 2 instant here it
will be the pi minus this angle. So, I can write here the pi minus gamma minimum
divided by your omega. So now, we know that is at this instant your I 3 was 0 and at this
instant I 3 becomes your I d.
So, you can solve this equation here just you integrate from 0 to I d for I 3 and this is
from t 1 to t 2 where we already defined here and if you are just integrating this you are
going to get this expression. And finally, we are getting this expression means we can
write our cos beta that we want. From this expression we are getting the cos alpha and
the cos alpha here alpha is basically nothing, but, your pie minus beta.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:51)

So, we are going to have this equation means we are getting your cos gamma minimum
minus your this value that is 2 omega L divided by under root 3 E m into your I d.
Basically, this value is nothing but, your I s 3 if you remember this was the base value
earlier and if you divide here because that value was under root 3 E m divided by 2
omega L. So, it is same we are getting here.
Now, this beta basically we are fix this value is known at the time of firing this value is
known l is known e m is measured and I d is also measured. So, we can calculate the
beta. Only the problem once you have a given the beta here this gamma, because before
the firing this gamma here this I d is assumed as a constant, but, it may not so, because
that may change during that time.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:52)

So, this I d is basically replaced by your this I d plus some alpha here as I said. This I d is
now replaced by I d prime we are adding some small that is a magnitude of this delta I d
some percentage of this in that equation here, so that that can take care of any change
due to the u interval. So, this is basically decided based on the practical condition what
how much it is going to change.
So, this I d is now going to replace by this I d prime. And some percentage this is a
basically depends on the converter link what is the distance excreta everything and is
based on that experience this value is added. Now, another here as I said there is a
possibility if your inverter which is operating as a constant extension angle control, due

to the some severe voltage trip at the inverter end this may shift to the constant control.
So, already we defined the characteristic here, this is your alpha minimum here C C
constant current here and this is your this is the C C. So, this is your C E A. So, this is
your inverter. So, it was operating here.
If there is a certain trip here you may land up somewhere here that you should take care.
So, we should have a smooth transition from here to here. Then how we manage this?
How it is going to be changed here? So, that is here in the event of the certain system
disturbance due to the end this a c end inverter voltage rise or the dip in the d c voltage.
So, what will happen if the voltage going to rise inverter end then your I d is going to
reduce or due to some problem here means there is a some voltage dip in that one d c
link also, that is may cause your current should be here is a decrease and then what
happens this side your controller is saturated current controller is saturated that it has to
be shifted here.
So, what we do we gamma here basically increase it. And then it will be sifted here and
the control. So, normally what we do first we change here gamma minimum, increase the
gamma minimum and then we shift to constant current controller and this would be
operating. We will see again even for maintaining the constant power how this
characteristic from here to here and here to here is going to change. Suppose, right now
what will happen in this condition, this is your operating point. And your power
characteristic (( )) it will be this characteristic.
Why? Because we know this P d is nothing but, your V d into I d in per unit. This is your
I d, this is your V d. So, the power characteristic will be for a given here this intersection
will be operation and the power which will be flowing in the link will be this value this
characteristic. Means this current multiplied by this voltage.
So, this is your voltage and this is a current here I d here this one V d. And now, we will
see if suppose, it is operating here in this mode due to the certain problem, now you can
see if suppose, this has gone down. Now, the power is also changed in the link. So, we
will see how it is going to shift how we can change. So, that we can maintain the
constant power control in the HVDC in this link we will see in the few slides. Before this
this is the complete.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:29)

If you will see this figure here, we are having the rectifier this is the rectifier, this is your
inverter and this is your length. It has a resistance, it has a smoothing reactants both side
or you can have a half so it is no problem. So, this is your rectifier and this is your
inverter. Here you see the firing pulse is generated to fire it. Here also in the inverter side
we are giving the firing pulse to ignite it here.
We are having extra here I have written the T C C. This is the transformer track changer
control. Till now, I was discussing here because this is only alpha control in the rectifier,
but, to achieve the V d curve here as I said here this characteristic will go here and this
will be basically the constant voltage and then finally, here. This characteristic is
modified when the inverter voltage has gone suddenly very low. So, this controller from
here the characteristic will be totally sifted here and in this case we are operating at very
less power in the circuit.
We cannot maintain if the voltage has gone down suddenly very low. Your converter
station will be stressed highly. So, that is why it we reduced power and finally, we
operate here in this zone. And this is called V d curve means voltage dependent current
order limiter. Means the voltage has gone down your current order is changed and
finally, we operate in this zone. To take care of this we measure the voltage of the link
you see here. Thus we measure here the voltage and we know how much power is

flowing in the how much power you have set it. So, this divided by this means you are
getting some current if voltage has gone down very less this current value will increase.
Once this value will increase based on that you VDCOL will see where you are going to
operate means this will limit your I d current. Because, this current is going to decide
here if it is heating this value or this in between or less based on it will be decided.
And then your I d is set I naught is set whether you want to set this here or you want to
set here. So, this will be giving information this reference current will be decided if it is
VDCOL is not constraining here, it will be your actual I d, if it in this zone. Otherwise it
will set and then finally, we have to change the firing angle and we have to operate this
here.
So, this VDCOL here that limiter is also added. Now, you can see there is another signal
coming from outside. Basically that is nothing but, it is based on the power how much
you are setting, if you want to increasing manually power how much to increase another
here you have to add it here. Because this P naught and other power is coming here all
the way. This P naught basically coming here V d only coming from here. So, this P
naught basically how much you are setting in this that is deciding your current.
So, this reference is decided and then it is measuring the current here and if there is a
some difference then your here the current control amplifier is there, it is amplifying the
signal and then firing control angle is here it is calculated and then it is coming here all
the way. So, this is basically your control characteristic of your rectifier side it is taking
care.
However, this as I said if the voltage is changing very suddenly, because we have the
limitation of alpha, because we have the alpha minimum as well here, may be one or two
or five degree and also we do not want operate alpha at the larger because, it require
more reactive power. So, what happens this will be here it will be set and this will be
checking. What is your reference set of alpha and what is a current alpha? If there is a
some mismatch, then it will start this type changer will be there and it will be trying to
change your converter registration rectifier end it will be the tapping will be changed, to
control again the current will be this.

Because this alpha is decided by current and this is also changing the voltage which is a
current is there. So, there is a complete impact here and finally, the current will be
maintained in this side. Reverse is also true here, you can say the VDCOL here also we
need and then it is coming all the way here. And finally, we are here the gamma is beta is
calculated and we are firing this inverter based on gamma minimum angle control C E A
control and the beta is coming here. Here this T C this control is basically the so many
aspects are there because this side this fellow is maintaining the voltage. Because, the
inverter end is the voltage control this is your current control.
So, it is current is taking here when residing here also is no doubt the current is taken for
this controlling because the current also require. But, this we are comparing the voltage
plus the drop in the circuit here, how much this because this voltage and this voltage here
drop and then finally, if there is any change with this voltage then we are changing here.
This V d o is the reference, how much voltage we are going then suddenly we are
changing here. So, it is your transformer type inverter side it is changed. So, this is
complete control as such the both rectifier as well as the inverter side.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:58).

Now, let us see I think since we are starting here it is let us see the power control first.
Then we will see how this even though your converter hold HVDC link, when there was
no power how it is going to be started and how we can down it. Because it is not
powerful suddenly you can just start full current and you can just load this HVDC link.

So, to understand this constant power control again I will come here and you see your
actual operating power I can just remove here.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:28)

This is your P 1 point I can say here. You can see when rectifier is on C C control P 1 is
the original operating point here that is a control of this one here. Because, this is your
rectifier C C, this is your C E A and this is your operating point.
When the inverter is operating in the C C mode the power in the link becomes P 2 means
what happens here this is your P 2, because due to some problem here there is some
voltage here has gone down. And now it is now operating in the C C and this is now
operating in the voltage control. So, this is your P 2 and again if you draw this here this
characteristic this will be like this. Now, what happens you can say this power is less
than this power. Because this is more V d and I d both more here the I d is also less and
the V d is also less.
Now, to maintain the constant power, there is a two option that we can increase the
current this one current here. So, that we can have because you know what happens here
if this is your here we can just increase here and this intersection can be there. So one
option that we can increase this current or we can increase this current. First see we want
to increase this current order of your rectifier end. So, the first the current of the inverter
is increases so that operating point is P 3. Here it is not a inverter it is basically the

rectifier end because we are increasing inverter here is the rectifier such you can correct
it here the order of rectifier is increased, so that operating point is P 3.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:23)

See this graph basically already I have drawn here and you can see here. What happens
this your P 1 here it was your the point of operation as I said. Now, due to the change
here this is your inverter is taking the constant current here this is a C C this is your C E
A and this was a the C C half inverter this was a C C for your rectifier, now you can say
the power is decreased. Now, what we do? We want that this power this characteristic
this C C here should shift from here to here.
If you are shifting this axis it will cut somewhere, it will be that is point is youre here.
Because this is the voltage and this you are shifting here. In this case the power is P 3
and that is again you are maintaining. So, the what happens it is better that we are
basically increasing this characteristic the current order C here to get the same power.
This is the now new current and this will be your operating point. So, what we do if the
power has gone down? Then we try to increase the current order C C setting that is I d
here which was the reference it is increased, so that we can maintain here the same
power. There is also there was option you are operating here, this is your here in this
inverter side this can be increased.
If you are increasing from here you see, what happens you are having another
intersection at this point. Because how you can increase? You can just increase with this

axis. Because this is your beta control. You are just doing the beta control here you are
coming here and then you are getting the P 4 intersection it will be set your operating
point suddenly.
Because whenever, your inverter characteristic and the rectifier characteristic are
intersecting each other that will be your operating point. So, it will be intersecting here
and now you can see in this case you are increasing the current order, but the same time
here the voltage is also reduced and the power is also less. Because this power is very
very less than even your P 3 here P this P naught value. So, it is advisable that it is better
to shift this characteristic means current order of the rectifier, so that we can get the
suitable operating points P 3 and we can maintain the power that is a constant power.
So, whenever the power is changed because there is a power controllers are there. The
power is basically I d which is decided while I d is calculated if the power setting your
constant power operation mode. Because your reference I d is changed now and it has
become this value. So, your controller will take action and I d reference value is changed
and now we are operating here rather than here.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:20)

Now, another concern here that is how we can start or stop our link? How we can go
ahead with this? So, in general this HVDC link can be started by the two methods one is
called using the long pulse gate pulse that is, if you are given the gate pulse for valve for

120 degree or you are giving 60 degree. So, if you are talking about the short pulse there
is 60 degree and if you taking long pulse it is 120 degree. Why it is 120 by 60?
Because if we will see if you are giving 60 degree after that even though that is required
the pulse should be there it is not there then you will get the valve will be not on. It
depends on what is the voltage across this. So, if you are talking about the long gate
firing pulses, it is very simple. Because here what we have to do you have to de block the
inverter around this 90 degree. What does it mean? We are having this is your just I will
explain with this example.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:20)

This is your rectifier. This is your inverter. Let us suppose it is here the monopolar
operation whatever you can see. Now what we do here it is set d block means earlier it
was not doing anything. Now we are just giving the fire impulse to this and especially we
are maintaining the gamma is 90 degree. If you are giving the 90 approximately 90
degree, what will happen? The voltage across this will be zero. You are just turning d
blocking here you are giving here 90 degree and it will be on.
Now, in this case here now you have to de-block this rectifier and give alpha is 85 degree
we are not giving 90 degree, because there will be some u. Once this is on there is no
current is flowing here. So, u is not applicable at all. Because it is simply it is a V d o cos
gamma. So, the gamma is 90 it is V d is 0. Now, if you are going to give here 90 degree
what happens due to u even this voltage may be negative.

So, what we do we try to give some positive voltage we try to ignite somewhere around
85 degree or so. And still this voltage is very very small. So, now you are just starting
this as a valve, now your voltage is here and now the current will start flowing small
amount of current will flow, because this is zero this is very small voltage approximately
zero some current will be flowing. Now, what we do? We then increase the voltage.
What we will have? We have to decrease this slowly and slowly.
But again in this case now the question is that we can increase the current together we
can increase the voltage together. But, it is preferable that we have to raise the voltage
first then increase the current. Because, if you are increasing the voltage, why it is so? It
is possible that you can just change this value keep it this current will increase. But, we
do not want this. Because, what happens the current once it is flowing if there is some
problem of insulation anything there is huge short circuit will be there.
So, we try to increase the voltage and see the line is okay or not even though the small
amount of current is flowing. Once it is sustaining that voltage if there will be some flash
over here and there in the towers and insulators here and there then you can just check it
and then you can stop it again very easily without because the current was very less. So,
what we do we try to ramp already here it is you can see the ramp up voltage by inverter
control and current by the rectifier we have to increase, but, what we do first we increase
the voltage to have the minimum current here. Means you have to increase the voltage
means ramp. Then, you have to load this link by maintaining the current.
So, basically this is the starting over a D C link is done if you are using the long gate
pulse. This 120 will arise long pulse because here you are starting at that time there is a
huge possibility of the commutation failure. Because if the 90 you are using here that ((
)) the voltage across that valve may be negative. Because we saw that the voltage valve
voltage here in the inverter operation is most of the time it is negative.
So to avoid this if it is at 60 you are having 120 this pair will operate. So, there will be no
problem, but if you are going for the short gate pulse firing here, so the current extinction
here as I said in the inverter operation is a problem because the forward bias is not in the
conduction mode in the inverter side. So, the sequence of in this case will be first open
the bypass switch at one terminal.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:31)

Basically what happens all these here the converters they are having a bypass valve here
or we are having bypass switch. This is a valve means what happens if there is any
problem, this is basically equipped with this. This is used especially suppose you want to
take it out. What happens suppose you are having another valve? This is your converter
circuit, this is let us suppose we are having another here we will explain this in more
detail.
Now, you want to take this bridge out for the maintenance purpose, what happens?
Without creating any problem we want some current should flow like here then you can
take it out. You cannot suddenly here take it out this valve then it is a current is zero and
also it is not possible that simply just put it here short circuit and then it will be taking
out. Still it is very difficult because there will be huge transits and huge problem will be
there.
So, either we use here bypass valve or we use bypass switch. Switch means here simply
here the opening are closed. In that case you cannot open and close if the current is
flowing. So, what we have to do we have to create some voltage across this is zero then
only you can close. Otherwise huge here sparking will be there. You know it is just like a
circuit breaker. Here if the voltage is there in between these two connecting huge spark
because the gradient will be there potential and this air will be ionization there will be
spark will directly damage it.

So, what in that case we do here already we use one pair of valve as the bypass valves.
Because, here we are having you can say this is one and this is your four. If both are
conducting here the voltage across this become zero. And, once this is there this current
is flowing at that time you can close it here and then you can open here and the current
will be flowing without any problem.
So, we use either bypass valves or we use bypass switches if you are using this concept
then those switches are used, if you are using this valves then valves are also used. But,
this will increase the extra cost, because you are maintaining (( )) are more expensive
than a switch. Because in this case also you may require switches. So, here the open the
bypass switch at one terminal, means this is a switch because earlier it was open means
now you have to open it, now it is ready to conduct a current.
So, de block the terminal means terminal was blocked. Now you have to give block
means just there is no firing pulse all the gate pulses are blocked. Now you start giving
the gate pulses to the valves. So, de block the terminal and load to the minimum current
in the rectifier mode. Now, you have to use here suppose you are using this one. So, you
have to operate this as a rectifier this is switch is close step we are not opening this one.
This is still there and then that current you have to flow here.
So, one which is you are just de blocking you operate this as a rectifier or if you are
using this you are use this as a rectifier. So, if you are taking this as a first one let us see.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:57)

So, what we did we open this, this was already closed and we are taking here only the
monopolar operation for simplicity. Now, you are just de blocking this means you start
giving the pulses. Now it will be conducting the pattern again it will follows as a 6112
this pattern always symmetricity will be there.
So, we are generating some voltage small voltage here and the current will start flowing
here. So, this current is very minimum current. So, what we do now? This switch we
have to open and the same time we have to de block first de block and then open the
switch this current will start flowing here. Now, bypass the second terminal and the
commutate the current by the bypass pair, then start the second terminal also in the
rectifier mode means another one is also in the rectifier mode means here the voltage
here is just opposing in the additive here because you are connecting in this way.
So, this is also additive. So, the current will be flowing even though for a small voltage.
Rectifier mode the inverter terminal is now put in to the inverter. Now, you have to
change your angle in such a way if it is a you know in beginning both are operating as a
rectifier, because we do not want to use a inverter in the beginning because the short gate
pulse there is a commutation problem.
So, to start with you have to flow the current and both should operate as a rectifier it is
possible. Because the voltage mismatch will be there and the current will be flowing
here. Then, you have to change the firing angle this angle this is let us suppose you are
operating here is 90 approximately here also approximately 90. Now, this angle alpha
should increase means the beta should reduce and this should reduce here and this
rectifier this is inverter and this is basically the procedure and finally, it will be taking
complete current and the voltage.
So, once you have started this is rectifier (( )) inverter, now we have to increase the
voltage and then you can just load this link into your HVDC. Normally what happens
here while the raising the power increase is not beyond the 2 to 10 per unit per second
this is possible that suddenly you can just here from ninety you can go for zero, it is not
possible because if you are doing this huge current and even the smoothing reactors are
there huge voltage drop across the line will be there d I by d t now it is through the
inductor will be there and that is very dangerous for the HVDC link.

So, it is a advisable that you should operate 2 to 10 per unit power rate of change
basically is not power rate of change per second.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:57)

So, already I discussed this one. Now, other control objectives of this whole HVDC link
that we can control the frequency up to limited extent. We can control the reactive power
again up to limited extent, we can control the tie line power with the full power it is up to
you. You can control you can use this HVDC link for emergency control as well and we
can also use for the sub synchronous resonance control. To control the frequency here we
know that the system frequency if it is a c system the frequency is a directly related with
your load generation balanced.
If your generation is more load is less frequency will rise, if your generation is less and
load is more, then frequency will fall, because it will utilize your rotating energy that is a
kinetic energy in the system. But, it is also possible if the two areas are there and they are
connected with the HVDC link. So, you can feed from one area power to another area
power to change the frequency of that area as we can utilize this controller. But, if it is a
complete in the integrated system means then it is not possible.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:14)

So, the frequency control is only possible if the two a c system this is a c system. Here
we are having another a c system or you can say area and now it is connected with here
HVDC link. Then you can control the frequency of any area by here power flowing in
this area are taken from this area. But, if you are having here a c line and you are having
the d c here in between somewhere, you cannot do the frequency control at all. Because
that is then always it is your this generators and your demand will set your frequency.
So, with this if you are having the here some connection then you can inject more power
into system or you can withdraw more power means basically what you are doing? You
are this bus is just like a generation or load bus.
And therefore, you can control the frequency of either this area or this area. So, only it is
possible especially like we are having back to back connection then we can flow more.
But even though let us suppose we are having a d c here d c link and you are having
another a c link here. In this case also your a c line this there. So, if you are controlling
the power here in this you will go back here to maintain the frequency of the system. So,
that is why here the frequency control I am saying with the help of HVDC link is the
limited application. It is only true if the two different systems are connected by the d c, if
this is also d c it is possible. But, if it is connected in a c system inside your d c is built
you cannot control the system frequency at all, because frequency is related with your
generational power.

So, this is your frequency control. Now, another I can discuss here your reactive power
control. Reactive power control is also is basically in this fashion you know the
converters are consuming reactive power. Both inverter as well as the rectifier they
require huge reactive power and here we are having some capacitor banks and other
things. In the reactive power control I mean to say that, here with the help of firing angle,
if let us suppose the voltage of the bus is going to very high, you can fire this alpha is a
very large value reactive power requirement of this converter is going to be more. So, it
can consume more reactive power from here. But, it is not advisable, we never do unless
until really you are in the emergency.
Because, if you are changing this alpha then here also gamma should be changed
accordingly to maintain the power here. And then it will be absorbing the reactive power
from the system more and more. So, you can do this reactive power control up to the
limited extent and especially in the really critical conditions when your system may be,
let us suppose voltage stability conditions and other things arising then you can utilize,
but, still normal practice we never do the reactive power control with the HVDC link.
So, next control possible is the tie line power control. That is a very simple and really it
is useful. Especially we do when we are taking about the back to back control. Basically
this is nothing, but the two areas here again we are having the HVDC link here it may be
the long distance transmission HVDC line or it may be short distance that is a back to
back connection means, they are both converter inverter stations are very near to each
other and only our intention is to control power from one region to another region or
from here to here then it is possible.
So, you can say the tie line power here we can control from this from one area to another
area. And here even though you can say the tie line power control I want to say there is a
possibility this area is having the deficit or you have a surplus of power. But, if you are
setting the power here reference here your P it will be still injecting the power there.
Means you can even though force it.
Here let us suppose it has the this P is higher in this zone and this is also injecting this
means frequency of this system will go up. So, it depends normally based on this here
this area and this area agreement if the power is now is the more here then that can be
coming this side or this side. So, we can control very effectively this your tie line power

in the two area even though this area is connected by a c line some other point, but, still
we want to control somewhere here as well.
Because, this power this line may be very big sometimes or very small voltage
connection here we will require long distance power as well. So, the tie-line power
control no doubt this in HVDC is one of the major objectives that is if you are having
back to back connection means it is one area another area they are controlling to each
other. Tie line means the two areas are connected. So, the two area here I can say and
especially it is a back to back connection.
Now, another is your emergency control. Emergency control basically what happens
sometime here this is the shift for the certain power even though inside is not only the
area. It is let us suppose inside you are having this HVDC control your system some of
the lines are tripping and this is set at certain power let us suppose even though 1500 let
us suppose it is rating is there. There is a possibility that we can load this line even the
more than this 1500 for few minutes. Because, if a line is some line is let us suppose
tripped what happens one line tripping make if your cascade tripping due to the over
loading of other lines. Because, this power is not going to change even though tripping of
any other lines here, because here this is a operating as a constant power mode.
So, this will be flowing as it is. But, if there is a some lines are going to overload
momentarily we can increase this power for few minutes and then we can just
synchronize or we can reduce our power levels generation and load balance in a such a
way that our no line should be overloaded even the outage of your lines. So, in the
emergency we can operate if this now at time this 1500 setting is no more required, we
want to maintain the stability of the grid first and then therefore, we can do it here.
And this is very very useful especially in the emergency conditions. It is really working
very effectively. So, the emergency control means the control which is it is used for
some other purpose. It was used to flow huge amount of power from here or here to here.
But, during the disturbance abnormal conditions the objective is changed to stabilize
both of the system or the same system because we can elevate the overloading or
operating conditions in the normal limit.
So, that is your emergency control another here is your S S R control it can do S S R
again I was explaining even though on the in the previous lecture, that this phenomena

normally happens when you are having this your power plant thermal power plants you
are having the huge turbines like your high pressure, intermediate pressure of low
pressure turbines and then your generator is connected then you are having so many
critical frequencies.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:40)

So, in this case let us suppose your this is your turbine high pressure turbine that is
connected with you i p and then we are having l p, that is low pressure turbine and then
we are having your synchronous generator and now here we are having some HVDC
link.
What happens if you are putting this one here, this may if your frequency which was
entering here from another area, it will not go inside. Because due to the d c. Here means
of course, you are having this is a inverter here, means if it is a entering some frequency
which is in the system it will block here. So, it will even though control sometimes that it
will not go inside to the generator winding that current harmonics and therefore, there
will be no S S R problem.
You know S S R problem is a sub-synchronous it is called means sub-synchronous is
your 50 hertz means that frequency is less than 50 hertz. But, I am sure you people have
not heard the super synchronous resonance. Because, they are designed in such a way
here the frequency of the critical frequency always less than 50 hertz. So, even though

you are having the higher frequencies here, if those are entering here that will be not
having the any this troctional oscillation concept.
So, that is we never bother about super synchronous. Means if frequency is more than 50
hertz that is a multiple of frequency intra harmonics and your integer harmonics. So, that
will not affect that term. Because if less than this will be entering here then we make
these critical frequency may synchronize and may be matches and then huge troctional
oscillation or troctional torque will be developed and this (( )) may be broken.
So, this can also do if it is used in this way in several specific purpose. It is not necessary
that we can use like this. Because we may have some a c lines also, so here this may
enter in this way or if you are having the a c line and the d c line and then you are having
some filters here for those then it may go down it may not enter here.
So, that possibility is there. So, if your filters are here that may go down here due to the
HVDC link. But, it is not always because we are using the filters here only for the
characteristic harmonics. So, this 50 hertz less than that we are not bothering at all, so it
will go inside. So, this is your S S R control that it can do up to certain extent if it is
properly designed.
(Refer Slide Time: 43:20)

Now, the major question here that suppose you want to take out the bridge or you are
putting in the surveys and it is very common phenomena if your some of the valve is

damaged that should be taken away and then you have to repair it. It is not possible that
inside you can do it properly if it is energized. Means taking away means you can bypass
this or then you can do whatever you want to do here. Maybe there is a failure of the
coolings of this tharisters or g d o(s), then you have to repair. So, in all the maintenance
purposes excreta you have to isolate your bridge and then you have to take care.
As I said it is not so easily that you can open the switch and take it out and close this
switch current will be flowing here. Because it will introduce choose harmonics both a c
side and the d c side and it may choose damage your even though bridge circuit as well.
So, we adopt very procedural procedure way here as I explained there is a possibility that
we can have here a valve, that is called the bypass valve. And or we can have only the
here switches, then we have to use one of the here circuit used as a bypass. You can see
this is a conduction means is a short circuit. So, if you are conducting anyhow 2 and 5
together then it will be short circuit the same purpose. Similarly, is there so, either you
are using this here bypass valve or you can use the pair of here the valve in the same leg.
So, both options are there only in that case what happens you have to wait a larger time
here if you are using this one. Because you do not know when you are going to decide it.
So, let us suppose you are operating at let us suppose your 3 and 2 and 3 are operating
and you want to make this as a or this bridge as a bypass pair. So, then 2 3 then 3 four 4
5 6 1 then 1 is coming here then you can then wait for 3 then go for 2 then 3 then 4 will
be coming then it will be short circuit. Means it will require sometime maybe from 120
degree to 180 degree, means what is the instant work decision it depends upon you can
also choose this pair you can also choose this pair.
So, first we will see if you are having a bypass valve. How it is going to be operated so
that the current here which was flowing here earlier through these valves either this or
another will be here means one from top one from below and then we are having this I d
current here.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:03)

To see this, now let us see the rectifier circuit. And I am taking the same configuration
six pulse bridge converter here I say that the 6 1 is conducting the pair of valves 6 1 from
here. Now then 2 is given fired and now it is a conducting here. You can see this is the
rectifier we are talking. Now, this is 2 is fired here, now the possibility that is here we
can give the command to 3 at this point.
You see it here 6 1 2 is the commutation is between your 6 and 2 is taking place.
Because here we are giving the firing pulse 2, here we can give because you can see the
voltage is going to be positive. Now, this 6 1 2 due to the u period and now here this is a
conducting your portion this e this. Now, 1 2 is let us suppose it is conducting now we
have decided to bypass it means you want to take.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:24)

So, what happens we have to give the fire impulse to 7. Means this is your to understand
this, this is your 6 pulse bridge converter. Here we are using this valve and this is your I
d, this is your 7 this 1 4 3 5 6 2. Now, once your 1 and 2 are conducting what will be the
voltage here. 1 it is e a, 2 it is e c. Voltage across this should be positive to get it fired.
Means voltage we require here e c a should be positive, if it is negative it will not
conduct.
Now you can see what happens. Here 1 and 2 are conducting you can see what is the
voltage? This is your C this is here it is negative. Because is C E A this minus this is still
negative. So, if even though you are giving the pulse here it will not conduct. So, what
you have to do you have to wait. Now, you can see after this now this was the d point
was the point where 3 was given a pulse in our sequence it was your 6 1 then 1 2 now it
is conducting, now 3 is going to come.
So, what we will do we will block this pulse. We will do not want that this should
conduct. If this conducting here again, this voltage across this will be negative. So, what
will happen here at this point the d was coming means your valve 3 was coming we stop
the block get pulse of this one. Then, this 1 and.2 is continue to conduct.
Now, you can see at the point here when e c and e a is going to be this means at this
point e c e c a is zero, now it is going to be positive this point onwards. So, we waited till
here now seven we give the pulse and once we are giving the pulse it will conduct. Now,

before that the current was flowing here and it was going like this. Through this winding
it was going means here it was your this, this is not conducting here and your voltages
were there. This is e a here is e c and this was here e b. Now, what is happening? This
current which was flowing here now there is going to be a commutation between 1 and 7,
2 and 7. Because, this current is now is basically in fact, we are having the commutation
between 2 and 7.
Because the current which was flowing here I d is now earlier it was flowing here, now it
is going to be shifted here. And it will take some period some time when it will be
basically the complete transfer of the current from here to here it will take place and this
current will become this side it will be zero. You can see here this is i 1 here when we
are giving the pulse this i 1 is going to decrease, i 2 here zero here this is i 2 is also going
to decrease and your this current i 7 which we get the pulse it is going to take care and it
is going to be I d. Once it is there I d is taking full current, now what happens this is a
short circuit. This is the short circuit here means this current is complete taken now you
can open this one without any problem you can take it out this one.
Now, here there is no switch. So, what we do we put the switch here. This is your switch,
this is the switch here we are having a switch here. So, what happens earlier? It was
closed and the current was flowing now here. Now, this voltage is zero. Now, we can
connect this this is a both are short circuit now you can open here the current will be
totally diverted because the voltage across this is zero. So, you can open this now and
you can take it complete base together means even including this.
You can see here how the voltage is going to change during this period that there is a
some voltage the positive side here this and this going is to be same. Because the voltage
across is zero. What is happening? This c and this e a is going to be zero. This voltage
here as here means this voltage is nothing but, the addition of these two voltage it is your
e b by 2 minus. We already proved here this voltage e a plus e c by 2 will be minus e b
by 2. You can see this is here e b by 2 minus and this will be the same this will be the
same and that is why the output voltage is zero.
So, you can say output voltage it was following here it is continuing here it was coming
all the way here. Once whenever you are giving this here it is following this e b by 2 till
the commutation is finished and it will be zero.

And then finally, it is going to be this. Because once this current is zero here this voltage
will be zero and this is the circuit. So, basically on the next turn next lecture we will see
how this current is going to change from here and there, and then we will see how it is a
different in the inverter circuit once we are using the bypass power. Then we will see if
you are going to take this pair how we are going to take out again using if you are not
having this bypass valve, we are having this only switches, we are using one pair how
one what will be the sequence and when we can take it out in this one.
So, this is basically the de energization, then we will talk about the energization reverse
process we have to put in again into the service after repair then how what will be the
sequence and the procedure will be formed? So, with this I can stop it here and in the
next lecture we will see the complete again the derivation of the current commutation
here and also the inverter de energizartion then we will see the energizarion then this
control aspect will be the (( )) thank you.