SP15 - 1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres

HANDBOOK
OF
TEXTILETESTING
Part 1 Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres
(
BUREAU
MANAK
First Revision)
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
9 BAHADUR
STANDARDS
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIRST PUBLISHED MARCH
@I BUREAU OF INDIAN
1990
STANDARDS
UDC 677.113 : 677.01 ( 021 )
ISBN 81-7061-028-l
,
PRICE Rs 330-E
PRINTED IN INDIA
AT NEW INDIA PRINTING PRESS, KHURJA 203131
AND PUBLISHED BY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI 110002
/
FOREWORD
Each Part/Section of the Handbook of Textile Testing covers the methods of test relating to that
group. It is, however, felt essential to bring out fundamental and general principles governing the
handbook together with common aspects applicable to this part.
Next to food, clothing is the essential need for our day to day living. Ancient man took to
leaves and then to skins of animals to protect himself. Later, with his improved knowledge, he
started using straw after matting the same. Thereafter, he discovered natural fibres from plants
and with ingenuity spun yarns to weave cloth.
Cotton was the predominant fibre used for clothing. With increased cultivation
for mass production, the Industrial Revolution started with spinning jenny in
The need was to get better productivity and uniformity
of the cloth. Cotton
worldover varies due to soil conditions, climatic conditions, water, etc. It was
see that cotton from various places of the same region was mixed, to achieve
higher productivity on machines and thereby, the conformity to quality.
of this fibre and

the 18th century.
being cultivated
thus necessary to
the objective of
It was necessary for identification, grading and testing of the fibres ( cotton ) to homogenize the
mixing and run the machines. Thus, started the testing of fibres. Initially, it was by visual
examination and expertise of the personnel, which were very subjective. Later, to have more
realistic results, objective tests were attempted to define the characteristics
of the fibre.
The rapid industrialization led to discovery of man-made fibres like regenerated cellulosic fibres to
augment the needs of the machines and the growing demand of cloth with the population. This
took place after the first world war as the war created a demand in the market. Later,. with
technological improvement, man thought of creating better textile fibres for better durability of
cloth and for specialised end uses. So inventions of fibres like nylon, polyester, acrylic, aramid,
etc, took place. All these needed testing of raw products, for uniformity during fabric production
and thereafter for finishing of fabrics.
The fibres are now broadly classified as natural fibres like cotton,
fibres like rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, etc.
wool, jute,
etc, and man-made
The methods of test included in this part for testing and grading of textile fibres are based on the
current national and international practices. This part of the Handbook refers to the testing of
fibres - both natural and man-made. The methods of test for filaments - natural and man-made
are covered in Part 2 of the Handbook ( under preparation ) .
Standards included in this part have been brought out by Physical Methods of Test Sectional
Committee ( TXD 1 ); Cotton and Cotton Products Sectional Committee ( TXD 2 ); Jute and
Jute Products Sectional Committee ( TXD 3 ); Wool and Wool Products Sectional Committee
( TXD 4 ); Chemical Methods of Test Sectional Committee ( TXD 5 ); Silk, Man-Made Fibre and
Products Sectional Committees ( TXD 6 and TXD 28 ); and Coir and Coir Products Sectional
Committee ( TXD 25 ).
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
INTRODUCTION
BIS Handbook of Textile Testing (SP 15 : 1981)
was first published in 1982and has been taken
up for revision to incorporate
new standards
which have come out after its publication.
Opportunity has also been taken to incorporate
the new versions of the standards which have
since been revised, to meet the popular demand.
The Handbook is now being brought out in four
parts wherein standards have been grouped on
the basis of application and use:
Part 1 Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres
Part 2 Testing of Yarns and Fabrics (Excluding Colour Fastness)
Part 3 Testing of Textile Products
than Yarns and Fabrics
Other
Part 4 Identification
and Testing of Dyestuffs and Their Colour Fastness on
Textiie Materials
The Handbook is basically a compilation
of
various Indian Standards on Methods of Test
published by various Sectional
Committees
under Textile Division Council. There are more
than 300 standards covering a wide range of
physical and chemical characteristics
of textiles
besides compilation from the product standards
covering methods of test. Such methods of test
for which separate standards have not been
published and which are included in the product specifications: these methods of test have
been extracted from these product standards
and included in the present version of the
Handbook wherever appropriate. The methods
of test included in the Handbook would now be
able to satisfy the requirement
of various
sectors of textile industry like testing laboratories, research institutions, educational institutions in as far as the testing of the products
like handloom and khadi, powerloom, hosiery,
carpets, readymade garments, dyestuffs, textile
auxiliaries, ropes and cordage, industrial textiles, aerospace textiles, etc is concerned.
The objects of the Handbook are to:
- give the user fist-hand
information on
standards
on
all published national
methods of test for textile and their use;
- help the various users to establish a
suitable quality assurance system in the
organization;
- serve as a guide for the ordinary consumer to know what characteristics
of
textile are important for its best use and
care; and
assist the textile students, educational

and research institutions in the selection
of the methods of test for effective
studies and research.
Representation of information in the Handbook

has been organized in the following manner:
a) Identification
and grading
textile fibres and yarns;
of various
b) Quantitative
chemical analysis and tests

for various physical and chemical characteristics of textile fibres;
4 Identification
and strength
dyestuffs used for textiles;
of
various
d) Colour
fastness properties of coloured

textiles towards various agencies such as
light, washing, heat, perspiration,
hot
water, dry cleaning, etc;
e) Code of practice for stains removal from

textiles and clothings;
f ) Tests for various physical and chemical
characteristics of yarns and fabrics such

as strength parameters, dimensional stability, water repellency,
soil resistance,
flame resistance, flammability, biological
degradation, etc;
g) Tests for various

treatments;
sizing
and
h) Care labelling and positioning

garments; and
finishing
of labels in
j) Tests for ropes and cordages, coir products, textile floor coverings, industrial
textiles, fishing gear materials, hosiery
products, tapes, webbings, narrow fabrics
and aerospace textiles.
Every effort has been made to make the various
parts and sections self-contained but in certain
cases relevant provisions have been extracted
and reproduced. In all such cases, for detailed
guidance, reference should be made to individual standards and in case of any contradiction
observed between the Indian Standards and
those reproduced herein; the provisions of the
former should be considered accurate. The need
of Handbook is to make it a self-contained as a
reference document, whereas on the other hand
the need is to keep it less voluminous. The
present version of the Handbook is the judicious
choice with respect to the two aspects referred
above.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
CONTENTS
Section
Page
. ..
111
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
SECTION
A : GENERAL
CONDITIONING OF TEXTILES
A/l
2
3
DETERMINATIONOF CORRECTINVOICEWEIGHT OF ALL WOOL MATERIALS
Al2
PREPARATION OF LABORATORY TEST SAMPLES AND TEST SPECIMENSOF
Al3
5
7
TBXTILEFIBRESFOR CHEMICALTESTING
GUIDE FOR MARKING TEXTILEMATERIALS MADE OF WOOL
5
6
RECOMMENDEDSI UNITS FOR TEXTILES
11
RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF NUMBRICAL VALUES
Al6
13
B/l
21
SECTION
1
B : IDENTIFICATION
OF TEXTILE FIBRES
IDENTIFICATIONOF TBXTILBFIBRES
SECTION
1
Al4
Al5
C : QUANTITATIVE
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF TEXTILE
RECOMMENDEDMETHODS FOR REMOVAL OF NON-FIBROUS MATTER PRIOR
FIBRES
C/l
41
c/2
47
Cl3
51
TO QUANTITATIVEANALYSIS OF FIBRB MIXTURES
2
3
4
5
6
7
BINARY MIXTURES OF JUTE AND ANIMAL FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF SILK AND WOOL OR HAIR
BINARY MIXTURES OF REGENERATEDCELLULOSEFIBRESAND COTTON

- SODIUM ZINCATE METHOD
c/4-1
55
CADOXEN SOLVENTMETHOD
C/4-2
57
FORMIC ACID-
c/4-3
59
SULPHURICACID METHOD
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSETRIACETATEAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES
c/4-4
Cl5
61
63
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSEACETATEAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES
C/6
67
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSETRIACETATEAND SECONDARYCELLULOSE
Cl7
71
C/8
75
C/9
79
ZINC CHLORIDE METHOD
ACETATEFIBRES
BINARY MIXTURES OF NYLON OR NYLON 6.6 FIBRESAND CERTAIN OTHER

FIBRES
BINARY MIXTURES OF ACRYLIC, CERTAIN MODACRYLICS AND CBRTAIN

OTHER FIBRES
10
BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYETHYLENEAND POLYPROPYLENE

FIB&S
CjlO
83
11
BINARY MIXTURES OF PROTEINFIBRESAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF MANILA AND SISAL FIBRES
c/11
c/12
85
12
13
BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYESTERFIBRESWITH COTTON OR REGBNERATBD c/13
91
89
CELLULOSE
14
BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYOLEFINFIBRESAND OTHER FIBRES
c/14
15
16
TERNARY MIXTURES OF VISCOSERAYON, COTTON AND PROTEINFIBRBS
c/15
95
97
TERNARY MIXTURES OF PROTEIN FIBRBS, NYLON 6 OR NYLON 6.6 AND
C/16
101
CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES
( vii)
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
Section
SECTION
0 : DETERMINATION
OF PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Page
OF
TEXTILE FIBRES
1
LINEAR DENSITY OF TEXTILEFIBRES( GRAVIMETRICMETHOD)
TENSILECHARACTERISTICS
OF INDIVIDUAL TEXTILEFIBRES
D/l
D/2
107
D/3
117
111
Cotton
ESTIMATIONOF MOISTUREIN COTTON
MICRONAIREVALUE OF COTTONFIBRES
D/4
119
COTTONFIBREMATURITY ( SODIUMHYDROXIDESWELLING METHOD)
D/5
125
COTTONFIBRE IMMATURITYCOUNT -
D/6
D/7
129
POLARIZEDLIGHT METHOD
LINT AND TRASH CONTENT OF COTTON BY MEANS OF MBCHANICAL-
131
PNEUMATICMACHINES
LENGTH PARAMETERS
OF COTTONFIBRES
ESTIMATION OE LENGTH AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION BY ARRAY
D/8
D/8-1
135
METHOD
ESTIMATIONOF LENGTH AND LBNGTH DISTRIBUTIONBY THICK.NESS
D/8-2
141
D/8-3
143
D/9
D/10
145
D/11
155
161
169
137
SCANNING METHOD
-
ESTIMATION OF LENGTH AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION BY OPTICAL
SCANNING METHOD
NEP COUNT IN COTTON
10 BUNDLE STRENGTH( TENACITY) OF COTTON FIBRES
149
Wool
11 WOOL FIBRE DIAMETER- PROJE~ION MICROSCOPEMETHOD
12 WOOL FIBREDIAMETERBY AIR FLOW METHOD
13 PERCENTAGE
OF MBDULLATEDFIBRESIN WOOL
14 MEAN FIBRE LENGTH OF WOOL
D/12
D/13
D/14
171
15 WOOL FIBRELENGTH ( BARBBAND HAUTBUR) USING A COMB SORTER

16 STAPLELENGTH OF GREASYWOOL
D/l5
D/16
173
177
17 CRIMP IN WOOL
D/17
179
18 MOISTUREIN WOOL
D/18
181
Man-Made Staple Fibres ( MMSF )

19 DETERMINATIONOFLENGTH
D/19
185
20 DETERMINATION
OF LINEAR DBNSITY
D/20
189
21 TESTINGVISCOSERAYON STAPLEFIBRES
D/21
191
22 UNCUT INDIAN JUTEMESTA AND BIMLI
D/22
- GENERAL
D/22- 1
195
197
D/22-2
D/22-3
199
201
D/22-4
203
205
207
REED LENGTH
ROOT CONTENT
DEFECTS
FOREIGN MATTER
BULK DENSITY
D/22-6
BUNDLB STRENGTH
FINENESS
D/22-7
D/22-8
D/22-5
( viii )
209
213
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Section
Page
D/23
219
23
24
TESTSFOR INDIAN KAPOK

PERCENTBY MASS OF LONG, MEDIUM AND SHORTCOIR FIBRES
D/24
221
25
PERCENTAGEOF IMPURITIESIN COIR FIBRES
D/25
223
26
MOISTURECONTENTIN COIR FIBRES
D/26
225
E/l-l
229
231
SECTION
E : CHEMICAL TESTS
FOR TEXTILE FIBRES
1 ESTIMATIONCARBOXYLICACID GROUPSIN CELLULOSICTEXTILE

MATERIALS
-
IODOMETRICMETHOD
SODIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM BICARBONATEMETHOD
E/1-2
DETERMINATIONOF ACETIC ACID CONTENT OF ACETATEOR TRIACETATE E/2
FIBRE MATERIALS
DAMGE IN COTTONFIBRESDUE TO MICRO ORGANISM
DETERMINATION
OF KEMP CONTENTOF RAW WOOL
DETERMINATIONOF CLEAN FIBRE AND VEGETABLEMATTERCONTENT AND
SCOURING YIELD OF RAW WOOL

DETERMINATIONOF SOLUBILITYOF WOOL IN ALKALI
DETER&NATION OP SOLUBILITYOF WOOL IN UREA-BISULPHITESOLUTION
233
E/3
235
E/4
241
243
E/5
E/6
E/7
247
DETERMINATIONOF WOOL CONTENTIN WOOLLEN TEXTILEMATERIALS
E/8
255
DETERMINATIONOF SULPHATECONTENTIN TEXTILEMATERIALS
E/9
257
F/l
F/2
265
F/3
269
F/4
273
275
SECTION
F : GRADING
OF TEXTILE FIBRES
GRADING OF VISCOSERAYON CUT STAPLEFIBRES( REGULAR )

GRADING OF WOOL FOREXPORT
GRADING OF WHITE, TOSSA AND DAISEE UNCUT INDIAN JUTE
GRADING OF UNCUT INDIAN Hi%1
GRADING OF UNCUT INDIAN MESTA
GRADING OF FINENESSGRADESOF WOOL
GRADING OF FINENESSGRADESOF WOOL TOPS
F/5
F/6
F/7
GRADESOF UNDYED MEDULLATEDWOOL

GRADING OF INDIAN KAPOK
F/8
SECTION
G : INDEX TO INDIAN
251
F/9
STANDARDS
COVERED
263
277
279
283
285
IN THIS
HANDBOOK
1
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDSREFERRED
G/I
289
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
SECTION A
GENERAL
CONDITIONING
OF TEXTILES
( Source : IS 6359 : 1971 )
Most of the textiles being hygroscopic in nature,

relative humidity and temperature
of the
atmosphere affect their physical and mechanical
properties appreciably.
In order that reliable
comparisons may be made between different
materials and products and between different
laboratories, it is necessary to standardize the

humidity and temperature
conditions and the
procedure by which the textile material may be
brought to the moisture
equilibrium
before
testing.
1 SCOPE
for
in a controlled atmosphere for testing. ( While

pre-conditioning,
is frequently understood
as
pre-drying, specimens should not, in fact, be
brought to the oven-dry state. )
prescribes a procedure
textiles which would be
in the standard test
for the material under
NOTE - These conditions may be obtained by heating air at 65 vercent RH and 27C ( the standard
atmosphere)
to a temperature
up to 50C in air
circulating type oven.
the
1.1 This standard prescribes a procedure

conditioning of all textile materials.
1.1.1 This standard also
for pre-conditioning
of
necessary
if specified
method or specification
test before conditioning.
3.5 Relative Humidity
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The principle followed is to allow .the
textile material to remain in the conditioning
room during its absorption cycle for a suflicient
time .to reach moisture equilibrium.
3 TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Atmospheric Conditions for Testing (Standard )
The atmosphere
in which physical tests on
textile materials are performed. It has a relative
humidity of 65 rf 2 percent and a temperature
of27 * 2C.
3.2 Moisture Equilibrium
The condition reached by
in a controlled atmosphere
ence between the amount
and the amount desorbed
in weight, shows no trend
ficant.
a sample or specimen
when the net differof moisture absorbed
as shown by a change
and becomes insigni-
3.3 Moisture Equilibrium for Testing

The condition reached by sample or specimen
during free exposure to moving air controlled at
specified conditions. For test purposes, moisture
equilibrium shall be reached by absorption,
starting from a relatively low moisture content.
Moisture equilibrium for testing is considered
to have been reached when successive weighings
carried out at intervals of not less than 2 hours,
of the textile materials freely exposed to the
moving air differ by less than O-25 percent.
3.4 Preconditioning
To bring a sample or specimen to a relatively
low moisture content [ equilibrium in an atmosphere between 10 and 25 percent RH and not
exceeding 50C!(see Note) ] prior to conditioning
PART 1, SECTION
A/ 1
The ratio of the actual pressure of the water

vapour in the atmosphere
to the saturation
vapour pressure at the same temperature.
The
ratio is usually expressed as a percentage.
NOTE - Under normal circumstances,
the sling or
whirling hygrometer or Assmanns hygrometer are the
most convenient instruments
for measuring relative
humidity,
they are sufficiently
accurate
for this
purpose.
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Conditioning Room or Chamber

It shall be equipped with apparatus
capable of
maintaining standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing throughout the room or chamber
within the specified
tolerances
of relative
humidity and temperature and having arrangements for maintenance of proper air circulation
( see 3.1 ).
4.1.1 It shall also be equipped with the instruments for recording

relative humidity and
temperature.
4.2 Pre-conditioning
Room or Chamber
It shall be equipped with apparatus capable of

maintaining atmosphere for pre-conditioning
of
textiles throughout the room or chamber within
the specified tolerances of relative humidity and
temperature ( see 3.4 ).
4.3 Balance
It shall be capable of weighing
of 0.25 percent.
to an accuracy
5 PROCEDURE
5.1 Determine the relative humidity and temperature of the conditioning
room or chamber
3
SP 15 ( Part
1 ) :1989
( see4.1) and, if pre-conditioning is also to be

carried out, find the relative humidity and temperature of the pre-conditioning
cabinet
or
room to check whether the conditions meet the
specified values of relative humidity and temperature or not. If the conditions are not as
required, make adjustments
to bring them to
the desired limits of temperature and humidity.
5.3 Expose the specimen or sample ( already

pre-conditioned,
if so required) in the standard
atmosphere in such a way as to expose, as far as
possible, all portions of the material to the
atmosphere
until the moisture equilibrium is
attained ( see Notes 1 and 2).
5.1.1 If both pre-conditioning

and conditioning
are prescribed
in the test method or the specification
for the material, proceed as given
in 5.2 and 5.3, and if only conditioning has been
prescribed, omit 5.2.
1 In case the material received is in package

form, it is preferable to prepare test specimens in
loose or open form so that all portions get uniformly
exposed to the pre-conditioning
or conditioning
atmospheres. For example, in case of yarn in the form
5.2 Expose the specimen or sample in the

atmosphere
for pre-conditioning
in such a way
as to expose, as far as possible, all portions of
the material to the atmosphere until the moisequilibrium is attained
ture
( see Note
1
for conditioning.
under 5.3 ).
NOTES
of cones
or cheeses, suitable
skeins may be prepared
2 For guidance purposes, it may be noted that the

minimum time required for the various types of
textile materials having moisture regain value of less
than 5 percent is about 6 hours to reach moisture
equilibrium
while for those having moisture
values of more than 5 percent it is 24 hours.
regain
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILE .TBSTING.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
DETERMINATION OF CORRECT INVOICE WEIGHT OF

ALL WOOL MATERIALS
( Source
: IS 4902 : 1981)
The test is used for eliminating unnecessary

and undesirable variations in testing procedure
for the determination of correct invoice weight
( obtained by adding appropriate commercial

moisture regain to oven-dry weight of the
material ) of all wool yarns and fabrics.
1 SCOPE
solvent at a minimum rate of 6 extractions per

hour. Remove the test specimen and dry it to
constant weight in an oven at a temperature of
105 f 3C. Determine the weight ofthe dried
extracted specimen ( IV, ).
1.1 This standard

prescribes
a method for
determination
of correct invoice weight of all
wool tops, yarns and fabrics.
2 APPARATUS
4.3 Repeat the test with

men.
2.1 Drying Oven

preferably of the ventilated
type,
maintaining an inside temperature
3Y!.
capable of
of 105 f
2.2 Weighing Balance

capable of weighing accurately
2.3 Soxblet Apparatus
5.1 Calculate the correct invoice weight of the

consignment by the following formula:-
to O*OOO
1 g.
w,=wx
where
W, = correct
invoice
consignment,
3 REAGENTS
3.0 Quality of Reagents
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals shall
be employed in tests and distilled water shall
be used where the use of water as reagent is
intended.
NOTE - Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals that
do not contain impurities
which affect the test
results.
3.1 Benzene
speci-
5 CALCULATION
with auxiliaries like beaker, weighing flasks, etc.
W = original
ment,
weight
weight
of the consign-
lV,-,= oven dry weight of the

specimen,
i
of the
deoiled
W, = original weight of the specimen,

and
R
= commercial
moisture regain value.
5.1.1 Calculate the correct invoice weight of

the consignment with the other specimen by
using the formula given in 5.1.
sp gr O-879 0.
3.2 Methanol
sp gr 0.791 7.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 Determine the weight of the consignment
( W ). From the test sample of 200 g, take a
test specimen weighing about 10 g, and put it in
a polyethylene bag of known weight, and seal
it in the environment in which the consignment
is housed. Weigh the bag and tid the weight of
the test specimen ( Wg ). Take care to see that
no change in the moisture content of the test
specimen takes place during the drawing and
weighing of the sample.
4.2 Take test specimen and wrap it in a filter
paper. Extract the specimen with the 300 ml
of benzene-ethanol mixture 1 3 : 2 (v/v ) ] in a
Soxhlet apparatus for 3 hours, siphoning the
PART 1, SECTION
one more test
A/2
5.2 Calculate the average of the two values

obtained as in 5.1 and 5.1.1, if the difference
between the two is not more than 0.5 percent.
6 REPORT
6.1 The report
information:
shall
include
the following
a) Type of material,
b) Invoice weight of the consignment,
c) Commercial
and
moisture
d) Correct invoice
ment.
regain values used,
weight
of the consign5
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
PREPARATION OF LABORATORY TEST SAMPLES AND TEST

SPECIMENS OF TEXTILE FOR FIBRES FOR
CHEMICAL TESTING
( Source : IS 9022 : 1979 )
This gives the methods in which the laboratory
test samples are obtained by the combination
of numberous small portions each drawn from
a different part of the laboratory
bulk sample.
Therefore, any results obtained on test specrmens from these samples will estimate the
mean level in the laboratory
bulk sample but
will not indicate the variability of level from
portion to portion of the laboratory
bulk
sample. Consequently it is appropriate
to use
this method in cases where it is desired to
estimate the bulk composition,

for example,
the proportions of different fibres in a blend,
but it is not appropriate in cases where variability is important, for example, in the determination of pH where the local value is signihcant, or in the determination
of fungicides,
where a high value in one area of the material
does not compensate for low value elsewhere.
Also, it may not be appropriate
for use in
determination
of commercial mass value.
1 SCOPE
3.1.2 If the laboratory

bulk sample is greater
than 5 kg, divide it into a number of equal
portions, and take an equal number of tufts of
suitable mass from each portion such that the
total number from all portions exceed 100.
3.1.3 Pretreat
the laboratory
test sample, if
required, by the test method to be used. From
the laboratory test sample remove at random,
using forceps, small tufts of approximately
equal mass to give a test specimen of the mass
required.
3.2 Oriented
Fibres ( Card Webs, Slivers,
Rovings )
From
randomly
selected
parts of
the
laboratory bulk sample cut not less than ten
cross sections each weighing approximately 1 g.
After applying pretreatment,
if necessary, lay
the cross sections together and obtain the test
specimen by cutting through them so as to take
a portion of each of the ten lengths.
4 REPORT
4.1 The report should include the following
information:
a) A statement
that the material was
sampled in accordance with this standard,
b) The size of the laboratory bulk sample,
c) The size of the laboratory
test sample,
and
d) The size of the test specimen.
1.1 This standard specifies method of obtaining laboratory

test samples of textile fibres
from laboratory bulk samples taken from a bulk
source, and gives general directions
for the
preparation
of test specimens of convenient
size for chemical test.
1.2 No provision for sampling from the bulk
source is described since it is assumed that the
laboratory bulk sample has been selected by a
suitable procedure and is representative
of the
bulk source.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The laboratory test sample is taken so that
it is representative
of the laboratory
test
sample. The test specimens are taken from the
laboratory test sample in such a way that each
of them is representative
of the laboratory test
sample.
3 SAMPLING OF LOOSE_FIBRES
3.1 Non-oriented Fibres
3.1.1 If the laboratory bulk sample consists of
less than 5 kg of loose fibre, spread it out in
an even layer.
Obtain the laboratory
test
sample by taking at random a minimum of 100
tufts of approximately
equal size, the total
mass being sufficient to give a laboratory
test
samnle of reauired size.
PART 1, SECTION
A/3
GUIDE FOR MARKiNG
TEXTILE MATERIALS MADE 0F WOOL

( Source : IS 1793 : 1973 )
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard is intended to provide gaidance for application
of ~terms ti be Bsed in
marking textile materials containing not less
than 20 percent of wool fibre.
1.2 It also lays down the methods for determining the contents of wool and other fibres of
the material.
2 MARKING
2.1 Textile materials should be marked as given
below on the basis of content of wool fibres:
a) All Wool - A textile material should be
marked All Wool if the material comprises of wool fibres only subject to the
tolerances given below:
1) Manufacturign
tolerance
3 percent of inadvertent
and
- up
to
impurities,
2) An allowance - up to 5 percent of
material other than wool fibres used
to provide a decorative or ornamentation effect.
material
b) Blended Wool - The textile
should be marked BLENDED WOOL
if it contains not less than 20 percent
wool fibres. However, a manufacturing
tolerance up to 3 percent on wool contents shall be permitted.
J
NOTES
1 All reference
to the percentage
contents
mean percentages by mass calculated
from the
mass of materials when in standard
condition,
namely, their oven-dry mass plus the appropriate regain.
2 In all cases the more detailed descrintion
of
the contents
of the material shall be given by
indicating the percentage of the wool and other
fibres in descending order used in the manufacture of the textile material. However, such a
description should not be misleading.
:it in a suitable container. Place the specimen

in the drying oven maintained at a temperature
of 105 f 3C and dry the sample to a constant
mass. The mass shall be taken as constant
when the difference between the two successive
weighings made at intervals of 20 minutes is
less than 0.05 percent.
3.1.3 Determine the mass of the sample without
removing it from the oven. In case the drying
oven is not provided with the weighing balance,
remove the sample from the oven and transfer
it to a weighing container of known mass provided with a light lid. The transference
of the
sample should be done in as little a time as
possible. Cool the sample and the container in
a dessicator to room temperature before weighing. Weigh the container
and then tind the
mass ( J4r ) of the sample to an accuracy
of
10 mg.
3.1.4 Examine the sample
visually. If this
reveals the presence of decorative
yarns or
fibres of non-wool composition in the sample,
carefully dissect these fibres of non-wool composition in the sample. Carefully dissect these
fibres or yarns out and dry them to constant
mass at 105 f 3C. Determine
the mass to an
accuracy of 10 mg (M, ).
3.1.5 Transfer the remaining sample in a beaker
together
with atleast
10 times its mass of
5 percent
solution
of sodium or potassium
hydroxide and boil slowly until the wool fibres
After
a
become
gelatinous
and dissolve.
period of 10 minutes of boiling, filter through
a Gooch crucible and wash the residue first
with warm water, then with 3 percent solution
of glacial acetic acid and finally with hot water.
Dry the residue at 105 f 3C.
3.1.1 Take about 10 to 15 g of the material and

extract it in a Soxhlet apparatus with light
petroleum hydrocarbon solvent for 1 hour at a
minimum rate of 6 cycles per hour. Allow the
light petroleum hydrocarbon
solvent to evaporate and then extract in a Soxhlet apparatus
with water for 2 hours at a minimum rate of
6 cycles per hour.
3.1.6 Examine carefully the residue and the

pores of the crucible for non-fibrous matter,
for example, burrs, seeds, finishing materials,
dyestuff residues, as well as for incompletely
dissolved wool. If any such contaminant
is
or otherwise
present, it shall be dissolved
removed. For example, undissolved wool pro-
tein shall be removed by treatment
with fresh
boiling 5 percent sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide; and burrs and seeds shall be
lifted out with forceps. Rinse and dry the
residue to constant mass at 105 f 3C. Determine the mass of the residue to an accuracy of
1Omg (MS).
3J.2 Take a representative

about 5 g from the pretreated
3.1.7 Determine the percentages

of non-wool
decorative fibres or yarns and non-wool fibres
3 METHODS OF TEST
3.1 For Textile Materials Marked All Wool
sample weighing
sample and place
SP 15 ( Part 1) :1989
present as madvertent impurities by the. followy = cirzytage
moisture regain
ing formulae:
.
a) Percentage of non-wool decorative fibres
.b) Percentage of non-wool fibres percent
iI42 ( 100 + x ) x 100
M, x 100
inadvertent impurities =
= M~(loo+x)+(M~--Mg)(100+y
:
Ml
where
3.18 Similarly, determine the percentages
x = percentage moisture regain for
the remaining samples
and calculate
non-wool decorative fibres, and
average.
10
HANDBOOK
for
as
in
the
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 (.PM
1 ) : 1989
RECOMMENDED SI UNITS FOR TEXTILES

( source: SP
In textile trade and industry the measurement
of various characteristics
plays an important
role in the analysis, quality control,
salepurchase and checking up for compliance
to
the standard. For easy understanding and interpretation of figures by different interests,
it
becomes essential to changeover to a unified
set of units which have been accepted
at
11 : 1973)
national as well as international

level. Therefore, this has been issued for the guidance of
users for changing overto SI system, with a
view to unifying the set-up of units in various
facets of textile trade and industry. Wherever
the SI units differ from metric units, the metric
units with which the industry is familiary have
also been given.
,
1 SCOPE
1 millinewton
1.1 This Dublication contains a list of SI units

recommended for use in the textile industry
and trade.
1 kilogram force ( kgf)
= 9.806 65 N
( newton )
1 gramforce
= 9.806 65 mN
( millinewton
( mN )
( gf)
2 TERMINOLOGY
= lo-3N ( newton )
2.1 Newton (N)
3 LIST OF UNITS
Force which, when applied_ to a body haying a

mass of 1 kilogram, gives it an acceleration of
I metre per second.
3.1 Table 1 lists the characteristics,

SI units
( their metric equivalents, wherever necessary),
abbreviations and their fields of application.
Table 1 Recommended SI Units for Textiles
Property
&.
(1)
~----~--~-_----___~
Unit
(2)
(3)
f Millimetre
I Millimetre,
<
1 Metre
1
1. Length
Abbreviation
ccntimetre
f Millimetre
I Centimetre
Millimetre, centimetre
<
Centimetre; metre
1
2. Width
density
(5)
-
(6)
-
m
cm
mm, cm
cm, m
r Tex
I Millitex
-jI Decitex
tex
mtex
dtex
1 Kilotex
ktex
w-n
mm
( micron )
1
r Micrometre
5. Diameter
(4)
mm
mm, cm
Metric Units
r---h---~
-Unit
Abbreviation
mm
r Micrometre
{ Millimetre
I
3 Thickness
4. *Linear
SI Units
( micron 1
i
1 Millimetre
pm
*For conversion
of talues in traditional
counts to the tex and vice
Conversion factors and conversion tables for yarn counts shall be made.
Application
(7)
Fibres
Samples
and test specimens ( as appropriate
)
Yarw&,crpes and cordages,
Narrow fabrics
Other fabrics
Samples and test specimen
( as appropriate)
Carpets, druggets,
durries
( as appropriate )
Delicate fabrics
Other
fabrics,
felts
carpets,
Yarns
Fibres
Filament
and
filament
yarns
Slivers, ropes and cordages
Fibres
Yarns,
verBa, reference
ropes, cordages
to IS : 3639-1966
. --,
PART
I,, SB~ION
45
11
SP 15 (Part 1) : 1989
Table 1 ( Concluded)
Property
Eo.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(3)
6. Circumference
7. Threads in cloth:
Length
Millimetre
,: Number
Number
Number per centimetre

Number per decimetre
picks/cm
picksldm
ends/cm

Number per decimetre
course/cm
course/dm
Length
Width
13. Twist
14. Test or gauge

length
i
(
15. Breaking load
Ropes, cordages
Gramspersquare
metre
Grams per metre
g/m*
Turns per centimetre

Turns per metre
turns/cm
turns/m
Millimetre,
mm, cm
g/m
18. Twist factor

twist multiplier
19. Bursting
gth
or
Reeds
I Knitted
4
appropriate
I
1
f Knitted fabrics
Made-up
Fabrics
Fabrics
grams force
gf
Newton
kilogram
force
kgf
Kilometre
Millinewton
km
mN/tex
grams force
per tex
gf/tex
20. Tear strength

21. Pile height
22. Pile density
23. Elastic modulus
NOTE - Where
appropriate.
12
Newton per square

centimetre
Millinewton
turns/m
*/tex
N/cm
mN
Millimetre
Mass of pile yarn in
g r a m s per square
metre per millimetre
pile height
Millinewton per tex per
unit deformation
more
thm.
one
unit
N
mm
dm~lmm
pile height
mNltex/unit
deformation
have given
for
fab&s
_// Yarns, ropes

priate )
(as
appro-
Fibres, yarns and fabric

specimens ( as appropriate 1
Fibres,
delicate
yarns
( skeins or individual )
Strong yarns ( individual
or skeins ), ropes and
cordages, fabrics
Yarns
F&es, yarns ( individual
or skeins >
r
i
X
1 Newton
d/tex
stren-
turns/cm
(as
mN
fabrics
1
Millinewton
f Turns per centimetre

square root of tex
I T u r n s per metre
I square root of tex
( as
:
16. Breaking length
17. Tenacity
fabrics
1
1 ypztpriate
mm
centimetre
(7)
tQ
-
wales/cm
wales/dm
per centimetre
per decimetre
Millimetre
11. Mass per unit

area
12. Mass per ,unit
length
Number
Number
10. Stitch length
(5)
ends/cm
ends/dm
8. Warp threads in
loom
9 Stitches in cloth:
Abbreviation
mm
per centimetre
per decimetre
Width
Unit
Abbreviation
Unit
Application
Metric Units
c---L-~
SI Units
h-_-----__-~
7--------
-:
kilogram
kef/
force per
cm*
square
centimelle
grams force,
gf,
kilogram
kgf
force
Yarns ( as appropriate
1
Fabrics
r
Fabrics
( as appropriate
I
Carpets
Pile carpet
grams force.
per tex per
unit deformation
characteristic,
one
gf/tex/
Fibres, yarns, strands
unit
deformation
any of the units may be use
HANDBOOK OF T3XTDX TBSTXNG
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF NUMERICAL VALUES

( Source
: IS 2 : 1960 )
To round off a value is to retain a certain number of figures, counted from the left, and drop the
others so as to give a more rational form to the

value. As the result of a test or of a calculation
is generally rounded off for the purpose of
reporting or for drafting specifications, it is

necessary to prescribe rules for rounding off
numerical values as also for deciding on the
number of figures to be retained.
Values
1 SCOPE
1.1 It prescribes
rules for rounding off numerical values for the purpose of reporting results of
a test, an analysis; a measurement or a calculation, and thus assisting in drafting specifications.
It also makes recommendations
as to the number of figures that should be retained in course
of computation.
2.0 For the purpose

of this standard,
following definitions shall apply.
the
2.1 Number of Decimal I?~~wJ

A value is said to have as many decimal
places
as there are number of figures in the value,
counting from the first figure after the decimal
point and ending with the last figure on the
right.
Example
Decimal Places
Values
5
4
0.029 50
21.029 5
2 ooo*ooo 001
291.00
10.32 x 10s
( see Note 1 )
6
2
2
the exNOTE 1 - For the purpose of this standard,

pression lo-32 x 10 should be taken
to consist
of two parts, the value proper which is 1032 and
the unit of expression for the value, 10.
2.2 Number of Significant
Figures
A value
is said to have as many significant

figures as there are number of significant digits
( see Note 2 ) in the value, counting from the
left-most non-zero digit and ending with the
right-most digit in the value.
Example
Significant Figures
o-029 500
o-029 5
10.029 5
PART 1, SECTION
46
2 ooo*ooo 001
10
5 677.0
567 700
56.77
6
4
x 102
0 056.770
3 900
( see Note 3)
2 TERMINOLOGY
Values
SigniJicant Figures
4
b
NOTES
2 Any of the digits, 1, 2, 3, . . . . . . 9 occurring
in a value shall be significant digit(s); and zero
shall be a significant digit only when it is preceded by
some other digit ( excepting zeros ) on its left. When
appearing in the power of 10 to indicate the magnitude of the unit in the expression
of a value, zero
shall not be a significant digit.
3 With
a
view to
removing
any
ambiguity
regarding the significance of the zeros at the end in a
value like 3 900, it would be always desirable to write
the value in the power-of-ten
notation.
For example,
3 900 may be written as 39 X 103, 390 X lo3 or
3900 x IO8 depending upon the last figure(s) in the
value to which it is desired to impart significance.
2.3 Fineness of Rounding
The unit to which a value is rounded off.

For examble, a value may be rounded to the
nearest O*OOO
01, 0400 2, O*OOO
5, 0*001,0.002 5,
O-005, O-01, O-07, 1, 2.5, 10, 20, 50, 105 or any
other unit depending on the fineness desired.
3 RULES FOR ROUNDING
3.0 The rule usually followed in rounding off a
value to unit fineness of rounding is to keep unchanged the last figure retained when the figure
next beyond is less than 5 and to increase by
1 the last figure retained when the figure next
beyond is more than 5. There is diversity of
practice when the figure next beyond the last
figure retained is 5. In such cases, some computers round up, that is, increase by 1, the last
figure retained; others round down, that is,
discard
everything
beyond
the last figure
retained. Obviously, if the retained value is
always rounded up or always rounded down,
the sum and the average of a series of values so
rounded will be larger or smaller than the corresponding sum or average of the unrounded
-13
SP 15-f Part 1 ) : 1989

values. However, if rounding off is carried out
in accordance with the rules stated in 3.1 in one
step ( see 3.3 ), the sum and average of the
rounded values would be more nearly correct
than in the previous cases ( see Annex A ).
the fineness
tively.
710 and 720 respec-
3.2 Rounding Off to Fineness Other than Unity

In case the fineness of rounding is not unity,
but, say, it is n, the given value shall be rounded
off according to the following rule:
3.1 Rounding Off to Unit Fineness

In case the fineness of rounding is unity in the
last place retained, the following rules shall be
followed:
When rounding to a fineness n,

other than unity, the given value shall be
divided by n. The quotient shall be rounded
off to the nearest whole number in accordance with the rules laid down in 3.1 for unit
fineness of rounding. The number so obtained that is, the rounded quotient, shall then
be multiplied by n to get the final rounded
value.
Rule IV -
When the figure next beyond the

last figure or place to be retained is less
than 5, the figure in the last place retained
shall be left unchanged.
Rule I -
Rule II-When
the figure next beyond the
last figure or place to be retained is more
than 5 or is 5 followed by any figures other
than zeros, the figure in the last place
retained shall be increased by 1.
Some examples illustrating the application

Rule IV are given in Table 2.
of
NOTE 4 - The rules for rounding off a value to any

fineness of rounding,
II, may also be stated in line
with those for unit fineness of rounding ( see 3.1) as
follows:
Rule III - When the figure next beyond the*

last figure or place to be retained is 5 alone
or 5 followed by zeros only, the figure in the
last place retained shall be (a) increased by
1 if it is odd, and (b) left unchanged if even
( zero would be regarded as an even number
for this purpose ).
Some examples illustrating the application
Rules I to III are given in Table 1.
10 become
Divide the given value by n so that an integral quotient and a remainder

are obtained.
Round off the
value in the following manner:
a) If the remainder is less than n/2, the value shall be
rounded down such that the rounded value is an
integral multiple of n.
of
b) If the remainder is greater than n/2, the value shall

be rounded up such that the rounded value is an
integral multiple of n.
3.1.1 The rules for rounding laid down in 3.1

may be extended to apply when the fineness of
rounding is O-10, 10, 100,l 000, etc. For example, 2.43 when rounded to fineness O-10 becomes
2.40. Similarly, 712 and 715 when rounded to
c) If the remainder
is exactly equal to n/2, that
rounded value shall be chosen which is an integral
multiple of 2n.
Table 1 Examples of Rounding Off Values to Unit Fineness

( Clause 3.1 )
\
Value
Fineness of Rounding
~--__C__-__----_h---_____-___--_--__-~
c-----1
r___-h
---7
Rounded
Value
7260 4
Rule
r___-h---~
Rounded
Value
01
~__------~
Rule
Rounded
Value
001
~----h---~
Rule
Rounded
Value
0001
Rule
73
II
726
7260
14725
15
II
147
1472
III (b)
14725
3455
35
II
346
III (a)
1355
13545
872
*III (b)
8i25
1920
III (b)
19205
14
II
135
8725
II
87
19205
19
192
13545 001
II
34.55
3549 9
II
05
I
I
055
II
0550
II
0650 1
II
07
II
065
0650
0049 50
00
005
14
II
0050
III(a)
HANDBOOK QF .TJZXTILBTESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
Table 2 Examples of Rounding Off Values
to Fineness Other than Unit
( Clause 3.2 )
Fineness of
Rounding,
n
,Value
(1)
(2)
1647 8
270
2496 8
175
0687 21
0875
325
1025
02
02
03
05
007
007
50
50
Quotient
Rounded
Quotient
(3)=
(l)/(2)
(4)
8239
8
14
8
4
10
12
6
20
135
8322 7
35
9817 3
125
65
205
Final
Rounded
Value
(2$
;>
16
28
24
20
070
084
3x10
10x 10
3.2.1 Fineness of rounding other than 2 and 5

is seldom called for in practice. For these cases,
the rules for rounding may be stated in simpler
form as follows:
4 Rounding off to fineness 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05,

O-005, etc.
Rule V - When rounding to 5 units, the

given value shall be doubledand rounded
off to twice the required fineness of
rounding in accordance with 3.1.1. The
value thus obtained shall be halved to get
the final rounded value.
b)
For example, in rounding off 975 to the

nearest 50, 975 is doubled giving 1 950
which becomes 2 000 when rounded off to
the nearest 100; when. 2 000 is divided
by 2, the resulting number 1 000 is the
rounded value of 975.
Rounding off to fineness 20, 2, 0.2, 0.02,
0.002, etc.
Rule VI - When rounding to 2 units, the
given value shall be halved and rounded
off to half the required lkeness of round:
ing in accordance
with 3.1. The value
thus obtained shall theri be doubled to
get the kal rounded value.
For example, in rounding off 2.70 to the
nearest O-2, 2.70 is halved giving 1.35
which becomes 1.4 when rounded off to
the nearest 0.1; when 1.4 is doubled, the
resulting number
2.8 is the rounded
value.
3.3 Successive Rounding

The final rounded value shall be obtained from
the most precise value available in one step
only and not from a series of successive
roundings. For example? the value O-549 9, when
rounded to one significant figure, shall be
PART 1, SECTION A/6
written as 0.5 and not as 0.6 which is obtained

as a result of successive roundings to 0.550,
0.55, and 0.6. It is obvious that the most precise
value available is nearer to 0.5 and note to 0.6
and that the error involved is less in the former
case. Similarly, O-650 1 shall be rounded off to
0.7 in one step and not successively to 0.650,
0.65 and O-6, since the most precise value
available here is nearer to 0.7 than to O-6 ( see
also Table 1 ).
NOTE 5 - In those cases where a final rounded vaiue
terminates with 5 and it is intended to use it in further computation,
it may be helpful to use a + or -
sign after the final 5 to indicate whether a subsequent
rounding should be up or down. Thus 3214 7 may be
written as 3215- when rounded
to a fineness of
rounding 0001. If further rounding to three significant figures is desired, this number would be rounded
down and written as 321 which is in error by less
than half a unit in the last place; otherwise, rounding
of 3215 would have yielded 322 which is in error by
more than half a unit in the last place. Similarly,
3205 4 could be written as 3205+ when rounded to 4
significant figures. Further rounding to 3 significant
figures would yield the value as 321.
In case the final 5 is obtained exactly, ii would be
indicated
by leaving the 5 as such without using +
or - sign. In subsequent rounding the 5 would then
be treated in accordance with Rule III.
4. NUMBER OF FIGURES TO BE RETAINED

4.0 Pertinent to the application of the rules for
rounding off is the underlying decision as to the
number of figures that should be retained in a
given problem. The original values requiring to
be rounded off may arise as a result ofa test, an
analysis or a measurement, in other words,
experimental
results, or they may arise from
computations involving several steps.
4.1 Experimental Results
The number of figures to be retained in an
experimental
result, either for the purpose of
reporting or for guiding the formulation
of
specifications will depend on the significance of
the figures in the value. This aspect has been
discussed in detail under 4 of IS 787 : 1956
Guide for inter-conversion
of values from one
system of units to another to which reference
may be made for obtaining helpful guidance.
4.2 Computations
In computations
involving values of different
accuracies, the problem as to how many figures
should be retained at various steps assumes a
special significance as it would affect the accuracy of the final result. The rounding off error
will, in fact, be injected into computation every
time an arithmetical
operation
is performed.
It is, therefore, necessary to carry out the computation in such a manner as would obtain
accurate results consistent with the accuracy of
the data in hand.
15
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
4.2.1 While it is not possible to prescribe details
which may be followed in computations
of
various types, certain basic rules may be recommended
for single arithmetical
operations
which, when followed, will save labour and at
the same time enable accuracy of original data
to be normally maintained in the final answers.
4.2.2 As a guide to the number of places or
figures to be retained in the calculation involving arithmetical
operations with rounded or
approximate
values, the following procedures
are recommended:
Addition -
The more accurate values shall

be rounded off so as to retain one more
place than the last significant figure in the
least accurate value. The resulting sum
shall then be rounded off to last significant place in the least accurate value.
b> Subtraction
- The more accurate value

( of the two given values ) shall be
rounded off, before subtraction,
to the
same place as the last significant figure in
less accurate value; and the result shall
be reported as such ( see also Note 6 ).
C) Multiplication
and division - The number

of Signijicant figures retained in the more
accurate values shall be kept one more
than that in the least accurate value. The
result shall then be rounded off to the
same number of significant figures as in
the least accurate value.
d) When a long computation
is carried out
in several steps, the intermediate results
shall be properly rounded at the end of
each step so as to avoid the accumulation
of rounding errors in such cases. It is
recommended that, at the end of each
step, one more significant figure may be
retained than is required under ( a ), ( b )
and ( c ) ( see also Note 7 ).
volumetric
the expression
*%!3(*
_&)
4.2.3 Examples
Example 1
Required to find the sum of the rounded

values 461.32, 381.6, 76.854 and 4.746 2.
off
Since the least accurate value 381.6 is known

only to the first decimal place, all other values
shall be rounded off to one more place, that is,
to two decimal places and then added as shown
below:
461.32
381.6
76.85
4-75
924-52
The resulting sum shall then be reported to the

same decimal place as in the least accurate
value, that is, as 9245.
.
Example 2
Required to find the sum of the values 28 490,

894, 657.32, 39 500 and 76 939, assuming that
the value 39 500 is known to the nearest
hundred only.
Since one of the values is known only to the
nearest
hundred,
the other values shall be
rounded off to thenearest
ten and then added
as shown below:
2849
89
66
3 950
7 694
x
x
x
x
x
10
10
10
10
10
14 648 x 10
NOTES
6 The loss of the significant figures in the subtraction
of two nearly equal values is the greatest
source of inaccuracy
in most computations
and it
forms the weakest link in a chain computation where
it occurs. Thus, if the values 0169 52 and 0168 71
are each correct to five significant figures, their difference 0000 81, which has only two significant figures
is quite likely to introduce inaccuracy in subsequent
computation.
Example
If, however, the difference of two values is desired to

be correct to k significant figures and if it is known
beforehand that the first m significant figures at the
left will disappear by subtraction,
then the number of
significant figures to be retained in each of the values
shall be m + k ( see Example 4 ).
Since one of the vaIues is known to the first

decimal place only, the other value shall also be
rounded off to the first decimal place and then
the difference shall be found:
7 To ensure a greater
degree
of accuracy
in
the computations,
it is also desirable to avoid or
defer as long as possible certain approximation
operations
like that of the division or square root.
For example, in the determination
of sucrose by
16
method,
may be better evaluated by taking its calculation form

as 2Owl( fpv~-fiv&w~vlv~ which would defer the division until the last operation of the calculation.
The sum shall then be reported to the nearest

hundred as 1 465 x 100 or even as l-465 x 105.
3
Required to find the difference of 679.8 and

76.365, assuming that each number is known to
its last figure but no further.
679.8
76.4
603.4
HANDBOOK QF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
The difference,
603.4, shall be repor ted as such,
Examp le 4
Required to evaluate 2/23

to five significant figures.
Sin.ce 2/2m = 1587 450 79
2/2X=
J%@
correct
35.2
- 24.89
1.414
l-577 973 38
and the result shall be reported
and three significant figures at the left will disappear on subtraction, the number of significant
figures retained in each value shall be 8 as
shown below:
1.587 450 8
1.577 973 4
0.009 477 4
The result, 0.009 477 4, shall
such ( or as 9.477 4 x 10-s) .
Since the numerator

here is correct to three
significant figures, the denominator
shall be
taken as dT==
l-414. Then,
be reported
as
as 24.9.
Example 6
Required to evaluate 3*78x/5*6, assuming that

the denominator is true to only two significant
figures.
Since the denominator here is correct to two
significant figures, each number in the numerator would be taken up to three
significant
figures. Thus,
3.78 x 3.14 = 2.08 .
5.7
Example 5
Required to evaluate 35*2/2/zgiven

numerator is correct to its last figure.
that
the
The result shall, however, be reported
ANNEX
as 2.1.
( czause 3.0 )
VALIDITY
A-l. The validity of the rules for
rounding off
numerical values, as given in 3.1, may be seen
from the fact that to every number that is to be
rounded down in accordance
with Rule I,
there corresponds
a number that is to be
rounded up in accordance with Rule II. Thus,
these two rules establish a balance between
rounding down and up for all numbers other
than those that fall exactly midway between
two alternatives. In the latter case, since the
figure to be dropped is exactly 5, Rule III,
which specifies that the value should be rounded
to its nearest even number, implies that rounding shall be up when the preceding figures are
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and down when they are 0, 2, 4, 6,
8. Rule III hence advocates a similar balance
between rounding up and down (see also Note
8 ). This implies that if the above rules are
followed in a large group of values in which
PART
1, SECTION
A/6
OF RULES
random distribution of figures occurs, the number rounded up and the number rounded down
will be nearly equal. Therefore, the sum and the
average of the rounded values will be more
nearly correct than would be the case if all
were rounded in the same direction, that is,
either all up or all down.
NOTE 8 -From
purely logical considerations
a given
value could have as well be rounded to an odd number ( and not an even number as in Rule III > when
the discarded figures fall exactly midway between two
alternatives.
But there is a practical
aspect to the
matter. The rounding
off value to an even number
facilitates the division of the rounded value by 2 and
the result of such division gives the correct rounding
off half the original unrounded
value. Besides, the
( rounded)
even values may generally
be exactly
divisible by many more numbers, even as well as odd
than are the ( rounded 1 odd values.
17
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
SECTION B
IDENTIFICATION
OF TEXTILE
FIBRES
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
IDENTIFICATION OF TEXTILE FIBRES

( Source : IS 667 : 1981)
The methods described in this standard are
simple and are meant for a rapid identification
of the more common textile fibres of commerce.
These methods are expected to be especially
useful to organizations with only limited testing
facilities. The methods prescribed
here also
invlove the use of a microscope,
its value in
the identification
of fibres cannot
be overemphasized.
When one is available, it should
always be used for the examination of longitudinal and cross-sectional
views which are
often used in confirmatory
tests. Successful
identification of fibres depends on experience
and familiarity with textile fibres generally. It
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes methods of tests
for identification of textile fibres. Some of them
which are included in this standard are listed
below:
Group 1 -
Cotton,
1) Seed Fibres Kapok
Akund
and
\
2) Bast Fibres:
ii) High Lignin Content -Jute, Mesta,

True Hemp and Sunn
Roselle,
Hemp
Manila Hemp and Sisal
4) Fruit or Nut-Fibres
Coir
b) Animal Fibres ( Natural
Protein Fibres )
1) Wool and Chlorinated
Wool
2) Silk
i) Cultivated Silk and weighted
raw, degummed
ii) Tasar or Tussah Silk

c) Mineral Fibres
.l) Asbestos
Fibres
1) Cellulosic - Viscose, Cuprammonium,

Cellulose
Acetate
( secondary and
PART
1, SECTION
Casein,
B/ 1
Groundnut
Fibre,
Fibres
Nylon 66, Nylon
2) Polyester-Terylene,
etc
610,
Terene, Dacron,
Derivatives
i) Polyvinyl Chloride vyl, etc
Pe Ce, Rho-
ii) Polyvinyl Chloride Acetate

yon ST, Vinyon HH
iii) Polyvinyl Chloride - Vinyon N, Dyne1
Vin-
Acrylonitrile
iv) Polyacrilonitrile
( Acrylic fibres )
- Orlon, Acrilan
v) Polyvinyl
Alcohol Vinylon,
Kuralon
vi) Polystyrene
and Copolymers -Styroflex, Polyfil, etc
vii) Polyvinylidene Chloride and Copolymers - Saran, Velon
4) Polyolefins
i) Polyethylene
ii) Polypropylene
Man-Made Fibres
a) Regenerated
2) Protein Zein
3) Polyvinyl
i) Low Lignin Content - Linen or

Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
fibres are
triacetate ), Polynosic, High-Wet Modulus Fibres ( HWM )
1) Polyamides Nylon 6, etc
a) Vegetable Fibres
Group 2 -
Microphotographs
of some important
given in Fig. 1 to Fig. 11.
b) Synthetic
Natural Fibres
3) Leaf Fibres -
is desirable,
therefore,
to have
authentic
samples of fibres available for reference purposes and the analyst should first make himself
familiar with the
behaviour
of authentic
samples before making an attempt to identify
unknown samples. The general appearance and
colour of the material
frequently
indicate
whether more than one type of fibre is present,
and special care should be taken with fibres of
different colours.
Group 3 -
Inorganic
.- Polythene
-
Reevon
Fibres
a) Glass
b) Metal
21
L.._
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
2 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
4.4 Alkaline Lead Acetate Solution
2.1 If the sample consists of more than one

kind of fibres, separate by dissection the different kinds, teasing them apart by dissecting
needles.
Dissolve 2 g of sodium hydroxide in 30 ml of

water and add this to a solution of 2 g of lead
acetate in 50 ml of water. Boil the mixture
until it becomes clear,
cool, make up the
volume to 100 ml and filter, if necessary.
2.2 In order to avoid interference

with proper
identification of fibres, remove the non-fibrous
matter.
4.5 Sulphoric Acid

80 percent ( m/m ).
3 APPARATUS
4.6 Sodium Hydroxide
3.1 The apparatus for microscopic examination

shall consist of a compound microscope,
dissecting needles, glass slides, cover glasses and a
cross-sectioning device. The microscope should
be equipped to permit examination from 100X
to 500x.
4.7 Nitric Acid
4 REAGENTS
4.8 Hydrochloric Acid
concentrated.

be used where the use of water or distilled
water as a reagent is intended.
4.9 Acetone

do not contain impurities which affect the experimental results.
(i) 5 percent
( m/m ), (ii) 15 percent ( m/m ).
(i) concentrated,
(ii) 5 percent
percent ( m/m ).
4.10 Phenol
90 percent ( mjm ).
4.11 m-Cresol
4.12 Carbon Disulphide
4.1 Zinc Chlor-iodide Solution
4.13 Tetrahydrofurane
Dissolve 20 g of zinc chloride in 10 ml of water.

To this solution, add a solution of 2-l g of
potassium iodide and 0.1 g iodine in 5 ml of
water. Filter or decant the mixture when
settled and add a crystal of iodine before storing the mixture in a dark bottle.
4.14 Dimethylformamide
4.2 Phloroglucinol and Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Dissolve 2 g of phloroglucinol
in 100 ml of
alcohol. When required for use, mix with equal
volume of concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
( m/m ), (iii) 25
4.15 Benzene
4.1.6 Cyclohexanone
4.17 Hydrofluoric Acid
4.18 Calcium Hypocblorite Solution
3.5 g/ 1 available chlorine.
4.19, Alcohol Solution
92 percent
ethyl alcohol solution ( m/m ).
4.20 Ammonia Solution

4.3 Cuprammonium Hydroxide Solution
4.3.1 Solution A
4.22 Iodine-Potassium
Dissolve 502 g of copper sulphate ( analytical

quality ) in 1 000 ml of hot distilled water and
cool the solution until crystallization
begins.
Add 250 g of ice and 450 ml of ammonia of
specific gravity 0.880. Make up the volume to
2 700 ml.
4.3.2 Solution B
Prepare a solution of 7.5 ml of 76 Tw caustic
soda solution free from carbonate
and 72.5 ml
of ammonia of specific gravity, 0.880.
4.3.3 When required for use,
Solution A and Solution B.
22
4.21 Methyl Salicylate
mix 150 ml of
Iodide Solution
Prepared by dissolving 20 g iodine in 100 ml of

saturated potassium iodide solution ( about 150
g of potassium iodide in 100 ml of distilled
water ).
4.23 Sodium Hypochlorite
5.25 percent
chlorine 1.
[ expressed
in g/l in
available
4.24 Formic Acid

concentrated.
4.25 Methylen? Chloride
HANDBOOK OF TBXTILB TPSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
4.26 Cblorobenzene
5.5.2
4.27 Tolnene
Take a tuft of fibres and prepare

with the cross-sectioning
device,
glass slide in a suitable mounting
cover it with a covering glass.
fibres at a specified magnification
scope.
4.28 Glacial Acetic Acid

4.29 Decalin
5 TESTS
5.1 Burning Test
A small tuft of fibres is held by forceps in the
frame of a micro-burner for about 10 seconds
and is then removed. It is noted whether the
tuft burns or not; whether it forms any bead or
whether the ash skeleton is retained; the type
of smell emitted during burning is also noted.
The test is carried out in daylight.
NOTE - The burner should be set up away from
draughts as far as possible, but no elaborate screening of the flame is necessary.
5.2 Twist on Drying

One end of a single fibre is held between the
fingers and the free end is directed towards the
observer. This free end is then moistened and
the direction of twist during drying is noted,
that is, whether movement is in a clockwise
or counter-clockwise
direction.
5.3 Floatation Test
A small sample of the fibre after degreasing in
benzene-methanol
mixture ( 3 : 2 ) is placed in
the test liquid and pushed below the surface by
means of a glass rod. The liquid should be
illuminated transversely
and viewed against a
black background
to observe
whether the
sample floats on the surface or sinks.
5.4 Swetts Test
The sample is degreased and immersed in nascent chlorine water for 30 seconds, washed in
water and alcohol, and then exposed to fumes
from strong ammonia; the colour developed is
noted.
5.5 Microscopic Analysis
5.5.1 For Longitudinal Examination
Place a small number
in a suitable mounting
with a covering glass.
specified magnification
PART 1, SECTION
B/l
of fibres on a glass slide

medium, cover the fibres
Examine the fibres at a
under microscope.
For Cross-Section
Examination
the specimen
place it on a
medium and
Examine the
under micro-
5.6 Staining Test
Dye a small tuft of fibre with a mixture of dyestuffs ( for example, Shirlastain A, Detex, Fibre
Stain, etc ) for 3 to 5 minutes and wash thoroughly. The colour developed may be viewed
carefully or compared with the known dyed
samples.
NOTES
1 The
sample is immersed
in Detex for about
5 minutes at room temperature
with occasional
stirring. It is then rinsed several times in water at
50C until the water remains clear.
2 The sample is thoroughly

wetted and washed
free
from
wetting
aaent.
if anv
and
then
immersed in Shrilas&n
A at room temperature
for
one minute.
It is then thoroughly washed in cold
water.
3 The sample
is wetted
in alcohol,
washed
and immersed in Neocarmine W for 3 to 5 minutes at
room temperature.
It is then thoroughly rinsed in
running water, immersed in dilute ammonia and rinsed again.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 For preliminary
identification
of fibres,
follow the scheme given in Annex A. Also
examine the sample for staple length to distinguish continuous filament silk and rayon from
staple fibres such as viscose staple fibre.
6.2 For confirmation of the indication given by
test as prescribed under 6.1, follow the scheme
prescribed for individual fibre in Annexes B, C
or D.
6.3 For ultimate
identification
of the fibre
under test, repeat the relevant tests, side by
side, on both, its specimen and on authentic
specimen of the fibre indicated by 6.1 and 4.2.
NOTE - It is necessary that before concluding the
final identity of the fibres, the inferences given on
various tests should be considered.
23
)*
__-__.-__-_--_
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG. l(a)
RAW COTTON -- LONGIKJDINAL VIEW

( x 500 )
FIG. 2(a) MERCERIZED COTTON VIEW

( x 500 )
FIG. I(b)
FIG. 2(b)
LONGITUDINAL
FIG. 3 FLAX -
RAW C~,~TON -- CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW

( x 750)
MERCERIZED COTTON SECTIONAL VIEW

( x 750)
CROSS-
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW
( x 100)
PART 1, SECTION B/l
25
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG. 4(a) RAW JUTE FIBRE (.UNPURIFIED)LONGITUDINAL VIEW

( x 600)
FIG. 4(b) FRACTUREDRAW

JUTEFIBRB::
( UNPURIFIED) -buss-$CTIONAL
VIEW
X
FIG. 5(b) RAW
SILK- CROSS-SECTIONAL
VIEW
( x 500)
FIG. 6(b) WOOL
-CROSS-SECTIONAL
( x 500)
FIG. 5(a) RAW
SILK - LONGITUDINAL
VIEW
( x 250)
FIG. 6(a) WOOL
-LONGITUDINAL
( x 1 000 )
VIEW
HANDBOOK
26
VIEW
OFTBXTILB TESTING
Sf 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG.7 ACETATE RAYON-CROSS-SECTIONAL

( x 320)
VIEW
_...
FIG.8(a) VISCOSB,NORMAL -LONGITUDINAL

VlEW
(x500)
FIG. S(c) HOLLOW VISCOSE- ViscoseFIRRR

( x 2000)
PART 1,SECTIONB/l
FIG.8(b) Vrscos~,No~~~~-CROSS-SECTIONAL
( x 750)
FIG.8(d) TRILOBAL VISCOSE-LONGITUDINAL VIEW

( x 2 000)
27
SP 15 ( Part 1 j : 1989
FIG. 8(e) CRIMPED VISCOSE - LONGITUDINAL

VIEW
(x1500)
FIG. 8(f) IN~ZATED VISCOSE - LONGITUDINAL

VIEW
( x 1000)
FIG. 8(g) VISCOSE,POLYNOSIC - LONGITUDINAL

VIBW
( x 500)
FIG. 8(h) VISCOSE, POLYNOSIC - CROSS-SECTIONAL

VIBW
( x 750)
.
,.,
F1G.9(a) ACRYLIC, BEAN SHAPB -LONGITUDINAL

VIBW
( x 500)
28
FIG. 9(b) ACRYLIC, BEAN SHAPB -- CROSSSECTIONAL VIEW

( x 500)
HANDBOOK
Ok:TBXTILETESTING
SP 15( Part1):1989
FIG. 10(a) NYLON 6 - LONGDUDINAL

VIEW
( x 250)
FIG. 10(b) NYL(JN 6 -CROSS-SECTIONAL

VIEW
( x 500)
FIG. 10(c) NYLON, TRILOBAL - CROSS-SECYIONALVIEU

( x 320)
_.
FIG. 11(a)POLYESTBR,RBGULAR(CIRCULAR)
- LONGITUDINAL VIEW
( x 500)
PART
1, SIXTION
B/1
FIG.
11(b)
POLYESTER,REGULAR (CIRCULAR j
- CROSS-SECTIONALVIEW
( x 500)
29
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
FIG. 11(c) POLYESTER, HOLLOW

VIEW
( x 500)
-- LONGITUDINAL
FIG. 11(e) POLYESTER,TRILOBAL LONGITUDINAL VIEW

( x 500)
30
FIG. 11(d) POLYESTER, HOLLOW-CROSSSECTIONAL VIEW

( x 500)
FIG. 11 (f) POLYESTER, TRILOBAL -- CROSSSECTIONAL VIEW

( x 500)
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILETESTING
SP 1s ( Part 1)
ANNEX
: 1989
( Clause6.1 )
PRELlMINARY
IDENTIFICATION
OF FIBRES
Burning Test
I
I
Burns,
&ad
Melts and burns
formed
I
Round hard
bead, shrinks
from flame
Burns, no bead
formed, burnt
-uauer
_ smell
POLYEkHYLENE
Burns, black
bead, smell of
acetic acid
Meltsand burns,
shrinks from flame
irregular black bead
NYLON
I
Burns slowly, lerives black
fltiy ash, smell of
burnt hair
CELLULOSIC
WOOL. CHLORINATED
WOOL, SItK ( RAW
DEGUMMED),
TUSSAH
SILK, REGENER.~TED
PROTEIN
FTRRES
/
I
WEIGHLED
Fldats
Shirlastain A
I_
Colourless
Magenta
Twis; on
drying
Twist on
drying
Brig t Blue
CUPRAMMONIUM
RAYON
Melts to clear
hard bead
GL!4SS
I
No blacken&g possibly
( light grey )
SILK AND TUSSAH
SILK
Mean staple
length of
ultimatejibres
30 km
FLAX
(Bleached)
Floats
COIR
Dissolves
CULTIVATED
SILK
I
120lmm
RAMIE
Appearance in
methylsalicylate
Med?llated
and
Kempy Hairs
NO MEDULLA
Transparent wool
Floatation in
methylsalicylate
I
Floats
Floatation in
alcohol
Does not
dissolve
Silks
MOHAIR
CAMEL HAIR
ALPACA
S,ver:s Test
I
B&l
MANILA
1
Light to dark
greyish brown
REGENERATED
PROTEIN
FIBRES
-1
Sinks
JUTE, MESTA
AND ROSELLAS
Dissolves
HEMP
I
Blackening
Wool and chlorinated
wool and hair
I
Doks not
dissolve
TUSSAH
SILK
Cuprammonium
hydroxide
Yellow
to light
brown
KAPOK
Adticlockwise
7
Clockwisb
Pink
AKUND
Floatation in
methyl
salicylate
ClockLise
RAW FLAX
&ight
pink
VISCOSE
RAYON
Glow;
but
reta&
original form
ASBASTOS
Cold cone hyd!-ochloric acid
.,
Phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid
Shirla;tain A
SILK
SiAks
-1
Variable
twist
COTTON
I
Do not burn
I
Alkaline lead acetate
No !wist
VISCOSE,
CUPRAMMONIUM
RAYON
Chars, Ash
skeleton
ALGINATE
FIBRES
Floatation in alcohol
( 92 percent)
CEL;ULOSE
ACETATE
TERYLENE,
DACRON,
Pe Ce, RHOVYL,
VINYON. DYNEL.
Burn:, Ash
skeleton
Bdrnt hair smell
Floats
BLACK FACE
WOOL
Rkd
SISAL
31
Sinks
ANGORA
RABBIT
Kurdan\I&,
_
-
do
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ANNEX
( Clause 6.2 )
MINERAL
FIBRE
BURNINGTEST
%.
AND GLASS FIBRES
MICROSCOPICALEXAMINATIOM
h__________~
r---------Longitudinal
Cross-Section
(1)
(2)
D-l.
Asbestos
Glows, does n ot Very-fine, fibre-like

crystal of varying
burn
diameter (easily
separated ), fairly
regular over fibre
length
D-2.
Glass
Melts, hoes not

burn
PART 1, SECTIONB/l
(3)
(4)
Cylindrical,
structureless,
transparent,
very regular
over length;
normally very
fine ( 0.5
micron or less )
OTHER TESTS
(5)
(6)
Circular,
edge smooth
Hydrofluoric
acid - dissolves
37
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
SECTION C
'
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

I TEXTILE FIBRES
OF
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR THE REMOVAL OF NONFIBROUS MATTER PRIOR TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
OF FIBRE MIXTURES
( Source
: IS 9068 : 1979 )
It is common practice
for various additions to

be made to fibres, yarns and fabrics for assisting
the processing and manufacture or modifying
the properties of the finished material. These
usually result in appreciable increases in mass
and often affect the solubility of the fibres. It
has also to be borne in mind that fibres generally contain a small proportion
of naturally
occurring non-fibrous substances. The removal
of these non-fibrous substances is therefore
necessary before conducting the procedure for
The removal of certain types of non-fibrous

matter, particularly when more than one substance is present, may demand the exercise of
and each
considerable
chemical
resource,
material to be treated for removal of its nonfibrous matter should be regarded as an individual problem.
1 SCOPE
4.1 Oils, Fats and Waxes
1.1 This standard prescribes

cedures for the removal of
found types of non-fibrous
fibres. The fibres to which
applicable are also listed in
recommended procertain commonly

matter from the
the procedures arc
Table 1.
quantitative chemical analysis of fibre mixtures

given in various Indian Standards.
Extract
._ _ the specimen in a Soxhlet apparatus
with benzene-methyl
alcohol mixture ( 3 : 2 )
for 2 hours at a minimum rate of 6 cycles per
hour.
4.2 Soaking Oils
1.2 Identification of the non-fibrous matter and

of the fibres present has not been covered in
this standard. In certain cases, the complete
elimination of all the added matter like compounds which react with the fibre substrate is
impracticable.
The quantity remaining should
not affect the quantitative
analysis. On the
other hand it is essential to minimize the chemical degradation of the fibres.
4.3 Starch
required is part of the normal

equipment of a chemical laboratory.
Immerse the specimen in a freshly prepared

solution
containing
O-1 percent
by mass
of a non-ionic wetting agent together with an
appropriate amylase preparation using a liquor
to specimen ratio of 100 : 1. The concentration
of the amylase preparation
and the pH, temperature, and time of treatment should be those
recommended
by the manufacturer.
Transfer
the specimen to boiling water and boil it for
15 minutes. Test for complete removal of starch
using a dilute aqueous solution of iodine in
potassium iodide. When all the starch is removed rinse the specimen in potassium
iodide
and finally thoroughly in water, squeeze or
mangle and dry it.
4 PROCEDURES
4.4 Locust-Bean
4.0 When
Boil the specimen in water for 5 minutes

using a liquor/specimen ratio of 100 : 1. Repeat
this procedure with a fresh portion of water.
Follow this by the procedure described in 4.3.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 Wherever
possible, non-fibrous matter is

removed by a suitable solvent. But in many
cases the removal of certain finishes involve
some chemical modification of the finish. More
over chemical degradation of the fibre substance
cannot always be avoided.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 The apparatus
Extract the specimen in a Soxhlet apparatus

with toluene-methanol
mixture ( 1 : 3 ) for
2 hours at a minimum rate of 6 cycles per hour.
the type of finish present on the

material is known, the applicable procedures as
given in 4.1 to 4.24 shall be followed for removal of non-fibrous matter. In case the type of
finish is not known, the procedures as given in
Appendix A shall be folIotied.
Information
regarding the applicability and non-applicability
of the procedures as given in 4.1 to 4.24 in the
presence of certain fibres is given in Table 1.
PART
1, SBCTIOH c/l
Gum and Starch
4.5 Tamarind Seed Size

Boil specimen in one percent
sodium carbonate
for 30 minutes
solution of
using liquor
41
~~~~
SP15(P%wl):1989
Table 1
Applicability of Procedures
( czuuses 1.1 and 4.0 )
Method
Applicable in
Presence of
Not Applicable io
Presence of
(2)
(3)
(4)
Elastane
Oils, fats and waxes
4.1
Most fibres
Soaking oils
4.2
Nett silk
Starch
4.3
Cotton ( Note 1 )
Linen ( Note 2 >
Viscose
Spun silk
Jute ( Note 3 1
and most other fibres
4.4
Cotton ( Note 1 )
Viscose
Spun silk
Tamarind kernel powder

for sizing
4.5
Cotton (Note
Viscose, jute
Acrylic ( size or finish )
4.6
Most fibres ( Note 4 )
Protein, deacetylated
acetate,
triacetate, acrylic, modacrylic
acetate,
Geal;;Ehomd
polyvinyl
4.7
Most fibres
Protein,
deacetylated
triacetate
acetate,
acetate,
St;;;iho;nd
polyvinyl
4.8
Cotton,
Protein,
deacetylated
triacetate
acetate,
acetate,
4.9
Most fibres
Deacetylated
chlorofibre
Linseed oil sizes
4.10
Viscose crepe yarns
Protein, deacetylated
triacetate
Amino-formaldehyde
resins
4.11
Cotton,
Regenerated
&;;%;lated
Asbestos
Loc;c;hbean
Polyvinyl
gum and
acetate
Polyester
Triacetate
Polyester
Polyamide
Bitumen,
tar
creosote
Cellulose
ethers
and
1)
acetate,
acetate,
acetate,
triacetate,
acetate,
cellulose
acetate
or nylon
Deacetylated
modacrylic,
acetate, acetate,
chlorofibre
triacetate,
4.12
Most fibres
4.13.1
Most fibres
4.13.2
Cotton
Viscose, deacetylated acetate,

modacrylic,
acrylic
triacetate,
Cellulose
nitrate
4.14
Most fibres
Deacetylated
chlorofibre
acetate,
acetate,
triacetate,
Polyvinyl
chloride
4.15
Most fibres
Deacetylated
chlorofibre
acetate,
acetate,
triacetate,
Oleates
4.16
Most fibres
Deacetylated acetate, acetate, triacetate,

t. modacrylic,
chlorofibre,
polyamide or
nylon asbestos
Oxides of chromiumiron and copper
4.17
Deacetylated acetate
Acetate triacetate
Pentachlorophenyl
laurate ( PCPL 1
4.18
Most fibres
Polyethylenes
4.19
Most fibres
Polypropylene
Polyurethanes
4.20
Polyamide or nylon
Regenerated cellulose
Deacetylated acetate
Acetate
Triacetate
Polyester,
42
Polyethylene,
polypropylene
acrylic, modacrylic
HANDBOOK O$.TEXTILB TESTING
._____II_
L_. _---
_._...
._..-
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Table 1 ( Concluded)
No;n-~IIS
Method
(1)
(2)
Applicablein
Presence of
Not Applicable in
Presence of
(3)
(4)
Natural rubbers and

styrene-butadiene,
neoprene, nitrile
4.21
Regenerated cellulose
Deacetylated
acetate
Acetate, triacetate
Glass
Silicones
4.22
Most fibres
Tin weighting
4.23
Silk
4.24
Cotton, Protein, Polyester,

Polyamide or Nylon
WFnib;zd
waterpoof
All synthetic
Polyamide
fibres
or nylon, glass
-
Deacetylated acetate, acetate,

modacrylic, chlorofibre
triacetate,
NOTES
I Grey cotton looses mass when treated
final oven-dry mass.
by these methods.
The loss amounts
2 Linen looses mass when treated by these methods. The loss depends
fabric is produced. Losses are approximatety
as follows:
Bleached yarns 2 percent
3
m, boiled yarns 3 percent
Jute looses mass by approximately
05 percent
3 percent
of the
on the types of yarn from which the
and grey yarns 4 percent.
when treated
by this method.
4 Polyamide or nylon 66 may undergo a 10~s in mass of fihre substance

by this method. The loss in mass of polyamide or nylon 6 may vary between
to material
ratio of 30 : 1. Wash it in water and
again boil in one percent
sodium icarbonate
solution for 30 minutes.
Wash with water and
dry.
to approximately
of up to 1 percent when treated

1 percent and 3 percent.
4.9 Polyvinyl Acetate

Extract
the specimen in a Soxhlet apparatus with acetone for 3 hours at a minimum
rate of 6 cycles per hour.
4.6 Acrylic ( Size or Finish )
4.10 Linseed Oil Sizes
Immerse and agitate

the specimen for 30
minutes in at least 100 times its own mass of
solution containing 2 g/l soap or other suitable
detergent and 2 g/l sodium hydroxide at 70 to
75C. Give three 5-minute rinses in distilled
water at 85C, squeeze, mangle or centrifuge,
and dry the specimen.
4 Conduct
the procedure described
in 4.1
followed by the procedure described in 4.7.
4.7 Gelatin and Polyvinyl Alcohel

Treat the specimen
in a solution ( using
a minimum liquor to specimen ratio of 100 : 1 )
containing
1 gjl of non-ionic surfactant,
1 g/l of anionic surfactant, and
1 g/l of anhydrous sodium carbonate,
for 90 minutes at 50C followed by 90 minutes
in the same bath at 70C to 75C. Wash the
specimen and dry it.
4.8 Starch and Polyvinyl Alcohol
Conduct
the
procedure
described
in 4.5
followed by the procedure described in 4.7 with
intermediate
drying.
PART 1, SECTIQN c/1
4.11 Amino-Formaldehyde
Resins
Extract
the specimen
with a solution of
25 g/l ortho-phosphoric
acid ( 50 percent ) and
50 g/l urea at 80C for 10 minutes using a liquor
to specimen ratio of 100 : 1. Wash the specimen
in water, drain, wash it in a O-1 percent sodium
bicarbonate solution, and finally wash it thoroughly in water.
NOTE - This method causes some damage to cuprammonium,
viscose, deacetylated
acetate, acetate,
triacetate rayons and modal.
4.12 Bitumen, Creosote and Tar

Extract
the specimen with dichloromtehane
( methylene
chloride ) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The duration of treatment denends on
the amount of non-fibrous matter present, and
it may be necessary to renew the solvent.
NOTE-Extraction
of jute with dichloroqethane
will
remove also the batching oil, which may be present
to the extent of 5 percent or more.
43
r
-..._______--.._.__-..._.__
.-._-..
SF 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
4.13 Cellulose Ethers
4.18 PeWachlorophenyl Lanrate ( PCPL )
4.13.1 Methyl Cellulose.in Cold Water
Extract the specimen in a Soxhlet apparatus

with toluene for 4 hours at a minimum rate
P_L
of 6 cycles per hour; -.
Soak the specimen in cold. water for 2 hours.

Rinse the specimen repeatedly in cold water
with vigorous squeezing.
4.13.2 Cellulose Ethers Insoluble
Soluble in Alkali
in Water But
Immerse the specimen in a solution containing

approximately
175 g/l sodium hydroxide at
room temperature, or cooled to a temperature
of approximately
5 to 10C for 30 minutes.
Then wash the specimen thoroughly in a fresh
rinse it well in water,
portion of reagent,
neutralize it with approximately
0.1 N acetic
acid, rinse it again in water and dry it.
4.14 Cellulose Nitrate
Immerse
the
specimen
in
acetone
at
room temperature for 1 hour using a liquor to
specimen ratio of 100 : 1. Drain, wash the
specimen in three portions of fresh acetone,
and allow the entrained solvent to evaporate.
4.15 Polyvinylchloride
Immerse the specimen
in tetrahydrofuran
at room temperature for 1 hour using a liquor
to specimen ratio of 100 : 1. If necessary,
softened
polyvinylchloride.
scrape off the
Drain, wash the specimen in three portions of
fresh tetrahydrofuran,
drain and allow the
entrained solvent to evaporate.
NOTE- Because of risk of explosion, tetrahydrofuran
should not be recovered by distillation.
4.16 Oleates
Immerse
the
specimen
in
approximately
N/5 hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature
until it is thoroughly wetted. Wash the specimen well and dry it. Extract the specimen in a
with
dichloromethane
apparatus
Soxhlet
(methylene
chloride ) for 1 hour at a minimum rate of 6 cycles per hour.
4.17 Oxides of Chromium, Iron and Copper
Immerse the specimen in a solution containing 14 g/l hydrated oxalic acid at 80C for
15 minutes using a liquor to specimen ratio of
100 : 1. Wash it thoroughly ( any copper present will remain as the colourless oxalate;
remove this with 1 percent acetic acid at 40C
for 15 minutes and wash the specimen ). Neutralize the specimen with ammonia and wash it
thorough@ in water. Squeeze, mangle or centrifuge, and dry it.
44 z
GOTE - This method is not applicable if dies containing chromiuni have been applied to the material
under test.
4.19 Polyethylenes
Extract the specimen in boilink
reflux for 2 hours.
NOTE - The material
in the boiling solvent.
toluene
shall be completely
under
immersed
4.20 Polyurethanes
No
completely
satisfactory
method
is.
available but the following have been found
useful. Some polyurethanes can be removed by
solution in dimethyl sulphoxide or dichloromethane ( methylene chloride ), and subsequent
repeated
washing of the sample with fresh
quantities of solvent. When the fibre composition of the specimen permits, some polyurethanes can be removed by hydrolysis in an
aqueous solution
containing 50 g/l sodium
hydroxide and 100 g/l ethanol at a temperature
50 to 60C for 1 hour.
NOTE - Dimethyl
sulphoxide
has toxic properties.
4.21 Natural Rubbers, Styrene-Butadiene, Neoprene, Nitrile and Most Other Synthetic Rubbers
4.21.1 No completely
satisfactory method is
available but the following have been found
useful.
4.21.2 Soak the specimen in a hot volatile
solvent which swells it considerably
( for
example bepzene ), and when it is fully swollen
remove, as much of the rubber as possible by
scraping. It may be possible in some cases
where the textile fibresare exposed, to wet only
the rubber/textile
interface,
and
strip the
rubber textile layers apart almost at once. Continue by boiling the residual specimen with
constant stirring in 50 or more times its mass
of moltenpidichlorobenzene;
use a flat-bottomed
flask with an attached widebore condenser ( to
allow adequate access of air ), and preferably a
magnetic stirrer and hotplate.
4.21.3 After 45 minutes add 1 part of 70-percent
tributyle hydroperoxide per 4 parts p-dichlorobenzene present. Boil until decomposition
of
the rubber is complete ( 2 hours is an average
time ). Cdolthe flask to about 60C and add an
equal volume of benzene. Eilter and wash the
textile component repeatedly in warm benzene.
4.21.4 Nitrile rubber (i.e.
rubber ) may.. require the
volume of nitrobenzene
peroxide to speed up the
acrylonitrile-butadiene
addition of the same
as of tributyl hydrodissplution process.
HANDBOOK O# TEXTILE TBSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
NOTES
1 Natural
rubber
should dissolve
after
being
boiled in
p-dichlorobenzene
alone for
several
hours in the presence of air. Solution
may also be
affected by heating in diphenyl ether at 105C for 2
hours and then washing the specimen in benzene.
2 The above
treatments
are strongly
oxidative
in character
and the properties
of the
textile
material may be affected appreciably.
Immerse the specimen in N/2 hydrofluoric

acid in a polyethylene
vessel at 55C for
20 minutes and stir occasionally.
Rinse in
warm water. Immerse the specimen in 2 percent
solution of carbonate
at 55C for 20 minutes.
Wash the specimen in warm water, squeeze,
mangle or centrifuge, and dry it.
4.22 Silicones
4.24 Wax-Based Waterproof Finishes
Scour the specimen in a solution containing

50 to 60 ml/l of 40 percent
hydrofluoric
acid in a polyethylene
vessel at 65C for 45
minutes. Thoroughly
wash the specimen, neutralize it, and scour it in a solution containing
2 g/l soap at 60C for 1 hour.
Extract
the specimen
in a Soxhlet
apparatus with dichloromethane
( methylene
chloride ) for at least 3 hours at a minimum of 6
cycles per hour. Then, to remove any metallic
complexes, scour the specimen in a solution
containing 10 g/ 1 formic acid and 5 g/l acidstable surfactant at 80C for 15 minutes. Wash
the specimen thoroughly in water until it is
free from acid.
NOTE -
Hydrofluoric
acid is a dangerous
product.
4.23 Tin Weighting ( Silk )
ANNEX
( Clause 4.0 )
A-l Extract the specimens/samples with benzenemethyl alcohol mixture in 3 : 2 ratio in a Soxhlet
apparatus for 2 hours at a minimum rate of 6
cycles per hour. ( This removes oils, fats, waxes,
certain thermoplastic resins, etc. )
A-2 Extract the specimens/samples
with ethyl
alcohol in a Soxhlet apparatus for 2 hours at
a minimum rate of 6 cycles per hour. ( This
removes soaps, cationic finishes, etc. )
A-3 Treat the specimens/samples with 200 ml of
water at 50C for 30 minutes, stirring occasion-
PART 1, SECTION c/l
ally with glass rod or mechnically. Rinse thrice

with fresh portion of warm water ( 50C ) and
dry. ( This removes water-soluble materials. )
A-4 Immerse the specimen/sample
in 200 ml of
0.1 N hydrochloric acid at 80C for 25 minutes,
stirring gently every 3 minutes. Rinse thoroughly with water at 80C containing a few drops
of ammonia and then finally with plain water.
Remove excess water from the sample by squeezmg and suction centrifuging
and allow to dry.
( This removes starches/aminoaldehyde
cornpound resins. )
45
sP15(Pmtl):1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF JUTE AND ANIMAL FIBRES

(Source:TS 6570:1972)
Two or more different types of fibres are mixed
with one another for producing a variety of
textiles. Such a mixture may be composed of
different types of man-made fibres or different
types of natural fibres or both. The composition
of the mixture of textile fibres is governed by
the ultimate use to which the textile materials
are to be put.
Mixtures of textile fibres are being increasingly

used for different purposes. The use of the
different fibres in textile mixture has necessitated the formulation
of standard methods for
identification
and quantitative
estimation
of
fibres in mixtures. For the textile technologists
as well as the traders and the consumers, the
quantitative analysis of textile fibres in mixtures
is of considerable importance.
1 SCOPE
tube. The other end of the bulb tube is connected to the condenser by a rubber stopper and
the lower end of the condenser is attached by
means of a rubber tubing to a dip tube which
dips into a beaker of 250 ml capacity.
1.1It prescribes
a method for quantitative

chemical analysis of binary mixtures of jute and
animal fibres. The animal fibre component may
consist solely of hair or wool or mixtures of the
two. It is suitable for application
to fibres in
any textile form, such as fibre, yarn or fabric.
NOTE - Before conducting an analysis accordingto
this method, the fibres present in the mixture should
be,identified and sample to be analyzed should be
freed from all non-fibrous matter. Dye in the dyed
fibres is considered to be an integral part of the fibre
and is not to be removed.
4 REAGENTS
be employed in tests and distilled water shall be
used where the use of water as reagent is
intended.
NOTE- Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals that
f;enr;tcontain
impurities which affect the results of
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1Sample of mixture
is dried and wkighed.

The nitrogen content of the mixture is determined and from this and the known or assumed
nitrogen contents of the two components, the
proportion of each component is calculated.
4.1Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate

4.2 Selenium Dioxide
nitrogen
3 APPARATUS
free.
4.3 Sulphuric Acid
3.1 Sintered Glass Filter Crucibles
concentrated.
of appropriate
capacity with a pore size of
90 to 150 microns ( Porosity 1 ) and fitted with
ground-glass stopper. If stoppers are not available, the crucibles should be enclosed in weighing bottles for weighing.
0.5 N.
4.4 Standard Sulphuric Acid
4.5 Potassium Sulphate

nitrogen
3.2 Desiccator
free.
4.6 Sodium Hydroxide Solution
3.3 Ventilated Oven
approximately
40 percent
( w/v ).
for drying samples at 105 + 3C.

4.7 Methyl Red Indicator
3.4 Analytical Balance

capable of weighing to an accuracy
of 0*0002 g.
Dissolve 1 g of
rectified spirit.
methyl
red in 200 ml
3.5 Soxhlet Apparatus
4.8 Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution
3.6 Kjeldahl Distillation Apparatus
0.5 N.
It consists of a round bottom flask of 1 000 ml

capacity fitted with a rubber stopper through
which passes. one end of the bonnecting bulb
4.9 Carbon Tetracbloride
PART
1, SECTION
c/2
of
4.10 Ethyl ,Alcohol

47
SP 15 ( Part .l) : 1989

4.11 Hydrochlprh Acid
of wateq, cool, tf$nsfer the contents quantitalively to a 200-m] graduated flask and make
up,to volume with water to form the digest
solution.
0.1 N.
4.12 Enzyme
5 PRETREATMENT OF TEST SAMPLE
5.1 From the test samples, draw a representative sample weighing about 10 g and dry it at
105 & 3C for 3 hours. Treat the sample as
given in 5.2 to 5.6. However, if the nature of
the finish present in the sample is known one
or more steps may be omitted.
5.2 Extract the sample in a Soxhlet apparatus
with carbon tetrachloride
for 2 hours at a minimum rate of 6 cycles per hour. This removes
oils, fats, waxes, certain thermoplastic
resins,
.~
etc.
5.3 Extract the sample with ethyl alcohol in a
Soxhlet apparatus for 2 hours at a minimum
rate of 6 cycles per hour. This removes soaps,
cationic finishers, etc.
5.4 Treat the sample with
50C for 30 minutes stirring
glass rod or mechanically.
fresh portion of warm water
This removes water soluble
200 ml of water at
occasionally with
Rinse thrice with
( 50C ) and dry it.
materials.
5.5 Give an enzyme treatment

to the sample
under conditions depending upon the nature of
enzyme used and rinse thoroughly. This removes
starch, gelatine, etc.
5.6 Merge the sample in 200 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid at 18C for 25 minutes, stirring
gently every 3 minutes. Rinse thoroughly with
water at 80C containing a few drops of ammonium hydroxide and then tially
with plain
water. This removes
resins. Remove excess
water from the sample by squeezing, suction or
centrifuging and allow the sample to become
air dry.
6.3 Transfer exactly 10 ml of digest solution to

distillation flask .and dilute to about 250 ml
with water. Add about 5 ml ( for more, if
necessary, to make the solution alkaline ) of
sodium hydroxide solution carefully down the
side of the flask so that it does not mix at once
with the acid.solution.but
forms a layer below
it. Assemble the apparatus, with-the tip of the
condenser
dipping in a known quantity
of
standard sulphuric acid in beaker to which a
few drops of methyl red indicator have been
added. Mix the contents of the flask by shaking and distil until all ammonia has passed over.
Detach flask from the condenser and shut off
the burner. Rinse the condenser
thoroughly
with water into the beaker. Wash the dip tube
carefully so that all traces of the condensate
are transferred
to the beaker. When all the
washings have drained into the beaker, add two
or three drops more of the indicator and titrate
with standard sodium hydroxide solution.
6.4 Carry out a blank determination,
using all
reagents in the same quantities but without the
material to be tested.
6.5 Repeat the procedure prescribed
to 6.3 with the remaining specimen(s).
in 6.1
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the percentage nitrogen
in the dry specimen as follows:
content
where
content
expressed as
nitrogen
in the clean dry
percentage
specimen,
6 PROCEDUPE
x-
6.1 Take from the pretreated

sample ( see 5 )
a test specimen weighing about 1 g. Cut yarn or
dissected cloth into lengths, of about 10 mm.
Dry the specimen in a weighing bottle at
105 f 3C to constant weight and obtain the
oven-dry weight of the specimen.
Vr = volume in ml of standard sodium

hydroxide solution used to neutralize the acid in blank determination ( see 6.4 ),
6.2 Transfer the specimen in the kjeldahl flask,

acid, 2.5 g of potassium
sulphate and 1 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate ( a crystal of selenium dioxide may be
added to facilitate the reaction ). Heat the
flask gently at first, until the whole of the fibre
is destroyed and then heat it more vigorously
until the solution becomes clear. Heat it for
further 15 minutes. Allow the flask to cool,
dilute the contents carefully with 10 to 20 ml
, add 10 ml of sulphuric
48
v, = volume in ml of standard sodium

hydroxide solution used to neutralize the excess of acid in the
test with the material ( see 6.3 ),
N=
normality
hydroxide
of standard
solution, and
m - oven-dry mass in g of the

men&
HANDBOOK
OF TmTILB
sodium
speciTESTING
_-.
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
7.2 Using the values of 0.22 percent for the

nitrogen content of jute and 16.2 percent for
the nitrogen content of animal fibre, both
values being expressed on the dry mass of the
fibre, calculate the composition of the mixture
as follows:
,
PART
1, SECTION
c/2
x - 0.22
16.2 - 0.22 x loo
where
P, = percentage
of animal fibre in the

clean dry specimen.
8 REPoRT
8.1 The report
shall include
information:
a) Type of material, and
b) Percentage of component
the
following
fibres.
49
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF SILK AND WOOL OR HAIR
*I
( Source :
IS 9889 : 1988 )
The use of different fibres blends in textiles has

of standard
necessitated
the
formulation
methods for identification and quantitative estimation of respective fibres. The quantitative
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes two methods for
the quantitative
chemical analysis of binary
mixtures of silk and wool or hair in any textile
form, such as fibre, yarn and fabric.
NOTE - Before conducting an analysis according to
this standard, the fibres present in the mixture should
be .identified and the sample to be analysed should
be freed from all non-fibrous matter. Dye in the dyed
fibre is considered to be an integral part of the fibre
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance

to textile technologists,
traders and consumers.
NOTE - Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals thst

do not contain
impurities
results.
3.2 Dilute Sulphuric Acid Solution

5 percent
( m/m ).
3.3 Sulphuric Acid Solution

75 percent
( m/m ).
3.4 Dilute Ammonia Solution

20 percent
( v/v ).
2 APPARATUS
3.5 Hydrochloric Acid Solution
2.1 Conical Flask
28 percent
of 200 ml minimum capacity,

ground glass stopper.
provided
with a
of appropriate
capacity
to 150 microns ( porosity
a ground-glass stopper.
able, the crucible should
ing bottle for weighing.
a temperature
of 105
with connection to filter pump and adaptor to

enable the crucible ( see 2.2 ) to be fitted to it.
weighing
containing self-indicating
drous calciumchloride.
in prevailing
NOTE - Since dry masses are determined,

necessary to condition the sample.
it is not
OF TEST SPECIMENS
5.1 From the sample, after removing size and

finishes draw a respresentative
sample weighing
about 2 to 3 g. Cut the yarn into pieces and
dissect the cloth into yarn pieces of about
10 mm length.
6 METHOD 1
6.1 Principle
to
an
accuracy
of
2.6 Desiccator
silica gel or anhy.
2.7 Mechanical Shaker
The silk fibre is dissolved

from a known
dry mass of the mixture with 75 percent (m/m )
sulphuric acid ( see Note ). The residue is
collected, washed, dried and weighed; its mass
corrected if necessary, is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the mixture. The
percentage of silk is found by difference.
NOTE - Wild silk, such as tussah, does not completely dissolve in 75 percent ( m/m ) sulphuric acid.
3 REAGENTS
3.1 Quality af qeagents
be employed in tests and. distilled water shall
be used where the use of water as a reagent is
intended.
PART 1, SECTION
4.1 The test shall be conducted

atmospheric conditions.
5 PREPARATION
2.4 Filter Flask
capable of
0~000 2 g.
( m/m ).
4 TESTING CONDITIONS
with a pore size of 90

1 ) and provided with
If stopper is not availbe enclosed in weigh-
2.3 Ventilated Oven

capable of maintaining
f 3C.
3.6 Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Solution

5 percent
2.2 Sintered Glass Filter Crucible
( m/m ).
C/3
6.2 Procedure
6.2.1 Take a specimen weighing about 1 g from
the pretreated
sample (see 5.1).
Dry the
pieces in weighing bottle at 105 & 3C to constant mass, cool it in a dessicator and obtain
the oven dry mass of the specimen.
51
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
P
NOTE -The
mass shall be taken as constant if the
difference between any two successive weighings at
an interval of 20 minutes does not exceed 01 percent.
6.2.2 Put the specimen in a glass-stoppered

conical flask. Add 100 -ml of sulphuric acid
solution per gram of the specimen, insert the
stopper, shake vigorously
(preferably
in a
mechanical shaker ) and allow to stand for 30
minutes at room temperature.
Shake again and
allow to stand for 30 minutes. Shake a last time
and filter the contents of the flask through the
weighed filter crucible. Wash any remaining
fibres from the flask with a little sulphuric acid
solution. Drain the crucible by suction and
wash the residue on the crucible successively
with 50 ml of dilute sulphuric acid solution,
50 ml of water and 50 ml of dilute ammonia
solution. Each time, allow the fibres to remain
in contact with the liquid for about 10 minutes
before applying suction. Finally, rinse with
water, leaving the fibres in contact with the
water for about 30 minutes. Drain the crucible
by suction, dry the crucible and residue at
105 f 3C temperature;
and cool and weigh
them.
6.2.3 Repeat the procedure prescribed in 6.2.1
and 6.2.2 with the remaining test specimen(s).
= the
percentage
of clean dry
insoluble compdnent;
= the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component;
and
= the percentage addition for moisture to the soluble component.
b
a
NOTES
1 The following values for standaId moistureregain

of various fibres may be considered:
Fibre
Standard Moisture
Regajn, Percent
110
136
Silk
Wool
2 The standard moisture regain values are generally

accepted as the commercial moisture regain values in
the trade.
6.3.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture Non-fibrous Matter
Calculate the percentage ( Pa ) of clean insoluble component in the mixture with percentage
additions for moisture and non-fibrous matter
by the following formula ( see also Notes 1 and
2 under 6.3.2 ):
.
6.3 Calculations
1OOxPx
Pa=
6.3.1 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass

Calculate the percentage (P) of clean
insoluble component by the formula:
P _
-
dry
100 x ml x d
ml = the dry mass of the residue;

d = the correction
factor of variation
in mass of the insoluble component in the reagent; and

m, = the dry mass of the specimen.
The value of d is found to be 0975.
6.3.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Addtions for Moisture
Calculated the percentage ( PM ) of clean insoluble component with percentage additions for
moisture, by the formula:
1OOxPx
pm= p(1+&)
1+&-
+ (loo-P)(
>
1++)
where
Paa = percentage,
by mass, of wool or
hair fibre in the test sample on
dry mass with moisture allowance;
52
[I
1+
*]+(loo-P)[l+
3
a*]
where
P = the percentage
m.
where
NOTE -
Px
1+ -as+&
100
[
of clean dry insoluble component;

al = the percentage addition for mois-.
ture to the soluble component;
a, = the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component;
addition for nonb 1= the percentage
fibrous matter to the soluble component; and
addition for nonb a= the percentage
fibrous matter to the insoluble
component.
NOTE - The percentage- additions
for non-fibrous
matter may be as agreed to between the buyer and
the seller.
6.4 Determine
difference.
the percentage
of silk fibre by
7 METHOD 2
7.1 Principle
The silk fibre is dissolved
from a known
dry mass of the mixture with 28 percent ( m/m )
hydrochloric . acid. The residue is collected,
washed, dried and weighed; its mass corrected
if necessary, is expressed as a percentage of the
HANDBOOKOF
TElXTILE TESTING-
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
dry mass of the mixture. The percentage
is found by difference.
of silk
7.2 Procedure
7.2.1 Follow the procedure given in 6.2.1.
7.2.2 Put the specimen in a glass-stoppered
conical flask. Add 100 ml of hydrochloric acid
solution per gram of the specimen, insert the
in a
stopper, shake vigorously ( preferably
mechanical shaker ) and allow to stand at room
temperature
for 30 minutes. Shake a last time
and filter the contents of the flask through the
weighed filter crucible. Wash any remaining
fibres from the flask with a little hydrochloric
acid solution. Drain the crucible by suction and
wash the residue on the crucible successively
with 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid solution,
50 ml of water and 50 ml of dilute ammonia
solution. Each time, allow the fibres to remain
in contact with the liquid for about 10 minutes
before applying suction. Finally, rinse with
water, leaving the fibres in contact with the
water for about 30 minutes. Drain the crucible
by suction, dry the crucible and residue at
FART 1, SECTION
C/3
105 & 3C temperature,

them.
and
cool
and weigh

7.3 Calculations
Calculate the percent
of component
fibres
in the mixture as prescribed in 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3
and 6.4 taking the value of correction factor d
as 1.00.
8 REPORT
8.1 The report shall include the following:
a) Nature of material tested;
b) Method used ( see 6 or 7 );
c) Method of calculation used ( see 6.3 and
7.3 );
d) Number of specimens tested; and
e) The percentage of component
fibres in
the mixture ( individual and average ).
53
SP 15, ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTUTES OF REGENERARED CELLULOSE

FIBRES AND COTTON, SODlUM ZINCATE METHOD
[ Source : IS 1889 ( Part 1 ) : 1976 ]
The use of different fibre blends in textile has
of standard
necessitated
the formulation
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance- to textile technologists,

1 SCOPE
4 REAGENTS
I.1 It prescribes sodium zincate method for

quantitative
chemical analysis of binary mix tures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton
in any textile form, such as fibre, yarn or
fabric.

this method the fibres present in the mixtures should
be identified and the sample to be analysed shall be
1.2 This method is not

, in which the cotton
applicable to mixtures
has suffered extensive
chemical degradation, nor when the viscose,
cupro or modal fibre 1s rendered incompletely
soluble by the presence of certain permanent
finishes or reactive dyes that cannot be removed
completely.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A specimen of the mixture is dried and
weighed. The regenerated cellulose fibres in the
test specimen are dissolved in sodium zincate
solution. The residue ( cotton)
is collected,
washed, dried and weighed and the proportion
of regenerated cellulose and cotton is calculated.

be employed in the test and distilled water shall
intended.
do not contain
impurities
results.
4.1 Sodium Zincate Solution

Take a sample of sodium hydroxide and determine its sodium hydroxide content. Take an
equivalent of 180 g of sodium hydroxide and
dissolve it in 180 to 200 ml of water in a flask.
To this add, with constant stirring, 80 g of zinc
oxide. Heat the contents in the flask to almost
boiling until clear or slightly turbid solution
appears. Cool, add about 200 ml of water, stir
thoroughly and make up to 500 ml with water,
filter if necessary, and store the resulting solution in a stoppered flask or bottle.
4.2 Ammonia Solution
250 ml of concentrated ammonia solution (sp gr
O-88 ) diluted to 1 litre with water.
4.3 Acetic Acid Solution
3 APPARATUS
50 ml of glacial
with water.
5 PREPARATION
of appropriate capacity with pore sizeof 90 to

150 microns ( porosity 1 ) and fitted with
ground-glass stoppers. If the stoppers are not
available, the crucibles should be enclosed in
weighing bottles for weighing.
5.1 From each sample after removing size and

finishes, draw a representative
specimen weighing about 2 to 3 g. Cut the test specimen into
pieces of approximately 25 mm length.
3.2 Conical Flask

of 100 ml capacity,
stopper.
provided
with
a glass
3.3 Ventilated Oven

for drying specimens/residue
at 105 f

of an accuracy
of O*OOO
2 g.
PART 1, SECTION
C/4
3C.
acetic
acid
diluted
to 1 litre
OF TEST SPECIMENS
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take a test specimen to
it in a weighing bottle. Dry
weighing bottle at 105 f
mass and obtain oven-dry
men.
about 0.5 g and put

the specimen in the
3C to a constant
mass of the speci-
6.2 Put the oven-dry specimen in a loo-ml

conical flask. Dilute 1 volume of sodium zincate
solution with 2 volumes of distilled water and
mix thoroughly. Add the diluted solution of
55
sodium zincate to the flask to make a material

to liquor ratio of 1 : 150. Shake the contents
of the flask v5gorously, at intervals, for 20 minutes. Decent the liquid through a sintered glass
filter crucible and apply suction to complete
filtration.
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate
the percentage
of regenerated
cellulose in each test specimen by the following
formula and determine the average of all the
values:
Percentage of. regeae_
rated cellulose
6.3 Add dilute ammonia solution to the residue

in the flask to make a material to liquor ratio
of 1: 100. Shake the contents for 5 minutes and
again filter and apply suction to complete filtration.
6.4 Wash the residue
solution.
with
dilute
acetic
6.6 Dry the residue at 105 -f 3C to a constant

mass and weigh. Determine the mass of the
residue.
6.7 Similarly
specimens.
56
carry out the test for
other test
100
where
m, = oven-dry mass in grams of the
specimen obtained in 6.1,
m, = oven-dry mass in grams of the
residue ( cotton ) obtained in 6.6,
and
d = correction
factor for the loss in
mass sustained by cotton during
the analysis.
acid
6.5 Add water to the residue in the flask, shake

and transfer the solution and the residue to
the sintered glass filter crucible. Wash out any
remaining fibres in the flask with more water
and filter the washings through the sintered
glass filter crucible. Wash the residue several
times with water, drain and apply suction to
complete filtration.
mn-(mrQx
m,
NOTE 8
REPORT
8.1 The report

information:
shall
include
the
following
a) Type of the material,

b) Percentages of regenerated cellulose and
cotton in the mixture, and
c) Number of specimens tested.
HANDBOOK
OF TBXTILB TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE FIBRES

AND COTTON, CADOXEN SOLVENT METHOD
[ Source
: IS
1889 ( Part 2 ) : 1976 ]
The use of different
fibre blends in textiles has

necessitated
the
formulation
of standard
methods for identification
and quantitative
estimation of respective fibres. The quantitative
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance

to textile
technologists,
1 SCOPE
4 REAGENTS
1.1 It prescribes Cadoxen solvent method for

quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton
in any textile form, such as fibre, yarn or
fabric.
4.1 Cadoxen Solvent

1.1.1 This method is not applicable to mixtures

in which the cotton
has suffered extensive
nor when the viscose,
chemical degradation,
cupio or modal fibre is rendered incompletely
finishes or. reactive dyes that cannot be removed
completely.
containing 4.6 f 0.1 percent

percent ethylenediamine.
cadmium and 28
4.1.1 Method of Preparation

Dilute freshly distilled ethylenediamine
with
distilled water to 28 percent ( m/m ). Cool the
solution below 0C. To this slowly add 8 percent
cadmium oxide under vigorous stirring over a
period of 4 hours, after which continue stirring
for 2 hours. Keep the solution in cold storage
( 0 to 5C ) for a period of 60 hours and then
slowly bring it to room temperature
( 30C ).
Filter the solvent through sintered glass crucible and analyse for ethylenediamine
and cadmium contents as given in Annex A.
4.2 Light Petroleum
2 PRINCIPLE
boiling range 40 to 60C.
2.1 A sample of the mixture is dried and

sample are dissolved in Cadoxen solvent. The
residue, that is, cotton, is collected, washed,
dried and weighed and the proportion of regenerated cellulose and cotton is calculated.
5 PREPARATION
5.1 From each sample after removing size and

pieces of approximately
25 mm length.
3 APPARATUS
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take about 25 g of the specimen in weighing bottle and dry at 105 & 3C for 3 hours,
cool over phosphorus pentoxide in a desiccator
and weigh. Transfer the contents to 150-ml
stoppered flask and determine the exact mass
of the specimen by weighing the bottle again.
of appropriate capacity ,with pore size of 90 to

150 microns
(porosity 1 ) and fitted with
ground-glass
stoppers. If the stoppers are not
6.2 Add 50 ml of Cadoxen solvent to the flask

and shake the flask at room temperature
for
1 hour. Filter the contents through a weighed
sintered glass crucible.
3.2 Desiccator
with phosphorus
pentoxide as desiccant.

of an accuracy
of 0.000 2 g.
3.4 Conical Flask

of 150 ml capacity,
stopper.
provided
with
a glass
3.5 Ventilated Oven

for drying specimensjresid
PART 1, SBCTIQN
C/4
OF TEST SPECIMENS
ue at 105 k 3%.
6.3 Wash the residue ( undissolved cotton )

with 10 ml of Cadoxen solvent, and then give
several washes with distilled water till the washings are free of cadmium. Dry the crucible
with residue at 105 f 3C for 3 hours, cool over
phosphorus pentoxide in a desiccator and weigh.
Determine the mass of the residue.
6.4 Similarly carry out the
specimens.
test
for other test
57
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
7 CALCULATION
7.1
the
test
the
mass in grams
m - ( 6.1 ).
Calculate the percentage of cotton fibre in

specimen by the following formula for each
specimen and find out the average of all
values:
Percentage
of cotton
100 x m,
---ma
where
m, = mass in
( 6.3 ),
grams
of the
residue
of the
specimen
NOTE -
Since cotton fibre does not undergo any

loss in mass under above conditions,
no correction
factor is necessary.
8 REPORT
8.1 The report shall include the following
information:
a) Type of the material,
b) Percentages of regenerated
cellulose and
cotton in the mixture, and
ANNEX
( Czause4.1.1 )
METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF ETHYLENEDIAMINE AND CADMIUM CONTENTS
IN CADOXEN SOLVENT
A-l DETERMINATION OF
ETHYLENEDIAMINE CONTENT
A-l.1 Weigh accurately about 5 g of the Cadoxen solvent, dilute in water and make up to
100 ml in a,volumetric flask ( solution A ).
A-l.2 Titrate a 20-ml aliquot of solution A prepared as in A-l.1 with 0.5 N sulphuric acid in
the presence of methyl orange indicator.
A-l.3 Calculation
Ethylenediamine,
percent by mass
= YxNx+~X+
A-2.2 Calculation
m
Cadmium content,
vxNxl5
m
=vxMx-
where
v .= volume in millilitres of sulphuric
acid consumed,
N = normality of sulphuric acid, and
m = mass in grams of the sample taken
for the test.
A-2 DETERMINATION
CONTENT
uric acid required in titration

as in A-l.2 in
order to keep pH at a proper level for getting
a sharp end-point. Add a pinch of indicator
mixture ( 2.5 g eriochrome
black T + 1.0 g
methyl red + 200.0 g sodium chloride ) and
2 ml of buffer solution (350 ml ammonia, 25 percent + 54 g ammonium chloride ). Add 20 ml
of distilled water and titrate the mixture with
0.05 M EDTA
solution to be standardized
against 0.05 M cadmium acetate ( analytical
reagent grade ) till the colour changes from
wine-red to bright green.
ON CADMIUM
A-2.1 Pipette out 20 ml of solution A ( A-l.1 )

and add two-thirds the quantity of 0.5 N sulph-
=vxMx-&--
percent by mass
100
100
2.
x m
x 0.112 4
56.2
where
v = volume in millilitres of 0.05 M
EDTA solution consumed,
M = molarity
of EDTA solution, and
m = mass in grams of the sample taken

for the test.
58
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE FIBRES

AND COTTON, FORMIC ACID-ZINC CHLORIDE METHOD
[ Source : IS 1889 ( Part 3 ) : 1979 ]
The use of different fibre blends in textiles has
necessitated
the
formulation
of standard
and quantitative
analysis of textile fibres in mi\.tures is of considerable importance

to textile technologists,
1 SCOPE
used where the use of water

intended.
1.1 It prescribes
formic
acid-zinc
chloride
method for quantitative
chemical analysis of
binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres
and cotton in textile form, such as fibre, yarn or
fabric.
freed form all non-fibrous
matter. Dye in the dyed
1.1.1 This method is not applicable to mixtures

in which the cotton has suffered extensive
cupro or modal fibre is rendered incompletely
completely.
A sample of the
mixture
is dried
and
sample are dissolved in formic acid-zinc chloride reagent. The residue ( cotton) is collected,
washed, dried and weighed; and the proportion
of regenerated
cellulose and cotton is calculated.
3 APPARATUS
of appropriate capacity with pore size of 90 to
ground-glass stopper. If the stoppers are not
3.2 Conical Flask
of 100 ml capacity
stopper
provided
with
glass

of O*OOO
2 g.
4 REAGENTS
PART 1, SECTION.
is
shall mean chemicals that

which affect the test results.
4.1 Formic Acid-Zinc Chloride Reagent

Dissolve 20 g of anhydrous zinc chloride (analytical reagent quality ) and 68 g of anhydrous
formic acid in water and make up to 100 g
specific gravity l-367. If anhydrous formic acid
is not available, equivalent quantity of 80 to 85
percent formic acid may be used.
20 ml of concentrated
ammonium hydroxide
( specific gravity O-88 ) made up to one litre
with water.
5 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
2 PRINCIPLE
of an accuracy
NOTE - Pure chemicals

as a reagent
c/4
-- ;
From each sample after removing size and

finishes draw a representative
pieces of approrrimately 25 mm length.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take a test specimen weighing about O-5 g
and put it in a weighing bottle. Dry the specimen in the weighing bottle at 105 & 3C to
constant mass and obtain oven-dry mass of the
specimen.
6.2 Put the oven-dry specimen without any
delay in a loo-ml glass-stoppered
conical flask
preheated to 7OC, and add to it 50 ml of formic
acid-zinc chloride reagent also pre-heated to
70C. Stopper the flask, shake it and keep it in
a thermostatically
controlled bath at 70 f 20C
for 20 minutes. During this period, shake the
flask a couple of times. Filter the contents
through a tared sintered glass crucible avoiding
the transfer of residue.
6.3 Wash the residue ( undissolved
cotton)
thoroughly with water at 40% by decantation.
Add 100 ml dilute ammonia solution and keep
for 10 minutes. Filter through the crucible under
suction, wash with water and dry the residue at
105 f 3C to constant mass.
59.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
7 CALCULATION
I
NOTE - The value of d is found to be 106 for raw

cotton and 102 for bleached cotton.
Calculate the percentage

of cotton fibre in
each test specimen by the following formula
and determine the average of all the values:
100 x M, x d
Percentage of cotton =
MB
where
M, = mass of residue obtained in 6.3,

M s = mass of specimen obtained in 6.1,
and
d = correction
factor for the loss in

the analysis.
60
8 REPORT
The report shall include the following information:
a) Type of the material;
b) Percentage of :
1) regenerated cellulose,
2) cotton; and
SPlS(Partl):
1989
BINARY MIXTURES -OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE FIBRES

AND COTTON, SULPHURIC ACID METHOD
[ Source : IS 1889 ( Part 4 ) : 1979 ]
Two or more different types of fibres~ are mixed
with one another for producing
variety of
textiles for different purposes. The use of differcnt types of fibres in mixture has necessitated
SCOPE
1.1 It prescribes
sulphuric acid method for
quantitative
chemica! analysis of binary mixtures of regenerated cellulose fibres and cotton
in any textile form, such as fibre, yarn or fabric.
this method the fibres present in the mixtures should
freed from all non-fibrous
1.2 This method is not applicable to mixtures

in which the cotton has suffered extensive
cupro or modal fibre is rendered incompletely
completely.
2 PRINCIPLE
weighed. The regenerated cellulose fibre is dissolved in sulphuric acid solution. The residue,
that is cotton, is collected, washed, dried and
weighed. Then the proportion
of regenerated
cellulose and cotton is calculated.
3 APPARATUS
of appropriate
capacity with pore size of 90
to 150 microns ( porosity 1 ) and fitted with
ground-glass stoppers. If the stoppers are not
3.2 Ventilated Oven
of
capable
105 f 3C.
maintaining
temperature
of

of an accuracy
of O-000 2 g.
4 REAGENTS
the formulation of standard methods, for identification and quantitative estimation of the fibres.
Such an evaluation is of interest to the textile
technologists, traders and consumers.
used where the use of water

intended.
as a reagent
is

do not contain
impurities
results.

60 percent
27C ).
( m/m ) ( specific
gravity
1,493 at
4.2 Sulphuric Acid ( Dilute Solution )

10 percent ( m/m ).
4.3 Ammonia ( Dilute Solution )
2 percent ( m/m ). Dilute 20 ml concentrated
ammonium hydroxide ( specific gravity 0.88 ) to
one litre with water.
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS

finishes draw a representative specimen weighing about 2 to 3 g. Cut the test specimen into
pieces of approximately 25 mm length and divide
it into two.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take a test specimen weighing about
1g
from the pretreated
sample ( see 5 ). Cut the
specimen to small pieces of about 2 mm length.
Dry the specimen to specimen in a weighing
bottle at 105 k 3C to constant mass and
obtain the oven-dry mass of the specimen.
6.2 Transfer the specimen to a flask containing
100 ml of sulphuric acid ( 60 percent ) at room
temperature,
and stir vigorously to break up
the sample completely at the first instant and
then stir intermittently.
Shake thoroughly, preferably with a mechanical shaker for 30 minutes
and then transfer the contents of the flask to a
weighed sintered glass crucible, wash the residue remaining in the flask, using a little more
sulphurci
acid
solution,
and transfer the
contents to the crucible. Wash the residue
twice with a small quantity of dilute sulphuric
acid solution followed by distilled water. Then
wash the residue with dilute ammonia solution
and finally wash the residue thoroughly with
water. After each washing, drain the crucible
with the aid of suction. Dry the residue to a
61
SP 15 (Part 1) : 1989
constant mass in an oven
and weigh.
at
105 f 3C, cool
Ma NOTE -
6.3 Similarly carry out the test

test specimen.
on the
other
mass of specimen
obtained
in 6.1.
7.2 Determine the percentage

cellulose fibre by difference.
of regenerated
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the percentage of cotton fibre in
each test specimen by the following formula
and determine the average :
Percentage
of cotton
100 x M, x d
M*
where
M, = mass of residue obtained in 6.2,
d = correction factor for the loss in

the analysis, and
62
8 REPORT
The report
mation:
shall include
the following infor-
b) Percentage of:
1) regenerated cellulose,
2) cotton, and
4 Number of specimens tested.
HANDBOOK
6F TBXTILB TESTING
Sl;l5
( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSE TRIACETATE AND

( source : IS 1564 : 1988 )
The use of different fibre blends in
necessitated
the
formulation
and
estimation of respective fibres. The
textiles has
of standard
quantitative
quantitative
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance to the textile technologists,

1 SCOPE
3.6 Desiccator

a method
for
quantitative
chemical analysis of binary mixtures in any textile form, such as fibre, yarn or
fabric of cellulose triacetate with cotton, wool,
silk, regenerated cellulose, regenerated protein,
polyamide, polyester, acrylic and glass fibres.
containin& self-indicating
drous calcium chloride.

be identified and the sample to be analysed should be

4 REAGENTS
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicalsshall
intended.
do not contain imuurities
which
affect the test
results.
2 PRINCIPLE
weighed. The cellulose triacetate in the sample
is dissolved. in dichloromethane
(methylene
chloride ). The residue, that is, the insoluble
component
is collected,
washed, dried and
weighed; its mass, ,corrected
if necessary, is
expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the
mixture. The percentage of triacetate
is found
by difference.
,
, ,
.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Conical Flask.
with a

150 microns
( porosity 1 ) and fitted with
ground-glass stopper is not available, the crucible should be enclosed in Weighing bottle for
weighing.
j
3.3 Ventilated Oven
for drying samples at 105 & 3C
3.4 Filter Flask
with connection to mter -pump and adaptor
enable the crucible (3.2). to be fitted to it.
to
<c/s,
i.:.
CAUTION
,A-
This reagent being toxic, needs full precautions

during its use.
The test shall be conducted
pheric conditions.
in prevailing atmosit is not
6 PREPARATION &? TEST SPECIMENS

the sample, after removing size and
finishes draw, a representative sample weighing
dissect the cloth into yarn pieces of about 10
mm length.
From
capable of weighing to -an aecutacy
4.1 Dichloromethane ( MethyleneChloride

of 200 I& minimum, capacity, provided

ground-glass-stopper.
1
PART 1, aCTION
silica gel or anhy-
of ,@OOO
2 g.
7 PROCEDURE
7.1 Take a test spe,cimen weighing about 1 g
from the pretreated sample ( see 6.1 ). Dry the
specimen kept in aweighing bottle in the drying
oven at 105 f 3C to, constant mass and obtain
the oven-dry m,ass of the specimen.
NOTE - The mass shall be-taken as constant
if the
7.2To the specimen contained in the conical

flask,. add 100 ml of dichloromethane
per gram
of the specimen. Insert the stopper, shake the
63
SP15(Partl):l!m
flask to wet. out the specimen, and allow the

flask to staxid for 30 niifititei, shaking it at int&ivals of about 10 minutes. Decant the Iiq$d
through the weighed filter crucible. Add 80 ml
of dichloromethane
to the residue in the flask,
shake it by hand, and filter the contents of the
flask through the filter crucible.
Transfer any
residual fibres to the crucible washing out the
flask with a little mare dichloromethabe.
Drain
the crucible with suction, refill the crucible with
dichloromethane
and allow it to drain under
gravity. Finally, drain the crucible with suction,
dry the crucible and residue at 105 f 3C to
constant mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh
them.
7.3 Similarly carry out
the test on the
other
specimen(s).
7.4 Calculations
Calculate the result on a clean dry mass .basis
as in 7.4.1 or clean dry mass with percentage
additions for moisture as in 7.4.2. or on clian
dry mass with percentage additions for moisture
and non-fibrous matter as in 7.4.3.
7.4.1
Methqd Based on Clean Dry Mass
Calculate the percentage ( P ) of clean

soluble compoqnt
by the formula:
P =
dry in-
!.
.:
-..
P=
percentage of clean dry insoluble

cbrhpbnent,
a F percentage
addition for moisture
to the soluble component, and
b== percentage addition for moisture
to thd insoluble component.
NOTES
1 The following
values for standard
regain of various fibres may be considered:
Fibre
moisture
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
Aramid ( safety apparel

fabrics )
i=otton
Polyamide ( nylon )
Polyester
Regenerated protein
Silk
Textile g[ass
Triacetate ( primary )
Viscose rayon ( regenerated
cellulose )
Wool
45
85
45
04
100
110
Zero
35
130
136

accepted as the commercial
moisture regain values
in the trade.
7.4.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with

Percentage Additions for Moisture and Non-fibrous
Matter
100 x ml x d
m0
Calculate the percentage ( PA ) of clean insoluble component in the mixture with percentage
additions
for moisture and non-fibrous matter
2 under 7.4.2 ):
where
m0 ml t
---wbere
_
dry mass of the specimen;

dry mass of the residue; and
d = correction
factor
of variation
in mass of the insoluble component in the reagent.
1 The value of d is found to be 101.
where
2 In the case of triacetate

that is not completely soluble
in the reagent,
the percentage
of
triacetate
calculated in the normal manner should be
multiplied by 102. The percentage of triacetate
thus
calculated
should be deducted
from 100 to give the
percentage of the other fibre.
Based on. Clean Dry

Percentage, Additions for MoGture
Mass
with
Calculate the percentage ( Paa ) of clean insoluble component with percentage additions for
Prd P
64
a*-J
I+q$~)+,oo-)[I+]
pA =G[
NOTES
7.4.2 Method
lOOxPx[l+
P = percentage
al =
a, =
bl =
bS =
of clean dry insoluble

component,
percentage
to the soluble component,
percentage
to the insoluble component,
addition
for
percentage
nonfibrous matter to the soluble component, and
addition
for
percentage
nonfibrous matter to the insoluble
component.
additions
NOTE - The percentage
matter may,be as agreed to between
the seller.
for non-fibrous
the buyer and
HANDBOOK OF TFXTIL3 TBSTING
c
-.
~-.
..-^
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
7.4.4 Find out the percentage
of soluble component by subtracting the value obtained in 7.4.1,

7.4.2 or 7.4.3 from 100.
8 REPORT
b) Method of calculation
7.4.2 or 7.4.3 );
used ( see 7.4.1,
c) Number of specimens tested; and

of component fibres in
d) The percentage
the mixture (individual and average ).
The report shall include the following:

a) Nature of material to be tested;
PART 1, SECTION c/s
65
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSE ACETATE AND

( Source
: IS 2176 : 1988)

necessitated
the
formulation
of standard

1 SCOPE
3 REAGENTS

two methods for
the quantitative
chemical analysis of binary
mixtures, in any textile form, sue-h as fibre, yarn
or fabric of secondary cellulose acetate with
cotton, wool, silk, regenerated
cellulose, regenerated protein, polyamide, polyester, acrylic
.and glass fibres.
NOTE - Before conducting an analysis according

to
freed from all non-fibrous matter.
Dye in the dyed

used where the use of water as a reagent is
intended.
NOTE do not
results.
Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals that

contain
impurities
3.1 Acetone
distilled between 55C and 57C.
1.2 The methods prescribed in this standard

are not applicable
to mixtures
containing
modacrylic
fibre, nor to mixtures containing
partially acetylated cellulose acetate fibres.
3.2 Glacial Acetic Acid
2 APPARATUS
Because of harmful effects, full

should be taken during its use.
2.1 Conical Flask
provided
with a

150 microns ( porosity 1 ) and provided with a
ground-glass stopper. If stopper is not available, the crucible should be enclosed in weighing
bottle for weighing.
maintaining
temperature
of
2.4 Filter Flask

with connection to filter pump and .a.daptor to
enable the crucible (2.2) to be fitted to it.
Prepared
by adding 80 ml of concentrated
ammonia solution ( specific gravity O-890 ) to
one litre with distilled water.
in
prevailing
it is not

removing size and
From the sample, after
sample weighing
about 1 g. Cut the yarn into pieces and dissect
the cloth into yarn pieces of approximately 10
mm length.
6 METHOD 1
-with an accuracy of PO00 2 g.

2.6 Desiccator
calcium chloride.
PART 1, SECTION C/6
precautions

2.3 Ventilated Oven
CAUTION

ground-glass stopper.
.capable of
105 f 3C.
distilled at 117C to 119C.
silica gel or anydrous
6.1 Principle
A sample of the mixture is dried and weighed.

The secondary cellulose acetate in the sample is
dissolved in acetone. The residue, that is, the
insoluble component,
is collected,
washed,
67
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
dried and weighed; its mass corrected if necessary, is expressed as a percentage
of the dry
mass of the mixture. The percentage of acetate
Calculate the percentage ( Paa) ,of clean insoluble component with percentage additions for
I+
6.2.2 To the specimen contained in the 200 ml

conical flask, add 100 ml of acetone per gram
of the specimen, shake the flask to wet out the
specimen and allow it to stand for 30 mitutes
at room temperature with intermittent shaking
and then decant the liquid through the weighed
filter crucible. Repeat the treatment twice more
( making three extractions
in all ) but for
periods of 15 minutes only, so that the total
time of treatment
in acetone is 1 hour. Wash
the residue into the filter crucible with acetone
and drain with suction. Refill the crucible with
acetone and allow it to drain under gravity.
Finally, drain the crucible with suction, dry the
crucible and residue at 105 & 3C to constant
mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh them.
6.2.3 Repeat the procedure
given in 6.2.1
and 6.2.2 for the remaining test specimen(s).
6.3 Calculations
Calculate the mass of the insoluble component
as a percentage of the total mass of fibre in the
mixture by the methods based on (a) clean dry
mass, (b) clean dry mass with percentage additions for moisture, or (c) clean dry mass with
percentage additions for moisture and nonfibrous matter as given in 6.3.1, 6.3.2 or 6.3.3
respectively.
Calculate the percentage ( P ) of clean
=
dry
100 x ml x d
m,
m, = the dry mass of the specimen;
ml
= the dry mass of the residue; and
NOTE -The
fibres.
the correction factor of variation

value of d is found
to be 100 for all
6.3.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with PerccenKtgeAdditions for Moisture
68
&)+(loo-PQ+
+)
P = the percentage

a - the percentage addition for moisture to the soluble component;
and
b - the percentage
addition for moisture to the insoluble component.
NOTES
1 The following
values for standard

moisture
regain
/
Standard Moisture
( Regain Percent )
Fibre
Acetate ( secondary )
65
Acrylic
Aramid ( safety apparel fabrics 1
Cotton
Polyamide ( Nylon )
Polyester
Silk
Textile glass
cellulose )
Wool
15
45
85
45
0.4
110
Zero
130
136

in the trade.
6.3.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture and Non-jbrous
Matter
Calculate the percentage ( PA ) ,of clean insoluble component in the mixture with percentage
by the following formula ( see also Notes 1 and 2
under 6.3.2 ):
1ooxP
where
1+ m)
where
NOTE - The mass shall be taken as constant if the

difference between any two successive weighings at an
interval of 20 minutes does not exceed 01 percent.
Paa=
6.2.1 Take one test specimen and dry it in a

weighing bottle at 105 f 3C to constant mass
and determine its oven-dry mass.
1OOxPx
6.2 PROCEDURE
1 +-lra,+&
PA=
,4+b,
l+ -rm-
+(100-P)
al+&
1+ __100
where
P = the pegcentage
ofclean dry insoluble component;

addition for moisaI = the percentage
we to th -soluble component;
aa = the percentage addition for moisture to the ins&Me component;
HANDBOOK DB TEXTILE TBSTING
SP 15( Part 1):1989
bt = the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the soluble component; and
bz = the percentage
addition for nonfibrous matter
to the insoluble
component.
matter may be as agreed
the seller.
additions
for non-fibrous
to between the buyer and
6.4 Find out the percentage

nent by difference.
7 METHOD
of soluble
compo-
7.1 Principle
liquid through
the weighed filter crucible.
Transfer the residue to the filter crucible, drain
with suction and rinse the crucible and residue
with 100 ml of glacial acetic acid. Drain the
crucible with suction and wash the residue on
the filter successively hot water, dilute ammonia
solution and finally cold water. After each
rinse., allow the liquor to drain through the
crucible for 2 minutes before draining with
suction. (Do not apply suction until each washing liquor has drained under gravity. ) Dry the
crucible and residue at 105 & 3C temperature
to constant mass, cool in a desiccator and
weigh them.
7.2.3 Repeat
the procedure
given in 7.2.1

The secondary cellulose acetate in the sample
is dissolved in glacial acetic acid. The residue,
that is the insoluble component,
is collected,
washed, dried and weighed, its mass corrected
dry mass of the mixture. The percentage
of
acetate is found by difference.
8 REPORT
7.2 Procedure
Follow the procedure

and 6.2.2.
7.2.1
described
in 6.2.1
1.2.2 To the specimen contained in the conical

flask, add 100 ml of glacial acetic per gram of
the specimen. Insert the stopper, shake the
flask for 10 minutes on mechanical
shaker at
room temperature.
Decant
the supernatant
PART
1, SECTION
C/6
7.3 Calculations
Calculate
the results as described
7.4 Find the percentage

by difference.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
of second
in 8.3.
component
Nature of material tested,

Method used ( see 6 or 7 ),
Method of calculation used ( see 6,3 ),
Number of specimens tested, and
The percentage of component fibres in
69
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSE TRIACETATE AND

SECONDARY CELLULOSE ACETATE
( Source : IS 2177 : 1988 )
necessitated
the
formulation
of standard
and quantitative
estimation of respective fibres. The quantita-
tive analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of

considerable importance to the textile technologists, traders and consumers.
1. SCOPE
3. REAGENTS

two methods for
the quantitative chemical analysis of mixtures
of cellulose triacetate with secondary cellulose
acetate fibres in any textile form, such as fibre,
yarn or fabric.

be identified and the sample to be analysed should
be freed from all non-fibrous
matter. Dye in the
dyed fibre is considered to be an integral part of the
fibre and is not to be removed.

intended.
do not contain
impurities
results.
3.1 Aqueous Acetone Solution

containing 700 ml of acetone ( distilled
tween 55 and 57C ) per litre of solution.
2. APPARATUS
be-
3.2 Benzyl Alcohol
2.1 Conical Flask

provided
with a

of appropriate capacity with a pore size of 90 to
ground-glass stopper. If stopper is not available, the crucible should b: enclosed in weighing bottle for weighing.
2.3 Ventilated Oven
for drying samples at 105 f
3.3 Ethyl Ether
3C.

NOTE necessary
in
prevailing
Since dry masses are determined,

to condition the sample.
5 PREPARATION
it is not
OF TEST SPECIMENS
From the sample, after

removing size and
sample weighing about 2 to 3 g. Cut the yarn into pieces and
dissect the cloth into yarn pieces of about 10
mm length.
2.4 Filter Flask

enable the crucible ( see 2.2 ) to be fitted to
filter flask.
capable of
0~000 2 g.
weighing
to
an
accuracy
of
2.6 Desiccator
calcium chloride.
silica gel or anhydrous
6 METHOD 1
6.1 Principle
6.1.1 A sample of the mixture is dried and
weighed. The secondary cellulose acetate in
the sample is dissolved in 70 percent aqueous
acetone solution. The residue, that is, cellulose
triacetate,
is collected,
washed,
dried and
weighed; its mass corrected if necessary,
is
expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of
the mixture. The percentage of secondary cellulose acetate is found by difference.
6.2 Procedure

2.8 Thermostatic Water-bath
PART 1, SBCTION
C/7
6.2.1 Take a test specimen weighing about 1 g

from the pre-treated sample ( see 5.1 ). Dry the
71
SP 15 ( Part 1) : l9989
specimen kept in a weighing bottle at 105f3C

to constant mass, cool it in a dessicator and
weigh it to obtain the clean dry mass of the
specimen.
where
P = the percentage

a = the percentage addition
for moisture to the soluble component; and
b = the percentage
addition for moisture to the insoluble component.


flask, add 80 ml of aqueous acetone per gram
of specimen, shake the flask for 1 hour on a
mechanical shaker, and then decant the liquid
through the weighed filter crucible. Add 60 ml
of aqueous acetone to the residue in the flask,
shake by hand and decant the liquid through
the filter crucible. Repeat this treatment twice
more, on the last occasion transferring
the
fibres to the crucible with aqueous acetone and
drain with suction. Refill the crucible with
aqueous acetone and allow it to drain under
gravity. Finally, drain the crucible with suction,
dry the crucible and residue at 105 f 3C to
constant mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh
them.
6.2.3 Similarly carry out the test on the other
test specimen(s).
6.3 Calculations
1 The follqwing values for standard

Fibre

( P) of clean
dry
100 x ml x d
m.
the dry mass of the specimen;

ml = the dry mass of the residue; and
b = the correction factor of variation
in mass of the insoluble component in reagent.
The value of d is found
to be 101 for all

centage Addtions for Moisture
with Per-
Calculate the percentage (PM ) of cIean insoluble component with percentage additions for
1ooXPX(1+
72
65
35

the trade.
6. 3.3 Methcd Eased on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture and Nonjibrous Matter
lOOXPX[
PA=
P,[
&)+
(100-P)
-&J
(1+
1+*-j
l+~~]t(loo-P)[
1+*-j
P = the percentage
al =
a, =
m, =
P(l+
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
Acetate ( secondary )
where
pbf=
regain
where
NOTE fibres.
moisture
2 under 6.3.2 ) :
Calculate the result on a clean dry mass basis

as in 6.3.1 or clean drg mass with percentage
additions for moisture as in 6.3.2 or on clean
PC.
NOTES
-$)
bl =
b, =

the percentage addition for moisture to the soluble component;
the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component;
the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the soluble component; and
the percentage
addition for nonfibrous matter to the insoluble
component.

the seller.
additions
for non-fibrous

nent by difference.
of second
compo-
7 METHOD 2
7.1 Principle
A sample of the mixture is dried

The secondary cellulose acetate
is dissolved in benzyl alcohol.
that is the cellulose triacetate,
and weighed.
in the sample
The residue,
is collected,
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
dry mass of the mixture. The percentage of
acetate is found by difference.
7.2 Procedure
7.2.1 Take a specimen weighing about 1 g from
the pre-treated
sample (see 5.1). Dry the
specimen kept in a weighing bottle at 105 f 3C
temperature
to constant mass, cool in a dessicator and weigh it to obtain the clean dry mass
of the specimen.
NOTE - The mass shall be taken as constant
if the
an interval
of 20 minutes
does not exceed 01
percent.

flask, add 100 ml of benzyl alcohol per gram of
the specimen. Insert the stopper, shake the
flask vigorously on the mechanical shaker so
that it plunges into the water bath, kept at a
temperature
of 52 f 2C. Shake the flask for
20 f 1 minutes at this temperature.
Filter the
contents of the flask through the weighed filter
crucible.
Replace the residue in the flask by
means of forceps, add to the flask a fresh portion
of 100 ml benzyl alcohol and shake as before at
a temperature
of 52 f 2C for 20 f 1 minutes.
Filter the contents of the flask through the
same weighed filter crucible and repeat the
cycle a third time with 100 ml of benzyl alcohol. Pour the liquid and the residue into the
PART
1, SECTION
C/7
same weighed filter crucible, wash any fibres

from the flask into the crucible with an extra
quantity of benzyl alcohol at a temperature
of
52 f 2C. Drain the crucible with suction.
Transfer the fibres into a flask, rinse with ethyl
decant
ether and, after manual shaking,
through the same tilter crucible. Repeat this
rinsing operation
three times. Transfer the
residue into the same filter crucible. Finally,
drain the crucible with suction, dry the crucible
and residue at 105 f 3C to constant mass,
cool in a dessicator and weigh them.
7.2.3 Similarly carry out the test on the other
test specimen(s).
7.3 Calculations
Calculate the results as given in 6.3, 6.3.1, 6.3.2,
6.3.3 and 6.4.
NOTE fibres.
8
The value of d is found
to be 100 for all
REPORT
4 Nature of material tested,

b) Method used ( see 6 or 7 ),
4 Method of calculation used ( see 6.3 and
4
4
7.3 );
Number of specimens tested, and
The percentage of component fibres in
13
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF NYLON 6 OR NYLON 6.6 FIBRES

AND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES
( Source : IS
2005 : 1988 )

of standard
necessitated
the
formulation
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance to f the textile technologists,

1 SCOPE
3 REAGENTS
.
This standard
prescribes
two methods. for
the quantitative
chemical analysis of bmary
mixtures of nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 with cotton,
regenerated cellulose, polyester, polypropylene,
chloro fibre, acrylic or glass fibres in any form,
such as fibre, yarn or fabric. It is applicable also
to mixtures with wool, but when the wool content exceeds 20 percent, the method prescribed
in IS 2006 : 1988 should be followed.
freed from all non-fibrous matter.
Dye in the dyed

used where the use of water as reagent is
intended.
do not contain impurities which affect the test results.
3.1 Formic Acid

80 percent ( m/m ).
2 APPARATUS
Prepared
by diluting 80 ml of concentrated
ammonia solution ( specific gravity 0890 ) to 1
litre with distilled water.
2.1 Conical Flask

provided with a

of appropriate capacity with pore size of 9.0 to
ground-glass stopper. If stopper is not available,
the crucible should be enclosed in weighing
2.3 Ventilated Oven
2.4 Filter Flask

with connection to filter pump and adaptor
enable the crucible ( 2.2 ) to be fitted to it.
to
of OWO 2 g.
2.6 Desiccator
PART
Shaker
7, SECTION C/8
in
prevailing

necessary to condition
the sample.
5 PREPARATION
it is not
OF TEST SPECIMENS
6 METHOD 1
6.1 Principle
2.7 Mechanical


finishes draw a representative sample weighing
10 mm length.
for drying samples at 105 f 3C.
calcium chloride.
18 percent ( m/m ).
silica gel or anhydrous

The polyamide in the sample is dissolved in 80
percent formic acid. The residue, that is, the
insoluble component, is collected, washed, dried
and weighed; its mass corrected if necessary, is
mixture. The percentage of nylon 6 or nylon 6.6
75
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
6.2 Procedure
6.2.1 Take a specimen
weighing about 1 g and

dry it in a weighing bottle at 105 f 3C to
constant mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh it
to obtain the oven-dry mass of the specimen.
6.2.3 Similarly carry

specimen(s).
out the
test with other
6.3 Calculations
-additions for moisture as in 6.3.2 or on clean
Calculate the percentage (P) of clean dry insoluble component by the formula:
P =
100 x m, x d
m.
where
m, = the dry mass of the specimen;
d
NOTE -
= the correction
factor of variation
p ( l+
Calculate the percentage ( Px ) of clean insoluble component with percentage additions for
76
)+
100
b
WJ
(100-P)
(1+
*)
where
P = the percentage
of clean dry insolu-
ble component;
a = the percentage
addition for moisture to the soluble component; and
b = the percentage
qddition for moisture to the insoluble component.
NOTES
1
The following values for standard

Fibre
Acetate
( secondary
moisture
regain
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
65
15
Acrylic
fabrics )
Cotton
Modacrylic
Polyamide ( nylon )
Polyolifin
Polyester
Polyvinylidene
chloride
Polyurethane1 ( spandex )
Silk
Textile glass
Vinyl ( acetal of polyvinyl
alcohol )
Vinyon ( polyvinyl chloride )
cellulose )
45
85
04
45
Zero
04
Zero
13
110
Zero
35
45
Zero
130
136
Wool

in the trade.
6.3.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture and Non-fibrous
Matter
2 under 6.3.2 ):
6.3.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture
1+
P&l=


flask, add 100 ml of formic acid ( see 3.1) per
gram of the specimen, insert the stopper, shake
the flask to wet out the specimen and allow the
flask to stand for 15 minutes, shaking at intervals. Filter the contents of the flask through a
weighed filter crucible and transfer any residual
fibres to the crucible by washing out the flask
with a little mor e formic acid ( see 3.1 ). Drain
the crucible with suction and wash the residue
on the filter successively with formic acid
( see 3.1 ), hot water, dilute ammonia solution
and finally cold water, draining the crucible
with suction after each addition. (Do not apply
suction until each washing liquor has drained
under gravity. ) Finally, drain the crucible with
suction, dry the crucible and residue at 105 ;L
3C to constant mass, cool in a desiccator and
weigh them.
1OOxPx
1OOxPx
PA = Px
1+*
l+T
as+&
+(100-P)
1+
a#]
HANDBOOK Ok TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
where
PE
al =
a, =
bl =
bs =
the percentage of clean dry insoluble component;

the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the soluble component; and
the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the insoluble
component.

additions
for non-fibrous
matter may be as agreed to between the buyer and the
seller.
6.3.4 Find out the percentage

component by difference.
of second
soluble
7 METHOD 2
per gram of the specimen. Insert the stopper,

shake the flask to wet out the specjmen and
allow the flask to stand for 15 minutes at room
temperature,
shaking at intervals.
Filter the
contents of the flask through a weighed filter
crucible and transfer any residual fibres to the
crucible by washing out the flask with a little
more hydrochloric
acid solution.
Drain the
crucible with suction and wash the residue on
the filter succeessively with hydrochloric
acid
solution, hot water, dilute ammonia solution
and finally cold water, draining the crucible
with suction after each addition. ( Do not apply
suction,
dry the crucible
and residue at
105 _I: 3C to constant mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh them.
the procedure
given in 7.2.1
7.2.3 Repeat
7.3 Calculations
7.1 Principle
The nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 in the mixture is dissolved in 18 percent ( m/m ) ( 5.36 N ) ( sp gr
at 20C = 1.087 8 ) hydrochloric
acid. The
residue, that is the insoluble component,
is
collected, washed, dried and weighed; its mass
corrected if necessary, is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the mixture. The percentage of nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 is found by
difference.
7.2 Procedure
7.2.1 Follow the procedure
described
in 6.2.1.
7.2.2 To the sp,ecimen contained in the conical

flask, add 100 ml of hydrochloric acid (see 3.3 )
PART 1 ) SECTION c/8
Calculate the percentages of component fibres

in the mixture by the methods specified in
6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3 and 6.3.4.
8 REPORT
8.1 The report shall include the following:
.
b) Method
used ( see 6 or 7 );
Method
of calculation
used ( see 6.3
Cl
and 7.3 ).
4 The percentage of component fibres in
77
BINARY MIXTURES OF ACRYLIC, CERTAIN MODACR-Y&@S

._
(
ANil. . CERTA!N
OTHER FIBRES
. I _
necessitated
the .formulation
of standard
methods for .identification and quantitative
estimation of respective*fibres. The quantitative
analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of considerable importance to tbe textile technologists,

__
:
,.
I
,~_,
1
. .
1 SCOPE
2.6 Desiccator
methods for
1.1 This -standard presciibss.two
the quantitative . chemical analysis of binary
mixtures of acrylic; modacrylic fibres with wool,
silk, cotton,
polyamide,
polyester,
viscose,
cupro, modal or glass fibres. It is suitable for
application to fibres in any textile form, such as
fibre, yarn or fabric: Method 2 is not applicable
to acrylic fibr es containing cellulosic fibres, silk
and polyamide ( nylon ).
drous calcium chloride,
1.2 It is applicable to acrylic fibres dyed with

premetalized dyes but not to those dyed with
after-chrome
dyes. It covers only those modacrylic fibres which are completely soluble in
dimethylformamide
( DME ).
NOTE -Before
conducting an analysis according
to
this standard the fibres present in the mixture should
2 APPARATUS

provided
with a

of appropriate capacity with a pore size of 90
to 150 microns ( porosity 1) and provided with
a ground-glass stopper. If stopper is not available the crucible should be enclosed in weighing
2<3 Ventilated Oven
2.4 Filter Flask
gel or anhy-

3REAGENTS
,L.

intended.
NOTE - Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals
do not contain
impurities
which affect the
results.
that
test
3.1 Dimethylformamlde
boiling point 152 to 154C.
3.2 Sulplmric Acid Solution
3.3 Dilute Sulphuric Acid Solution

5 percent ( mlm ).
Prepared by diluting 80 ml of concentrated
ammonia solution ( sp. gr. 0.89) to 1 Iitre with
distilled water_
4 TESTING CONDITIONS,
in prevailing

it is not
5 PREPARATION OF ,TEST SPECIMENS

enable the crucible ( see 2.2 ) to be fitted to it.
PART 1, SECTIONC/
silica
,
80 percent( m/m ).
2.1 Conical Flask
capable of weighing.to
,i.;
an accuracy of OWO 2 g.
5.1 From the sample, aft6 removing size and

finishes draw a representative: sample weighing
about 2 to 3 g. Cut ,the yarn into pieces and
dissect the cloth. into yarn pieces of about
10 mm length.
z
79
SP 15 (Part 1 j :I%9
6 METWXWl-.
6.2.4 Repeat the procedbre prescribed

in 6.2.1
to 6.2.3 with the remaining test specimen(s).
6.1 Principle
6.3 Calculations
The acrylic or modacrylic fibres in the mixture
are dissolved in dimethylformamide,
at 90 to
95C. The residue, that is, insoluble component,
is collected, washed, dried and weighed; its
mass, corrected if necessary, is expressed as a
percentage of the dry mass of the mixture. The
percentage of acrylic or modacrylic is found by
difference.

Calculate the percentage (P) of clean dry insoluble component by the formula:
PP
100 x ml x d
m0
where
6.2 Procedure
m. - the dry mass of the specimen;
6.2.1 Take a test specimen weighing about 1 g

from the pretreated sample ( see 5.1). Dry the
specimen in a weighing bottle at 105 f 3C to
constant mass, cool it in a dessicator and obtain
the oven-dry mass of the specimen.
if the
interval of.20 minutes does not exceed 01 percent.
6.2.2 Put all the pieces into a 200-ml conical

flask, and add 80 ml of dimethylformamide
per
gram of the specimen. Insert the stopper, shake
the flask to wet out the specimen and heat for
10 minutes at 90 to 95% in a water-bath. Shake
gently the contents of the flask five times during
this period. Decant the solution through the
tared sintered glass filter crucible. Filter the
contents of the flask through the filter crucible
by means of suction. Add 60 ml of dimethylformamide to the residue in the flask, shake by
hand and decant the liquid through the filter
crucible. Transfer the fibres, remaining in the
flask, to the crucible by washing out the .flask
with distilled water. Apply suction to the crucible to remove excess water. Wash the residue
twice with water by filling the crucible, allowing
it to drain under gravity and then draining with
suction.
6.2.3 If the residue consists of polyamide or
polyester, dry the crucible
and residue at
105 f 3C and cool and weigh them. If the
residue is viscose rayon, cotton, silk or wool,
transfer it with forceps to a 200-ml conical flask.
Add 160 ml of distilled water and shake vigorously, intermittently
for 5 minutes. Decant
through the filter crucible and r epeat the washing process three times more. After the last
washing, filter the contents of the flask through
the crucible by means of suction. Transfer the
fibres remaining in the flask to the crucible by
washing with distilled water and apply suction
to-the crucible. Dry the crucible and residue at
105 f 3C, cool in a desiccator
and weigh
them. Determine
the oven-dry mass of the
residue.
*
80

d = the correction factor of variation
NOTg - Suitable values of d
are as follows:
Fibre
Cotton
Nylon 6 or 66
Polyester
Silk
Wool
100
101
102
100
101
Viscose rayon, cupro,
modal
101
6.3.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with

Percentage Additionsfor Moisture
Calculate the percentage (PM) of clean insoluble component with percentage additions for
lOOXPX(
1+&)
PMP
1+&-
)+(100-J-$
I++)
where
P = the percentage of clean dry insoluble component;
a =

and
b== the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component.

NOTES
1 The following
values
for standard
regain of various fibres may be considered:
HANDBOOK
OF TEXflLE
moisture
TESTING
;,
----___._..
if-
SP 15 ( Part 1) 1989
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
Fibre
150
Acrylic
fabrics )
Cotton
Modacrylic
Polyamide ( nylon 1
Polyester
Silk
Textile glass
Viscose rayon, cupro, modal
Wool
850
040
450
040
1100
Zero
1300
1360
7.2 Procedure
6.3.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture and Non-Jbrous
Matter
Calculate the percentage ( Pa ) of clean insoluble component

in the mixture with percentage
by the following formula ( see also Notes 1
and ,2 under 6.3.2 ).
PA=
Pxr
l+T W-b~
+t100-P)[
1+*1
where
P =
al =
a8 =
the percentage of clean

luble component;
dry inso-

bl = the percentage
addition (for nonfibrous matter to the soluble component; and
b, = the percentage
addition for nonfibrous matter

to the insoluble
component.
NOTE - The percentage addition for non-fibrous

the seller.

nent by difference.
PART
1, SECTION
C/9
of second
7.1 Principle

The acrylic or modacrylic fibres in the mixture
are dissolved in 80 percent ( m/m ) sulphuric
acid solution at room temperature
for 30
minutes. The residue, that is, the insoluble component,
is collected,
washed,
dried
and
weighed;
its mass corrected
if necessary, is
the mixture. The percentage of acetate is found
by difference.
450

the trade.
1OOxPx
7 METHOD 2
compo-
given in 6.2.1.
7.2.2 Put all the pieces into a 200-ml conical

flask and add 100 ml of 80 percent ( m/m )
sulphuric acid ( sp. gr. l-725 ) per gram of the
specimen. Insert the stopper, shake the flask
to wet out the specimen and allow to stand at
room temperature for 30 minutes shaking it at
intervals.
Filter the contents
of the flask
through a weighed filter crucible and transfer
any residual fibres to the crucible by washing
out the flask with a little more sulphuric acid.
Drain the crucible with suction and wash the
residue on the filter successively with dilute
sulphuric acid ( 5 percent ), hot water, dilute
and finally cold water,
ammonia solution,
draining the crucible with suction after each
addition. ( Do not apply suction until each
washing liquor has drained under gravity. )
described in 6.2.3.
7.2.4 Repeat
the
procedure given in 7.211
7.3 Calculations
Calculate the p&cent of component fibres in
the mixture as prescribed in 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3
and 6.4 taking the value of correction
factor d
as 0.947 for wool and 1.00 for all other fibres.
8 REPORT
8.1 The report
shall include the following:

b) Method used ( see 6 or 7 );
c) Method of calculation used ( see 6.3 or
7.3 );
e) The percentage
of component
fibres in
81
.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES
OF POLYPROPYLENE
AND POLYETHYLENE
( Source : IS 11870: 1986)

textiles; such a mixture may be composed of
types of natural fibres or both. The composition of mixtures of textile fibres is governed by
the ultimate use to which the textile materials
are to be put.
used for different purposes. The use of different

fibres in textile mixtures has necessitated
the
formulation of standard methods of identification and quantitative
estimation of fibres in
mixtures. For the textile technologist as well as
for the trader and the mnsumer, the quantitative analysis of textile fibres in mixtures is of
considerable importance.
Mixtures of textile fibres are, being increasingly
1 SCOPE
4.4 Filter Flask
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for the

quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures in any textile form such as fibre, yarn or
fabric of polypropylene and polyethylene.
with connection to filter pump and adapter

enable the crucible (see 5.2 ) to be fitted
filter flask.

free from all non-fibrous
fibres is considered
to be an integral part of fibre
2 PRINCIPLE
1
Al A sample of the mixture
is dri@ and
weighed.
Then polypropylene
fibres in the
sample are dissolved in cyclohexanone at 145C.
The residue, that is polyethylene is collected,
washed, dried and weighed. From these two
weighings, the proportion of polypropylene and
polyethylene in the sample is calculated.
3 ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
ing atmospheric conditions.
in the prevail-
to
to

capable of weighing to an accuracy of O*OOO
2 g.
4.6 Drying Oven
capable
of
105 f 3C.
maintaining
temperature
of
4.7 Desiccator
4.8 Cyclobexanone
distilled quality.
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMEN
5.1 From the sample after removing size and

sample weighing
about 2 to 3 g.
4.1 Flat Bottom Flask
5.1.1 Take one test specimen of about 1 g. If

the sample under analysis is yarn or fibre, cut
the test specimen into pieces of approximately
25 mm length. If the sample under analysis is
fabric, dissect the test specimen into yarns and
cut the yarns into pieces of approximately 25
mm length.
of 500 ml capacity with a glass stopper.
5.1.2 Draw at least two test specimens.
6 PROCEDURE
NOTE necessary
Since dry weights are determined,

to condition the sample.
it is not
4 APPARATUS AND REAGENT

4.3 Heating Arrangement
for heating the flask and capable
ing a temperature up to 150C.
PART 1, SECTION c/lo
of maintain-
6.1 Take one of the test specimen of about 1 g

from the pretreated
sample ( see 5 ) and put it
in the weighing bottle. Dry the pieces of the
test specimen at 105 f 3C in the oven ( for
about three hours ) to constant mass, cool it in
a desiccator and determine its oven-dry mass.
6.2 Put all the pieces in the 500-ml flat bottom
flask. Add required quantity of cyclohexanone
83
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
to give material to liquor ratio of 1 : 100 and
heat the flask and maintain the temperature
50 to 60C for some time and then slowly raise
the temperature to 145C. Allow the mixture to
stand in this condition for about 10 minutes,
until the polypropylene is completely dissolved.
6.3 Remove the flask from the heating source
and filter the solution through sintered glass
filter crucible. The polyethylene portion will be
left as residue.
6.4 Wash the residue with hot cyclohexanone
and dry it at 105 f 3C for 1 hour. Cool in a
desiccator and determine the oven-dry mass of
the residue.
6.5 Test the other test specimen
in 6.1 to 6.4.
also as given
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the percentage, by mass, of polyethylene in the test specimen by the following
83
formula:
Percent by mass, of polyethylene in the test specimen
=&
100
where
F - oven dry-mass of the residue of
polyethylene ( see 6.4 ) ; and
W = oven-dry mass of the specimen
(see 6.1).
7.2 Determine the average of the two readings.
7.3 Determine the percentage weight of polypropylene by subtracting from 100 the value
obtained in 7.2.
8 REPORT
8.1 The report
information:
shall
include
the
following
b) Percentage of component fibres, and
c) Number of test specimens tested.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF PROTEIN FIBRE WITH CERTAIN

OTHER NON-PROTEIN FIBRES
.
( Source : IS 2006 : 1988 )
necessitated
the formulation
of standard
and quantitative
s of consianalysis of textile fibres in mixtures

derable importance to the textile technologists,
1 SCOPE
3.2 Desiccator

a method for
quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures; in any textile form such as fibre, yarn or
fabric; of one protein fibre with certain nonportein fibres as follows:
3.3 Drying Oven
a) Protein Fibres - Wool, chemically treated

wool, raw and degummed silk, raw and
bleached tussah silk, mohair, cashmere,
regenerated
protein
fibres based on
casien; and
b) Non-protein Fibres - Cotton, regenerated

cellulose, chlorofibres, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene and glass.
of 250 ml capacity
stopper.
1.2 If several
protein fibres are present, the

method specified in this standard gives the total
of their amounts but not their individual
quantities.
the method, the fibres present in the mixture should
be identified and the sample to be analyed should be
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A sample of the mixture is dried and weighed. The protein fibre is dissolved in sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution of
a given strength. The residue, that is, the
insolube component, is collected, washed, dried
and weighed. The loss in mass of the specimen
the material gives the percentage of protien
fibre. The percentage of other component is
calculated by difference.
I
silica gel or anhy-

3.5 Conical Flask
fitted
with
ground-glass

3.7 Filter Flask
enable the crucible ( see 3.1) to be fitted to it.
4 REAGENTS
intended.
results.
4.1 Alkali Solution

potassium or sodium hydroxide
cent ( m/m) .
solution, 5 per-
3 APPARATUS
5 percent ( m/m ).
3.1 Sintered Glass Crucible
5 ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS


PART 1, SECTION c/ 11
of O*OOO
2 g.
in prevailing

it is not
85
SP lS(Part1):1989
d
the correction factor of variation

6.1 From the sample,
after removing size and

sample weighing
10 mm length.
7 PROCEDURE
specimen weighing about 1 g

specimen kept in a weighing bottle in the drying oven at 105 f 3C to constant mass and
obtain the oven dry mass of the specimen.
an interval of 20 minutes does not exceed 01
percent.
7.2 To the specimen contained in the conical

flask, add 100 ml of sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide solution per gram of the
specimen, previously boiled to expel air. Boil
for 10 minutes. Filter the contents of the flask
any residual fibres to the crucible washing out
the flask with a little more sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide solution. Drain the crucible with suction and wash the residue on the
filter successively with hot distilled water,
dilute acetic acid solution and finally cold
distilled water, draining the crucible with
suction after each addition. (Do not apply
and residue at
suction, dry the crucible
105 + 3C to constant mass, cool in a desiccator
and weigh them.
Potassium
Hydroxide
Sodium
Hydroxide
Cotton
7.1 Take a test
106
105
104
101
100
Viscose rayon
Polyester
Polyamide
Other fibres
105
104
102
100
100
7.4.2 Method Based on Clean Dry

Percentage Addition for Moisture
7.4 Calculations
additions for moisture as in 7.4.2 or on clean
and non-fibrous matter as in 4.3.
Calculate
the percentage
(P ) of clean dry
insoluble component
( non-protein fibre ) by
the formula:
p =
100 x ml x d
mO
where
m0 = the dry mass of the specimen;
ml - the dry mass of the residue; and
86
Mass with
Calculate the percentage ( Pnaj of clean insoluble component ( non-protein fibre ) with percentage additions for moisture, by the formula:
1OOxPx
PmP(l+
1+ &
-&)+(lOO-P)(l+
-&-)
where
P = the percentage
ble component;
a = the percentage
ture
and
to
the
addition for moissoluble component;
b = the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component.

NOTES
1 The following
7.3 Test the remaining test specimen(s) by the

procedure described in 7.1 and 7.2.
d for
factors
NOTE - The values of correction
various textile fibres are given below:
of various
values for standard

fibres may be considered:
moisture
regain
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
Fibre
-4cetate ( secondary 1
fabrics 1
Cotton
Polyamide ( nylon 1
Polyolefin
Polyester
Polyvinylidene
chloride
Polyurathane
Regenerated
protein
Silk
Textile glass
Triacetate ( primary 1
Vinal (acetal of polyvinyl
alcohol )
Vinyon ( polyvinyl chloride
Viscose rayon
Wool
90
45
85
45
Zero
04
Zero
13
100
110
Zero
35
45
)
Zero
130
136
SP lS(Part
2
The standard moisture regain values are generally

moisture
regain values
in the trade.
7.4.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for
Matter
Moisture
and Non-fibrous
Calculate the percentage ( Pn ) of clean insoluble component in the mixture with percentage
2 under 7.4.2 ):
aa + bs
100
PA=
_!!5?&]+(1~-p)[~+
53&L]
bl -
1):1989
the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the soluble comnonent: and
bB = the
percentage
fibrous matter
component.
addition for nonto the insoluble
NOTE - The percentage additions

for non-fibrous
the seller.
7.4.4 Find out the zlercentage of soluble

ponent ( protein fib;e ) by d%ference.
com-
* REPoRT
8.1The report shall include the following:

where
P = the percentage
ble component;
al 1=1the percentage
addition for moisture to the soluble component;
aa = the percentage
addition for moisture to the insoluble component;
PART 1, SECTION c/11

b) Method of calculation used
7.4.2 or 7.4.3 );
( see 7.4.1,
c) Number of specimens tested; and

fibres in
d) The percentage of component
87
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF MANILA AND SISAL FIBRES

(Source
: IS 2727
: 1964 )
Mixture of textile fibres are being increasingly

used for different purposes, The use of the
different fibres intextile mixture has necessitated the formulation
of standard methods for
identification
and quantitative
estimation of
fibres in mixtures. For the textile technologists

as well as the trader and the consumer, the
quantitative analysis of textile fibres in mixture
is of considerable importance.
1 SCOPE
5.2 Ventilated Oven

quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixture
of manila and sisal fibres in any form, such as
fibre yarn, rope or fabric,
f or drying
110C.
,2 PRINCIPLE
of 250 ml capacity,
condenser.

weighed, The sample is treated with calcium
hypochlorite
solution for 10 minutes. Bright
colours are developed on fibres, deep orange on
manila fibres and lemon yellow on sisal fibres.
Using the difference in colour, the components
are separated in wet condition and dried. The
weight of manila component in the sample is
determined and the proportion of manila fibres
in the sample is calc<lated.
3 ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS

room conditions.
in ordinary
NOTE - Since dry weights are determined,

necessary to condition the sample,
4 PREPARATION
it is
not
4.1 If the sample under analysis is yarn or

fibres, draw from the different portions of the
test sample 3 or 4 tufts, each weighing about
1 g. Cut the yarn or fibres so obtained into small
pieces of 10 to 15 mm in length and mix them
well. Draw at least three test specimens, each
weighing about O-5 g.
4.2 If the sample under analysis is rope or
fabric, cut out from the different portions of the
test sample 3 or 4 pieces each weighing about
1 g. Dissect these pieces into yarn and cut the
yarn so obtained into small pieces of 10 to 15
mm in length and mix them well. Draw at least
three test specimens, each weighing about O-5 g.
5.1 Beakers
of 250 ml capacity.
PART 1, SECTION
C/12
at approximately
105 to
5.3 Conical Flask

fitted
with cold finger

6 REAGENTS
used where the use of water or distilled water as
a reagent is intended.
mental results.

which affect the experi-
6.1 Calcium Hypochlorite Solution
OF TEST SPECIMEN
5 APPARATUS
samples
containing
3.5 g of available chlorine per litre.
6.2 Nitric Acid

5 percent ( m/v ).
6.3 Ethyl Alcohol
7 PROCEDURE
7.1 Take one test specimen drawn as in 4.1
or 4.2. Extract the test specimen with ethylalcoho1 or any other suitable solvent in Soxhlet
apparatus to remove all oily matter present
( see Note ). Put the extracted test specimen in
a beaker and boil it with water for 30 minutes.
Remove the pieces of test specimen from the
beaker and dry them at 105 to 110C.
NOTE - Generally eight extractions
remove all oily matter.
are necessary
to
7.2 Take in a conical flask about 150 ml of

nitric acid and heat it to boil. Put all the dried
pieces into the conical flask and place immediately on the conical
Bask a cold finger
89
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
condenser. Boil the contents of the flask exactly
for 2 minutes. Remove the condenser and wash
thoroughly the pieces with water till all the
traces of acid are removed.
7.3 Divide the washed test specimen into two

or three smaller parts. Put each part in 250-ml
beakers and treat each part with calcium hypochlorite solution ( see 6.1) with the material to
liquor ratio of about 1 : 100. Shake the contents
of each beaker at intervals for 10 minutes.
Decant the liauid after distinct bright colours
are developed on fibres ( see Note 1 )r Wash the
fibres with distilled water. Separate the two
components in each part in wet condition. Mix
all manila fibres and sisal fibres senaratelv
obtained from the different smaller parts. Drythe components separately at 105 to 110C to
constant weight ( see Note 2 ) and weigh them
accurately.
NOTES
1
After the treatment

deep orange
and lemon
yellow colours are developed on manila and sisal
fibres respectively.
2 While drying, the components
complete separation.
are
checked
for
7.4 Calculate. the percentage,

by weight, of
manila fibre in the test specimen by the formula
90
given below :
Percentage, by weight
of manila fibres in the
test specimen
where
Wl
w+w,
100
w, = oven dry weight of manila fibres,

and
W, P oven dry weighfof
sisal fibras.
NOTE - The loss sustained in chemical treatments

is practically
the same for both the manila and sisal
fF;% when the test specimen is treated as in 7.1
. .
7.5 Repeat the procedure prescribed in 7.1 to 7.3

with the remaining test specimens. Calculate
the percentage, by weight, of manila fibres in
each case from the formula given in 7.4.
7.6 Calculate the average of the values obtained
in 7.4 and 7.5.
8
REPORT
8.1 Report the average of the values as obtained in 7.6 as the percentage, by weight, of manila
fibres in the lot.
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
BINARY
MIXTURES
COTTON
OF POLYESTER
OR REGENERATED
FIBRE WITH
CELLULOSE
( Source : IS 3416 : 1988 )

the
formulation
of standard
necessitated
and quantitative

1 SCOPE
3.6 Desiccator
1.1 This
standard
prescribes a method for
quantitative
chemical analysis of binary mixtures of polyester fibres and cotton or regenerated
cellulose fibre in any form, such as fibre, yarn
or fabric.
containing
self-indicating

be identified and the samDle to be analvsed should be
matter. dye in the dyed
2 PRINCIPLE
wejghed. The cotton or regenerated cellulose
fibres are dissolved in 75 percent ( m/m ) sulphuric acid solution. The residue of polyester fibres
is collected, washed, dried and weighed. From
the mass of the residue of polyster and the dry
mass of the sample, the proportion of polyester
fibres in the specimen is calculated. The percentage of cellulose fibre is found by difference.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Sintered Glass Crucible
of appropriate capacity with a pore size of 90
to 150 microns ( porosity 1 ) and fitted with
3.2 Ventilated Oven
capable
of
105 f 3C.
maintaining
temperature
of
3.3 Analytical Baltince

of O-000 2 g.
3.4 Conical Flask

of 250 ml capacity and fitted .with ground-glass
stopper.
3.5 Filter Flask
enable the crucible ( 3.1) to be fitted to it.
PART 1, SECTION
C/13
to
silica gel or anhy-

4 REAGENTS
intended.


75 percent ( m/m ).
Prepared
by adding
80 ml concentrated
ammonia ( specific gravity O-89 ) and making
up to 1 litre with water.
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS

10 mm length.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take a test specimen weighing about 1 g
specimen kept in a weighing bottle in the drying
oven at 105 f 3C to constant mass and obtain
the oven-dry mass of the specimen.
NOTEThe mass shall be taken as constant if the
6.2 Treat the weighed sample taken in a conical

flask with 100 ml of 75 percent sulphuric acid
solution per gram of specimen at room tempe91
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
rature. Stopper the flask and shake it carefully
to wet the specimen completely.
Maintain the
flask at room temperature
for 30 minutes to
dissolve regenerated
cellulose or cotton with
intermittent
stirring. Filter the contents of the
flask through a tared sintered glass crucible by
suction. Transfer any residual fibres from the
flask with little sulphuric acid solution into the
crucible. Drain the crucible by applying suction. Wash the residue on the crucible once
more with the acid solution. Then wash the
residue with distilled water thoroughly. Then
wash the residue twice with dilute ammonia
solution and finally wash the residue with water
thoroughly. After each washing drain the crucible with the aid of suction. Dry the crucible and
the residue to a constant mass in an oven at
105 f 3C, cool in a desiccator
and weigh
them.
63 Similarly carry out the
specimen(s).
test
fi;;ul
the test
1OOxPx (1+
Ia=
lOOxm,xd
m0
P = percentage,
by mass, of polyester
fibres in the test specimen on drymass basis;
the dry mass of the specimen;
m,
the dry mass of the residue;
= the correction
and
of values obtained
as
92
+)
P =
the percentage of clean dry polyester component ( see 7.1.1);
a=

and
b=
the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component.
NOTES
1 The following values for standard
moisture
regain
Standard Moisture
Regain (Percent 1
Fibre
85
04
130
Cotton
Polyester
Viscose rayon

the trade.
Calculate the percentage (PA) of clean insoluble

component in the mixture with percentage
additions for moisture and non-fibrou6 matter
by the following ( see also Notes 1 and 2
under 7.1.2 ):
1OOxPx
P A-
by mass of polyester
1+ za+b,
1+ f+g-q+
130-J
(loo-P)[l+
W]
where
P -
7.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture
Calculate the percentage,
loo-P)(1+
by mass, of clean
polyester fibres in the test sample
on the dry-mass basis plus percentage addition for moisture;
Px
NOTE - The value of d is found to be 100.
the average
&j
PM = percentage,
factor of variation
in mass of the polyester component in ttie reagent.
Calculate
in 7.1.1.
following
7.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with

Percentage Additions for Moisture and Nonfibrous Matter
where
m0
the
where
7.1 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass
P=
IoO) +(
P (1+
7 CALCULATIONS
Calculate the percentage, by mass, of polyester

fibres in each test specimen by the formula
given below:
by
on the other
Express the mass of insoluble

component
( polyester ) as the percentage of total mass of
the fibre in the mixture. Calculate the result on
clean dry mass basis as in 7.1.1 or on clean dry
mass with ptrcentage additions for moisture as
in 7.1.2 or on clean dry mass with percentage
additions for moisture and non-fibrous matter as
in 7.1.3,
sample
the percentage of clean dry insoluble component;
al = the percentage addition for moisture to the soluble component ;

HANDBOOK
OF TBXTILE
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
a, = the percentage addition for moisture to the insoluble component;
nent in each
by difference.
bl = the percentage addition for nonfibrous matter to the soluble component; and
8. REPORT
bt = the percentage
fibrous matter
component.
addition for nonto the insolubl e
PART 1, SECTION
c/13
8.1 The report shall include the following information:

a) Type of material;
h) Percentage of component fibres in the

mixture ( individual and average );

additions
for non-fibrous
matter may be as agreed to between the buyer-and
the seller.
7A Find out the percentage
method given in 7.1 or 7.2 or 7.3
of second
compo-
c>
Method of calculation
or 7.3 ) ; and
used
( see 7.1, 7.2
d) Number of test specimens tested.
93
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYOLEFIN FIBRES AND

OTHER FIBRES
( Source : IS 9896 : 1981)
textiles. Such a mixture may be composed of
types of natural fibres or both. The composition
of mixture of textile fibres is governed by the
ultimate use to which the textile materials are
to be put.
used for different purposes. The use of different

fibres in textile mixture has necessitated the
formulation of standard methods for identification and quantitative
estimation
of fibres in
mixtures. For textile technologists
as well as
the traders and consumers, the quantitative
analysis of textile fibres in mixture is of considerable importance.
Mixtures of textile fibres are being increasingly
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard

prescribes
a method for
quantitative
chemical analysis of binary mixtures of polyolefin fibres with wool, silk, cotton,
acetate,
triacetate,
modal
viscose,
polyamideT\%Tester,
ac;ylic and glass fibr es.
to
of an accuracy
of O*OOO
2 g.
3.7 Desiccator
4 REAGENTS
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals
be employed in tests and distilled water.

do not contain impurities which affect the test results.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The polyoletin fibre is dissolved from a
known dry mass of the mixture with boiling
xylene. The residue is collected, washed, dried
and weighed; its mass corrected if necessary, is
mixture. The percentage of polyolefin is found
by difference.
4.1 Xylene
distilling between 137 and 139C ( see Note ).
NOTE - The harmful effects of this reagent should
be borne in mind, and full precautions
should be
taken in its use.
3 APPARATUS
4.2 Light Petroleum
3-l Sintered Glass Filter Crucibles
of appropriate size with pore size 90 to 150

microns ( porosity 1 ) and fitted with groundglass stoppers. If stoppers are not available the
crucibles should be enclosed in weighing bottles
for weighing.
3.2 Ventilated Oven
capable of
105 + 3C.
shall
maintaining
temperature
of

about 2 to 3 g. Cut the test specimen into
pieces.
6 PROCEDURE
glass
3.4 Reflux Condenser
6.1 Take a test specimen weighing about 1 g,

from the pretreated
test specimen into pieces
of approximately
10 mm in length. Dry the pieces of the test
specimen at 105 f 3C for 3 hours, cool it in a
desiccator and determine its oven-dry mass.
fitting the conical flasks ( suitable for liquids of

high boiling point ) .
6.2 Put all the pieces in the conical flask. Add

100 ml of the xylene per gram of specimen to
3.3 Conical Flasks

of 200 ml capacity
stoppers.
PART 1, SECTION
C/14
and
fitted
with
95
the flask. Attach the condenser and boil the

contents for 3 minutes. Decant the hot liquid
through the weighed filter crucible. Repeat this
treatment
twice more, each time using a fresh
50 ml portion of solvent ( see Note ). Wash the
residue remaining in the flask twice with 30 ml
of boiling xylene. Cool the flask and wash the
residue twice with 75 ml of the light petroleum.
After the second wash with light petroleum,
filter the residue through the filter crucible and
allow it to drain.
NOTE - Preheat the filter crucible
xylene is to be filtered.
through
where
P = percentage,
by mass, of polyolefin
fibres in the test sample on the
dry-mass with moisture allowances;
A = average
value of percentage of
polyolefin fibres in the test sample
obtained as in 7.1.1;
b = the
percentage
addition, that is
the percentage of moisture content
of polyolefin fibres, made to the
mass of the polyolefin component;
and
which the
6.3 Dry the crucible at 105 f 3C for 1 hour.

Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Determine the
oven-dry mass of the residue.
a =
6.4 Repeat
the procedure
prescribed in 6.1
to 6.3 with the remaining test specimen(s).
the percentage
addition, that is
the percentage of moisture content
of other component fibres, made
to the mass of the component
fibres.
7 CALCULATION
7.2.1 The standard moisture regain values shall
be as given below :
7.1 Method Based on Dry Mass

Calculate the percentage, by mass, of polyolefin
fibres in each test specimen by the following
formula:
pz
CW-F)
xl00
W
where
P = percentage,
by mass, of polyolefin
.
fibres in the test specimen on arymass basis;
F = oven-dry mass, in g, of the residue
( see ,6.3 ); and
W - oven-dry mass, in g, of the specimen ( see 6.1).
7.1.1 Calculate
the
obtained as in 7.1.
average
of the
values
7.2 Method Based on Dry Mass with Moisture

Allowances
Calculate the percentage, by mass, of polyolefin
fibres in the test sample by the following
formula:
100xA
p=
96
Cotton
Silk
Viscose, polynosic
Modal
Cuprammonium
Cellulose acetate
Wool
Polyester
Polyamide
Acrylic
Polyolefins
8 REPORT
8.0 Report
tion:
8.5
11.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
6.5
13.6
0.4
4.5
1.0
Nil
shall include the following informa-
b) Percentage
l+&-)
A ( l+ -)+(lOO--A)(
1:o
Standard Moisture
Regain, Percent
Fibre
of polyolefin,
c) Method used ( 7.1 or 7.2 ), and

l++)
d) Number of test specimens tested.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE.TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
TERNARY MIXTURES OR VISCOSE RAYON, COTTON AND

PROTEIN FIBRES
( Source : IS 6504 :1979)

with one another for producing variety of
textiles for different purposes. The use of different types of fibres in mixture has necessitated
the formulation of standard methods for identification and quantitative

estimation of the
fibres. Such an evaluation is of interest to the
textile technologists, traders and consumers.
1 SCOPE
the percentage of cotton fibre. The percentage

of viscose rayon is found by difference.
1.1 It prescribes
a method for quantitative
chemical analysis of ternary mixtures of:
a) viscose rayon, undyed and dyed ( including most of the current polynosic fibres );
b) cotton, undyed and dyed; and
c) protein
fibres, undyed and dyed.
1.1.1 If a polynosic fibre is found to be present,

nreliminarv test should be carried out to see
whether it is soluble in the reagent. If several
protein fibres are present, the method gives the
total of their amounts but not their individual
quantities.
a
3 APPARATUS
of appropriate capacity with
150 microns (porosity 1) and
glass stopper. If stoppers are
crucibles should be enclosed
for weighing.
3.2 Ventilated Oven
capable
of
105 f 3C.
of an
this method,
the fibres present in the mixture should
be identified and sample to be analyzed shall be freed
from all non-fibrous matter. Dye in the dyed fibres
is considered to be an integral part of the fibre and is
not to be removed.
4 REAGENTS
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A sample of the material
is dried and
weighed. The protein fibre is dissolved with 5
percent sodium hydroxide solution. The residue
of viscose rayon and cotton is collected, washed,
dried and weighed. The loss in mass of the
specimen expressed as a percentage of the dry
mass _of the material gives the percentage of
protein fibre.
2.1.1 The viscose rayon and cotton fibre residue
as obtained above; is further dissolved with 60
percent sulphuric acid solution. The residue of
cotton is collected, washed, dried and weighed.
The mass suitably corrected and expressed as a
percentage of the dry mass of the material gives
PART
I,, SBCTXON c/l5
maintaining
temperature
of
1.2 This method is not suitable for mixtures in

which cotton or viscose rayon have suffered
extensive chemical degradation, nor when the
vis case rayon is rendred incompletely soluble
by presence of certain permanent finishes or
reactive dyes that cannot be removed completely.
pore size of 90 to
fitted with groundnot available, the
in weighing bottles
accuracy
of 0.000
2 g.

intended.
do not contain
impurities
4.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solotion

reagent grade, 5 percent
( m/m ).
4.2 Acetic Acid ( Dilute Solution )

reagent grade, 5 percent ( m/m ).
reagent grade, 60 percent ( m/m ) ( specific gravitY 1.493 at 27C ).
4.4 Sulphuric Acid ( Dilute Solution )
reagent
grade, 10 percent ( m/m )..

97
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
2 percent ( mjm ), 20 ml concentrated
ammonium hydroxide ( specific gravity 0.88 ) made up
to one litre with water.
Calculate the percentage of different fibre components, first on a clean dry mass basis as given
in 7.1, incorporating
the relevant
correction
factors, and subsequently by taking correction
r;ys
for the percentage moisture as given
. .
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMEN

about 2 to 3 g. Cut the test specimen into pieces
of approximately 25 mm length and divide it
into two.
6 PROCEDURE
7.1 Calculate the corrected

rent fibres as given below :
dry mass of diffe-
a) Cotton, PI s madIda
b) Viscose, P, = (ma-msd,)d3
4 Protein fibre P3 = m, - [msdldz+ (ma msd,) 41
6.1 Take a test specimen weighing about 1 g

from the pretreated
specimen into small pieces of about 2 mm
length. Dry the specimen in a weighing bottle
at 105 & 3C to constant mass and obtain the
oven-dry mass of the specimen.
ml = initial clean dry mass of the specimen,
6.2 Dissolution of Protein Fibres
mS = dry mass of the final insoluble

cotton
residue after
dissolution
from the second reagent of acid
solution ( see 6.3 ),
the weighed sample in a flask containing

100 mm, of 5 percent sodium hydroxide solution, previously boiled to expel air. Boil for 10
minutes, filter through the weighed sintered
glass crucible. Wash with hot distilled water,
then with acetic acid solution. Finally wash
with distilled water till free from acid. D%y the
residue
to constant
mass in an oven at
105 * 3C, cool and weigh.
Treat
6.3 Dissolution of Viscose Rayon

Transfer the residue as obtained in 7.2 to flask
containing 100 ml sulphuric acid ( 60 percent )
at room temperature
and stir vigorously to
break up the sample completely at the first
instant and then stir intermittently.
Shake
thoroughly, preferably with a mechanical shaker
for 30 minutes and then transfer the contents of
the flask to a weighed sintered glass crucible,
wash the residue remaining in the flask, using a
little more sulphuric acid solution and transfer
the contents to the crucible. Then wash the
residue twice with a small quantity of dilute
sulphuric acid solution followed by distilled
water. Then wash the residue with dilute ammonia solution and finally wash the residue
thoroughly with water. After each washing drain
the crucible with the aid of suction. Dry the
residue to a constant mass in an oven at
105 f 3C, cool and weigh.
ma- dry mass of insoluble residue of

cotton and viscose after dissolution
from the first reagent of alkali
solution ( see 6.2 ),
dl - correction factor for variation in

the mass of the insoluble cotton
component in the second reagent
of acid solution,
d, - correction factor for variation in
mass of the insoluble cotton component in the first reagent of alkali
solution, and
d8 = correction factor for variation in
the mass of the insoluble viscose
component in the first reagent of
alkali solution.
NOTE - The values of d for cotton
in the reagent are given below:
106
105
&OH
H&O4
7.2 Calculate the percentage

of different fibre
components on dry mass basis in each test
specimen as given below and determine
the
average :
p&cent -
on the other
98
TT;x
1
Viscose, percent
p,
Pl+PI+Ps
Protein
fibre,
percent
-pTF_
1 t
7 CALCULATION
7.0 Express the mass of the insoluble components in the total mass of fibre in the mixture.
Viscose
105
cotton
5 percent
60 percent
Cotton,
6.4 Similarly carry out the test
test specimen.
and viscose fibres
x 100
-x
100
x 100
HANDBOOKOF TEXTILETESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
R 2 = correction
for the percentage
moisture for the viscose component
dissolved
in the
second acid
reagent,
PS = corrected dry mass of the soluble
protein fibre component, and
where
PI = corrected dry mass
cotton component,
of :insoluble
Pa = corrected dry mass of the insoluble

viscose component, and
PS = corrected dry mass of the
protein fibre component.
7.3 Calculate the percentage

of different fibre
components
with
percentage
correction for
moisture in each test snecimen as given below
and determine the average:
x 100
Viscose, percent
Protein
fibre,
x 100
=
-
P&s
PI&+P&+P&
NOTE - The value

of R shall be obtained
as
100+M
~
for each component, where M, the moisture
100
regain value for different textile fibres, shall be as
given below :
Raw cotton
Viscose
Cuprammonium
Protein fibre
x 100
percent
where
Pr = corrected
dry mass of insoluble
cotton component,
RI = correction
for the percentage
moisture for the final insoluble
cotton residue,
P, - corrected dry mass of the insoluble
viscose component,
PART 1, SECTION c/15
R3 = correction
for the percentage
moisture for the protein fibre component dissolved in the first alkali
reagent.
soluble
85
13
13
136
percent
percent
percent
percent
8 REPORT
8.1 The report shall include the following infor-
mation:
b) Percentage of component fibres on dry
mass basis/moisture regain basis :
i) Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii) Viscose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii) Protein fibre... . . . . . .
99
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
TERNARY MIXTURES OF PROTEIN FIBRES, NYLON 6 OR

NYLON 66 AND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES
( Source : IS 6503 : 1988 )
necessitated
the formulation
of standard
and quantitative

1 SCOPE

the quantitative
chemical analysis of ternary
mixtures, after removal of non-fibrous matter, of
natural or regenerated protein fibres and nylon
6 or nylon 6.6 and any of the following fibres:
3 REAGENTS
a) Cotton or viscose rayon

nosic fibre ),
b) Glass, or
c) Polyester fibre.
( including
poly-

Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals shalL
intended.
NOTE - Pure chemicals shall mean
do not contain
impurities
which
results.

to
fibres is considered to bs an integral part of the fibre
chemicals that
affect the test
3.1 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution

5 percent ( m/m ).
3.2 Acetic Acid
2
2.1
APPARATUS
5 percent
( m/m ).
Sintered Glass Filter Crucible

3.3 Formic Acid
of appropriate
capacity with .por e size of 90 to
2.2 Desiccator
charged with self-indicating
silica gel or anhy-
80 percent (m/m)of sp gr 1,186 at 20C. Dilute

880 ml of 90 percent (m/m) of formic acid ( sp
gr l-204 ) to 1 litre with water. Alternatively,
dilute 780 ml of 98 to 100 percent formic acid
(m/m) ( sp gr 1.22 ) to 1 litre with water. The
concentration
is not critical within the range
77 to 8,3 percent (m/m ) ( sp gr 1.181 to l-191 )
formic acid.
2.3 Ventilated Oven
3.4 Ammonia
80 ml of concentrated ammonia solution

0.89 ) diluted to 1 litre with water.
( sp gr

of O*OOO
2 g.
18 percent ( m/m ).
2.5 Conical Flask

of 100 ml capacity,
glass stopper.
provided
with a ground-
2.6 Filter Flask

enable the crucible ( 2.1) to the fitted to it.
FART 1, SECTION c/
3.5 Hydrochloric Acid Solution
16
to

finishes, draw a respresentative sample weighing
10 mm length.
101
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
5 METHOD
5.1 Principle
The prctein fibre is dissolved in sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. The residue
is collected, washed, dried and weighed. The nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 fibre is then dissolved from the
residue with aqueous formic acid and the insoluble fibre ( third component ) collected, washed,
dried and weighed, its mass corrected if necessary, is expressed as a percentage of the dry
mass of the mixture. The percentage of protein
and nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 fibres are found by
difference. Alternatively,
the nylon 6 or nylon
6.6 is first removed from the mixture with formic
acid and the protein fibre then dissolved out
from the residue with sodium or potassium
hydroxide. The component ( protein, nylon 6 or
nylon 6.6 fibre ) present in the larger quantity
should be dissolved first.
5.2 Procedure
5.2.1 Take from the pretreated sample ( see 4.1)
a test specimen weighing about 1 g. Dry it in a
weighing bottle at 105 f 3C to constant mass,
cool in a desiccator and weigh it to obtain the
oven-dry mass of the specimen.
if the
5.2.2 Transfer the specimen to a 250-ml glass

beaker, add 100 ml of sodium or potassium
hydroxide solution ( previously boiled to expel
air ) per gram of the specimen.
Boil for 10
minutes. Filter the contents of the beaker
any residual fibres to the crucible by washing
out the beaker with a little more sodium or
potassium hydroxide solution. Drain the crucible with suction and wash the residue on the
filter successively with water, dilute acetic acid
and finally water, draining the crucible with
suction after each addition.
( Do not apply
under gravity ). Finally, drain the crucible with
residue
dry
the
crucible
and
suction,
at 105 & 3C in constant mass, cool in a desiccator and weigh them.
5.2.3 Transfer the residue by means of forceps
to the conical flask, add 100 ml of formic acid
(see 3.3 ) per gram of specimen, insert the
stopper, shake the flask to wet out the specimen
and allow the flask to stand for 15,minutes at
room temperature shaking it at intervals. Filter
the contents of the flask through a weighed
filter crucible and transfer any residual fibres to
the crucible by washing out the flask with a
little more formic acid. Drain the crucible with
suction and wash the residue on the filter
102
successively with formic acid, hot water, dilute

ammonia solution, and finally cold water, draining the crucible with suction after eachaddition.
( Do not apply suction until each washing liquor
has drained under gravity. ) Finally, drain the
crucible with suction, dry the crucible and
residue at 105 f 3C to constant mass, cool in
a desiccator and weigh them.
component
NOTE - The
nylon 66 ) present in larger
solved first.
(protein,
quantity
nylon
should
6, or
be dis-

5.2.5 Alternatively, using the procedure described above, first dissolve the nylon with formic
acid and subsequently dissolve the protein with
sodium or potassium hydroxide solution.
5.3 Calculations
Calculate the mass of each component as a percentage of the total mass of the fibres in the
mixture by any of the methods as prescribed
in 5.3.1, 5.3.2 or 5.3.3.
Calculate the percentages
nent by the formula:
Pl
Pz =
Ps -
loo-
of clean
dry compo-
(Pt+Ps)
100 dl ( r1 -
x rl )
100 d8 x rl
m
where
of clean dry compoPI = percentage
nent 1 ( first soluble ) component
( see 5.2.2 );
PB- percentage of clean dry component 2 (second soluble component)
( see 5.2.3 );
of clean dry compoPs = percentage
nent 3 ( insoluble component );
dry mass of the specimen;
mrl - dry mass of the residue after
removing component 1 with first
reagent;
r, = dry
mass of the residue after

removing components 1 and 2 with
first and second reagents;
dl ~3 correction
factor for loss in mass
of component 2 in first reagent
( see Note );
dz = correction
of component 3 in first reagent
( see Note ); and
HANDBOOK OF TtiXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
d 3 = correction

of component 3 in first and second
reagents.
NOTE - The value

ds depending upon
are given below:
Fibre
NOTES
1 The following values for standard
Sodium
Hydroxide
Potassium
Hydroxide
106
105
104
100
101
10.5
104
102
100
100
Cotton
Viscose rayon
Polyester
Other fibres
Polyamide
5.3.2 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass pith

Percentage Addition of Agreed Value for Moisture
Regain
regain
Standard Moisture
Regain ( Percent )
Fibre
of correction
factors dl, dr and
the nature of component fibres
moisture
45

fabrics )
Cotton
Polyamide ( nylon >
Polyester
Rayon ( regenerated
cellulose )
Regenerated protein
Silk
Textile glass
Wool
85
45
04
130
100
110
Zero
136

the trade.
Calculate the percentages of clean dry compoby the

nent with additions for moisture,
formula:
5.3.3 Method Based on Clean Dry Mass with Percentage Additions for Moisture and Non-fibrous
Matter
P lrn =
Calculate the percentages of clean dry components with additions of moisture and non-fibrous
matter by the following formula ( see also Notes
1 and 2 under 5.3.2 ):
100 PI [lf
PI [1+
+]+P++
-&I
+]+Ps[l+
*]
loop,
P IA=
P piv=
100 P,[l+
PI [ 1+ *]+PS[
I+
p1
--&I
&]+Ps[l+
I$_
!.??.!I-
100
$1
al+bl
1-t ___
100
1 t
-tPI
l++j-
p3
aI+&
PDM=
100 P*[l+
-g-j
1t
asfb3
I+
I()()
+p,
1+a,+&
I()()
p1l+100
1+
I[
I
100
P IA=
1+b*
1
al+bl
PI [It
&]+P,[1+
*]+qj+
-$O-]-
p3
where
percentage
of clean dry component 1 with percentage additions
for moisture,
of clean dry compoPm = percentage
nent 2 with percentage additions
for moisture,
of clean dry compoPm = percentage
nent 3 with percentage additions
for moisture,
al = percentage addition to component
1 for moisture,
a2 = percentage addition to component
2 for moisture, and
percentage
addition to component
as =
3 for moisture.
PlM =;
PART 1, SECTION c/
16
P 3A
1-t
r
Pl
1+
a&b3
100
1 ,
as+&
1
+
p3[ l+
100
where
P ]A
percentage of pure dry component 1 with percentage additions

and non-fibrous
for moisture
matttr,
P 2A = percentage of pure dry component 2 with percentage additions
and non-fibrous
for moisture
matter,
=
103
SP 15 ( Part
1) :1989
P sA = percentage
fll
a,
a3
bt
ba
bs
of pure dry component 3 with percentage additions

for moisture
and non-fibrous
matter,
percentage addition to component 1 for moisture,
percentage addition to component 2 for moisture,
percentage
addition to component 3 for moisture,
to compopercentage
addition
^_
nent 1 for non-fibrous .matter,
percentage addition to component 2 for non-fibrous
matter,
and
percentage
addition to component 3 for non-fibrous matter.

the seller.
6 METHOD
additions
for non-fibrous
6.0 Principle
6.1 The protein
fibre is dissolved out from a

known dry mass of the mixture, with 5 percent
hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
or potassium
solution. The residue is collected, washed, dried
and weighed. The nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 fibre is
then dissolved out from the residue with 18
percent hydrochloric
acid solution and the
insoluble fibre ( third component ) is collected,
dry mass of the mixture. The percentages of
protein and nylon 6 or nylon 6.6 are found by
difference. Alternatively,
the nylon 6 or nylon
6.6 is first removed from the mixture with
hydrochloric acid and the protein fibre then
dissolved out from the residue with sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. The
nylon 6 or nylon 6.6
component
( protein,
fibre ) present in the larger quantity should be
dissolved first.
6.2 Procedure
104
6.2.3 Transfer the residue by means of forceps

to the conical flask, add 100 ml of 18 percent
hydrochloric acid solution per gram of specimen, insert the stopper, shake the flask to wet
the specimen and allow the flask to stand for 15
minutes at room temperature, shaking at intervals, Filter the contents of the flask through a
weighed filter crucible and transfer any residual
fibres to the crucible by washing out the flask
with a little more hydrochloric
acid solution.
Drain the crucible with suction and wash the
residue on the filter successively with hydrochloric acid solution, hot water, dilute ammonia
solution and finally cold water, draining the
crucible with suction after each addition. ( Do
not apyly suction until each washing liquor has
drained
under gravity. j Finally, drain the
crucible with suction, dry the crucible and residue at 105 f 3C to constant mass, cool in a
desiccator and weigh.
NOTE - The component ( protein, nylon 6 or nylon
66 ) present in larger quantity should be dissolved
first.

6.2.5 Alternatively,
using the procedure described above, first dissolve the nylon with
hydrochloric acid and subsequently dissolve the
protein fibre with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution.
6.3 Calculations
Calculate the mass of each component
as a
percentage of total mass of the fibres in the
mixture by any of the methods prescribed
in 5.3.1, 5.3.2 or 5.3.3.
7 REPORT
described in 5.2.1.
6.2.2 Transfer the specimen to a 250-ml glass

beaker, add 100 ml of 5 percent sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution ( previously boiled to expel air ) per gram of specimen, shake the beaker to wet the specimen
and boil the solution for 10 minutes. Cool
and filter the contents of the beaker with
a little sodium hydroxide solution. Drain the
crucible with suction and wash the residue
on the filter successiveiy with hot water,
dilute acetic acid and finally water, draining the

crucible with suction after each addition. ( Do
not apply suction until each washing liquor has
drained under gravity, ) Finally drain the crucible and residue at 105 f 3C to constant mass,
cool in a desiccator and weigh.
7.1 The report shall include the followrng information:
a) Type of material tested,

W Method used ( see 5 or 6 ),
Cl Percentage of component fibres in the
d)
mixture ( individual and average ), and

The method used for calculation of percentage
of component fibres ( see 5.3
and 6.3 ).
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILB TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
SECTIOND
DETERMINATION
OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TEXTILE FIBRES
OF
SP 15 (Part 1 ) : 1989
LINEAR DENSITY OF TEXTILE
FIBRES ( GRAVIMETRIC
METHOD )
( Source : IS 234 : 1973 )
The methods prescribed are in line with the

IS0 1973-1976 Determination of linear density
of textile fibres - Gravimetric
method, publi-
shed by International
ardization.
1 SCOPE
quantity of about 5 to 10 g of fibres drawn shall

constitute the reduced sample.

determination of linear density of textile fibres.
One method is applicable to cut fibre bundles
and the other to whole fibres.
Organization
3.3 The reduced sample shall be divided into

25 or 50 approximately
equal groups. From a
different portion of each of these groups, one
small tuft ( or more ) of fibres shall be extracted at random, taking care that the fibres drawn
are nearly equal in weight, and the total weight
of fibres thus drawn is not less than 200 mg.
This shall constitute the test sample.
1.1.1 Both the methods given are applicable

only for discrete fibres ( excluding fibres like
jute ) which can be kept straight and parallel
during the preparation
of bundles. They are
not applicable
to fibres having pronounced
crimp ( such as wools ).
4 TESTING
2 PRINCIPLE
4.1 After preconditioning,
2.1 Method I
for Stand-
bring the sample to

constant
mass in the standard atmosphere.
Carry out the test without removal from the
standard atmosphere by Method I ( see 5 ) or
j
Method II ( see 6 ).
A tuft having known number of fibres is cut in

the middle to a known length and the mass of
the cut middle portion is determined. From
the mass and total length of fibres the linear
density is calculated.
5.1 Apparatus
2.2 Method II
5.1.1 Balance
5 METHOD I - CUT BUNDLES
Fibres which have been sorted out previously

into groups of known lengths are weighed and
then counted. Then the mass per unit length is
calculated from the number, mass and length
of fibres.
suitable for weighing the bundles of fibres to

an accuracy of 0.02 mg and having 2 mg capacity.
3 PREPARATION
to a known length with an accuracy of 1 percent and allowing of adjustment of the tension
of the bundles to be cut.
OF TEST SAMPLE
3.1 The test sample from the gross sample shall

be prepared as given in 3.2 and 3.3.
3.2 The gross sample of approximately 1 kg shall

be spread out evenly on a level ground in the
form of either a square with each side slightly
greater than 1 m or in the case of a larger
sample, a rectangle
with the shorter side
slightly greater than 1 m and the larger side
slightly greater than 2 m. Over this, a metallic
framework of size 1 m x 1 m with 25 sub-squares
or 1 m x 2 m with 50 sub-squares, as the case
may be, shall be placed. From each of these
sub-squares one bunch ( or more ) of fibres
shall be pulled out at random, taking care (a)
not to exercise any bias in favour ofor against
any particular place within a sub-square, and
(b) that the fibres dravyn from each sub-square
weigh about the same
The total
I-- amount.
PART 1, SECTION
D/l
5.1.2 Device for Cutting the Fibres or Bundles of

Fibres
NOTE - It is convenient
parallel in a holder.
5.1.3
to use two razor blades set
Velvet Board
of convenient size, covered with velvet of black

or any other contrasting colour.
5.1.4 Glass Plate
of convenient
size, with one polished edge.
5.1.5 Forceps
5.2 Procedure
5.2.1 From the final laboratory
sample take 10
tufts of several milligrams and parallelize the
fibres of each tuft by carefully combing them
several times.
107
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
5.2.2 Cut the middle part of each combed tuft
to a given length ( as great as possible ) under
the minimum tension necessary
to remove
crimp, by means of the cutting device. Take
the necessary precautions so that there are no
free fibre ends anywhere except at the two ends
of the cut tufts.
5.2.3 Place the 10 tufts so obtained on the
velvet board and cover them with the glass
plate from the edge of which they should protrude slightly.
5.2.4 From each of the 10 tufts in turn, take
out sufficient number of fibres, so as to form a
tuft, weighing about 0.2 mg, in each case drawing the fibres from one cut end. Make sufficient
number of tufts, so that a total number of at
least 1 000 fibres in the case of natural fibres
and 200 fibres in the case of man-made fibres
are covered. Condition these tufts in the standard atmosphere and then weigh them individually, using the balance to an accuracy of
0.02 mg.
5.3 Calculations
Calculate the linear density of the fibres by
dividing mass by the total length of cut fibres
in each tuft. Then determine the mean linear
density for all the tufts from the values obtained for each tuft.
6 METHOD II - WHOLE FIBRES
6.2.3 Take a bundle of fibre from a specimen

(see 5.2.2) beginning with the longest group and
weigh it to an accuracy of O-02 mg and record
the mass. Then mount the fibres on the glass
slides and cover them with the glass covers
using some suitable mounting medium, if required. Mark the slides for the length-group identification.
6.2.4
Complete the preparation of the specimen

by mounting
the bundles from each length
group.
6.2.5 Place each slide on the
turn by turn and count all
slide. For reference see record
showing a typical
data of
specimen.
6.2.6
Similarly, prepare the slides and count

the number of fibres on each slide for the
second sub-sample also.
6.3 Calculations
6.3.1 Calculate the linear density of the fibres
in the sub-sample as follows (see also Annex A):
Ml = total mass of fibres in ith length
6.1.1Microscope
stage
and magnification
group, in
0.2 mg;
of at
Cover Glasses
6..1.4 Twee ze rs
6.1.5 Balance
suitable for weighing bundles of fibres to an

accuracy of 0.02 mg and having 2 mg capacity.
to
the
nearest
mass of counted fibres in ith

length group, in mg, to the nearest
0.2 mg;
n1
number of these fibres;
11
= length
of fibres in ith length

group;
.HI = linear density ( in mtex ) of fibres.
in ith length group; and
H=
6.1.6 Mourzting Medium

water or mineral oil.
mg,
ml -
6.1.2 Glass Slides

6.1.3
microscope stage
the fibres in the
sheet in Annex A
a cotton
fibre
Let
6.1 Apparatus
with mechanical
least 100 x.
approximately 100 fibres each taken by separating them length-wise from each length group of
a sub-sample.
linear density (in mtex) of all the

fibres.
Then
6.2 Procedure
6.2.1 From the final laboratory sample, prepare
two complete fibre length arrays. Discard length
groups less than 5 mm and those weighing less
than 1 mg and treat these two sets as two subsamples.
HI, mtex = 106 x 3

11
His given by the weighted harmonic
H,mtex
means
= f&J
6.2.2 From each sub-sample prepare test specimens which shall consist, of a set of bundles of
108
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TBSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
6.3.2 Calculate the average linear density of the
sample in mtex as the arithmetic
mean of the
linear densities of the two sub-samples.
information:
a) Type of fibres,
7 REPORT
b) Method followed ( I or II ), and
7.1 The report
should
include
the
following
c) Mean linear density.
ANNEX
( Chms
6.2.5 and 6.3.1 )
Record Sheet Showing a Typical Data of Cotton Fibre Specimen

Mass of Array
Numb;;;itfibres
Len&hzyp
60
57
54
fix106
(4)
-
(5)
-
51
48
45
42
Hi=
mi, mg
(i,
(1)
Masp;o;Jjres
39
- Ml
Hi
(6)
-
36
40
100
051
1417
33
116
96
0 50
1629
0071 2
30
189
102
052
1700
0111 1
27
132
110
0 54
1818
0072 6
24
90
96
049
2126
0042 3
21
51
115
041
1698
0030 0
18
38
95
034
1988
0019 1
15
17
109
026
1590
0010 6
12
32
101
022
1815
0017 6
23
99
016
1796
0.012 6
Total
728
PART 1, SECTION
D/ 1
0415 3
395
EM1
H, mtex =
728
0415 3
= -=
175168 or
0028 2
175
109
SP lS(Part
TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS
1):1989
OF INDIVIDUAL TEXTILE: FIBRES
(Source:IS235:1988)
The tensile properties of individual fibres play
an important role during manufacture, especially
in case of man-made fibres, so as to make them
fit for specific end use. The method is also
applicable for natural fibres as well. However,

this shall be more useful to technologists during
their research study.
1 SCOPE
men for the purpose of mean individual

strength and elongation.
1.1This standard prescribes methods for determination of tensile characteristics of individual

textile fibres. The methods are applicable to
all natural fibres and man-made fibres including crimped fibres provided that the available
length of fibre enables a gauge length ( effective
distance between mountings ) of 10 mm or 20
mm to be used.
1.1.1 The accuracy in the meaisurement of the
elongation is better from increased test length.
Hence, wherever possible, longer gauge length
should be used.
1.2 Determination
of these fibre properties,
when carried out on different types of testing
equipment, will not generally give identical
results. To minimise the difference
between
results obtained on different types of testing
equipment, this standard has been restricted to
two types of testing equipment, namely:
a) equipment
giving a constant
rate of
- extension of the fibre, and
b) equipment giving a constant rate of loading of the fibre.
1.2.1 Nevertheless, a difference up to 20 percent
depending on the rate of application of force
can be expected
betwe en
and elongation,
results for a given fibre when tested by the two
types of equipment.
For this reason,
it is
recommended that the comparative tests should
only be carried out on one type of ,testing
equipment, which should be agreed to by the
interested parties.
2 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMEN
2.1 Cotton and Other Natural Fibres

2.1.1 The test sample shall be cleaned and the
fibres drawn between the forefinger and the
thumb of one hand and those of the other. The
fibres shall then be made into sliver which
shall be drawn and doubled several times by
hand.
2.1.2 A tuft of fibres taken from any end portion of the sliver shall constitute the test speciPART
1, SECTION
D/2 .
fi bres
2.1.3 The gross sample shall be spread out

evenly on a level ground in the form of either
a square with each side slightly greater than
1 m or in the case of larger sample, a rectangle
with the shorter side slightly greater than 1 m
and the longer side slightly greater than 2 m.
Over this a metallic frame work of size ( 1 m x
1 m ) with 25 sub-square or ( 1 m x 2 m ) with
50 sub-squares as the case may be, shall be
placed;
from each of these sub-squares one
bunch or more ,of fibres shall be pulled out at
random taking care (a) not to exercise any bias
in favour or against any particular place within
a sub-square, and (b) that the fibres drawn from
each sub-square weigh about the same amount
( about 4 g in the first case and about 2 g in the
second case ). The total quantity of about
100 g thus drawn shall constitute the reduced
sample.
2.1.4 The reduced sample shall be divided into
25 or 50 approximately
equal groups. From
different portions for each of these groups,
small tufts or fibres shall be extracted at
random, taking care that the fibres drawn are
nearly equal in weight, and total weight of
fibres thus drawn is not less than 200 mg. This
shall constitute the test sample.
2.2 Man-Made Fibres
The procedure
adopted.
given in IS 4807 : 1968 shall be
3 APPARATUS AND REAGENTS

3.1 A tensile machine with suitable clamps for
gripping the test specimen at a gauge length of
10 mm or 20 mm, means for stretching the fibre
to rupture and a method of indicating the force
applied to the test specimen and the corresponding elongation. The permissible error of the
indicated breaking strength shall not exceed
1 percent of the mean breaking strength of the
fibres and error of the indicated elongation at
the breaking strength shall not exceed O-1 mm.
The error of gauge length shall not exceed
0.2 mm. Tensile testing machine .of the type
described in 3.1.2 and designed so as to avoid
and jerk in the early. stages of application of
force may also be used.
111
SPlS(Partl):l!W9
3.1.1
Constant Rate of Extension
Machine
The machine shall be capable of applying a

constant rate of extension to the fibre, such that
after the first 2 seconds of the test, the rate of
increase in the distance between the clamps
does not differ by more than 5 percent from the
average rate of increase over the whole period
of test. The machine shall include facilities for
producing different constant rates of extension
in order to break the test specimen in an
average time-to-break of 20 f 3 seconds.
3.1.2 Constant Rate of Loading Machine
The machine shall be capable of applying force
at a constant rate such that after the first 5
seconds of the test, the average rate of increase
of force in any 2 seconds interval does not
differ by more than 25 percent from the average
rate of increase of force over the whole period
of test. The machine shall include facilities for
applying force at different constant rates in
order to break the test specimens in an average
time-to-break of 20 f 3 seconds.
3.2 Clamps
These areflat jaws for gripping the fibre specimens and designed to minimize slippage during
the test.
3.3 Tabs
These are of thin plastic or other
use with cementing techniques.
material for
3.4 Means for enabling individual fibres to be

placed without damage, between clamps of the
instrument ( see Annex A ).
3.5 Cement or Adhesive
The adhesive should bind the tabs to the fibres
without effecting an appreciable solution of the
latter or any change in the moisture content of
the specimen.
3.6 Distilled Water
at a temperature of 27 f 2C, to which a nonionic wetting agent has been added, to give
concentration
of about 0.1 percent.
3.7 Auxiliary Equipment
The testing machine may be equipped with
auxiliary equipment to permit the automatic
recording of data or the calculation
of any
required tensile property. The auxiliary equipment shall be capable of recording data and
performing calculations in a manner consistent
with the instructions for calculations as described in this method.
112
3.8 Jig
This is to aid in accurately mounting the test

specimens
on tabs at the specified gauge
length.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 Condition the test specimen in the standard
4.2 Set the machine to give the required duration of test between the limits specified in 3.1.1
and 3.1.2.
4.3 Prepare and mount an individual fibre in
the clamps of the testing machine ( see Annex
A ). Ensure that the fibre lies along the axis of
elongation
of the machine. Start the tensile
testing machine and associated auxiliary equipment, extending the fibre specimen to break.
4.3.1 Slack Mounting
Mount the fibres individually slightly slack,
either directly between suitable clamps or on
tabs.
4.3.2 Pre- tensioned Mounting
Mount the fibres individually between suitable
jaws and apply a tension of 5.0 f 0.5 mN/tex
for the dry test and 2.5 f 0.3 mN/tex for the
wet test, calculated from the mean linear density of the fibre.
NOTE - A higher pre-tension to remove crimp may
be applied subject to the agreement between the concerned parties.
4.4 If the fibre specimen is mounted on tabs

before being placed in the testing machine, the
distance
between tabs defines the nominal
gauge length. The mounting of fibre specimens
on tabs will be facilitated by use of an appropriate jig.
4.4.1 When tabs are used, cut the tab across so
that the iibre is free set the traversing jaw in
motion and extend the test specimen to the
point of rupture.
4.5 Unless, otherwise agreed by the interested
parties test at least 50 specimens. Note jaw
breaks, that is, breaks in which either of the
broken ends is not visible and exclude the
result obtained on such test specimens. The
mean breaking load is the mean value of the
breaking loads of all fibres taken. The mean
elongation ( extension ) at break is the mean
value of the elongation ( extension ) at break of
all test specimens. For determination
of tenacity, the mean linear density of the test specimen shall be calculated
as prescribed for
natural fibres and for man-made fibres.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
NOTE - As the coefficient of variation for the individual fibre tenacity is very high for natural fibres
more number of tests of specimens are advisable for
a desirable degree of accuracy.
If the confidence
limits for 50 tests do not differ by more than f 4
percent from the mean then this value is taken as
the mean of the lot. Otherwise, the number of tests
shall be increased until the confidence limits are
brought
within f 4 percent of the mean breaking
load. ( For better significance
of test results of the
natural fibres at least 300 specimens may be taken
and tested. 1
5.5 In
addition,
if necessary,
calculate any
other required tensile properties for example,
tenacity, modulus and breaking toughness etc
( see Annex C ).
6 TEST REPORT
-4.6 Wet Specimens

Determine the properties of wet fibres on specimens immersed in a 0.1 percent aqueous solution of a, non-ionic wetting agent.
Allow
sufficient wettingout time before testing to produce the maximum change in breaking load
and elongation at break as indicated by no
further change with longer periods of immersion.
5 EXPRESSION
5.4 Calculate the coefficient of variation ( CV )

of the breaking strength and of the elongation.
at break.
6.1 The test report
4 Type of material tested;
4 Number of fibres tested;

C>Method followed: The method of mounting the fibres and the type of mounting,
that is, pretensioned or on support tab;
OF RESULTS
4 Gauge length used;

4 Mean tenacity of the fibres in mN/tex;
f 1 Mean elongation at break, in percent;
g) Coefficient of variation of the breaking
5.1 Calculate the mean breaking strength of the

fibres tested and express the result in mN.
5.2 Compute the mean tenacity
and express the result in mN/tex.
of the fibres
strength and elongation at break; and
5.3. Calculate the mean elongation at break of

the fibres and the mean elongation at break as
..a percentage of the gauge length (see Annex B).
h) Result of any
required.
ANNEX
other
tensile
properties
( Clauses3.4 and 4.3 )

MOUNTING OF TEST SPECIMEN
A-O It must be emphasized that great care
should be taken to ensure that the fibre is not
damaged, for example, the length of the fibre
under test shall not be held with tweezers.
A-l Mount a test
specimen in the jaws of the

clamps, removing slack without stretching the
specimen. The specimen shall be straight within
the jaws and extreme care shall be taken to
ensure that the fibre specimen lies on the line
of action between the force-measuring
device
and the point where the fibre leaves the moving
jaw face. Any misalignment that tends to produce transverse motion of the clamps and jaws
PART 1, SECTION
D/2
will introduce errors in measurements of elongation and may contribute to premature fibre
failure.
NOTES
1 For a slack mounted fibre, a tab may be used. A
rectangular hole whose length is equal to the gauge
length is cut in the tab and the fibre is mounted
across the hole by means of a suitable adhesive. It
is essential that the adhesive should not spread over
the length of the fibre under test, both the tabs and
the adhesive shall be waterproof.
2 For ore-tensioned
fibres. suitable fibre clios shall
be attached to the testing machine. These can also
be used for slack mounting if desired.
113
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ANNEX B
( Clause5.3 )
MEASUREMENT
OF ELONGATION
R-2 SLACK MOUNTING
R-l GENERAL
B-1.1 In measuring
breaking elongation
cularly of crimped fibres, difficulty lies&
ing the starting point of test.
partidecid-
B-l.2 The initial portion of the curve is rarely

linear, this part of the curve represents
the
fibre bending in the grips, or the removal of the
crimp, or a combination of these.
B-l.3 For this reason, in particular
where at
the start of the force, elongation curve is very
the
rounded, it may be useful to determine
theoretical start of elongation by extrapolation
to zero force from the straight portion of the
force-elongation
curve adjacent to the initial
portion of the curve.
B-2.1 From the force elongation curve, and

taking into account of the gauge length used
( 10 mm or 20 mm ), determine the length between the jaws of each test specimen, under a
pre-tension 5-O f 0.5 mN/tex or 2.5 f O-3 mN/
tex ( see 4.3.2 ). Use this length to calculate
the percentage
elongation at break of the
fibre.
B-3 PRE-TENSION
MOUNTING
,B-3.1 The effective length of each test specimen

between the jaws being equal to the gauge
length, the percentage elongation at break of
the fibre can be calculated directly from this
gauge length.
ANNEX C
( Clause 5.5 )
CALCULATIONS
C-I EFFECTIVE SPECIMEN LENGTH
C-1.1 Calculate
the effective specimen length

by drawing a line AB tangent to the initial
slraight-line
section of the load elongation
curve and extrapolate it to intersect the zero
load axis at I ( see Fig. 1 ). The correction ( or
addition ) to specimen length in mm is given
by the intercept OI. The effective specimen
length ( mm) is the initial distance between
the clamps ( the nominal specimen length )
plus the correction
( or additional
specimen
length ) corresponding to 01.
C-l.2 When the load-elongation
curve of a
crimped specimen does not have an initial
straight-line section below the yield point, draw
a line tangent to the curve at the point of inflection below the yield point as an approximation
of the initial modulus and report this fact.
C-2 ELONGATION
AT BREAK
C-2.1 Mark a point E, on the zero load axis

corresponding to the maximum load. Determine
the elongation of the specimen in mm, corresponding to the length IE. Calculate the elongation at break as a percentage of the corrected
effective specimen length using the equation:
Elongation
percent
114
where
IE = specimen elongation in
effective
Elm = calculated
length = Nominal
length + Additional
length ( OI)
C-3 MODULUS,
= 100 x _X_
El@?
INITIAL
C-3.1 Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fibre to extension at loads below
the yield point. For calculating initial modulus,
calculate the tenacity in mN/tex corresponding
to any convenient point P on the line AB by
drawing a line PC perpendicular
to the zero
load axis. Calculate the fractional
elongation
( Er ) corresponding to IC, that is, the ratio of
IC to the effective specimen length. Then calculate the initial modulus as follows:
Modulus, Initial =
Tenacity ( PCitex )
Ei
where
PC = load indicated by distance PC in
Fig. 1, and
El = fractional elongation corresponding to distance IC.
C-4 MODULUS,
at break,
mm, and
specimen
specimen
specimen
SECANT
C-4.1 The secant modulus is also used to esti-mate the resistance to imposed strain.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TESTING-
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
rupture the specimen. It is the integral of the

nominal stress-strain curve and is calculated by
dividing the work of rupture by the mass of the
specimen under test.
Draw a line between any two specified points,for

example, S and M on the load-elongation curve.
Extrapolate the line to intersect the zero load
axis at the point X. Drop a perpendicular from
the point S to intersect the zero load axis at
point R.
Modulus, Secant =
Tenacity
Breaking toughness is calculated

from the area
under the load-elongation
curve expressed as
mN/tex ( mN. mm tex. mm ).
( SR/tex)
Ef
Breaking toughness = V/T
where
SR = load indicated
by distance SR in
where
Fig. 1.
El
T = linear density, tex; and
= fractional
elongation
ing to distance RX.
C-5 MODULUS,
correspond-
V = work done in extending the fibre,

mN ( mN.
mm/mm),
that is
(AxSxR)/(GxWxL)
TANGENT
C-5.1 The
tangent modulus may be used to

differentiate between the probable performance
of fibres in processing and end-use performance.
Draw a line tangent to the load-elongation
curve at the desired point on the curve which
has been specified either in terms of the stress
or the elongation at the point. Select the points
on the tangent line and calculate the slope of
the line as described in C-4.
where
A = area under load elongation
( mm2 )
S = full-scale load ( mN )
R = crosshead
speed ( mm/min )
G = effective specimen length ( corrected ) ( mm )
C-6 BREAKING TOUGHNESS
W = chart width ( mm ), and
.C-6.1 It is the energy per unit mass required to
L = chart speed ( mm/min ).
ELONGATION (mm)
B
AB -TANGENT
TO CU2VE
01
FIG. 1A TYPICAL LOAD-ELONGATIONCURVE OF INDIVIDUAL TEXTILEFIBRE
:PART 1,SECTION Dj2
115
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ESTIMATION OF MOISTURE IN COTTON

( Source: IS
199 : 1988 )
Moisture in cotton plays an important role in

the quality characteristics.
In order to have a
repeatable and reproduceable
results moisture
estimation is critical for estimation

cotton textile materials.
1 APPARATUS
in the
formula:
test
by
specimen
1.1 Drying Oven
Moisture content,
of
capable
105 f 3C.
maintaining
temperature
x 100
where
2 PROCEDURE
2.1 From the sample under test draw
each
at least 2
weighing approximately
2.2 Take one test specimen drawn as in 2.1 and

weigh it accurately
in a clean and dry tared
weighing bottle. Place the weighing bottle containing the test specimen in the drying oven and
dry the specimen at 105 f 3C to constant mass
( see Note ) and determine the oven-dry mass of
the test specimen.
NOTE - The mass shall be regarded as constant
if
the loss between two successive weighings, taken at
an interval of 20 minutes, does not exceed by 01
percent of the first of the two values.
2.3 Similarly test the other test specimen(s).

3 CALCULATIONS
3.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture content
PART 1, SECTION
(a-b)
--a-
following
of
I.2 Weighing Balance
test specimens
3 g.
percent
the
of mass in
D/3
a = original mass in g of the test specimen, and

b = oven-dry mass in g of the test
specimen.
3.2 Determine the mean of all values, obtained
in 3.1 and express it as moisture content of the
material in the lot.
3.3 Corrected invoice mass of cotton textile
materials may be calculated by the following
formula:
L1=
L ( b x 1.085)
a
where
L1 = corrected
lot,
invoice mass in g of the
L = original mass in g of the lot,

b = over-dry mass in g of the test
specimen, and
a = original mass in g of the test specimen.
117
sPlS(Pti1):
.MICRONAIRE VALUE OF COTTON. FIBRIB.

1
( Sour& : IS 3674 : 1966j
Fineness in one of the important
characteristics
of cotton fibre. The airflow instruments, generally prescribed for this method, operate on the
principle that the rate of airflow, through a
plug of cotton fibre of fixed weight contained in
a container of definite dimensions and subjected
to a constant pressure head is related to the
fineness of the cotton fibr e.
._
.
Much work on an international

basis has been
done to develop and make available a range of
cottons for the calibration
of airflow instruments. By use of these calibration cottons and
application of the procedures prescribed in this
test, it is possible to achieve agreement between
two laboratories within h&2 micronaire units
in the fineness measurement of the usual commercial sample of cotton.
1 SCOPE
4 One or more valves or other means for

regulating and controlling the flow of air
through, or the air pressure difference
across the specimen.

determination of micronaite value of loose disorientated cotton fibres by means of airflow instruments; this method is applicable to cotton
taken from bales, laps, slivers or other sources of
lint cotton.
Cl A gauge or other means for measuring
the resistance of the specimen to the

airflow, or of the air pressure difference
across the specimen. For example, a combination of a manometer for maintaining
air pressure applied to the specimen and
a flowmeter for indicating the rate of
airflow through the specimen may be
used.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 Air, under a specified pressure, is passed
through a specimen of cotton of known weight
confined to a space of known volume. The mass
and volume of the specimen may be either constant or varied in relation to each other according to the type of instrument used. The
resistance of the specimen to the flow of air is
related to the average fineness of the fibres in
the specimen. The rate of flow of air through
the specimen, or the pressure difference across
the specimen ( according to the instrument
used ), is indicated on a scale graduated in
either arbitrary units of micronaire
value or
appropriate absolute units.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Balance
The balance shall be of sufficient capacity to
weigh the specimen required for the airflow
instrument used, and capable of weighing the
specimen to an accuracy of 10 mg.
3.2 Airflow Instrument
It shall consist of the following principal
parts:
cylinder
with perforated
a) Compression
ends for the admission and discharge of
air. The cylinder may be either of a
known fixed volume or of variable volume
but adjustable to known volume and in
either case, it shall have such dimensions
that, with the prescribed weight of the
specimen, each cubic centimetre of cylinder shall contain between 0.16 to 0.30 g of
cotton when compressed.
PART 1, SFETION
1989
D/4
4 An air pump or other means for produc-
ing the required air pressure applied to

the specimen,
or the required pressure
difference across the specimen.
4 ADJUSTMENTS
AND
THE INSTRUMENT
CALIBRATION
OF
4.1 Make preliminary adjustments appropriate

to the instrument in use ( see Annexes B, C, D
and E ).
4.2 Calibrate ( see Annex A ) the instrument by
testing at least three specimens from at least
three calibration cottons.
4.2.1 The instrument shall be considered to be
in calibration, if it reads the calibration cottons
within &to*1 micronaire value of the established
values for the corresponding calibration cotton.
If the instrument does not read within these
limits, either (a) re-adjust the instruments
and repeat the calibration procedure, or (b) use
an appropriate correction factor based on the
ratio established during the calibration of the
instrument.
5.1
ing
the
test
Open the test sample with the fingers, breakup lumps if any and eliminating as much of
extraneous matter as possible. Condition the
sample.
119
SPl5(Partl):1983
5.2 Spread the opened, cleaned and conditioned
test sample and divide it into 25 approximately
equal groups. Extract small bunches of loose
fibres from each group. Remove the pieces of
non-fibrous material from fibres so collected and
weigh at least two test specimens as in 5.3.
5.3 The test specimens shall be of the size prescribed for the instrument being used. In instruments having compression cylinders of fixed
volume, the weight of the specimen shall be within kO.5 percent of specimen weigh appropriate
for the instrument.
In instruments having compression cylinders with adjustably varied volume,
the weight of the test specimen used shall be
known with an accuracy of f0.5 percent.
6 PROCEDURE
6.0 Make the necessary preliminary adjustments
appropriate
to the instrument used and carry
out tests in standard atmosphere.
6.1 Place the test specimen in the fibre compression cylinder, a small portion at a time, taking
care that all the fibres are placed inside.
6.5 Take the other test specimen and determine

the test values in the manner set out in 6.1
to 6.4.
NOTE - If the deviation of any individual reading is
more than 02 from the mean value, prepare two more
test specimens as prescribed in 5 and find out the test
values by the procedure prescribed in 6.1 to 6.5.
7 CALCULATION
RESULTS
6.4 Remove the test specimen from the fibre

compression cylinder.
Open out the specimen
and re-pack it into the fibre compression cylinder, taking care that all the fibres are placed
inside. Determine one more test value of the
specimen in the manner prescribed
in 6.2
and 6.3.
OF
7.1 In instruments in which the scale is graduated in micronaire units, find the average of the
test values to the nearest O-1 micronaire unit
and report it as the micronaire value of the
cotton fibre in the lot.
7.2 For instruments in which the scale is graduated in units other than micronaire, convert
the direct reading to micronaire units either
from a previously prepared graph or by previously fitted curve ( see A-3.1 ). Find the average
of the values thus obtained to the nearest 0.1
micronaire unit and report it as the micronaire
value of the cotton fibre in the lot.
6.2 Insert the compression plunger in position

in the fibre compression cylinder and lock it.
6.3 Cause the air to flow through the specimen
and read the airflow or the difference in pressure
on the scale to an accuracy or half a division of
the scale.
AND EXPRESSION
curve or a conversion equaNOTE - A conversion

tion will have to be prepared for all instruments not
having a micronaire scale in order to make full use of
the calibration cottons referred to in Appendix A.
8
REPORT
The test report shal1 include the following:

a) The average value calculated as the micronaire value of the lot;
b) The type,
used; and
make and model of instrument
c) The number of specimens tested.
ANNEX A
( czause 4.2 )
METHOD OF CALIBRATING AIRFLOW INSTRUMENTS
A-l CALIBRATION COTTONS
A-l.1 Secure calibration
samples of the International Calibration Cottons series from the
Cotton Division, Agricultural Marketing Service,
United
States
Department
of Agriculture,
Washington 25, D.C., USA. These are furnished
with micronaire values established by the International Calibration Cotton Standards Committee. Currently, there are nine such cottons.
They approximately cover the range of micronaire values of the worlds commercial cottons.
Secondary calibration cotton series, corresponding to the International
Calibration
Cotton
series, are proposed to be prepared in India.
120
A-2 CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS WITH

SCALE
GRADUATED
IN
MICRONAIRE
UNITS
A-2.1 For an airflow instrument equipped with a
micronaire scale, use a minimum of two specimens from each of three of the calibration
cottons when calibrating the instrument. Make
two test determinations on each specimen, ihe
second determination serving to check the first.
The difference between the first and second
readings on a test specimen shall not exceed 0.1
micronaire unit.
A-2.2 In instances where the difference between
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
the two readings exceeds 0.1 micronaire unit,
prepare a new specimen of the calibration cotton
and make two readings on it. Continue such
readings until two specimens from calibration
cotton have each been read within the tolerance
specified.
A-2.3 Find the average of the first .readings of
the three specimen and compare with the estabvalue printed
on the label of the
lished
calibration cotton. If none of the differences
between the averages and the corresponding
established values exceed O-10 micronaire unit,
the instrument is considered to be in calibration.
If greater differences occur make necessary
adjustments in the instrument to bring it into
compliance with established values of the cali-
bration cottons. Alternatively, calculate a series

of corrections to be applied to the readings of
the cottons to be tested.
A-3 CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS
SCALE GRADUATED IN OTHER
MICRONAIRE UNITS
WITH
THAN
A-3.1 For an airflow instrument equipped with

scale graduated in other than micronaire units,
establish the relation between the instrument
readings and the established micronaire values
for the calibration cottons by plotting a graph
or fitting a curve. It is recommended to use as
many calibration cottons as available preferably
more than three.
ANNEX B
( Clause 4.1 )
OPERATION
OF THE MICRONAIRE AIRFLOW INSTRUMENTS*
B-O GENERAL
B-0.1 There are several models of the micronaire instrument which vary only in details of
construction and operation intended to increase
safety, ease and speed of operation. For any
other operational or constructional
details not
given here, the manufacturers
instructions
supplied with the instrument shall be consulted.
B-l MICRONAIRE
B-2 MICRONAIRE 80400 MODEL
60600 MODEL
calibrate
B-l.1 Adjust and
mechanically as follows.
the
instrument
B-1.1.1 Set the primary air regulator to a pressure of l-75 kg/cm* ( 25 lb/in ) and open the
shutoff valve that admits air to the instrument.
B-1.1.2 Insert the manometer plug in the compression cylinder, allow the air to enter and
adjust the secondary air regulator so as to
obtain a pressure of 0.42 kg/cm% ( 6 lb/in* ) in
compression cylinder. Again, if necessary, after
the air flows through the instrument, re-adjust
the regulating valve.
B-1.1.3 Insert one of the master orifice plugs,
allow the air to enter, and if necessary, turn the
calibration screw to bring the float to the position on the curvilinear scale corresponding to
the designation of the orifice plug. Repeat these
operations, using the other orifice plug or disc
( see Notes 1 and 2 ).
*Mention of the nanre of a specific ( or proprietory )
instrument is not intended to promote or give preference
to the use of that instrument.
PART I, SECTION
D/4
NOTES
1 Instead of two calibration discs, each with its
bore, one disc with two different bores may be used.
If the latter is used, close one of the bores with a
finger at the lower scale value of 28, the bore to be
closed being especially marked.
2 The scale readings 28 and 62 respectively correspond to flow rates of 211 Z!Z08 litrelmin (075 &
003 ftlmin I and 493 f 14 litre/min ( 174 & 005
ftlmin ).
B-2.1 Adjust and calibrate

mechanically as follows.
the
instrument
B-2.1.1 Operate the foot valve and see that the

air pressure behind the filter is between 4.2 kg/
cm* ( 60 lb/ins ) and 8.8 kg/cm* ( 125 lb/ins ).
B-2.1.2 Open the pressure regulator and the
upper and lower adjusting valves, as far as
possible.
B-2.1.3 Insert the control disc in the test chamber, open the foot valve. Operate the pressure
regulator so that the mercury column rises to
O-31 kg/cm* ( 4.4 lb/i@ ), that is, to three scale
units below the red line. The air shall pass
through both bores of the control disc without
hindrance.
NOTE - Operate the valve several times and see that
the mercury always rises to the same height.
B-2.1.4 Adjust the upper edge of the float

against micronaire value of 4-6 by regulating
the lower adjusting valve.
B-2.1.5 Adjust the upper edge of the float
approximately to micronaire value of 6-O (upper
check mark) by regulating the upper adjusting
valve.
121
SF 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
B-2.1.6 Tightly close the upper opening of the

control disc with one finger. The float will then
fall to about the level of lower check mark.
B2.1.7 In order to make an exact adjustment,
while alternatively
opening
and closing the
upper opening of the control disc, alternately
change the lower and upper adjusting valves. Do
this until the upper edge of the float correspond
with the two check marks located at about
micronaire values of 2.9 and 6.0.
B-2.1.8 Turn
the mercury
( 4.7 lb/in* ).
the
pressure
regulator
until
column stands at 0.33 kg/cm*
B-2.1.9 By opening and closing tde upper opening of the control disc, check whether the upper
and lower positions of the float still correspond
with the two adjustment
marks even after the
change of the mercury column from 0.31 kg/cm*
( 4.4 lb/in2 ) to 0.33 kg/cm ( 4.7 lb/in2 ). If this
does not occur, repeat the procedure
as given
in B-2.1.7.
NOTE - Open and close the upper opening of the

control disc, several times. If the adjustments
were
correctly mad!, the float position shall correspond
to
t;;teyks
wlthout further changes of the adjusting
B-3 CALIBRATION AND TESTING

B-3.1 After adjusting the instrument mechanically (B-1.1.1 to B-1.1.3 or B-2.1.1 to B-2.1.9,
depending upon the instrument used ), check
the instrument with at least three International
Calibration Cottons ( see Annex A ). Repeat
the check with the calibration
cottons at
frequent intervals.
B-3.2 After sampling, conditioning of samples
and preparation of specimens the test specimen
shall weigh 3.24 g f O-5 percent ( 50 grains f
0.5 percent ).
B-3.3 Follow the instructions given in 6.1 to 6.5
for loading the specimen, closing the compression cylinder, and reading the gauge.
B-3.4 Follow the instructions
given in 7.1
and 7.2 for calculating and reporting the test
result.
ANNEX C
( Clause4.1 )
OPERATION OF THE W.1.R.A FINENESS METER ( COTTON MODEL )*
C-O GENERAL
C-O.1 There are two models of the W.I.R.A.
Fineness Meter ( Cotton Model ) described as
the old model and new model respectively.
They differ primarily in the scale units and size
of test specimen used. The old model is graduated in litres per minute and measures a specimen weighing 6.0 g. The new model is equipped
with a scale graduated in micronaire units and
measures a specimen weighing 5-O g. For any
other constructional
or operational details not
given here, the manufacturers instructions supplied with the instrument shall be consulted.
C-l ADJUSTMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT
C-l.1 For preliminary
calibration,
adjust the
instrument until the level of the liquid in the
*Mention of the name of a specific ( or proprietary )
instrument is not intended to promote or give preference
122
manometer
mark.
tube coincides with the upper zero
NOTE - The lower edge of the meniscus is observed

when noting the length of the liquid column.
C-2 CALIBRATION AND TESTING

C-2.1 After preliminary
adjustment,
calibrate
the instrument by using at least three International Calibration Cottons ( see Annex A ).
C-2.2 After sampling, conditioning of samples.
and preparation of specimens, the test specimen
for the old model W.I.R.A.
shall weigh
6.0 g -J--0.5 percent; and for the new model, it
shall weigh 5.0 g & O-5 percent.
C-2.3 Follow instructions given in 6.1 to 6.5 for
loading the specimen, closing the compression
cylinder, and reading the gauge.
C-2.4 Follow instructions given in 7.1 and 7.2 for
calculating and reporting results.
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILE TESTINCC
SPlS(Partl):1989
ANNEX D
( Clause
4.1 )
OPERATION OF THE ATIRA FIBRE FINENESS TESTER*

D-O GENERAL
manometric scale. If the level is lower, open the

reservoir and top up with the provided manometric liquid.
D-O.1 The instrument
developed by the Ahmedabad Textile Industrys Research Association

( ATIRA ) measures the Micronaire value MC
and Maturity fineness MH of cottons on two
separate scales. Cotton having MC values in the
range of 2.5 to 6.5 or MH values from 1.5 to 7.0
may be tested on this instrument. MC value is
the micronaire value and MH value is the product of the maturity ratio and the fineness in
micrograms per inch as obtained by weighing
whole fibres. For any other constructional
or
operational details not given here, the manufacturers instructions supplied with the instrument
shall be consulted.
D-l.3 Squeeze the aspirator bulb, so that the

float in the air tank rises to the top. As the
float descends, gently close the flbre compression cylinder with the rubber stopper. See that
the level of the monometer liquid stays between
the limits marked on the final vertical section of
the scale.
D-2 CALIBRATION AND TESTING
D-2.1 After
preliminary
adjustment
calibrate
the instrument by usmg the International Calibration Cottons ( see Annex A ).
D-l ADJUSTMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT

D-l.1
Level the instrument

levelling screws provided.
accurately
with the
D-2.2 After sampling, conditioning of samples

and preparation of specimens, the test specimen
shall weigh 5.0 g f 0.5 percent.
D-l..2 Check the level of the liquid in the mano-
meter. The level shall coincide with the reference mark on the initial vertical portion of the
D-2.3 Follow the instructions given in 6.1 to 6.5

for loading the specimen, closing the compression cylinder and reading the gauge.
*The ATIRA Fibre Fineness Tester is available at

Ahmedabad
Textile Industrys
Research
Association,
Navrangpura,
Ahmadabad.
Mention of the ,name of a
specific ( or proprietary ) instrument is not intended to
promote or give preference to the use of that instrument.
D-2.4 Follow the instructions

given in 7.1
result.
ANNEX E
( Clause
OPERATION
OF PORTAR
4.1 )
FIBRE FINENESS TESTER*
E-O GENERAL
El
E-Q.1 It is a portable Arealometer meant for use

at places where the cotton is traded or processed. It is graduated in equivalent fibre thickness
in microns and micronaire units. The two scales
are graduated from 3 to 7 microns and 2.5 to 7
micronaire
units respectively.
It measures a
specimen of 8-O g. It can be read to an accuracy
of &0*05 micronaire unit. For any other constructional or operational details, not given here,
the manufacturers
instructions
supplied with
the instrument shall be consulted.
El.1
*Mention of the name of a specific ( or proprietary
* instrument
is not intended to promote

PART 1, SECTION
D/4
or
give preference
ADJUSTMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT
Place the instrument on a level surface

and remove the cover. Check the zero of the
permeability indicating meter.
E-l.2 Place a weight, of 8 g on the weighing scale
and with the compression lever in the top position, adjust the zero screw until the permeability indicating meter reads near the red mark on
the scale.
E-l.3 Take approximately 8.0 g of cotton and
place on the weighing scale. Give one stroke to
the pump of the atomizer bulb and see whether
the specimen is heavier or lighter than 8.0 g.
If the indicator goes above the red mark, the
123
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
specimen is heavier and if it goes below, the
specimen is lighter. By taking off or adding bit
by bit, adjust the specimen weight to 8.0 g.
E-2 CALIBRATION AND TESTING
E-2.1 After preliminary

adjustment
calibrate
the instrument by using the International
Calibration Cottons ( see Annex A ).
124
E-2.2 After sampling, conditioning of samples

and preparation of specimens the test specimen
shall weigh 8-O + 0.5 percent.
E-2.3 Follow the instructions given in 6.1 to 6.5
for loading the specimen, closing the compression cylinder and reading the gauge.
E-2.4 Follow the instructions
given in 7.1
result.
HANDBOOK
Oi- TEXTILE TESl-ING-
SF 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
COTTONFIBREMATURITY
(SODIUM HYDROXIDE SWELLING ~~ETI~oD)
( Source : IS 236 : 1968 )
It prescribes three methods for determination
of cotton fibre maturity, keeping in view the
practices prevalent in the industry. The results
obtained by all the three methods
are highly
correlated and any one of them ca n beused for
the determination of maturity of cotton fibres.
However, it is recommended
that Method II
may be followed for routine testing in view of

its simplicity. The terminology
used in the
three methods ( I, II and III ) is different from
method to method and has been defined in each
case. The definitions of one method should not
be confused with those of the other method.
1 SCOPE
of forceps and lay them on a glass slide in such

a manner that the fibres are approximately
parallel to one another. Place about 100 fibres
on each slide over a length of about 20 mm.
Cover the fibres with cover slip and irrigate
the fibres with 18 percent sodium hydroxide
solution. Prevent the formation of air bubbles
by tapping the cover slip lightly while irrigating the fibres. Remove the excess solution at
the edges with absorbent tissue or blotting
paper.
:
1.1This standard prescribes

the following
three methods for determination
of cotton
fil~;ho~turity
by sodium hydroxide
swelling
Method I Coefficient of maturity ( C, )
Method II Percentage of mature fibres (PM)
Method III Maturity ratio ( M)
2 APPARATUS
3.1.3 Similarly prepare four more slides.
2.1 A microscope
fitted with
a mechanical
traversing stage and having a magnification
power of 200x, 400 x to 500 x , and 150 x for
methods I, II and III respectively.
4 METHODS
2.2 Glass slides and cover slips.
4.1.1 Terminology
2.3 Scissors, forceps, glass rod, etc.

2.4 Sodium hydroxide
solution,
18 percent.
2.5 Draw box.

3 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
3.1 If the test sample is in the form of a sliver,

lay it on a velvet-covered
board,
and if the
test sample is in the form of .a rovin g or yarn,
untwist several strands
before laying them
parallel to each other side by side on the
velvet-covered board. Place a glass plate over
the test sample with its long edge at right angle
to the length of the test sample. With the help
of sharp scissors, cut the test sample as near to
the edge of the glass plate as possible. With
the help of forceps, remove and discard the
fibres whose cut ends are projecting right up to
the edge of the glass plate.
3.1.1 Move the glass plate backwards ( about
1 mm ) and with the help of forceps, remove
and discard the fibres by gripping the protrudmg
ends, right up to the edge of the glass plate.
Move the glass plate backwards
again and
similarly remove and discard the protrudmg
fibres.
3.1.2 Move the glass plate backwards a third
time and then remove the fibres with the help
PART .~,SJK%ION
D/5
4.1 Method I ( Coeffieieat .of Maturity CM)

a) Fibre mazurity count - The fibre maturity
count is denoted by the percentages of
the mature, half mature and immature
fibres in a sample.
b) Maturity - The degree of fibre wall development .
4.1.2 Principle
The fibres are classified into mature,
half
mature and immature fibres on the basis of the
ratio of their lumen width to their wall thickness, both values being determined after the
fibres have been swollen fully in 18 percent
sodium hydroxide solution, as given below:
Value of
Lumen Width
Wall Thickness
Class
Between 0 and 1
Mature
Between 1 and 2
Half mature
Above 2
Immature
4.1.3 Procedure
4.1.3.1
Adjust the microscope

condenser
to
give critical illumination
and then move it
slightly to obtain a uniformly-lit
field of veiw.
Place the first mounted slide as prepared
in 3.1.2 ( after about 5 minutes of its irrigation
125
SP15(Partl):m9
with sodium hydroxide solution ) on the microstop.: stage in such a manner that the central
portions of the fibres are beneath the objective.
Examine the fibres one by one by moving the
stage in the transverse direction.
4.1.3.2 Estimate the ratio of lumen width to
wall thickness of each fibre and classify it into
and immature fibre
half
mature
mature,
( see 4.1.2 ). Classify the fibres on the basis of
appearance of the portion in the field of view
and do not move the slide in the lateral direction during testing. In the case of twisted fibres,
this estimation shall be made at the widest part
of the fibre seen in the field of view between
successive twists. Test the four other slides in
the similar manner.
4.1.4 Calculation
Calculate
the percentages
of mature, half
mature and immature fibres from the total
number of observations made by combining the
counts of all the five slides. Express the three
percentages as maturity count of the cotton.
The coefficient of maturity ( Caa) shall be calculated by the following formula:
m + 0.6 h + O-4 i
c&l==
100
where
m - percentage of mature fibres,
h = percentage of half mature fibres,
and
i = percentage of immature fibres.
4.2 Method II ( Percentage
PM)
4.2.1 Terminology
Maturity -
b)
MatureJibres
cl
Immature Jibres -
of Mature Fibres
The degree of fibre wall deve-
lopment.
-
treated
with
swell into an
rod-like shape
equal to or
width.
Fibres that after being

strong
caustic
solution
untionvoluted
and almost
where total wall width is
greater than the lumen
Fibres
treated with
strong
either: (1) swell and
form; or (2) remain flat,
and almost transparent.
total wall width is less
width.
that after being

caustic solution
assume a spiral
thinly outlined
In any case, the
than the lumen
4.2.2 Principle
The fibres are swollen in 18 percent sodiumhydroxide solution and then classified into two
groups, mature and immature. The percentage
of mature fibres is calculated
from the total
number of observations.
126
4.2.3 Procedure
4.2.3.1
Adjust the microscope condenser to givt

critical illumination and then move it slightly
to obtain a uniformly-lit
field of view. Place
the first mounted slide as prepared in 3.1.2
( after about 5 minutes of its irrigation with
sodium hydroxide solution ) on the microscope
stage in such a manner that the central portions of the fibres are beneath the objective.
4.2.3.2 Examine the fibres one by one by moving the slide in the transverse direction and
classify them into mature and immature fibres
( see 4.1.2 ). Classify the fibres on the basis of
the appearance
of the portion in the field of
view and do not move the slide in the lateral
direction during testing. Test the four other
slides in a similar manner.
4.2.4 Calculation
Calculate the percentage of mature fibres from
the total number of observations of all the five
slides by the following formula:
Percentage of mature
fibres ( PM )
= -y- x 100
where
m = total number
of mature fibres, and

t = total number of observations.
4.3 Method III ( Maturity Ratio M)

4.3.1 Terminology
a) Degree of wall thickening - The ratio of
actual c%oss-sectional area of the wall to
the area of the circle with the same
perimeter.
Maturity
ratio - The
ratio of actual
b)
degree of wall thickening to a standard
degree of thickening equal to 0.577.
C>NormalJibre - Fibres which after swelling appear rod-like with no continuous
lumen. Swollen normal fibres have no
well-defined convolutions.
d) Deadjbres - Fibres in which after swelling the wall thickness is one-fifth or less
than the maximum fibre width. Swollen
dead fibres vary from flat forms, with no
convolutions and little or no secondary
fibre wall to highly-convoluted
forms
with greater wall development.
e) Thin walledjbres - Fibres which do not
fall into either the normal or dead fibre
groups.
f) Maturity - The degree of fibre wall
development.
4.3.2 Principle
The fibres are swollen in 18 percent
hydroxide solution and classified into
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTiLB
sodiumnormal,
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
dead and thin walled fibres. The percentages

of the three classes of fibres are combined in to
a single index termed maturity ratio which is
approximately
proportional
to the degree of
wall thickening.
.
4.3.3 Procedure
4.3.4 Calculation
Calculate the percentage of normal and dead

fibres after combining the observations
of all
the five slides. Calculate the maturity
ratio
from the difference between the percentages of
normal and dead fibres by using the following
formula:
4.3.3.1
condenser
to
Adjust the microscope
give critical illumination
and then move it
field of view.
slightly to give a uniformly-lit
Place the first mounted slide as prepared
in 3.1.2 ( after about 5 minutes of its irrigation
with sodium-hydroxide
solution ) in the microscope stage in such a manner that the central
portions of the fibres are beneath the objective.
4.3.3.2 Move the slide in the transverse direction and count the total number of fibres.
Again move the slide and count the number of
normal and dead fibres ( see 4.3.1 ). Classify
the fibres on the basis of the appearance of the
portion in the field of view and do not move
the slide in the lateral direction during testing.
The observations of libre width and wall thickness shall be taken at the widest portion in the
field of view. Test four other slides in the similar manner.
PART
1, SECTION
D/5
M=
(N-D)
200
+ 0.70
where
M = maturity ratio,
N = percentage of normal fibres, and
D = percentage of dead fibres.
5 REPORT
Type of material tested ( sliver, roving
or yarn, etc );
Number
of fibres tested;
b)
C>Method followed ( Method I, II or III );
and
Coefficient
of maturity ( CM) or percen4
tage of mature fibres ( PM ) or maturity
ratio (M), as the case may be.
a>
127
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
COTTON FIBRE IMMATURITY COUNT POLARIZED-LIGHT METHOD

( Source : IS 1611 : 1960 )
It prescribes a polarized-light
method for estimating the percentage of immature fibres in a
sample of cotton. This method is intended to
be an alternative to sodium hydroxide swelling
method as far as the determination
of percentage of immature fibres in a sample of cotton is
concerned. In the sodium hydroxide swelling
method, fibres are classified as (a) mature fibres,
(b) half-mature
fibres, and (c) immature fibres
on the basis of the ratio of the width of their
lumen to the width of their wall, both being
determined after the fibres have swollen in 18

percent caustic soda solution. But, in the polarized-light method prescribed in this standard,
fibres are classified as (a) immature fibres, and
(b) non-immature
fibres, on the basis of the
colour observed under polarized light. For the
same sample of cotton, the percentage of immature fibres determined by polarized-light method
may differ slightly from the corresponding value
determined by caustic soda swelling method.
1 SCOPE
3.4 Make certain
1.1 This standard

prescribes
a method for
determination
of percentage of immature fibres
in the samples of cotton using polarizing microscope.
2 APPARATUS
2.1 ,Microscope,
with a magnification
of 100 x
to 200x
and provided with a rotating stage
graduated in degrees, shall be used. The microscope shall be equipped with a polarizer and an
analyzer, a first order red selenite plate and a
cross-hair eyepiece mounted so that the hairs
make an angle of 45 with the plane of
polarization.
3 PROCEDURE
3.1 From
the test sample take a tuft of about

80 to 100 fibres and place it on a slide so that
the length of the fibres lies along the length of
the slide. Arrange the fibres on the slide parallel
to one another with as little overlapping as
possible and cover the slide with a wide coverslip or another slide ( see Note ).
NOTE - The fibres may be mounted
on the slide
with water or liquid paraffin; in such a case, care
should be taken to see that there is no air bubble
between the fibres.
3.2 Prepare
prescribed
four more
in 3.1.
slides
in the
manner
3.3 Check the microscope to make sure that the

analyzer
and polarizer are set at extinction
( crossed ), with the selenite plate removed.
Insert the selenite plate with the slow-vibration
direction ( as indicated by the arrow on the
selenite plate ) at 45 degrees to the polarization
plane of the polarizer. Set the eyepiece so that
one of the cross-hairs is parallel to the arrow of
the selenite plate.
PART
1, SECTION
D/6
properly
that the microscope
stage is
centred.
3.5 Place the prepared slide ( see 3.1) on the

mechanical stage of the microscope so that the
fibres lie parallel to the 45 cross-hair of the
eyepiece ( that is, the fibres are then in the
additive position of the selenite and are parallel
with the slow-vibration direction of the selenite,
as indicated by the arrow on the selenite ).
3.6 Move the fibres across the stage parallel to
the cross-hair. As each fibre comes into view,
observe its colour. If the predominant colour at
the widest portion of the fibre is purple or blue,
record it as an immature fibre; if it is of any
other colour, record it as a non-immature fibre.
3.7 Similarly, examine the remaining 4 slides
and note down the number of immature and
non-immature fibres.
4 CALCULATIONS
4.1 Calculate
the percentage of immature fibres

in the slide by the following formula:
Immature fibres, percent
Total number of immature fibres
a Total number of fibres examined
x loo
4.2 Determine the mean of the five values and

report it as percentage of immature fibres.
4.3 Find the mean of the five values and report
it as the immature fibres, percent.
5 REPORT
a) Type of material; and

b) Immature fibres, percent.
129
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
LINT AND TRASH CONTENT OF COTTON BY MEANS OF

MECHANICAL-PNEUMATIC MACHINES
( Source : IS 4871 : 1968 )
The amount of trash remaining in vsirious intermediate products like scutcher lap, card sliver,
etc, indicates the cleaning efficiency of the
processes or machines. Also the amount of useful lint present in the waste removed at various
machines helps in making the adjustment and
settings
of various cleaning points of the
machines. Thus, the analysis of intermediate
products and wastes for lint and trash contents
helps in profitable adjustment and operation of
the machines to clean the cotton to a predetermined degree.
1 SCOPE
3.2.3 Gauges and Tools
1.1 This standard

determination of lint and trash content of cotton
of mechanical-pneumatic
fibres
by means
machines. The method is applicable to cotton
taken from bales, laps, slivers or other sources
of lint cotton.
for making
machine.
1.1.1 The method may also be used for analysing the waste removed by different machines for
the lint and trash content.
4.1 From the sample(s),
The deiermination of lint and trash content of

raw cotton is important since the presence of
trash directly influences the net amount of yarn
or cloth that can be manufactured from a given
lot of cotton.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A known weight of the specimen is fed to the
machine. The specimen is well opened by the
machine and then discharged in an air stream.
The ,air stream carries the fibres to the surface
of a condenser cage and allows the heavier particles of trash to fall down. The lint and the
waste are collected in separate compartments.
The amount of lint and trash so collected are
separately weighed and computed as the percentages of the original weight of the specimen.
3 APPARATUS
a balance of sufficient capacity and capable of
weighing to an accuracy of 10 mg.
3.2 Analyser
a machine working on mechanical-pneumatic
principle capable of separating trash and lint
fractions. The machine shall be equipped with
accessories given in 3.2.1 to 3.2.3.
3.2.1 Containers
for holding the specimen and different
thereof.
fractions
3.2.2 Brushes
PART 1,SECTION D/7
and
settings
of the
NOTE - One commercially available analyser namely

Shirley analyser is described in Appendix A.
4 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
draw test specimens in

such a way that these are representative
of the
sample(s), but at the same time keep the number
of pieces making up the specimen to a minimum consistent with the representative sampling.
NOTE - While preparing the samples from the lot
and specimens from the samples, take care that no
trash is lost in handling.
The test specimen shall be of the size in

conformity with what is specified in the operating instructions for the instrument being used.
A small deviation from the exact prescribed size
is justified, if it helps in preventing shedding of
trash during drawing and weighing. Weigh the
specimen to an accuracy of 100 mg (M).
4.2
4.3 Test at least 2 test specimens.
3.1 Balance
for assisting in the collection

various compartments.
adjustments
of fractions
from
5 PROCEDURE
5.0 Make the necessary
preliminary adjustments
in accordance with the instructions given in
Annex A or with the manufacturers instructions.
5.1 Shake the specimen so that large particles

of trash (which may otherwise damage the
machine ) are removed from the specimen; preserve these droppings for incorporation
in the
trash in 5.6. Spread the specimen on the feed
plate between the guide plates in the form of an
even layer after opefling out the hard lumps, if
any ( for details see Annex A ).
5.2 Start the machine and let the trash and lint
collect in their respective compartments ( for
details see Annex A ).
131
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
5.3 Take out the lint from the delivery box and
pass it again through the machine without disturbing the trash in the settling chamber. Stop
the machine and collect the lint and keep it in
a separate container ( L1 ).
5.4
lint
and
lint
Remove all the trash particles containing

from the trash tray and settling chamber
pass it through the machine. Collect the
from the delivery box.
5.5 Pass the lint collected as in 5.4 through the

machine without disturbing the trash. Collect
the lint and keep it in a separate container (L,) .
5.6 Collect all the trash in the trash tray,
settling chamber and any seeds clinging to the
wires of the taker-in
cylinder and combine
them. Weigh them to an accuracy of 100 mg
and if the weight is less than 10 g, weigh to an
accuracy of 10 mg ( T1 ).
5.7 Pass the particles
containing
lint again
through the machine and ignore the trash
collecLed. Collect the lint and keep it in a
separate container and weigh to an accuracy
of 10 mg (LB).
5.8 Combine all the portions of the lint ( LI, LI
and L3 ) as cpllected
in 5.3, 5.5 and 5.7 and
weigh to an accuracy of 10 mg.
NOTEA schematic
is given below:
representation
of the procedure
6 CALCULATION
6.1 Calculate the results as lint content, trash
content ( visible waste content ), and invisible
waste content as percentages
of the original
specimen by the following formulae:
a) Lint content
=
L1
(L), in percent
+
L-2
L3
1(-J)
b) Trash content
percent
=
( visible
(T1-
L3)
)(
waste ) ( T ), in
I()()
A4
c) Invisible waste content ( W ), in percent

- 100 - (L + T)
where
L1, L,and & = mass of the lint portion in
grams as in 5.3,5.5 and 5.7
respectively;
total
mass of trash portion
Tr
in grams; and
M = mass of the specimen in
grams.
NOTE - The calculation
of invisible waste content
may be omitted if agreed between the concerned
parties. In such a case, obviously, the combined mass.
of trash and lint would be less than the original
weight of the sample.
7 REPORT
7.1 The test report
a) Type of material tested ( whether raw

cotton, sliver, lap or waste from some.
machine );
9 Number and mass of specimens tested;
4 Name of the machine used;
d) Atmospheric conditions under which the
test is conducted; and
The
percentage of the following or any
e)
of them as agreed to between the concerned parties:
1) Lint content,
2) Trash content, and
3) Invisible waste content.
132
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ANNEX
A
( Clauses 3.2.3, 5.0, 5.1 and 5.2 )
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF SHIRLEY ANALYSER
A-l The Shirley analyser separates
lint and
trash by making use of the difference of their
buoyancies in the air. The specimen is fed to
the taker-in cylinder with the help of feed
roller and feed plate arrangement.
The fibres
are opened by the taker-in cylinder and are
carried by an air stream and deposited on a
cage similar to a condensing screen. The air
stream is so adjusted that it carries only the
cotton fibres and dust, leaving the trash to fall
in the lower portion of the machine. The dust
passes through the cage to the exhaust and the
fibres are collected in the delivery box.
A-2 Before using the machine, the delivery box,
trash tray, settling chamber, etc, should be
swept clean. If the machine has not already
been used during the day, start the motor and
run the machine for 2 or 3 minutes for warming
up, keeping the clutch disengaged and the feed
roller in-operative.
A-3 Spread the specimen uniformly to cover the
whole area between the guides on the feed
plate, teasing out hard lumps where necessary.
When making tests on slivers, short lengths
should be spread on the feed plate perpendicular to the feed roller. Open the valve to its
fullest extent, engage the clutch and observe the
character
of the trash as it begins to fall into
the tray. Only small amounts of unopened lint
should be falling with the trash in this first
passage and, for hard cotton, it may occasionally be necessary to tighten the loading springs
on the feed rollers. When all the specimen has
passed under the feed roller, asindicated by the
absence of fibres under the streamer plate,
disengage the clutch and close the
valve
momentarily
to allow the lint to be collected
from the delivery box.
A-4 The mass of the specimen shall normally be
100 g.
PART I, SECTION
D/7
A-5 Sveeds and settings of the Shirley analyser

shall be as follows:
Speeds
qf
rev/min
Taker-in cylinder
Feed roller
Cage
Fan
Motor
Setting Between
900
0.9
80
1 500
1 400 approx
mm
Feed plate and takerin

Streamer plate ( lead-in
edge ) and taker-in
Streamer plate (lead-off
edge ) and taker-in
Stripping
knife
( bottom edge ) and
taker-in
knife
Stripping
( bottom edge ) and
cage
Taker-in and cage
Separation sheet ( top
edge ) and cage
Delivery
plate
and
cage
0.1
(4,ZOO)
0.15
(5/l 000)
o-2
(7/l 000)
o-1
(4/l 000)
8.0
(5/16)
5-o to
6.0
(13/64 to E/64)
6-O
(l/4)
1.5
(l/16)
NOTES
1 Specially designed feed plate for staples above
32 mm is available, the use of which minimizes fibre
breakage on long-staple cotton.
It is used when further tests are to be made on the lint portion but the
results of the analyser are not affected by its use. For
the purpose of this test, the usual plate having a flat
striking face of 286 mm shall be used.
2 The filter bags
pressure.
shall
be kept
clean to avoid back
133
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
LENGTH PARAMETERS
OF COTTON
FIBRES
( Source : IS 233 : 1978 )
The fi.bre length of cotton is directly related to

its spinnlng performance;
generally
speaking,
longer cartons can be spun to finer counts. The
method of estimating fibre length or staple of
cotton used in the trade has long been accepted
to be liable to considerable subjective and personal errors, and the need for accurate methods
of determining the mean fibre length of cotton
and the proportion by weight of fibres of different length grades in cotton has long been
recogniz,ed.
The methods given are intended for the estimation of different length, parameters like mean
length, effective length, upper quartile length,
half-fall length, span length, percent short fibres,
PART
1, SECTION
D/8
coefficient of variation of length, and uniformity

index of a sample of cotton fibres, raw as well
as processed.
The length parameters
measured by different
instruments differ from one another, and no
interrelationship
can be given with sufficient
accuracy. However, experimental data broadly
show that a cotton of 32 mm effective length by
the Comb Sorter may give 27 to 28 mm effective length by the Uster Staple Diagram Apparatus, and 27 mm 2.5 percent span length by
the Digital Fibrograph.
The mean fibre length
may be about 25 mm by the Comb Sorter, while
the Uster instrument
may give a value of
21 mm.
135
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ESTIMATION OF LENGTH AND LENGTH DISTRlBUTION

BY THE ARRAY METHOD
[ Source : IS 233 ( Part 2 ) : 1978 ]
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for estimation of mean fibre length, effective length,
percent short fibres and coefficient of variation
of length by array method.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A sample of fibres is arranged in the form
of an array in the descending order of length,
and from a tracing of this array the effective
length, mean length, percent short fibre and
coefficient of variation of length are calculated.
4.1.4 Lower the upper combs.
3 APPARATUS
4.2 Prepatation
3.1 Two Comb Sorters
4.2.1 Turn
degrees.
to prepare the fibre array, each comprising a

bed of combs, an upper and a lower set - each
spaced about 5 mm apart.
3.2 ACcessories
as given below:
a>Fibre
b)
cl
4
e)
.
and place the tufts so drawn towards the left

and across the bottom combs of the second
sorter, such that the aligned ends of the tufts lie
along the row of needles of the last bottom
comb ( nearest the operator ). The fibres should
be laid straight and at right angles to the comb
rows. Press each tuft down into the combs with
the rake. Drop the second bottom comb of the
first sorter, and continue to transfer and pile up
tufts on the second sorter until about 25 mg( or
sufficient quantity of fibres to prepare on array
of about 100 to 150 mm length ) is built up.
grip,
Teasing needle,
Rake to press in the fibres,
Velvet pad, and
Rectangular perspex scale (160 x 80 mm)
marked in 5 mm squares.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 Preparation of Aligned Tuft from the Test
Sample (Using Two Comb Sorters )
4.1.1 Place one sorter in a suitable position
such that the first of the bottom combs which
can be dropped in succession, faces the operator. Lift the upper combs, and lay the representative sliver towards the right and across the
lower bed of combs; about 20 to 30 mm of the
sliver should project beyond the nearest comb.
Press the sliver into the combs with the rake.
Remove the projecting fibres with the grip, and
square the sliver to obtain alignment with the
first comb.
of the Fibre Array
the
sorter
round
through
180
4.2.2 Drop sufficient number of lower combs

and raise upper combs, wherever necessary, until
the longest fibres project about 5 mm.
4.2.3 Using the grip, pull out small tufts of
successively shorter lengths. Comb and straighten fibres in each tuft, and lay them side by side
on the velvet pad such that the free ends of the
tufts lie along a straight base line. A continuous
array of uniform density is produced by skilfully
using the teasing needle and a forefinger to
arrange each tuft perpendicular to the base line
and joining up with the previous one. Successive
top and bottom combs are moved as shorter
and shorter fibres are pulled out and joined into
the pattern. The last few tufts should be very
carefully arranged so that no short fibres are
lost. It should also be ensured that the pattern
is of uniform density throughout as the ultimate
evaluation is based on this assumption.
4.2.4 Trace the outline of the fibre array prepared on a sheet of translucent
paper ( see
Fig. 1 ).
5 CALCULATION
RESULTS
AND
EXPRESSlON
OF
5.1 Calculate the following length parameters

from the comb sorter diagram ( Fig. 1 )*
1
4.1.2 Place the second sorter conveniently by

the side of the first, but with the last of the
bottom combs towards the operator.
Lift the
upper combs.
4.1.3 Drop the first bottom comb of the first
sorter, so that about 5 mm of the squared end
of the sliver projects out. Using the fibre grip,
remove these fibres in short draws of full width,
PART 1,SECTION D/8-1
FIG. 1
COMB SORTERDIAGRAM
137
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
5.1.1 Mean Length
Determine the area of the comb sorter diagram

using either the special transparent
scale or a
planimeter; divide the area expressed in square
mm by the length of the base (mm) to obtain
mean fibre length (mm-!.
5.1.2 _kfaximunt Length
Determine
tracing.
the maximum
marking of group limits; place the comb sorter

tracing over the scale with the base line coinciding with the zero line, and mark off the
points where the curve intersects the parallel
lines. Drop perpendicularsto
the base line from
the marked points ( see Fig. 2 ) and record the
distances along the base in a tabular form as
given in Table 1. Calculate the mean length
and coefficient of variation of length as given
in Table 1.
length OA from the
51.3 Effective Length

Make geometric
as follows:
constructions
as shown in Fig. 1
4 Halve the maximum
length OA at Q and
draw a line parallel to the base through
Q to cut the curve at P; drop a perpendicular from P to meet the: base line
at P.
a perpendicular KK to cut the curve at K.
FIG.
COMB
SORTERDIAGRAM
b) Mark off OK = OP/4 and erect
C) Halve KK at Sand draw a parallel
line
to the base through S to cut the curve
at R; drop a perpendicular
from R to
meet the base line at R.
pzz!!
4 Mark off OL=OR/4 and erect a perpendi-
cular LL cutting the curve at L. .Effective length is the length represented by

LL.
SCALE
6 REPORT
5.1.4 Upper Quartile Length
Mark off OU = OB/4 and erect a perpendicular

Uu to cut the curve at U. UUf is equal to the
upper quartile length.
a) Mean length in mm ( rounded off to one

decimal place ),
5.1.5 Percent Short Fibres

Percent short fibre equals $
FIG.~
x 100 where OB
is the total length of the diagram.
b) Effective
length in mm ( rounded
one decimal place );
Upper quartile length,
off to
5.1.6 Fibre Length Distribution
4
4 Percent
Divide the comb sorter diagram into length

groups of 4 mm interval (see Fig. 2). An impro;ised scale as shown in Fig. 3 can facilitate the
e) Coefficient of variation of length (rounded

off to two significant figures ).
138
short fibres ( rounded off to two

significant figures ), and
HANDBOOK
OFTEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
Table 1 Length Frequency Data from Comb Sorter Diagram
(Clause
Lower Group
Limit
Relative
Group
Distance
Along Base
Group
LeYh
(1)
(2)
mm
50
46
42
38
34
30
26
22
IS
14
10
6
2
mm
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
5.1.6 )
Percentage
Group
Frequency,
(3
(7)
9
14
13
8
06
28
128
162
134
117
84
50
45
50
78
73
45
300
1288
5376
6156
4556
3510
2184
1100
810
700
780
438
90
1 5000
5 9248
22 5792
23 3928
15 4904
10 5300
5 qs.4
2 4200
1 4580
9800
7800
2628
180
179
1000
2 7288
91 0144
Xfi
Zfi ri
1
5
23
29
24
21
15
9
-
Zf ill
Cfi
= _
=-
2 7288
100
Standard
Coefficient
deviation
of variation
= -
( CV)
= 273 mm
=fi
( 0) = l/variance
= &
Zfi Ii
( Efi Ii Y
=fi = 91 0144 - 74 4635 = 165.5
Xfl 1is Variance
ii2
(5)
Zfi
Mean length
fi
fl
Freqzncy3
(4)
(3)
mm
1
6
29
58
82
103
11s
127
135
144
158
171
179
fi Ii
100
j//165.5
X 100 = *
= 129
X 100 = 472
length
PART 1, SECTION
D/8-1
139
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) -: 1989
ESTIMATION OF LENGTH AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION

BY THE THICKNESS SCANNING METHOD
[ Source: IS 233
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for estimation of mean fibre length, effective length,
percent short fibres and coefficient of variation
of length by the thickness scanning method.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The thickness of an aligned tuft of fibres is
measured at predetermined
distances from the
aligned end. It is assumed that the mean crosssectional area of the fibres is the same at all
points along the tuft and that the thickness
readings are proportional
to the number of
fibres. A cumulative length frequency diagram
is obtained from the measurements.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Uster Staple Diagram Apparatus
It essentially consists of:
a) a mechanical
comb
sorter
and
tuft
holder,
,
b) a tuft forming unit, and

c) a thickness measuring device.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 Calibrate and check the apparatus
ing to manufacturers instructions.
accord-
4.2 Swivel back the upper comb bank and place

the representative sliver across the lower bed
of combs so that about 30 mm length projects
beyond the nearest comb. Press the sliver into
the combs with a rake. Lower the upper combs.
4.3 Use the sliding fibre grip to square the
sliver and bring its end in alignment with the
first comb.
4.4 Drop the first lower comb; slide the fibre
grip towards the aligned end of the sliver, seize
the projecting fibres, move the grip back to the
midstop, and transfer the fibres on to the
transport comb by operating the crank on the
right side. Repeat the operation until all the
protruding fibres are transferred. Thereafter,
raise the foremost upper comb and continue
the transfer of fibres in the same manner. Build
up a sufficiently thick ( 1 mm ) aligned fringe
of fibres, dropping or raising the foremost
combs one by one, and transferring more fibres
on to the transport comb.
4.5 Detach the transport comb along with the
aligned fringe of fibres, and place it on the tuft
forming device. Insert the aligned end of the
fringe of fibres into the slot in the clamping,
PART
1, SECTION
D/8-2
( Part 3 ) : 1978 )
block, and clamp the fibre ends tight by means
of the plunger.
4.6 Remove the clamping block and mount it
in the thickness measuring device. Guide the
tuft through the narrow gauging slot and place
a plush cover over the protruding
length.
Slowly lower the dial gauge feeler into the slot
by operating the knob on the left; a vibrator
automatically
starts working and keeps the
feeler in vibration
for 30 seconds, after which
it stops. Take the reading on the dial gauge
after the vibrator
stops working. The. first
reading is at 4 mm from the aligned end of the
tuft. Raise the dial gauge. Move the tuft 2 mm
towards the left by turning the crank on the
right, and take the next thickness
reading.
Continue to take thickness readings at 2 mm
intervals until the slot is empty.
4.7 The first thickness reading at 4 mm is generally the highest and is assumed to represent
100 percent of the fibres and all subsequent
readings are expressed as percentage of this
maximum thickness. However, in some cases,
the maximum thickness may occur at a higher
distance and this maximum -value should be
taken as the base for calculations. Enter the
percent thickness values against distances from
the aligned end.
5 CALCULATION
RESULTS
AND
EXPRESSION
OF
5.1 Construct the staple diagram ( based on

frequency by number ) from the dial readings
at successive intervals from the aligned end
( Table 1 ).
5.2 Make geometric constructions
Fig. 1 and obtain effective length
short fibre.
as given in
and percent
5.2.1 Effective Length

Make geometric
Fig. 1 as follows:
constructions
as shown
in
a) Halve the maximum length OA at 0 and

draw a line parallel to the base thyough
Q to cut the curve at P; drop a perpendicular from P to meet the base line
at P.
Mark
off OK = OP/4 and erect a perb>
pendicular KK to cut the curve at fi.
C) Halve KK at S and draw a parallel line
to the base through S to cut the curve
at R; drop a perpendicular
from R to
meet the base line at R.
141
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
d) Mark off OL=OR/4 and-erect a perpendicular LL cutting the- curve at L. Effective length is the length represented
by
5.3 Work out fibre length distribution, mean

length and coe%sient
of- variation
of fibre
length from the data as shown in Table 1, or
from the staple diagram as detailed in 5.1.6 in
Section D/8-1.
LL.
5.2.2 Percent Short Fibres
6 REP&
RB
short fibre equals -oB x 100 where OB
Percent
6.1 Report
mation:
is the total length of the diagram.
KL
FIG. 1
COMB SORTER DIAGRAM
Table 1 Length-Frequency
Group Length
( Distance from
Aligned End 1, li
(2)
(11
mm
the following
infor-
Data from Tests with Uster Staple Diagram Apparatus

( Clauses 5.1 and 5.3 )
Cumulative
Prewn;~
Dial Reading
include
a) Mean fibre length in mm ( rounded off to

one decimal place ),
b) Effective length in mm ( rounded off to
one decimal place ),
c) Percent short fibres ( rounded off to two
significant figures ), and
d) Coefficient of variation of length ( rounded off to two significant figures ).
1;
0
shall
Percent
>
fi Ii
Group
fi 112
Freqzucy
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
40
38
03
03
114
4332
36
10
08
05
180
6480
32
25
17
578
1 9652
:r
32
82
64
39
1248
3 9936
30
116
129
65
1950
5 8500
28
286
222
93
2604
7 2912
26
410
318
96
2496
6 4896
24
542
421
103
2472
5 9328
22
668
518
97
2134
4 6948
20
188
611
93
1860
3 7200
18
890
690
79
1422
2 5596
16
980
760
70
1120
1 7920
14
1 050
814
54
756
1 055.4
12
1 102
855
41
492
5904
10
1 150
890
35
350
3500
1 204
933
33
264
2112
1 234
1 290
23
138
828
44
176
704
1000
2 0354
47 7332
956
100
Mean length (
lm ) = $!!
2 0354
= boo-
Zfl 1P
Zfi Ii
Efi
= 204 mm
CfiI? - ( Zfifi )
Variance
Standard
Coefficient
142
deviation
of variation
Zfl
B.K_
( U) = {Variance
( CP > :
+&,x
100 = -
*
463041
794
2035
47 7332-444285
100
_ 63,047
= 794
x 100 = 39 percent
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILB TBSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ESTIMATION OF LENGTH AND LENGTH UNIFORMITY

BY THE OPTICAL SCANNING METHOD
[ Source
: IS
233 ( Part 4 ) : 1978 1
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for estimation of 2.5 percent span length, 50 percent
span length and uniformity index of cotton
fibres by optical scanning method.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A randomly aligned tuft of cotton fibres is
scanned by an optical device and the minimum
length spanned by certain specified percentages
of the fibres is determined. The ratio of lengths
spanned at two percentages is considered as a
measure of fibre length uniformity.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Digital Fibrograph
It is an optical instrument
which scans a
randomly aligned tuft of fibres to estimate the
length of specific portions of the length frequency distribution, like 2.5 percent span length,
50 percent span length.
3.2 A Set of Hand Combs or a Fibro-Sampler
for preparation
of tufts.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 Preparation
of Test Specimen
Prepare the test specimens from the laboratory

sample by one of the following methods given
in 4.1.1 or 4.1.2.
4.1.1 Hand Combing Method
Pick up a handful of cotton from the laboratory sample and separate it into two parts by
pulling so as to expose a fresh surface of projecting fibres. Holding one of the hand combs in
one hand and the opened lump of cotton in the
other, transfer some of .the proj ecting fibres on
to the comb. Pick fresh lumps of cotton, and
proceed in the same manner so that a pair of
combs is filled with sufficient quantity of fibres
drawn from 8 to 10 randomly picked lumps.
Hold one comb in each hand, and untangle and
parallelize the projecting
fibres by mutual
combing. The pair of combed beards constitutes
the test specimen.
4.1.2 Fibro-Sampler Method
Mount one of the fibro-sample combs in the
comb holder of the Fibro sampler, with the
PART 1, SECTION
D/8-3
teeth uppermost. Place the laboratory

sample
in the cage and press it against the perforated
surface. Maintain the pressure and rotate the
sample
holder
round
the
drum counterclockwise through 360. Remove the loaded
comb from the holder. Turn the sample in the
cage to expose a fresh surface, and mount
fibres in one more comb. Either one or a pair
of combed beards constitute the test specimen
depending upon the model of the instrument
being used.
4.2 Optical Scanning of Test Specimens
4.2.1 Assure that the fibrograph is in proper
operating condition; check calibration according to instruction manual.
4.2.2 Insert the loaded pair of combs into the
comb holder, and brush the fibres downward
carefully to remove loose fibres and straighten
the rest.
NOTE - In some fibrograph
constitutes the test specimen.
4.2.3
Lower the light house;

to indicate balance. See
counter reading is within
the quantity of fibres is too
reject the test specimens
ones.
models a single comb
wait for the signal

that the amount
specified limits. If
much or too less,
and prepare fresh
4.2.4 Follow the procedure laid down for respective models and record the 50 percent and
2.5 percent span length values.
5 CALCULATION
RESULTS
AND
EXPRESSION
OF
5.1 Express 2.5 percent span length and 50 percent span-length correct to 0.1 mm. Calculate
the uniformity index as follows:
6 REPORT
6.1 The report

infor mation:
shall
include
the
a) 50 percent span length,

b) 2.5 percent span length, and
c) Uniformity
index ( rounded
significant figures ).
following.
off to two
143
lu-_____
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
NEPCOUNTINCOTTON
(Source
: IS 684 : 1962 )
A nep is a small aggregate of entangled fibres

rolled up into a compact mass, generally or size
not larger than a common pin-head ( say about
2 mm in diameter ) present in cotton. The neps
show up as specks in yarns and fabrics and mar

their appearance. It is, therefore, desirable to
have a method for measuring the number of
neps present in cotton.
1 SCOPE
4 PROCEDURE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for determination of number of neps present in cotton.
The method is applicable to cotton material at
different stages of spinning process from raw
cotton up to and including sliver.
4.1 Mount the test specimens
2 APPARATUS
2.1 For the purpose
of this test,
the following
apparatus be used:
a) Any convenient magnifying device ( like
the microprint reader ) with a magnification of five or more shall be used.
on the magnifying device.

Square by square and row by
row, examine the whole cardboard and count
the number of neps ( see Fig. 1 ) present. Similarly, determine the number of neps in the other
three test specimens. Calculate the total number of neps present in the four test specimens
and weigh them.
5 CALCULATION
5.lCa~late
OF TEST SPECIMEN
where
N=
number of neps present in all the

four test specimens (see 3.1 ); and
w=
mass in grams, of cotton material

in the four test specimens.
3.1 Divide
reduced
sample into four
the
approximately equal parts. Open out one part
carefully by hand and lay it evenly on a
black cardboard measuring about 20 x 10 cm.
Cover the cardboard with a perspex sheet ( of
the cardboard j with one centimetre
squares
marked od it. Similarly, prepare three more
black cardboards taking for the purposes of
each cardboard, the material in any one of the
three remaining parts of the reduced sample.
Each cardboard so prepared shall constitute a
The four cardboards
taken
test specimen.
together shall constitute the test sample.
PART
1, SECTION
D/9
by the following
Nep count = $
b) A suitable balance.
3 PREPARATION
the nep count
6 REPORT
6.1 The report
a) Nep count of the material,

b) Type of material ( whether
raw cotton,
or card sliver or drawing sliver, etc ); and
C) Actual magnification of the device used
for counting neps.
145
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG.~ FULL SIZEPHOTOGRAPH ILLUSTRATINGTHBNEPS
PART 1, SECTION
D/9
149
SP
15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
BUNDLE STRENGTH ( TENACITY ) OF COTTON FIBRES

( Source : IS 3675 : 1966 )
Strength of cotton fibre contributes

substantially to the quality of cotton. The method of
estimating the tenacity of cotton by testing
individual fibres is tedious and time consuming.
For both commercial and technical purposes,
quicker methods have been developed which
test the fibres in the form of bundles. This
covers some such methods.
The bundles of fibres may be secured by clamps
which are either in close contact ( zero gauge
length ) or by clamps separated to give a finite
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for determination of strength of flat bundles of cotton
fibres arranged in parallel manner; the method
is applicable to fibres being tested either at zero
gauge length or at 3.175 mm ( or l/8 in ) gauge
length.
1.2 The method is applicable to fibres from raw

cotton or to fibres from various stages in the
manufacturing process or to fibres separated or
extracted from manufactured cotton products.
1.3 This method is especially intended to be
used with strength testing instruments which
have been designed for specific use of testing
flat bundles of cotton fibres (see Annexes A
and B ).
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A flat bundle is fastened
in a pair of clamps
of prescribed size and the fibres protruding
beyond the clamps are cut. Increasing force is
applied to the specimen until it ruptures. The
broken fibres are weighed and the ratio of the
breaking load to the weight of fibres is determined and the tenacity is calculated therefrom.
The test may be carried out either at zero or at
3.175 mm ( or l/8 in ) gauge length.
3 APPARATUS
of weighing to an accuracy
of f 0.01
NOTE - A balance of capacity 0 to 5 mg is sufficient

for most fibre bundle strength tests. If test specimens
are to be weighed collectively
( see Note 1 under
7.1.2 >, use a balance of capacity 0 to 10 mg or 0 to
20 mg capable of weighing
to an accuracy
of
~tO.02 mg.
3.2 Fibre Bundle Strength Tester

Two
commercially
PART 1, SECTION D/10
International
Calibration
Cotton
Standards
have been established to enable different operators to adjust their personal level of testing to
an agreed common level.
strength testers are described in Annexes A

and B. Other strength testers may be used, if
equipped with adapters to accommodate
the
fibre clamps of Pressley type. The strength tester shall be equipped
with the following
accessories.
3.2.1 Specimen Clamps ( of Pressley Type )
of clamps with a combined width of
11.81 mm ( 0.465 in ), while testing at finite
gauge length, a suitable spacer, usually of
3.175 mm ( or l/8 in ) may be used between the
clamps.
A pair
3.2.2 Clamp Vice

A jig equipped with a locking screw or cam for
holding the clamps while,they are being loaded
and unloaded. A vice equipped with an appropriate construction to ensure the application of
predetermined force when tightening the jaws of
the clamps, may be preferred.
3.2.3 Devices
For preparation
of specimens
them from the clamps:
and removing
a) Coarse comb -- with

approximately
8
teeth per 25 mm ( 1 in ).
3 Fine comb - with approximately 52 teeth
per 25 mm ( 1 in ).
Wrench - for tightening the clamps. A
torque wrench is needed, if the clamp
vice is not equipped with a torque
device.
c>
3.1 Balance
capable
mg.
gauge length. Fibre strength testing at zero

gauge length is a current commercial practice,
although investigations indicate that tests at a
finite gauge length of 3.175 mm ( or l/8 in) may
be more closely related to the tenacity of many
classes of cotton yarn.
available
fibre
bundle
d) Shearing
knife
e) Tweezers
fl
3.2.4
AJine camel-hair brush

Checking Accessories
Such as stop-watch and spirit-level for initial

checking of the strength testing instrument.
149
SP 35 ( Part 1) : 1989
4 ADJUSTMENT
AND
THE INSTRUMENT
CALIBRATION
OF
4.1 Adjustment of the Instrument

Adjust the instrument in accordance with the
instructions
given in Annexes A and B for
specific instrument or with the manufacturers
instructions.
4.2 Calibration
After the adjustment of the instrument, test the
standard calibration
cotton
samples on the
instrument. Ensure acceptable
results on the
standard samples before performing tests on
test specimens. The results may be considered
acceptable if they do not depart by more than
+ 5 percent from the standard values given for
the calibration cottons. Repeat the tests on
standard calibration cotton samples at regular
intervals to ensure a constant level of testing.
4.2.1 When possible, use a standard calibration
cotton sample which has an established tenacity
similar to that of the cotton being tested.
4.2.2 When the observed value differs from the
established
value for the standard calibration
cotton
sample, re-check
the apparatus
and
repeat the test after making necessary adjustments. If the difference still persists, the ratio
of the established value to the observed value
for the calibration samples shall be used as the
multiplying factor for correcting the observed
results on test specimens.
NOTE - International
Calibration Cotton Standards
ior tests made at zero gauge length are available from
the Cotton
Division,
Consumers
and Marketing
Service, US Department
of Agriculture,
Memphis,
Tennessee, USA. These cottons cover approximately
the range of the tenacities of all commercial cottons
grown in the world. Secondary Calibration
Cotton
Standards
corresponding
to the International
Calibration Cotton Standards are proposed to be prepared in India.
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
5.0 Prepare the test specimens by one of the

two methods prescribed below. Method A is
preferable under tropical conditions.
5.1 Method A,
51.1 Place the conditioned
sliver or mechanically blended sample across a set of parallel
combs ( like a comb sorter ). Align one end of
the sliver after removing the protruding fibres
and draw a suitable tuft with the help of a
tweezer. Gently comb four or five. times to
remove the fibres not gripped by the tweezer.
Grip the combed end with another tweezer at
such a distance from the first tweezer so as to
leave fibres having length at least equal to the
width of the pair of clamps, along with the
150
spacer, if any. Release the first tweezer and

comb the free end of the fibres gently.
5.1.2 Take the tuft offibres obtained as in 5.1.1
and form it into a flat bundle of 6 mm in width.
The flat bundle thus obtained shall constitute a
test specimen.
5.2 Method B
5.2.1 The test specimen shall consist of pinches
taken from the test sample. Hold a tuft obtained by placing pinches one on top of the other
near the mid point in one hand between the
thumb and the forefinger and comb with a
special coarse hand comb. The initial combing
stroke shall not be very deep, and shall be
governed by the force necessary to pull the
comb through the tuft. Each succeeding stroke
shall be slightly deeper, until the teeth of the
comb extend all the way through the tuft and
the fibres have been combed close to the point
held between the fingers.
5.2.2 Discard the fibres removed during combing and pull away and discard the loose fibres
from the end of the tuft. Reverse the tuft as
held in the fingers and comb the other end of
the tuft in a similar manner, making certain
that the combs have passed several times between fibres at the centre.
5.2.3 Condition the tuft of fibres to a state of
moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere.
5.2.4 Hold the prepared tuft between the thumb
and forefinger of the left-hand
about
onefourth the distance from the end of the tuft.
Hold the other end in the same manner and
pull out a portion of fibres in the flat bundle.
5.2.5 Hold the loose ends of fibres of the flat
bundle with the left-hand in the same manner as
before. With the right-hand, comb the bundle of
the fibres with a fine comb so that all fibres not
held between the fingers of the left-hand will be
withdrawn during combing.
Hold the fibre
bundle again with both hands, with the bundle
narrowed to 6 mm in width and pull the other
end of the fibres through the comb with the
right-hand. The flat bundle thus obtained shall
constitute a test specimen.
6 TEST PROCEDURE
6.0 Make the necessary preliminary adjustments
appropriate to the instruments used and carry
out the test in Standard Atmosphere.
6.1 Mounting of Fibre Bundle on the Pressley
Clamps ( Vice )
6.1.1 Using Pressley Type Vice
Take a test specimen and place it in the open
fibre clamps at approximately the centre of the
lower faces with the ends of the flat bundle projecting approximately
to an equal length on
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
each side of the clamp. Hold the bundle against
the vice and lower the auxiliary clamp of the
vice. Straighten
the fibre by applying just
enough tension., Then gradually lower the top
jaws of the fibre clamps when the fibres are held
under tension. Press the top jaws to lock the
specimen. Tighten the jaws to a constant torque
with the help of the torque wrench, tightening a
little at a time, the screws on the two jaws in
turn.
NOTE - The torque may be controlled
by either a
vice-mounted
torque indicating
attachment
or by a
friction disc wrench. A torque of about 9 kgf.cm
(8 lhf. in > may be used.
6.1.2
Using Special
Vice as in Stelometer
6.6 Perform the test on a total

specimens.
either a
or by a
that the
the vicestarts to
of about
6.2 Remove the clamps from the vice and shear
off the protruding ends of the fibres with the

shearing knife, shearing downward and away
from the movable face of the fibre clamps.
6.4 Place the prepared
clamps in the instrument, break the specimen and record the breaking load.
6.5 Remove the clamps from the instrument,

check to see that all fibres are broken and place
the clamps in the vice. If all fibres are not broken,
or broken irregularly, or if the breaking load is
less than the required minimum for the instrument used, discard the specimen and make a
new test. If the break is acceptable, open the
clamps, collect
all the broken fibres with
forceps, or preferably with a fine camel hair
brush and weigh them to the nearest 0.01 mg
D/10
10
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Breaking Tenacity
7.1.1 For test made at zero gauge length, based
on a bundle length of 11.8 1 mm ( 0.465 in ), use
the following formula:
Breaking tenacity
( g per tex )
= Breaking load in lb x 5.36

Bundle weight in mg
b) For Stelometer
type instruments:
Breaking tenacity ( g per tex )

= Breaking load in kg x 11.81
Bundle weight in mg
Calculate the mean of all the values and express
it as bre&ng tenacity of the fibres.
7.1.2 For tests made at a jinite gauge length of
3.175 mm ( or l/8 in ) based on a bundle length
of 15 mm ( O-590 in ), use the following formula:
a) For Pressley type instrument:
Breaking tenacity
_
( g per tex )
Breaking load in lbx6.80

Bundle weight in mg
b) For Stelometer
type instruments:
Breaking tenacity
6.3 Adjust the instrument in accordance with
the instructions given in Annexes A and B for
specific instrument or with the manufacturers
instructions.
PART I, SECTION
of at least
a) For Pressley type instruments:
Grip the test specimen at one end with the

sample clip. Comb out all fibres which are not
held by the clip. Holding the clip with its flat
site down, grip the other end of the test specimen in the auxiliary clamp of the vice. Draw the
clip through the open jaws of the fibre clamps
until it clears the jaws and falls to the recessed
section of the vice. Raise the hook on the pretension
lever and position the sample clip
so that the hook passes through the hole on the
clip. Release the hook to make the clip hang
loose!y. Close the jaws of the fibre clamps
and tighten with the help of the torque wrench
the jaw screws gradually till the vice starts
to rotate.
NOTE - The torque may be controlled
by
vice-mounted
torque indicating attachment
fricrion disc wrench. In order to ascertain
elasticity of the spring remains the same,
shall be checked now and then to see that it
rotate with the application
of a torque
15 kgf.cm (8 Ibf. in ).
( see Note 1 under 7.1.2). Do not touch the

fibres with, the fingers while collecting
and
weighing to avoid gain in weight from moisture
pick up.
( g per tex )
Breaking load in kg x 15.00

= --Bundle mass in mg
Calculate the mean of all values and express
it as the breaking tenacity of the fibres.
NOTES
1 If the variation among the individual
test results
is not required, combine all tufts and find their weight
to the nearest 002 mg. Calculate the breaking tenacity by the following formula:
a) For Pressley.type
instruments:
Breaking tenacity
( 6 per tex )
b)
CF
=wxKl
For Stelometer type instruments:

Breaking tenacity
( g per tex )
= -=; x Kz
15I
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
where
.ZF = sum of the values of the breaking load of
tufts,
W = weight of all the tufts,
K1 = 5.36 for tests at zero gauge length and 680
for tests at finite gauge length, and
2C2 = 1181 for tests at zero gauge length and
1500 for tests at finite gauge length.
2 When the Pressley Index is found out, the individual test values shall not have a significant difference
of more than fl0 percent from the average of all the
test values,
8 REPORT
8.0 The test report shall include the following:
ANNEX
The average breaking tenacity

correct to one decimal place,
(g per tex)
b)
Type of strength testing instrument

and
Gauge length used.
used,
( Clauses 1.3, 3.2, 4.1 and 6.3 )

OPERATION OF THE PRESSLEY FIBRE STRENGTH TESTER
A-O DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
A-l.3
A-0.1 The Pressley strength tester is an inclined

plane fibre strength tester, with a free rolling
load carriage, designed to break flat bundles of
cotton fibres and to indicate the load required
to cause the rupture of the flat bundle. The
beam scale is graduated in pound units.
A-2 OPERATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
A-l
ADJUSTMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT
Release the carriage and determine the

time required by the carriage to travel from the
5-pound reading to the 20-pound reading. If
properly adjusted, it shall take approximately
one second.
A-l.1
A-2.1 Place the clamps, with the flat bundle

prepared as in 6.1.1, 41.2 and 6.2, in the slots
provided in the tester.
A-l.2 Level the instrument with the spirit-level

on the carriage track by turning the adjustment
screw on the base plate of the instrument. For
older models, which are not equipped with the
spirit-level,
set the carriage track to an angle
of 1.5 degrees.
A-2.2 Release the carriage by gently raising its

locking lever. After the carriage stops, record
the breaking load from the position of the
carriage on the beam scale to the nearest O-1
pound. If the observed breaking load does not
lie between 7 pounds to 15 pounds, discard the
specimen and make a new test.
Place a thin metal strip in the clamps to

prevent movement or separation and insert the
clamps in the slots provided in the tester.
ANNEX
( CZauses1.3, 3.2, 4.1 and 6.3 )

OPERATION OF THE STELOMETER FIBRE STRENGTH TESTER
B-O DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

B-0.1 The Stelometeris a pendulum type, constant-rate-of-loading
strength testing instrument,
designed to break a flat bundle of cotton fibres
and to indicate the load required to rupture the
specimen. The scale is graduated in kilograms.
This instrument is also equipped with a device
to indicate the percent fibre elongation for tests
made at finite gauge lengths.
B-l ADJUSTMENT
OF THE INSTRUMENT
B-l.1 Level the instrument

152
with the spirit-level
by turning the screw immediately

right handle.
below the
B-l.2 Place a thin metal strip in the fibre

clamps to prevent movement or separation and
insert the clamps in the slots provided on the
tester.
/
El.3 Release the pendulum by depressing the

release trigger and determine the time required
for the load indicator to advance from 0 to 7 kg.
If necessary, adjust the small valve attached
to the control cylinder as required to obtain a
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILE TBSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
rate of loading of 1 kg per second, that is, the
load indicator
shall travel from 0 to 7 in 7
seconds.
B-2 OPERATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
B-2.1 Place the fibre clamps with the fibre
bundles, prepared as in 6.1.1, 6.1.2 and 6.2, in
the slots provided in the tester.
PART 1, SECTION
D/l0
B-2.2 Depress the release trigger to start the

load indicator moving across the scale. After
the bundle breaks and the indicator
stops,
record the breaking load from the position of
the indicator on the scale to the nearest 0.05
kg. If the observed breaking load is less than
3 kg, discard the specimen and make a new
test.
153
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
WOOL FIBRE DIAMETER - PROJECTION

MICROSCOPE METHOD
( Source : IS 744 : 1977 )
This standard, first publised in 1955, was revised
in 1966. The standard makes hrovision for the
use of different types of microscopes
available
in the market which satisfy the basic requiremeats as laid down in the standard. The details
of the method of drawing test specimens from

raw wool, sliver, yarn, rovings and fabrics have
also been included to minimize the variation in
results because of individual bias.
In the centre of the circular screen, there

is a circle whose diameter is equal to a
quarter of the optical distance between
the ocular and the centre of the screen.
All measurements
shall be made inside
this circle.
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard
prescribes
a method for
determination of diameter of wool fibres in any
form by means of a projection microscope.
NOTE - In the case; of dyed, bleached or finished
fibres, the diameter as determined,
may be different
from that of the same fibres not subjected to such
treatments.
Further, the estimates of fibre diameter
of the same lot of wool at the various stages of
prccessing may not necessarily be the same.
2
PRINCIPLE
2.1 Prcfile images of short pieces of the fibres

are projected on to a screen and the diameter
of these images is measured by means of a
graduated scale.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Projection Microscope
It shall comprise a light source, a light condenser, a stage which supports the slide carrying
the fibres, an objective, an ocular,, a circular
screen and satisfying the followmg requirements:
a) The stage is movable in two directions at

right angles by means of a sliding mechanism capable of successive displacements in O-5 mm steps.
b) The objective and ocular are capable of
providing 500 x magnification.
c) The screen with graduated scale is able
to rotate about its centre in its plane.
If this screen is not transparent,
it shall
carry a transparent
scale, 5 cm wide,
graduated in millimetres along its underside, movable diametrically
across the
screen between guides.
If the screen is transparent, the transparent scale graduated in millimetres and
used to measure the width of the projected image, shall be placed along one of
the diameters. The graduated scale shall
be able to rotate about the centre of the
circular screen and in its plane.
PART 1, SECTION
D/11
The projection microscope shall be calibrated periodically by means of a micrometer scale-( certified accurate ), divided
in hundredths of a millimetre and placed
on the stage. One division of the micrometer ( that is 0.01 mm ), projected on
the screen, shall cover exactly 5 mm of
the graduated
scale. The magnification
is then equal to 500 x .
NOTE - Since magnification of 500~ is used during

the observation of fibre diameter, the observed values
in millimetres
can be converted into microns, by
multiplying
them by 2 ( micron = 0001 mm 1.
Hence, the mean of the observed values, if multiplied
by 2, would give the mean fibre diameter in microns.
3.2 Microtome
For cutting the fibres to lengths
0.6 mm or 0.4 mm.
of 0.8 mm,
3.2.1 A suitable microtcme,

shown in Fig. 1,
consists cf the following elements:
4 Steel plate with a slot,

b) Steel tongue, fixed to guides which slides
along the plate, and adjustable in such
a manner that it enters the slot to a predetermined distance.
Cl Steel blade pushers, equal in thickness to
the width of the microtome slot; each

with a stop plate situated at a fixed distance from one of its ends.
A set of three pushers shall be available,
the stop plates of which are situated at
distances of 0.8 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.4 mm
from one of their respective ends.
3.3 Glass Slide

75 x 40 mm ( approximately
) size.
155
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
All dimensions
in millimetres.
FIG. 1 DETAILS OF MICROTOMB

3.4 Cover Glass
50 x 35 mm size having a thickness
0.17 mm.
4 MOUNTING
of 0.13 to
MEDIUM
4.1 A suitable mounting medium, such as cedar

wood oil and liquid paraffin, having the following properties, shall be used:
a) Refractive index between l-43 and l-53
at 27C,
b) Suitable viscosity,
c) Zero water absorption, and
d) No effect on the diameter of the fibre.
5 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
5.1 Raw Wool

Divide the mass of the samples into roughly 40
zones and take a handful of fibres from each
zone. Divide each handful into two ( taking
care to avoid breaking of the fibres ) and reject
one-half, choosing the half to be rejected at
random. If the fibres are parallel, make the
division into two longitudinally,
that is, in a
direction which avoids selection of fibres by
their ends. Divide the retained half into two
and again reject half at random. Continue in
this way until each portion contains about 25
fibres. The reduced sample containing about
1 000 fibres shall constitute the test specimen.
156
5.1.1 Take the test sample as obtained in 5.1

above and wash it first in benzene or petroleum
ether and then in 1 percent solution of sodium
oleate at 40C with two changes of distilled
water. Press it gently between two pads of filter
paper to extract water and subsequently dry it
at a temperature not exceeding 60C.
5.2 Sliver
From the bulk sample draw ten pieces
from different portions at random,
approximately
600 mm length. Take
small portions of fibres from different
the ten sliver pieces. Combine these
of fibres to form a composite sliver
600 mm length. This shall constitute
specimen.
of sliver
each of
out the
places of
portions
of about
the test
5.3 Top
Take four sections of sliver each about 1 metre
in length from different balls of top selected at
random. Take only one ball from any one bale
or package. Each of the four sections of the
sliver shall constitute the test specimen.
5.4 Yam
Cut approximately 3 metre length of yarn into
at least 20 sections, if woollen spun yarn or 50
sections if worsted spun. Then yarn sections
thus prepared shall constitute the test specimen.
HANDBOOKOF TEXTILETESTING-
SP15(Pad1):1989
5.5 Fabric
7 PROCEDURE
Take two samples of at least 50 x 50 mm from

different portions of the fabric samples which
shall represent different warp and weft threads
( wales and courses in the case of knitted
fabrics ). Remove 20 ( if woollen spun ) or 50
( if worsted spun ) warp yarns from each
sample. Remove 10 ( if woollen spun ) and 25
( if worsted spun) weft yarns from each sample.
In the case df knitted
fabrics,
remove 20
threads. The undisturbed pieces of fabric or the
teased out yarns of the fabric shall constitute
the test specimen.
7.0 The test

atmosphere.
6 PREPARATION OF SLIDES
6.X Cutting of Fibres

Take the specimens obtained as in 5 and place
a representative
part of the specimen in the
open microtome slot. Then insert the steel
tongue and push it strongly to compress the
specimen. With a razor blade, cut off the projecting fibres flush with both faces of the steel
plate. The cut part of the fibres will then
remain in the microtome slot. But forcing the
pusher from one side, the cut fibres can be
Forced out at the other side to a length of
0.8 inm, 0.6 mm or 0.4 mm, according
to the
pusher used ( see Table 1 ). With a razor blade,
cut the emerging fibres flush with the steel
plate. Then condition the fibre pieces to moisture equilibrium in standardaatmosphere.
Table 1 Choice of Pushers
( Clause 6.1 )
Fibre Form
Average
Diameter
pm
Raw wool, sliver
and roving
Yarns, fabrics
>
<
>
<
27
27
27
27
Size of Pusher
( Distance Between
Stop Plate and
End of Pusher )
mm
08
04
8::
Transfer the conditioned fibre pieces on to a

slide and put a few drops of any suitable mounting medium, such as cedar wood oil, to fibre
pieces. Disperse the fibre pieces with a dissecting needle into the oil to obtain a uniform
distribution. Remove, if necessary, the mixture
of fibre pieces and oil to ensure that no oil is
squeezed from under the cover glass when it is
put on; this would ensure no preferential
removal of thin fibres. Put a cover glass by placing one of its edges in contact with the shorter
side of the slide and gently lowering the opposite edge. A gentle movement of the dissecting
needle on the cover glass will give uniform distribution of fibre pieces in the mounting medium
avoiding the formation of air bubbles.
D/ 11
out in standard
7.1 Measurement Technique

Mount the slide on the stage. Focus one
extreme corner of the slide which is, say, A
( Fig. 2 ). Move the specimen by O-5 mm in the
transverse
direction
to Al, then move it by
0.5 mm in the lateral direction.
These two
movements
will bring the first field on the
screen.
NOTE - Generally,
both the edges of the image at
the point of measurement will not be in focus at the
same time since the wool fibres are irregular and have
avarying degree of ovality and elipticity.
Figure 3
shows changes in appearance
of wool fibre as the
objective of the microscope is moved away from the
fibre. If the objective is too near. the Becke line would
be white and-if
too far, the Becke lint would be
black.
If at the point of measurement, Becke lines ( white or
black ) ( Fig. 3A and 3C ) appear on both edges of the
image, then the objective shall be adjusted so that
either the whole image is in focus ( Fig. 3B ) or one
edge of the image is in focus and along the other edge
there is a white Becke line ( Fig. 4 ).
Al
A5
6.2 Preparation of Slide
PART 1, SECTION
shall be carried
A6
A7
t
FIG.
SUCCESSIVE MOVEMENTS
OF THE SLIDE
7.2 Rotate the screen until the length of the

transparent
ruler affixed across it is perpendicular to the fibre image. Move the ruler through
its guides until a centimetre division coincides
with one edge of the image, Measure the
distance between the two edges of the image if
the whole of the image is in focus or the
distance between one edge of the image and the
inside of the white Becke line along the other
edge of the image. Record the diameter of that
image by means of a stroke in co1 4 of Record
Sheet ( Annex A) opposite the diameter group
into which the value falls ( see Note ).
NOTE - Group
intervals in Annex A have been
shown as l-2, 3-4, 5-6 mm......, etc, which practically
mean group intervals of 05 to 25 mm, 25 to 45 mm
. . ..-and
so on. As an example, the fibres having
diameter of more than 25 mm and up to and including 45 mm will fall in 3 to 4 mm group while the
fibres of just less than 25 mm would fall under the
lower group of 1 to 2 mm.
157
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
2)
if the extremities of the image do not

project beyond the lengthwise edges
of the transparent ruler,
3) if the length of the image appears to
be less than the diameter of the circle
on the screen,
4) if the image shows the fibre to be
longitudinally damaged, and
5) if the image has more than half its
width outside the circle on the screen.
during
NOTE - The stage shall remain stationary
the measurement in a given field. It may happen that
in a field there will be no fibre at all or only one or
two.
7.4 When the fibres have been measured in one

field, move the slide 0.5 mm in the lateral
direction, measure the fibres in the new field as
A
6
C
in 7.2. Continue in this way along the whole
length of the slide. Havingreached
As, move the
A-Objective
Too Near ( White Becke Lines 1
slide by 0.5 mm in the transverse direction to A4
B-Fibre
in Focus ( No Becke Lines )
and continue measuring
laterally in 0.5 mm
C-Objective
Too Far Away (Black Becke Lines )
steps and so on. Cover the whole slide in this
FIG. 3 CHANGB IN APPEARANCEOF WOOL FIBRE way, following the path A,, A,, As, Ad, A,, A6,
A7......( see Fig. 2 ).
[AS THE OBJECTIVEIS~~;ED
AWAY FROM THE
7.5 Repeat the process until at least 200 observations have been made and recorded
( see
Annex A ). Calculate the variance ( Si2 ).
7.6 The sample size required to obtain an estimate of mean fibre diameter within the desired
limit with 95 percent probability level is given
by the following formula:
-ts s.a
n=E
-1
where
II - number of observations,
t = 1.96,
Sr = variance as calculated in 7.5, and
E = desired limit in microns.
Correct
7.7 If the sample size so obtained is greater

than 200, prepare another slide(s) to obtain the
required number of observations (n) as obtained
in 7.6.
Incorrect
FIG. 4 CORRECTLYFOCUSEDFIBRE WITH ONE

SHARP EDGE AND WHITE BBCKELINE, AND
INCORRECTLYFOCUSEDFIBRE WITH
BLACK BECKELINE
7.3 Observe the following
suring the fibre diameter:
a) Measurement
conventions
in mea-
shall not be made:
1) at a point where fibre images cross

one another.
158
7.8 Calculate
the mean fibre diameter, the
standard deviation and percent coefficient of
variation of the sample to two decimal places
as described in Annex B.
8 REPORT
8.1 Report
shall include the following informa-
tion:
b) Mean fibre diameter, and
cl Number of observations.
HANDBOOKOF TEXTILETESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ANNEX A
RECORD SHEET
SI
Diameter
NO.
(1)
Mid
Values
Observed Frequency
(3)
(2)
(4)
fd
fdr
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
mm
mm
1.
l-2
2.
3-4
3.
5-6
4.
7-8
-5
-5
25
5.
9-10
-4
-12
48
-3
-12
36
6.
II-12
7.
13-14
19
-2
-38
76
8.
15-16
15*5 #flfccHGHHcIf#u#)cH
35
_- 1
-35
35
9.
17-18
17.5
39
10.
19-20
19.5
uWfffffWfufff/ff//ffuI
36
36
36
14.
21-22
21.5
ft))Wfu
25
50
100
12.
23-24
23.5
fft) ff)) Ii
12
36
108
13.
25-26
25.5
ff# f#
10
40
160
14.
27-28
27.5
f/f# /i
35
175
15.
29-30
29.5
+ltt
30
180
16.
17.
31-32
33-34
31.5
33.5
II
I
2
1
7
8
14
8
98
64
18.
35-36
35.5
81
19.
37-38
37.5
fWWfff#f!ffWffffi1111
ffUfU+
n=
Ef = 200
cfd
Zfd
~156
=l 222
ANNEX B
( Clause 7.8 )
METHOD OF CALCULATION OF MEAN FIBRE DIAMETER, VARIANCE, COEFFICIENT
VARIATION AND NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
OF
B-l.1
Fill in co1 5 of the

Record
Sheet
( Annex A ) the total number of strokes against
each diameter group.
Note in co1 6 the deviation d of each group

value from the assumed origin Do expressed in
the unit of class interval c, prefixing + or
__, sign, whichever is applicable. For example,
the assumed origin of the values recorded in
B-1.2 Find out diameter group with the highest

frequency, and take the centre ( or mid-value )
of this diameter group as the assumed origin.
Annex A ls 175 mm*

B-l.3 Derive the values of fd and fde from the
values noted in co1 5 and 6 of the Record
B-l PROCEDURE
PART 1, SECTION
D/ 11
159
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Sheet, and note the derived values in co1 7 and
8 as indicated, f being the observed frequency
for the group.
B-2 CALCULATION
Example:
By substituting the values derived from the

Record Sheet in Annex A, the following results
are obtained:
a) Mean fibre diameter ( D ), in microns
as indicated
in Annex A,
B-2.1 Calculate,
the sum of the values in co1 5, 6 and 7 to obtain
the values of n, tlfd, 2fdY respectively.
B-2.2 Substitute the values of D,,, II, Zfd, Xfd* in
the formulae given below and calculate the
the variance and the
mean fibre diameter,
percent
coefficient
of variation
[ see Note
under 3.1 (d) 1:
b) Variance
Doi--
=
=
=
b) Variance
cXfd
2 x - 17.5 + 2 zoo156
t
3
2 x [ 17.5 + 1.56 ]
2 x 19.06
38.12
Ss, in microns
Efde - +
=4x
c3
1222 -
= s
=4x
of variation
100
( 156)s
___
200
200
St, in microns
coefficient
( xfd )
=4x2a
c) Percent
D,+Td
(D), in microns
a) Mean fibre diameter

=2x
=2x
( 1 222 -
121.68 )
= 88.026
:. S = 9.38
c) Percent coefficient of variation
where
&K
100
D, = assumed origin,
=gg
c = class interval,
zifd = algebraic sum of the values in co1 7
of Annex A,
n = sum
of the values in co1 5 of

Annex A (totalnumber of observations),
2fd2 = sum of
the values in co1 8 of

Annex A, and
D = the calculated
in microns.
160
mean fibre diameter
= 24.6
ta x
n=E
100
se
for t = 1.96
E = 1 pm
n =
( 1.96 ) X 88.026 E_ 338.2

1
that is, we should have additional 139 observations.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
WOOL FIBRE DIAMETER

( Source
BY AIRFLOW
METHOD
: IS 6919 : 1973 )
There is a close correlation

between the air
permeability of a uniformly arranged mass of
textile fibres and the specific area ( area/
volume ). For fibres of circular or near circular
cross section and constant density, such as
unmedullated wool fibres, the surface area of
.a given mass of fibres is inversely proportional
to the average fibre diameter. This relationship
is used for determining the wool fibre diameter
using airflow instruments. Owing to the speed

and simplicity of the method, it is particularly
suitable for quality control in the mills.
This method is in line with IS0 1136-1976 Air
permeability method for measuring the mean
diameter of wool fibres issued by the International Organization for Standardization.
1 SCOPE
mean fibre diameter is read off from the

flowmeter.
In practice this apparatus
has been found to be somewhat more
useful for routine work.
1.1 This
standard prescribes
a method for
determining the mean diameter of wool fibres
using airflow instruments.
1.2 This method is applicable
to clean unmedullated wool fibres dispersed in a uniform
open state. It is particularly
suitable for combed slivers. The method is also applicable to
oil combed slivers without cleaning, if the oil
content is constant and the apparatus suitably
calibrated. It is not applicable to samples containing medullated fibres and fibres which are
heterogeneous in diameter.
3.2 The apparatus

consists
parts as shown in Fig. 1.
of the
following
3.2.1 Air Value ( B)

giving sufficiently fine control of the air supply,
such that the level of the flowmeter on manometer may be quickly adjusted to the working
value.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A specified mass of fibres to be tested is
compressed to a constant volume in a cylindrical chamber with perforated
ends to which a
flowmeter and a manometer are connected. The
fibres are packed in such a way that they lie
predominantly at right angles to the axis of the
chamber. A regulated current of air is then
passed through the compressed fibres and the
average fibre diameter read off from a scale on
the manometer or the flowmeter.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Airflow Apparatus
UMP
Any of the two alternative forms of apparatus,

namely, Constant Flow and Constant Pressure
as described below may be used. Both forms of
apparatus have the same arrangement of parts,
as illustrated in Fig. 1:
a) Constant Flow Apparatus - utilizes a specimen mass of 15 g, the flowmeter is
adjusted to a lixed value and the mean
fibre diameter is read off from the manometer scale. The scale is not linear since
the successive intervals, corresponding
to one micrometer
( micron ) decrease
with the diameter.
b) Constant Pressure Apparatus - utilizes a
specimen mass of 2.5 g, the manometer
is adjusted to a fixed pressure and the
PART 1,SECTION D/12
FIG. 1
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
OF APPARATUS
3.2.2 Suction Pump
of a type providing a smooth output of at least

30 l/min at 200 mm head of water with minimal fluctuation of the float of the flowmeter. A
filter to trap any loose fibres may be inserted
between the pump and the air valve ( B).
3.2.3
Constant Volum+hamber
-7
.!
( A )
of brass, hardened steel, or any other suitable

metal, suggested
dimensions P;of which are
given in Fig. 2. This comprises .three parts,
namely, (a) the base into which the fibres are
packed, (b) the plunger which compresses the
161
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
fibres,
and (c) the screw cap which
clamps
the
plunger to the base. The finish shall be smooth

so that the plunger slides easily into the base
without trapping fibres.
3.2.3.1 Non-rotating plunger
Rotation of the plunger is possible whilst the
screw cap is being screwed on to the constant
volume chamber and this can affect results. To
prevent this, a thin plate of steel is fixed to the
top of the plunger as shown in Fig. 3. This
plate is held by the operator whilst the cap is
screwed on, thus preventing rotation.
3.2.4 Reservoir ( D )
of fluid manometer
as specified in Table 1
mounted at sufficient height to give a clear
working distance ZH of 350 mm in the glass
limb of the manometer.
3.2.4.1 The manometer ( C ) is made of glass
tube of internal
diameter at least 5 mm to
reduce surface tension effects. In both cases a
small amount of dye may be added to the
manometer
fluid, and where this consists of
distilled water, a small trace of chromic acid
shall be added to give a clear meniscus. A
millimetre scale is fixed behind the limb ZH.
3.2.5 Flowmeter ( F)
having the characteristics
indicated in Table 1.
Table 1
and of f4
method.
SCREW
mg
for
the
constant
pressure
CAP
PLUNGER
BASE
Manometer and Flowmeter

Characteristics
( Clauses 3.2.4 and 3.2.5 )

Characteristic
Considered
Minimum diameter
of reservoir
Type of manometer
fluid
Working
meter
range of
Constant
Constant
Flow
150 mm
60
n-propyl alcohol
10 to 20 l/min
Pressure
mm
SECTION
Distilled water
5 to 25 l/min
(EXPLODED)
All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 2
SUGGESTED DIMENSIONS OF CONSTANT.

VOLUME CHAMBER
3.2.6 Rubber Tube

connecting the manometer reservoir ( D ) to
the chamber ( A ), which shall be pressure tubing of small internal diameter to avoid constriction at the bends.
3.2.7 Rubber or a Plastic Tube
from the chamber ( A ), to the flowmeter ( F ),
which shall be of internal diameter not less
than 6 mm, shall be as short as possible and
shall nbt be twisted or kinked between calibration of the apparatus and its subsequent use.
3.2.8 Packing Rod
For packing the fibres in the
chamber ( see Annex D ),
constant
volume
3.3 Balance
capable of weighing the specimen to an accuracy of 3~2 mg for the constant Jlow method
162
All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 3 NON-ROTATING PLUNGER
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
4.1 Cleaning
The laboratory sample shall be about 8 g and

shall first be degreased by rinsing well in the
baths each of about 200 ml of petroleum ether
before conditioning. If the laboratory
sample
is known to be dry-combed
with fatty matter
content below 1 percent, the test specimens
may be taken from it without cleaning. If the
laboratory
sample is known to be oily with
fatty matter content between 3 and 4 percent,
the test specimens may be taken from it without cleaning provided the apparatus has been
calibrated from oil-combed slivers.
5.1 Ensure that the meniscus of the manometer

is at the zero mark and, if required, carry out
an orifice plate check as given in A-3.3.
5.2 Pull out the weighed test specimen into a
long thin sliver and feed it evenly into the constant volume chamber ( A ), packing the fibres
down with the packing rod from time to time.
Insert the plunger and screw down the cap to
the furthermost
extent so that the lip of the
plunger is in contact with the base.
5.3 Depending
on the method
adjust the air valve as follows:
4.3 Selection of Specimens

Take the specimens from different places in the
laboratory sample. In the case of balls of sliver,
the laboratory
sample should be made up of
yFec;s.lyf sliver from both inside and outside of
4.4 Specimen Mass
For the constant flow method the specimen
mass should be 1.5 g f 2 mg. For the constant
pressure method the specimen mass should be
2.5 g f 4 mg.
4.5 Preparation
For slivers with cut ends, cut off with scissors
a length to give as nearly as possible the specimen mass, then make up to the exact mass by
adding shorter cut lengths or portions. For
slivers with pulled ends, remove and discard
about live hand draws, then weigh out the
specimens by taking several successive hand
draws.
5 PROCEDURE
used,
b)
constant flow method adjust the air

valve until the top of the float of the
flowmeter coincides with the reference
mark Y and note the fluid level of the
manometer to the nearest millimetre or
0.1 pm ( see A-3.1 ).
For constant pressure method adjust the
air valve until the fluid level of the manometer coincides with the 18 cm reference
mark H and note the position of the float
of the flowmeter to the nearest millimetre or O-1 micron ( see A-3.2 ).
5.4 Remove the specimen from the constant

volume chamber, tease out the fibres by hand,
repack in the constant volume chamber without loss of fibres, insert the plunger and screw
down the cap, and note the reading again as
before.
5.5 Repeat the operation 5.4 so that a total of
three
readings on each test specimen
is
obtained.
5.6 Similarly test the
given above.
other
test
specimens as
6 CALCULATIONS
6.1 Calculate the average of the three readings
for each specimen and then average of the
readings for all test specimens and express the
result to the nearest 0.1 pm.
7 REPORT
5.0 If tests are not carried out in the standard

atmosphere for testing, condition the laboratorysample to moisture equilibrium near the
apparatus.and note the relative humidity of the
atmosphere at the time of test, then correct
the final results by the
factors given in
Annex B.
5.0.1 The readings of flowmeters are influenced
to a small extent by variations in barometer
pressure and temperature.
Correction plugs
( see A-3.4 ) may be used if the variations in
barometric pressure and temperature are .appreciable at the place of testing.
PART 1, SECTION
be
a>For
4.2 Number of Specimens

Unless otherwise specified, test a minimum of
two specimens for fibre diameter below 30 pm
and a minimum of three specimens for fibre
diameter above 30 ccm.
to
D/12
7.1 The report

information:
shall
include
the
following
4 Type of material,
b) Name of the apparatus used,
cl Number of test specimens tested,
4 Whether the specimen was tested after
cleaning or without cleaning,

e) Average fibre diameter, and
f 1 Whether tested in standard atmosphere
or correction applied for relative humidity.
163
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ANNEX
A
( Clause 5 )
CALIBRATION
A-l LEAKAGE
A-l:1
After assembling the apparatus as in

Fig. 1 remove the cap and plunger from the
constant volume chamber ( A ) and insert a
rubber stopper. By means of a Hoffman clip
close the rubber tube between ( A ) and ( F)
after introducing a pressure difference causing
the meniscus in the manometer to alter by
about 15 cm. Note the position of the meniscus
periodically
for several
minutes and if it
changes, the apparatus should be examined
for leaks.
A-2 SAMPLES OF SLIVERS
A-2.1 Obtain sufficient quantities of the reference slivers ( see Annex C ) for calibration. In
requesting these state:
a) the test specimen mass for the apparatus
to be used ( 1.5 or 2.5 g ), and
b) whether oil-combed or dry-combed
ples are required.
sam-
supplied is suffici-
A-3 GRADUATING THE SCALE

A-3.1 Constant Flow Apparatus
Make a horizontal mark Y ( see Fig. 1 ) near
the top of the flowmeter scale, avoiding any
position giving marked fluctuation of the float.
Fix a scale graduated in millimetres behind the
manometer and adjust the zero mark to coincide with the meniscus of the liquid. Then
condition and ,weigh out 1.5 g specimens of
each sample of reference sliver and test according to the procedure described in 5, noting the
distance in millimetres below the zero to which
the meniscus falls. Do not clean before test.
Test three specimens from each of the eight
reference slivers in this way and calculate the
average of the nine readings for each reference
sliver.
A-3.1.1 Plot the average depression h in millimetres of the manometer meniscus against the
known value of fibre diameter d in microns and
after inspection to ensure that the points lie
about a smooth curve, fit a relation by least
squares as given below. From this relation a
conversion table may be prepared in microns,
or a scale may be graduated
in microns and
fixed behind the manometer.
164
OF APPARATUS
A-3.1.2 Calculation of Results by the Least Squares
Method
TEST
Each type of sliver normally

ent for four specimens.
between d and h is of the form

and it is thus necessary to take
logarithms to obtain a linear relation.
The relation
hdb = constant
Let X = log d and Y = log h.

For each of the n lots of sliver used for standardization two values Xi and Y1are obtained.
First calculate the following quantities:
zx=x,+x,+..+x,;
ZY = Yi + Y, f. .+ Y,
CY2 = Yi i Ysa +. . + Y,2
zxY=x~Y*+x,Y*+..+x,Y,,
zy2 = BY2 -
(zY)2
n
cxy = ZXY - ( ZXCY )/n

b = %y/By2
The regression equation of X and Y which

applies to the apparatus is then
X=X/n+b(Y--Y/n)
*** (1)
A-3.1.2.1
Finally construct a Table h to d by

taking values of h at 5 mm intervals, finding
log h, substituting in equation (1) to obtain X
and so tabulating d = antilog X for each value
of h.
A-3.2 Constant Pressure Apparatus
Make a horizontal mark at a distance corresponding to 180 mm water pressure from the
zero mark Z of the manometer.
Fix a scale
graduated in millimetres behind the flowmeter
( F) so that the zero of this scale coincides
with a file mark ( zero ) made near the bottom
of the flowmeter. Condition
and weigh out
2.5 g specimens of each sample of reference
sliver and test according
to the procedure
described in 5, noting the distance y in millimetres of the float of the flowmeter from zero.
Do not clean the slivers before test. Test three
specimens form each of eight ( II ) reference
slivers in this way and calculate the average of
the nine readings for each reference sliver.
A-3.2.1 Plot the average reading in millimetres,
yl, yl, etc, against the known values of fibre
diameter dl, d,, etc. Fit a second degree regresHANDBOOK
OF TBXTILE
TISSTING
r---SF 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
sion line of y on d. This is done by finding the

coefficients a, b, c, in the equation
Y = a + bd + cda . . .
(2)
:
by solving the equations
Zy = na + bZd x cCdz
Zdy = aCd + bZd2 f
cgd3
Zdy = aBd2 + bZd3 + cZd4
The equation (2) is then used to graduate a

scale in microns which may be fixed behind the
flowmeter.
the top of the plug sealed permanently with a

resin which sets at sufficiently low temperature
to avoid damaging the fibres ( for example,
100C ). The plug is clamped in place of the
metal plunger on the airflow apparatus and the
instrument reading taken several times at 27C
when the barometric
pressure is within 5 mm
Hg of the pressure at calibration. Let the mean
reading be C pm. During any series of subsequent tests the plug is inserted .and a reading
taken. Let this be T pm. Then the results of
any tests are multiplied by the factor C/r.
A-3.3 Orifice Plate Checks

To make regular daily checks that the apparatus is in good order the use of two orifice
plates is recommended. These consist of aluminium discs of the same diameter as the inside
of the constant volume chamber, each with a
central hole. The discs have a rim which in use
rests on the annular top of the constant volume
chamber. The diameter of the central hole in
one disc is chosen to give a reading of about
one-third of the available scale on the manometer ( constant flow method ) of flowmeter
( constant
pressure method ) when clamped
and used in the apparatus under working conditions, with no fibres in the chamber. The diameter of the central hole ih the second disc is
chosen to give a reading ef about two-thirds of
the available scale, under the above described
conditions.
NOTE -A
thin rubber or plastic sealing ring of
internal diameter 252 mm is placed under the rim .of
the plug SO there is no edge leakage when clamped in
position on the constant volume chamber.
bSrnrn*
3-I
A combined correction for both temperature

and barometric pressure may be made by the
aid of a plug filled with non-hygroscopic
fibre,
for example, polyester. Details of the construction are given in Fig. 4. The plug is filled with
the correct mass* of non-hygroscopic
fibre and
*The correct mass of non-hygroscopic fibre in grams
is given by 15~1131 for constant flow and 25p/131 for
constant pressure where p = density of fibre and density
of wool assumed to be 131. For polyester
the correct
mass will be 158 g for constant
flow and 263 g for
constant pressure.
PART 1, SECTION
D/12
)c32d-
r0.7
CONSTANT FLOW 9-2mm

CONSTANT PRESSURE
17.3 mm *_l
A-3.3.1 At least once a dry orifice plates are

clamped in the apparatus so that air enters
through the central hole only and the readings
are noted. Variations in the readings given by
the scale should not exceed 2 mm and 4 mm
respectively for the two orifice platesi This
provides a useful and quick check on the functioning of the apparatus, particularly as regards
the presence of air bubbles in the manometer
system.
A-3.4 Correction Plugs
HOLES
PLAN
SECTIONAL
FRONT
1.5 mm+
HOLES
BOTTOM VIEW
All dimensions
FIG.
in miilimetres.
4 DIMENSIONS OF CORRECTION PLUG
A-3.4.1 With long usage of the plug, dirt deposits and the reading of the plug changes. It is
advised, therefore, that after it has been used
about 400 times ( 18 months if used once per
day ) the non-hygroscopic fibre be replaced by
clean fibre and a new standard reading for the
plug be determined.
Likewise the plug shall be
kept in a protective
container when not in use
and should be discarded if it has been in contact with any liquid, powder, etc.
165
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ANNEX B
( Clause A-5.0 j
CORRECTION FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITYI
B-l
If tests are carried out in non-standard

atmosphere
of known relative humidity the
results in microns may be corrected by the
applicable to fibre diameters
following factors,
between 19 and 37 microns:
Multiplier to Convert to
65 Percent Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity
Percent
50
l-015
55
1.010
1.005
l+NO
0.995
0.988
0.980
0.969
60
Relative Humidity
Multiplier to Convert to
Percent
65 Percent Relative Humidity
40
1.022
45
1.019
65
70
75
80
85
ANNEX C
( Clause A-2.1 )
REFERENCE SLIVERS FOR CALIBRATION
C-l For calibration of the airflow apparatus as
described in Annex A, laboratory samples of
eight reference slivers are available.
A set of eight reference slivers can be obtained

by appropriate laboratories on application to:
The fibre diameter of each sliver has been

measured by the projection microscope in several laboratories and is known accurately.
Interwoollabs
24, rue Montoyer
1 040 Brussels
The slivers are available in two forms:
Belgium
fatty matter content less

a) Dry-combed,
than 1 percent; and
b) Oil-combed, fatty matter content between
3 and 4 percent.
166
All such applications should state whether oilcombed or dry-combed slivers are required, and
whether specimen masses of 1.5 g or 2.5 g are
required.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ANNEX D
( Clause 3.2.8 )
PACKING ROD
D-l It is possible for operators
to exert an
unduly large force during packing if a rod of
small diameter is used to compress the fibres in
the constant volume chamber.
To avoid this,
the packing rod illustrated in Fig. 5 should
always be used. Theoperator holds the rod by
the long end and uses the short end to press the
All dimensions
FIG. 5
PART 1, SECTION
D/12
fibres into the constant volume chamber. The

cross piece prevents the rod penetrating too far
into the constant volume chamber.
The rod should be made from a non-metallic
substance, for example, polythene, to minimize
wear on the constant volume chamber.
in millimetres.
PACKING ROD
167
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) :, 1989
PERcEFJT,i)GE OF MEDULLATED FIBRES -IN WOOL

( Source : IS 2899 : 1965 )f ,
Many coarse wool $ibres have a celitrai hollow
or nearly hollow, tubular spa&e known as the
medulla. A fibie either without medulla or with
medulla in the form of a dot is clirssified as
non-medullated
fibre. A fibre with medulla
whose size iS niore than a dot is classified as
medullated fibre. Mediillated fibres are further
classified i&o partially medullated and coarsely
medullated fibres according io the width of the
me,dulla in relation jo the, width of the fibre.
The presence of medullated fibres in clothing
wool is likely to increase the i,rregularity in
rovings and yarns.
-,
..
ble in catpet wobls to give bulk to the yarri,

coverage to the carpet and resistance to crushing and matting. But the extent of medulla in
these fibres: should be within certain limits.
Highly medullated, chalky, white, brittle fibres
are undesirable as they interfere in dyeing and
reduce the strength of the yarn and resistance
to wear of the carpets.
Carpet wools are usually mixtures of coarse

hairy medullated fibres and fine non-medullated
fibres. Coarse hairy medullated fibres are desira-
Almost all the wool grown by indigenous sheep

breeds in India is a mixture of medullated and
non-mgdullated
fibres in varying proportions.
Measurement
of medullation in Indian wool is,
therefore, important in developing the sheep
breeds so as to grow less of coarse medullated
wool as well as in the grading of raw wool.
1 SCOPE
3.1 Preparation of Test Sample
1.1 This standard

prescribes
a method for
determining the percentage of medullated fibres
and the percentage
of coarsely medullated
fibres in wool.
3.1.1 Place the bunch so prepared on the glass

slide and cut the middle portion of the bunch
into snippets of about 0.1 mm length with the
help of a sharp razor blade. This will ensure
that all the fibres are included in the snippets.
2 APPARATUS
2.1 Projection Microscope
100x to 150x.
2.2 Mounting Medium
3.1.2 Condition the snippets

atmosphere for 24 hours.
Cedar wood oil.
3.2 Preparation
3 PROCEDURE
3.0 The t&t
Atmosphere.
1A
shall be carried out in Standard
Partially
Draw and double the fibres in the test sample

with the help of the thumb and fingers of both
hands. Comb them and make them into a bunch
of parallel fibres.
Msdullded
of Slide
Mix the sni pets or cut fibres thoroughly with a

fine pointe a brush and arrange them with the
help of a mounting needle, on a glass plate into
Fibres
FIG. 1
PART 1, SECTION D/13
in the standard
MEDTJLLA~ED AND NON-MEDULLATED
FIBRES
169
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
a uniformly thick layer, approximately 25 x 25
mm. Divide the square layer into 16 zones of
approximately
equal size. From each of the
zones, take a small quantity of cut fibres with
the help of a mounting needle and transfer them
on a slide measuring approximately 75 x 40 mm
and put a few drops of cedar wood oil to fibre
pieces. Disperse the fibre pieces with a dissecting
needle into the cedar wood oil to obtain a uniform distribution.
Put a cover glass measuring
50 x 35 mm ( 0.13 to O-17 mm thick) by placing one of its edges in contact with the shorter
side of the slide and gently lowering the opposite edge. ( A gentle movement of the mounting
needle on the cover glass will give uniform
distribution
of fibre pieces in the mounting
medium. )
llated
or coarsely
medullated.
observations .in a Record Sheet
Annex A.
Record the
as given in
3.3.2 When the fibres have been examined in

one field, move the specimen 0.5 mm in the
lateral
direction
and
examine
the fibres
( see 3.3.1) in the new field. Continue in this
way along the whole length of the slide. Having
reached As, move the slide by 0.5 mm in the
transverse direction to A, and continue measuring laterlly in 0.5 mm steps and so on. Cover
the whole slide in this way, following the path
AI, Al,, Aa, A,, & &, -47.
3.4 Repeat the procedure
until at least 450
observations have been made and recorded in
the Record Sheet.
3.3 Measurement Technique

4 CALCULATION
Mount the slide on the stage with the cover
glass downwards. Rotate the knobs to focus one
extreme corner of the slide which is At inFig. 2.
Move the specimen by 0.5 mm in the transverse
direction to AB( see Fig. 2 ). Then move it by
0.5 mm in the lateral direction.
These two
movements
will bring the first field on the
screen.
4.1 Calculate the percentage of medullated fibre

and percentage of coarsely medullated fibres as
given below:
a) Percentage
=$x
b) Percentage
=
of medullated
fibres
100
of coarsely medullated
fibres
qx 100
where
FIG.
2 SUCCESSIVE
MOVEMENTSOF THE SLIDE
3.3.1 Examine each fibre within the circle of

the field. Note (a) whether the fibre under
examination is non-medullated
or medullated,
and (b) if medullated, whether paitially medu-
M = number of medullated fibres observed, that is, number of partially

medullated and coarsely medullated
fibres;
T = total number of fibres observed;
and
jtfl + number
of coarsely
medullated
fibres observed.
ANNEX k
( czuml?3.3.1 )
RECORD SHEET
Number of Non-medullated
Fibres
Number of Partially
Medullated Fibres
(1)
(2)
Namber of Coarsely
Medullated Fibres
(3)
Total
170
HANDBOOKOF
TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
MEAN FIBRE LENGTH OF WOOL

( Source
: IS 1377
Fibre length is one of the factors on which the
spinning quality of wool depends; generally
speaking, longer wools are combed and spun
into comparatively fine worsted yarn and short
: 1971)
wools not suitable for combing are spun into

coarse woollen yarn. Wool fibre is not straight;
its crimps and curls complicate measurement of
length.
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method
determining the mean fibre length of wool.
for

2.1 Mix the gross sample thoroughly, spread
out as evenly as possible, and mark it into
zones by means of an adjustable sampling frame
[ see 4.1 (a) 1. From the central portion of each
zone and without disturbing the arrangements
of fibres in a stable, draw a small quantity of
wool, say about 5 mg, so as to yield a total of
about 0.5 g. Without disturbing the arrangements of fibres in a staple, spread the wool so
drawn evenly over a distance of about 8 cm
along the length of a velvet board, keeping the
root ends of fibres in the same direction. Cover
the root ends of the fibres with a steel rule and
draw a bunch of about 100 fibres from under
each one of the middle three 2-cm markings of
the rule. Each bunch so drawn shall constitute
a test-specimen.
The bunches taken together,
shall constitute the test sample.
P!on
Edges
Of Sampling
of
Frame
Showing
Wool Somple Evened

Markers
upto
3 REAGENT
3.1 Methyl Ether or Benzene
4 APPARATUS
4.1 For the purpose of this test, the following

apparatus shall be used:
a) Sampling Frame - consisting of an adjustable wooden or metal frame of suitable
size and fitted with elastic cords along
its length and width ( see Fig. 1 ).
b) Veher Board - of black or any other contrasting colour.
c) Two Pairs of Forceps
d) Scale - graduated
millimetres.
in
centimetres
and
5 PROC!EDURE
5.0 The tests shall be carried
atmosphere.
PART 1,SBCTION D/14
out in standard
[Table
-~
b%ol Sample
E?lcrged
Section
of One P.rlgie Oar
01 Sampiing
Frome with Marker
and
Wool Sample in Position
FIG. 1
SAMPLING FRAME
5.1 Degrease
a test specimen
either in 2
changes of methyl ether at room temperature
or 3 changes of benzene warmed at 40C. Draw
the wool fibres by hand and form them into a
bunch, with the root ends of fibres lying in one
direction. Tie the bunch loosely near the root
ends of the fibres and place it on the table.
Cover the tip ends of fibres under light pressure
to facilitate drawing out of fibres one by one.
171
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
5.2 Draw one fibre from..the bunch and s&&hten it out by means of the pairs of forceps,
taking care not to stretch it but merely to
remove its crime. Place it on the velvet board
and measure iis length from end to end by
means of scale correct to one millimetre. SimiI&ly measure the length of each fibre in the
bunch.
,6&l Ifthe stanoard error of the mean is less

than 5 percent of the mean, report correct to
the nearest millimetre, the mean fibre length
obtained as in 6.1.
6.1.2 If the standard error, of the mean is equal
to or more than 5 percent of the mean, make at
least 300 further observations.
7 REPORT
5.3 Test at least two more test specimens in a

similar manner as in 5.1 and 5.2.
6 CALCULATIONS
6.1 Calculate the mean fibre length, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation and
the standard error of the mean of all the
observed values.
172
7.1 The report

information:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
shall
include
the
following
Mean fibre length,

Standard deviation,
Coefficient of variation,
Standard error of mean, and
No. of observations.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
WOOL FIBRE LENGTH ( BARBE AND HAUTEUR )

USING A COMB SORTER
( Source
: IS
8387 : 1977)
This method is in line with ISO/R 920-1969

Method of test for wool fibre length ( barbe
and hauteur ) using a comb sorter published by
the International
zation.
1 SCOPE
If the same symbols are used as for the

the hauteur is equal to

fibre length ( barbe and
determination
of wool ._
hauteur ) and their coefficients of variation, by
means of a comb sorter. This method is apphcable to twistless combed wool slivers and to
prepared wool slivers ( rovings ).
2 PRINCIPLE
3 TERMINOLOGY
3.0 For the purpose of this standard,
following definitions shall apply.
the
3.1 Barbe
The mean length of the fibres in a sliver or in a
roving, calculated from the proportions by mass
of the fibres in the sliver or the roving.
If
n,, IQ = represent the number of fibres in
each length group,
L1, Ls, = represent the length of each group
of fibres, expressed in millimetres,
al, a, = represent
the linear density of
fibres of each group,
Pl, Pe = represent the total mass of the
fibres belonging to each length
group,
then the barbe is equal to
nl a1 Lla+n, a, Ls2+ . . . . . .
nl al L1 i-n2 a, L,+ . . . . . . . . .
PI L,+P, LIs_ . . . . . . . . * . . . . . .
= P,-fP S......................
3.2 Hauteur
The mean length of the fibres in a sliver or in a

roving, calculated from the proportions by titre
of the fibres in the sliver or the roving.
1, SECTION
rzl a1 L1+n2 a, L,+

nl al+n, a,+. ........
.. _
for
Standardi-
barbe,
PI+P2+.
.....
.-PI
r + pe
1
1
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Comb Sorter
2.1 A numerical sample of the fibres is taken

and the fibres are classified by lengths. They
and
are then divided into length
groups
weighed.
PART
Organization
D/15
Consisting basically of a bed of combs which

can be lowered successively and of which the
spacings determine
the classes of the fibre
lengths. The apparatus shall permit the following operations:
4 Successive draws of several tufts of fibres

at the
roving.
squared-off
end of a sliver or a
b) The deposition of these tufts as they are

drawn on to the comb bed so that the
aligned ends of the combed fibres in each
tuft are placed on the last comb.
removal of the fibres which project

c>The
beyond each comb by means of a drawing off system, starting
fibres,
with the
NOTE - A type of apparatus which

operations
semi-automatically
is
Annex A.
longest
performs these
described
in
4.2 Balance

5 PREPARATION
of 1 mg.
OF TEST SPECIMENS
5.1 From each sliver or roving to be tested, a

test piece of 1 metre in length should be taken.
It should be twisted ( approximately. 20 twists ),
and its two ends placed side by side and held
in the hand, so that the folded sliver or roving
then twists slightly upon itself. This slight twisting is intended to prevent the test piece from
losing fibres or from becoming distorted during
its exposure to the standard atmosphere.
173
SP 15 ( Part 1) :1989
b) Barbe, mm =
6 PROCEDURE
6.0The tests shall be carried out in standard
RL
z -10s
atmosphere.
6.1 Positioning of Fibres on the Combs
Place the untwisted test piece at the position
specified on the apparatus for drawing off the
tufts; the end from which the fibres are to be
taken should project by about 200 mm. Using
the hands and then by means of a grip square
off the end by taking and discarding small quantities of fibre, not exceeding 12.5 mm increments, from the over-hanging end of the test
piece until just enough tufts offibres project for
the following operations:
a) Using the arip. draw off further tufts of
woorfromthesquared-off
end of the sliver
or roving to give a test specimen of mass
500 to 4 000 mg, and arrange it on the
bed of combs. Bring the aligned ends of
the combed fibres to the last comb.
Regulate the depth of the wool in the
combs by pressing with a rod or other
suitable device.
6.2Sorting of Fibres by Length Groups

Lower thecombs one by one, until the ends of
the longest fibres project beyond a single comb.
pljote the number of combs remaining in the
raised position so as to calculate from this the
average length of the longest length group.
Using the drawing device, draw off the projecting fibres. Then place them on one side for
weighing. Lower the next comb, again draw off
the projicting fibres and place them in a separate group for weighing.
6.2.1 Continue in this way until the last group
of fibres is reached. Weigh the fibres in each
group to an accuracy of 1 mg.
7 CALCULATIONS
RESULTS
7.1 Presentation
AND
EXPRESSION
OF
of Results
The necessary information should be given in a

table, an example of which is given in Table 1.
A
=-1oo-
c) Coefficient
percentage
of variation of hauteur
) = 2/(_4xB)-10000
d) Coefficient
of variation
percentage
( as a
of barbe ( as a
= 100 d sA!?!?
Table 1
( Clause 7.1 )
Groups
LJ
PO
(Masses)
RL
(6)
(7)
RL
(Percenta.
ges of
Masses
of co1
4)
(1)
mm
1951205
185/195
175/185
(2)
(3)
mm
201 40 401
191 36481
581 32 761
(4)
mg
(5)
(8)
165/175 171 29 241

1551165 161 25921
145/155 151 22801
135/145
125/135
115/125
141 19 881
131 17 161
121 14641
105/115
111
12 321
951105 101
85/95
91
10 201
8 281
75/85
65175
55/65
81
71
61
6 561
5 041
3 721
45155
35145
51
41
2601
1 681
25135
31
661
O/25
18
324
7.2 Calculation
As a function of A, B and C, calculate the
hauteur and barbe of the fibres and the corresponding coefficients of variation, by application
of the following formulae:
a) Huuteur, mm =
100
--z ---
174
100
B
10000
NOTES
1
The totals of
letters, 4, B and
order to indicate
cies ( percentage
co1 6, 7 and 8 are designated

by the
C. Other columns may be added in
the cumulative masses and frequen).
2 The figures given as examples in the

specially to the Schlumberger apparatus.
HANDBOOK
table
refer
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SPlS(Part1):1989
the results as given below:
8 REPORT
Error of
Method
(see Note)
a>Type
of material
b) Type
of apparatus
tested,
used, and
C>Fibre length:
1) Hauteur,
mm;
2) Barbe, mm;
3) Coefficient
of variation
percent; and
4) Coefficient
percent.
of
variation
of hauteur,
of
barbe,
Hauteur
Barbe
Coefficient
variation
hauteur
Coefficient
variation
barbe
of
of
O-86 mm
O-70 mm
0.96 percent
4.3
O-63 percent
5.2
3.2
7.3
NOTE - The error of the method

is defined as
follows:
a) each lot measured obtains, in each laboratory,
a mean value;
b) the means of the six laboratories
make it
possible to calculate an inter-laboratory
mean
which is distributed
with a certain interlaboratory
standard
deviation
for each lot;
and
c) the error of the method is the quadratic mean
of these inter-laboratory
standard deviations
for all the lots.
9 ERROR OF THE METHOD ( REPRODUCIBILITY OF METHOD )

9.1 Tests on six slivers of wool fibres, repeated
three times, by six different laboratories gave
ANNEX
of
of
Maximum
Interval of
Measurement,
Percent
( Clause 4.1 )
SCHLUMBERGER COMB SORTER, TYPE M. A. E. FOR THE DETERMINATION OF WOOL
FIBRE LENGTH*
b) Deposition of tufts drawn, over the whole
A-l CHARACTERISTICS
A-l.1 The Schlumberger type M. A. E. comb
sorter comprises a feed trough for the sliver
which is driven to and fro, thus feeding the
squared end of the sliver to a grip which lies
above a bed of combs whose spacings determine
the length groups of the fibres. This bed of
combs may be moved laterally ( in a direction
perpendicular
to that of the fibres in the feed
trough ), while the combs themselves can be
lowered successively in a similar manner to a
gill box used in spinning. A drawing-off system
consisting of two endless leather belts is located
at the front edge of the bed of combs and a
circular brush collects the fibres drawn off.
A-l.2 The sequence of operations
semi-automatically is as follows:
carried
out
a) Movement of the feed trough towards the

grip, thus taking successive draws of
fibres of which the gripped ends are
aligned,
*The information
given on this apparatus
intended to favour its use or to give a preference
use of this apparatus.
PART
1, SECTION D/15
is not
to the
width of the bed of combs which moves

laterally
each
time the feed trough
moves. The aligned ends of the fibres are
placed on the last comb.
cl Removal of the fibres projecting
beyond
each comb by means of a drawing-off
system during the lateral movement of
the bed of combs, starting with the longest fibres.
A-2 PROCEDURE
A-2.1 Arrangement of Wool on Combs
A-2.1.1 Place the sliver in the feed trough of
the comb sorter, projecting 2Oq mm towards the
grip. The part of the sliver in the feed trough is
under very slight tension.
A-2.1.2 Square off the sliver, first of all by hand
up to approximately
10 mm from the comb
being fed and then by twenty draws by means of
the grip, forming a length of 20 x 4 mm=80 mm
of sliver ( with the comb sorter operating and
the comb bed removed ).
175
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
A-2.1.3
Verify that all the combs are at the

same level, except for the last which should
remain below the others and which will be
raised later.
A-2.1.4 The combs are then covered with the
wool automatically
over the whole Iength of
movement of the carriage. When this operation
is completed, the last comb is raised to the
level of the others.
A-2.1.5 Regulate the depth of wool in each
spacing by pressing it down slightly with the
rod designed for this purpose ( a rod curved at
both ends ) and starting with the last spacing,
that is. that of the shorter fibres. Carry out the
operation a second time.
A-2.1.6 Place the retaining rod ( not
the ends ) in the next to last space.
A-2.2 Length
Sorter
A-2.2.1
Sorting
by Means
The comb bed comprises

consecutive spacing of 10 mm.
176
curved at
of the
Comb
a series of a
A-2.2.2
Depress the tist combs until the longest fibres have their ends projecting
beyond a
single comb. It is essential here to evaluate
correctly the first mean of the group under consideration. For this purpose, the number of
remaining combs is taken as n, and the mean
length of the group is taken as 10 ( p1+ 1 ),
expressed in millimetres. The value is justified
empirically.
Thus the number of groups in
existence can be seen.
A-2.2.3 The fibres are collected on the brush in
the usual way by moving the carriage completely in both directions for each space of 10 mm.
These samplings per group are weighed separately on a balance giving an accuracy of 1 mg.
A-2.2.4 The last group to be taken should be
specified. The next to last sampling is done
mechanically with the two drawing off belts; it
covers the groups of fibres projecting beyond
the last three combs ( group with a mean length
of 31 mm ). The antepenultimate
comb is then
lowered. The last sampling is done by hand on
the fibres remaining at that point on the last
two combs. This group has a mean length of
18 mm.
HANDBOBK
OF TWTILB
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
STAPLE LENGTH OF GREASY WOOL

( Source
IS 6653 : 1972 )
I SCOPE
prescribes
a method
for
1.1 This standard
determina .tion of staple length of greasy ( clipped), pulled or limed wool.
2 APPARATUS
of the scale with the base of the staple. Read

the length of the staple to the nearest 5 mm. In
case the staple does not have a clearly defined
tip, that is, if it has tapering tip, take the reading from the base of the staple to the point on
the tapering tip where the majority of the fibres
end.
2.1 Velvet Board
of adequate and convenient size, such as 50 cmB; 4.2 Similarly measure other test specimens.
covered with velvet of black colour or any Test at least 100 test specimens.
other colour in contrast with that of the wool.
5 CALCULATIONS
2.2 Scale
5.1 Calculate the average staple length from the
graduated in centimetres and millimetres.
individual measurements
obtained as in 4.1
and 4.2 correct to 1 mm.
3.1 The diameter of the staple shall be about
10 mm, if larger, it shall be reduced to this size.
4 PROCEDURE
5.2 If required,
calculate the standard deviation

and coefficient of variation.
6 REPORT
4.1 Place
the scale on the velvet board along

the length of the board. Take a staple and place
it along the scale on the velvet board. Gently
straighten the staple if it is in a bent state.
Remove the scale without disturbing the staple
on the board and carefully adjust the zero mark
FART
1, SECT&
D/16
a) Average staple length, and

b) Number of observasions made.
177
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
CRIMP IN WOOL
( Source : IS 6124 : 1971)
The waves or curls present in wool fibre are

crimp. Uniformity
and abundance of
crimp are the indices of good quality wool.
Usually the crimp is assessed either by counting
the number of waves or curls present in the
fibre and expressing it as the number of waves
or curls per unit length or by measuring the
difference in length of fibre between its unstretched and stretched condition and expressing it
as a percentage
of the fibre length in the
unstretched condition. Because the Indian wools

do not possess well defined waves or curls, this
method is based on the later principle.
The
assessment of crimp, in wool fibre, is generally
helpful to the sheep-breeder to judge the effects
of pasture and cross-breeding on the quality of
wool. Also the evaluation of crimp in wool fibre
is essential for the purpose of grading wool on a
rational and scientific basis.
1 SCOPE
4.1 From the.conditioned sample draw at random

at least 300 fibres. From these fibres take one
fibre and lay it straight without stretching, on a
velvet board. Place the scale over the fibre
without disturbing it. Measure the unstretched
length L correct to nearest millimetres, from
end to end of the fibre. Take the same fibre and
straighten it out by means of the pairs of forceps, taking care not to stretch it but merely to
remove its crimp. Place it on the velvet board
and measure straightened length L1 to nearest
millimetre from end to end of the fibre as above.
, called
1.1 This standard
prescribes a method for determination of crimp in wool fibres obtained from

the bales, bags, heaps or fleece.
2 PREPARATION
OF TEST SAMPLES
2.1 The gross sample drawn shall be thoroughly

mixed. It shall then be spread out on a table in
the form of an uniformly thick layer and divided
in 16 zones. A tuft of about 100 to 200 g ( depending on the quality of wool ) shall be taken
from each zone without disturbing the lock
formation as far as possible.
2.2 Each tuft shall be divided into two approximately equal parts, taking care to avoid breaking of the fibres and one of the parts shall be
discarded in each case. The other portion shall
be again divided into two parts and one part of
it again rejected. This process shall be repeated
till about 60 fibres remain in each retained part.
All the retained parts of fibre taken together
shall constitute the test sample. The other parts
which are to be discarded shall be collected
together to constitute a duplicate test sample.
3 APPARATUS
the following
4 PROCEDURE
be
atmosphere.
PART
1, SECTION
5.1 Calculate the crimp

following formula:
Crimp, percent
of each fibre by the
= ____
L1 - L X 100
L
where
D/17
carried
out
L = unstretched
length
of the
same
fibre.
a) Velvet Board - of black or any other

contrasting colour;
b) Flat Transparent Scale - graduated
in
centimetres and millimetres; and
c) Two Pairs of Forceps.
shall
5 CALCULATIONS
L1 = stretched length of fibre, and
3.1 For the purpose of this test,

4.0 Tests
4.2 Similarly determine

the unstretched
and
stretched lengths of the remaining fibres, making a total of 300 observations.
in
standard
5.2 Calculate the mean crimp percentage, the

standard deviation, the coefficient of variation
and the standard error of the mean of all the
observed values.
5.3 If the standard error of the mean so calculated is less than 5 percent the mean crimp
obtained as in 5.2 shall be reported and if the
standard error of the mean SO calculated is
equal to or more than 5 percent, determine the
179
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
number of fibres required to make test at 5 percent level of significance, and test them following the procedure given in 4.1.
5.3.1 Calculate again, the mean crimp percentage and report.
6 REPORT
180
a) ,Type of material,
b) Crimp,
c) Standard deviation,
d) Coefficient of variation,
e) Standard error of mean, and
f) Number of observations.
HANDBOOK
OF TBXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
MOISTURE IN WOOL
( Source
: IS 6637 : 1972 )
Wool is a highly hygroscopic fibre and absorbs

different amount of moisture under different
atmospheric conditions. The amount of moisture
present in the material is important
especially
at the time of making sales or purchases and
during process.
It covers two methods. Method I is relatively
time consuming and costly and is, therefore,
1 SCOPE
recommended for accurate determinations only.

Method II is a simple and convenient method
for routine process control, in-plant evaluation
of moisture content of a lot and for &y other
purpose for which a high degree of remoducibiiity-is not necessary. %tethgd I is noi suitable
for wool containing steam distillable or watersoluble matter.
2.1.7
1.1 This standard prescribes t\ivo methods

determination of moisture in wool.
for
Sample Containers
polyethylene
bags or airtight jars.
2.2 Reagents
1.2 These methods are applicable to wool in all

forms, namely, greasy wool, scoured wool,
carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top, wool
roving, etc, except that Method I is not applicable to wool containing steam-distillable or
water-soluble
matter
and Method II is not
applicable to greasy wool.
2.2.1 Toluene
2 METHOD I
Add 50 to 100ml of distilled water to each litre

of toluene. Shake for about 5 minutes and allow
it to settle. Decant the toluene into a flask and
attach a reflux condenser with a calibrated
water trap. Reflux for 1 hour or until no water
comes to the trap. Take this as water-saturated
toluene ready for use.
2.0 Outline of the Method

A sample of wool is weighed, conditioned in the
standard atmosperic conditions and weighed
again. A test specimen from the conditioned
sample is weighed and distilled with watersaturated toluene. The amount of water extracted is measured and taken as moisture in the
specimen. The calculations are made for moisture content and moisture regain on this basis,
taking also into consideration the change in the
mass of sample on conditioning.
2.1 Apparatus
2.1.1 Erlenmeyer Flask
having wide mouth and 1 000 ml capacity.
2.1.2 Distilling Receiver
2.1.3 Condenser
2.1.4 Balance
2.1.6
Water-Bath
PART 1, SECTION
D/ 18
2.2.1.1 Preparation
2.2.2 Potassium Dichromate (for Cleaning )

Mix 35 ml of saturated potassium dichromate
solution with 1 litre of concentrated
sulphuric
acid.
2.3 Procedure
2.3.1 Prior to use, clean the receiver and the
condenser with potassium dichromate.
Rinse
then with methyl
thoroughly
with
water,
alcohol and dry ( see Note ).
NOTE - The cleaning operation
subsequent observations.
of 10 ml capacity.
2.1.5 Heater
purified, water-saturated,
having a boiling range
such that all distills within a range of 2C
including 110.6%.
of 50 mg.
is not
required
for
2.3.2 Set up a distilling apparatus for control

purpose and add 700 ml of water-saturated
toluene to the distilling flask. Add exactly 5.0 ml
of distilled water from a burette or a pipette.
Distil the toluene as given in 2.3.7 and 2.3.8 and
measure the volume of water collected in the
trap. If the volume of water is not within the
range of 4.95 to 5.05 ml, treat the toluene again
as given in 2.2.1.1.
181
k.
-_
_-_-...
SP15(Partl):
1989
2.3.3 Draw a test sample and put it immediately
-where
in the sampling container and seal it. Determine the mass of the container with sample
and find out the net mass (MI) by deducting the
tare from the total mass.
2.3.4 Condition
mass (Ma).
the sample and
determine
Ma = conditioned
mass in g of the
sample,
MI = original mass in g of the sample,
V - volume in ml of the water collected, and
MI = mass in g of the specimen taken.
its
2.3.5 Take one test specimen from the conditioned sample, weighing about 50 to 70 g, and
determine its mass (Ms) correct to 50 mg.
2.3.6 Transfer the test specimen immediately to
the distilling flask and add 700 ml of toluene.
Connect the flask, receiver and condenser and
place the flask on the heater. Start the flow of
cooling water through the condenser. Add more
toluene through the top of the condenser until
the receiver trap is full of toluene and it begins
to flow to the flask.
2.3.7 Heat the toluene to boiling point and
adjust the rate of distillation to 2 drops per
second. When the rate of water accumulation
becomes less than 0.1 ml per 15 minutes,
increase the rate of distillation to 4 drops per
second. Wash down the condenser by pouring
toluene through
the top of the condenser.
Dislodge any visible drops of water with the
help of a nylon brush saturated with toluene or
with the help of a copper wire.
NOTE - For
water = 1 g.
calculation
purpose,
ml
of
2.4.2 Calculate the average moisture content

and average moisture regain of all the test
specimens correct to one place of decimal.
2.4.3 For interconversion
of moisture regain
and moisture content values, the following
equations may be used:
a) R -
c
100 - c x loo
R
lOO+R
b)c=
x 100
where
R = moisture regain, and
C = moisture content.
3 METHOD
II
3.0 Outline of the Method
2.3.8 Continue
distillation
until there is no
noticeable change in the level of meniscus for
a period of 15 minutes. Separate the receiver
containing water and toluene from the flask
and condenser. Keep the receiver in the waterbath at room temperature for about 30 minutes
and read the volume of water ( V) correct to
0.05 ml.,
A specimen of wool is weighed and then dried

to constant mass in an oven at 105C. The loss
in mass of the specimen is taken as the loss of
moisture and then calculations are made for
moisture regain and moisture content on this
basis.
2.3.9
3*1*1 Drying Oven

preferably of ventilated type, capable of maintaining an inside temperature
of 105 to 110C
and preferably fitted with weighing balance
capable of weighing to an accuracy of 50 mg.
Similarly test at least 6 more
test
speci-
mens.
2.4 Calculations
2.4.1 Calculate the moisture content and moisture regain by the following formulae:
a) Moisture
= [S;
content,
(&
percent
-
1) + l]
x 100
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.2 Specimen Containers

of perforated metal if the weighing is to be
carried out inside the drying oven, or capable
of being sealed if the specimen is to be cooled
in a desiccator before weighing.
3.1.3 Sample Containers
b) Mositure regain, percent
polyethylene
=cM,
clM1 ;s
) -
!jx
loo
3.1.4 Balance
bags or airtight jars.

.

182
of 1 mg.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
3.3 Calculations
3.2 P rocedure
3.2.1 Draw a test specimen (see Note)
as given
in 2.3.1, put it immediately in the sample container and seal it. Determine the mass of the
container with specimen and find out the net
mass of the specimen (Mr ) by deducting
the
tare from the total mass.
weighing about 250 g if
NOTE - Take a specimen
the drying oven is fitted with a weighing balance, and
about 10 g if the oven-dry mass is to be determined
outside after cooling in a desiccator.
3.3.1 Calculate
the moisture content and moisture regain by the following formulae:

a) Moisture
=
content,
percent
M1-M2
x
MI
100
b) Moisture regain, percent

=
M1-M2
x
M!J
100
where
3.2.2 Put the specimen in a suitable container
and dry it to constant mass ( see Note ) in the
drying oven.
NOTE -The
constant mass shalLbe deemed to have
been reached when two successive weighings made at
an interval of 20 minutes do not differ by more than
005 percent.
3.2.3 Determine the oven-dry mass of the specimen ( M, ) without removing it from the oven
with the air flow stopped. In case the drying
oven is not provided with the weighing balance
remove the specimen from the oven and transfer it to a weighing container of known mass
and close the lid. The transference of the specimen,should be done in as little a time as
possible. Cool the specimen and the container
in a desiccator to room temperature and weigh.
Find out the dry mass ( IvI1) of the specimen.
3.2.4 Test at least 3 test specimens if the drying oven is fitted with a weighing balance,
otherwise test at least 5 test specimens.
PART
1, SECTION
D(18
M, = original mass of the specimen,

and
M2 = oven-dry mass of the specimen.
3.3.2 Calculate the average moisture content
and average moisture regain of all the test
specimens correct to one place of decimal.
3.3.3 For interconversion
of moisture regain
and moisture
content values, the equations
given in 2.4.3 may be used.
4 REPORT
4.1 The
report
information:
shall
include
the
following
4 Type of material;
b) Method followed;
4 Number of specimens tested;
4 Moisture regain, percent; and
4 Moisture content,
percent.
183
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
MAN-MADE STAPLE FlBRES

PART
DETERMINATION
OF LENGTH
[ Source : IS 10014 (. Part 1) : 1984 ]
The oiled-plate
method
is the preferred
method in terms of accuracy. Method for determination of percentage of longer fibres has also
been given in Annex A for information, since
this parameter is also used by the industry during process control in addition to the main
method described.
1 SCOPE
sample take small quantities of fibres from four

different places so as to get about 3 000 fibres.
The mass of the sample to yield about 3 000
F:ibr;!s;; determined according to the following

determination of the length and length distribution of man-made staple fibres.
2 PRINCIPLE
Mass (mg) =
2.1 In Method A, the crimp of the individual

fibres is removed and the fibres are straightenThe length of the fibres is
ed manually.
measured against a scale on a sheet of glass
oiled with liquid paraffin or any other suitable
oils and the mean length is calculated. In
Method B the mean length of tuft of fibres is
determined by arranging the fibres lengthwise
and analysing the staple diagram obtained.
denier x nominal length (mm)

3
NOTE -This
will yield approximetely
3 000 fibres
from the test sample thus prepared,
the number of
fibres for testing should be 250 and two tests be
conducted.
3.3 Procedure
3.1 Apparatus
3.3.1 Using oiled plate, cover the glass plate

( see 3.1.1 ) with a thin layer of oil. Place the
conditioned
fibres one by one on the oiled
plate. Straighten the fibres gently, care being
taken not to remove the crimp permanently by
over stretching. Two alternate methods are
recommended as follows.
3.1.1 Transparent Glass Plate
3.3.1.1 Using thejingers
approximately
25 x 15 cm, on a black ground
for uncoloured
fibres and on contrasting
ground for coloured fibres.
Place the left end of the fibre on the reference

line.
3 METHOD A-l OILED PLATE METHOD
3.1.2 Liquid ParaBn

or any other suitable oil.
3.1.3 A Pair of Tweezers
fine enough to lift the fibres one by one.
3.1.4 A Piece of Velvet
of contrasting colour with that
stretched on a frame.
of the fibres,
3.1.5 A Scale
graduated to 1 mm.
3.2 Test Sample
Divide the gross sample into 16 equal parts.
Take a small quantity of fibres from each of
the sixteen parts so as to make a total of 50 g
approximately.
Mix it thoroughly.
This shall
constitute
the test sample. From the test
PART
1, SECTION
D/19
Place the index finger of the left hand on the

left end of the fibre near the reference line;
with the index finger of the right hand straighten out the fibre progressively by moving from
left to right.
When the fibre is straightened over practically
the whole of its length, the index finger of the
left hand is lifted and replaced more to the
right, slightly to the left of the point reached
by the index finger of the right hand.
The index finger of the right hand completes
the straightening and is lifted from the fibre. If
crimped fibres are very stiff, a small amount of
crimp may return and the contraction lead to a
systematic error in the measurements.
This
error should be noted in the report of the tests,
but it is always very small.
3.3.1.2 Using small painted wooden sticks
Place the left end of the fibre on the reference
line.
185
SP 15 ( Part 1) :,1989
Keeping this end of the fibre in position with
the pointed end of one of the sticks apply the
pointed end of the other stick to the other end
of the fibre and straighten out the fibre progressively by moving it to the right.
Read off the length of the one fibre when it has
been fully straightened out between the pointed
ends of the two sticks.
NOTE -The
measurement
of the fibre lengths
recorded can be strongly influenced by the decriml
ping operation
and by any excessive stretching.
The
quality of the operators work and the accuracy of
the lengths reported should be checked, for instance
by placing a certain number of fibres between two
glass plates and measuring their lengths precisely
with the aid of an enlarger and a map-measurer
before
determination
according
to the relevant
procedure.
3.4 Method A-2 Self-adhesive Tape Method

3.3.2 Using Tweezers
3.4.1 Apparatus
3.3.2.1 With a pair of tweezers in each hand,

take the fibres, such that, one end of the fibre
being held with one pair of tweezers, and the
other end with the other pair.
3.3.2.2 Ensure that the ends of the fibre are just
visible beyond the jaws of the tweezers.
3.3.2.3 Align the fibre end so visible beyond
the jaws of the tweezers held in the left hand
with zero mark on the scale and using the
tweezers held in the right hand and straighten
the fibre out along the scale against the background of the velvet, until any crimp just disappears. Care should be taken that no permanent reduction in crimp is caused by the tension
applied in straightening the fibre to check this.
The operator should verify periodically that the
crimp returns fully when the tension is relaxed;
in this way he shall acquire the necessary
.expertise, for each type of fibre to ensure that
no more than the minimum tension needed to
straighten out the fibre is ever applied.
3.3.2.4 When the fibre has been straightened in
the manner described above, note the millimetre scale division which is closest to the
fibre end which is just visible beyond the jaws
of the tweezers held in the right hand Note
the results as the length of the fibre in
millimetres.
SELF
ADHESIVE
a) Transparent self-adhesive tape

b) Scissors or blade
c>
Table with contrasting coloured surface

d) A scale graduated in millimetres.
3.4.2 Procedure
Take about 300 fibres as in 3.1.2.1. Take two

small bits of self-adhesive tape and with the
left hand place one end of the fibre on the selfadhesive tape taking care to see that not more
than 1 to 2 mm lis gripped. Then with the right
hand take the other end of the fibre and put it
on the self-adhesive tape again taking care to
see that only 1 to 2 mm fibre is on the selfadhesive tape. Fix both the self-adhesive tape
bits on the table such that the fibre crimps
are removed as shown in Fig. 1. With the help
of a scale measure the length of the fibre from
tip to tip, since the self-adhesive tape is practically transparent, the whole length of fibre is
visible.
tension to remove
NOTE - Apply just sufficient
crimp from the fibres otherwise the fibre may slip
from the tapes.
3.4.2.1 Record
fibres.
the
length
( mm )
of al! the
TAPE
FIG. 1 FIBRE FIXING BY SELF-ADHESIVE TAPE METHOD
186
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
3.5 Calculations
3.5.1 Mean
Length,
Standard
Coefficient of Variation
Deviation
and
3.6 Report
Group the individual length values in classes

with class interval of 1 mm for a nominal length
less than 45 mm, 2 mm for nominal length
between 46 and 80 mm, and 5 mm for a nominal
length above 80 mm. The middle point of the
class interval, denoted by ( Li ) shall be taken
to be the length of each fibres in that class. Let
ni denote the number of fibres in the 1st class.
The mean fibre length, standard deviation andcoefficient of variation shall be calculated by
the following:
k
I
I
1
Meanlength(
4 Li
i=l
i-l
1
where k is number of classes.
-$-
I
: -
1i
n1
iZZl
1
Coefficient of variation
4.1.2
Velvet Plus
4.1.3
Pair of Tweezers
Take the specimen of about

depending on the denier.
1
( CV ) percent
x 100
decimal p&e,
b) Standard deviation rounded off to two

decimal places,
Coefficient
of variation rounded off to two
c)
decimal places, and
4 Modal length rounded off to one decimal
place.
4.2 Test Specimen
i=l
21
4 Mean length ( mm j rounded off to one
4.1.1 Sample Fibre Sorter and Accessories
ni ( L&-L )
200 to 500 mg
4.3 Procedure
Weigh the specimen accurately and parallelize
with a metal comb. Prepare the fibre array
diagram of approximately
25 cm width with
comb sorter as shown in Fig. 2.
>
4.4 Calculation
3.5.2 Modal Length
4.4.1 Method 1 -
Find out the class interval for which the number

of fibres ni is maximum. The middle point of
this class interval shall be taken as the modal
length.
Staple Diagram Method
Divide the staple diagram prepared by the above

procedure into 50 fibr e length groups, and measure the fibre lengths on both the boundary
VISCOSE
STAPLE
FIG. 2
PART 1,SECTION D/19
the following
4.1 Apparatus
Standard deviation
(a,)=
shall include
4 METHOD B ARRAY METHOD
1
I
ni
1
I
3.6.1 The report

information:
i
I
3.5.3 Carry out two tests according to 3.3 and

calculate parameters as per 3.4 for these tests.
Determine average values of each parameters.
FIBRE (40 mm < 3% SHORT
FIBRES
TYPICAL FIBRE ARRAY DIAGRAM
187
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
lines of each section. Calculate

length ( LA ) as follows:
the mean 6bres
where
LO = mean length of 10 fibres, and
Mean length ( LA )
=
[
49 boundary fibre lengthsfaverage

of both end fibre lengths
50
44.2 Method 2 Diagram Method
Compensated
Staple
L = mean length of the
same 10 fibres
from the staple diagram.
I
Fibre
After obtaining the mean fibre length ( L, ) as

per 44.1, draw randomly one fibre from each of
the 10 straightline portions on the plate and
measure its length by holding down its one end
and straightening it with finger tips. Calculate
the mean length as follows:
Mean length ( LB ) = ( ce x LA)
4.4.3 Carry out two tests, and calculate parameters according to 4.4. Determine the average
value of required parameters.
4.5 Report
4.5.1 The
report
shall
include
the following
information:
a) Mean length ( mm ) rounded
decimal place, and
off to one
b) Percent longer fibres ( see Annex A ).
ANNEX A
( Clause 4.5.1 >
DETERMINATION
OF PERCENT
A-I PRINCIPLE
The fibres exceeding the rated length by more
than 10 mm are termed as longer fibres . The
percentage of longer fibres is the ratio of the
longer fibres to the total number of fibres multiplied by 100.
A-2 APPARATUS
A-2.1 Staple Fibre Sorter and Accessories
adjustable stop, depressor,
tweezers.
A-2.2 Black Velvet Plush
special fibre grip or
A-2.3 A Scale
graduated in millimetres.
A-2.4 Analytical Balance
graduated in milligrams.
A-3 TEST SAMPLE
A-3.1 Take a fibre bundle from a representative
sample comprising about 30 000 fibres. The
mass of the sample to yield about 30 000 fibres
is calculated from the formula:
3;3d;ngminal
length ( mm )
Mass(mg)=
.
A-3.2 Parallelize the fibres by hand and divide

the sample into bundle of 100 to 150 mg.
A-4 PROCEDURE
A-4.1 Place the bundle in the maximum
decrimped condition in the gill section of the
sorter.
188
LONGER FIBRES
A-4.2 Drop the gill pins until the first set of

fibre protrude
beyond
the remaining
gill
section.
A-4.3 Set the step opposite the first gill pin to

the distance given by the following formula:
Distance
( mm ) = length ( mm ) of grip +
nominal length ( mm )
of fibres + 8 mm
A-4.4 Pull the fibres using the grip up to the

stop. The longer fibres will remain in gill even
after taking grip upto the stop. Remove these
fibres and lay them on velvet plush. Confirm
the longer fibres by measuring their length with
a scale.
A-4.5 Having pulled all the fibres projecting
beyond the gill section, lower the first gill, set
the stop to the next gill and repeat the procedure. Continue this procedure
until the fibre
tuft remaining in the gill section is smaller than
the rated length plus 10 mm.
A-5 CALCULATION
A-5.1 Total number of fibres =
w x 9 000
(
Lxd
>
where
W = mass ( mg ),
L = rated length ( mm ), and
d - denier.
A-5.2 Percent longer fibres

I
Number of longer fibers x loo
Total number of fibres
>
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
MAN-MADE STAPLE FIBRES

PART
DETERMINATION
OF LINEAR DENSITY
\ Source : IS 10014 ( Part 2 ) : 19811

1 SCOPE
1.1 This prescribes two methods for the determination of average linear density of staple
fibres. One method applies to fibres cut to a
definite length and the other to whole fibres.
This standard is not suitable for blends having
different, nominal linear densities.
1.2 The methods may not give sufficiently
accurate estimation of the linear density if the
fibres are highly crimped.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 In both the methods, the length and mass
of conditioned fibres are determined and the
linear density is calculated from these values.
3 METHOD A (APPLICABLE TO CUT FIBRE
BUNDLES )
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 Means for cutting a fibre bundle
accurately known length.
NOTE -
to an
Using the cutter cut the middle

portion.
Collect the fibres and place on the velvet pad.
( see Note 1 ). Cover it with a glass slide.
Collect 100 fibres and weigh in the microbalance to an accuracy
of 0005 mg. Repeat
the procedure with the remaininb four tufts.
NOTES
1 The operation of combing of tufts, parallelization,
cutting, etc, are done prior to preconditioning
and
conditionining
of the test specimens; this will ensure
that the fibres are not handled after conditioning.
2 A magnifying glass will help to avoid miscounting
the fibres while collecting.
3 Cutting should be carried out in such a way that
there is no lateral movement of the fibres while cutting. This can be ensured by placing the fibre bundle
under tension over a rigid base with the fibres lying
straight on the base.
4 Tension to be applied is texl2 or denier/l8 which
may be obtained by preliminary test.
3.3 Calculation
3.3.1 Calculate the linear density
denier using the following equation:
mtex
( millitex ) = -+
convenient cutter contists of two sharp
3.1.2 Forceps-
d ( denier)
m -
mass, in mg, of the bundle of

fibres,
n = i;rber
of fibres ( 50 in this case ),
Microbalance
suitable for weighing an accuracy
of 0*005 mg.
3.1.5 A Steel Comb

having about 12 needles per centimetre.
3.1.6 Magnifying Glass
3.1.1 Glass Slide
3.2 Procedure
1 = cut length, in mm.
3.3.2 Calculate the linear density of the remaining four tufts.

3.3.3 Calculate the average of the five readings
and report the average value and the coefficient
of variation.
NOTE - The coefficient
calculated as follows:
Select five tufts from a well spread out sample.

Parallelize them thoroughly by gently combing
both sides alternately. Clamp one end of a tuft
and again parallelize them. Apply a suitable
tension sufficient to remove the crimp in the
fibres and grip the free end of the tuft. Ensure
that all the fibres are caught at both the grips.
PART ,I, SECTION
D/20
-+JX9000
where
3.1.3 Black Velvet Pad

3.1.4
x loa
OR
razor blades set parallel 20 mm apart in a holder.
for collecting the fibres.
millitex or
Coefficient
of variation
of variation
(CV), percent
value shall be
= q
X 100
where
ad =
d: + d;
+d;-v
4
189
SPlS(Part1):
1989
4 METHOD B ( APPLICAB&E TO WHOLE

FIBRES )
4.1 Apparatus
4.1.1 Velvet Pad
4.1.2 Forceps
4.1.3
A Fine Steel Comb
4.1.4
A Scale
graduated
4.1.5
Measure the length of the straightened fibre to

an accuracy cf 0.5 mm. Measure all the remaining 49 fibres and record the length. Repeat the
above procedure
of weighing and measuring
length for all the remaining 4 tufts.
4.3 Calculation
4.3.1 Calculate the linear
denier as follows:
mtex
density millitex
( millitex ) =
to 0.5 mm.
d ( denier ) =
suitable for weighing to an accuracy of 0.005 mg.
4.1.7
4.1.9
Glass Slide
4.2 Procedure
4.2.1 Select five tufts at random, from a well
spread out sample. Parallelize them well by
gently combing both sides. Place them on the
velvet pad,( see Note 1 under 3.2 ). Cover the
tuft with a glass slide.
4.2.2 Pick out one fibre after another and thus
collect fibres from parallelized
tufi. Weigh in
the microbalance
to an accuracy of 0.005 mg.
Record the mass. Place them on the clean
portion of the velvet pad. Pickout one fibre and
place it on the glass plate smeared with paraffin
or petroleum jelly. Gently straighten the fibre
using the forefingers to remove all the crimp.
5OmxI
xgo00
where
m = mass, in mg, of 50 fibres, and
Liquid Para@% or Petroleum Jelly
4.1.8 Magnifying Glass
5. x I x 106
OR
Microbbl&fnce
4.1.6 Glass Plate
or
1 = is the length, in mm, of a fibre.
4.3.2 Calculate
the
remaining 4 tufts.
linear
density
of
the
4.3.3 Calculate the average of the 5 values and

report the average value and coefficient of
variation value.
NOTE -
The coefficient of variation shall be calculaformula given in Note under 3.3.3.
. ted bjl using
5 REPORT
5.1 The test report shall include the following:
a) The method used;
b) The cut length ( in the case of method
A);
c) The average linear density in millitex or
denier; and
d) The coefficient of variation value.
..
190
sP15(Part1):1989
TESTING VISCOSE RAYON STAPLE FIBRES

( Source : IS 4870 :
1 SCOPE
1.1 It prescribes
methods for determining the

following characteristics
of viscose rayon staple
fibres :
4 Moisture regain;
b> Fibre length;
4 Denier;
d) Strength and elongation of single fibre
1) Dry strength and elongation,
2) Wet strength and elongation;
and
2 TEST METHODS
2.1 Moisture Regain
Suitable for drying the specimen to constant

weight at 105 to ilOX! and equipped with a
weighing balance capable of weighing the specimen to an accuracy of 0.05 g while suspended
within the drying chamber; the holder of the
specimen should be of such a type to ensure
free access of the dry air to all portions of
specimen.
2.2.1 From the test sample, take a tuft of fibres

whose weight is determined according to the
following formula:
Weight, mgNOTE
z denier
x nominal length in mm
3
This will yield approximately
3 000 fibres.
This
weight
specimen.
of fibre shall constitute

the
test
Open up the test specimen. Spread
it on a velvet and take 500 fibres at random
using tweezers to pick them up near their
middles. Place each fibre on a sheet of glass
oiled with liquid paraffin or any other suitable
oil and straighten it, removing the crimp completely but taking care not to stretch the fibre.
Immediately,
the fibre has been. straightened,
measure its length to an accuracy of 0.5 mm.
Group the measurements in classes with class
interval of 1 mm for a nominal length of less
than 45 mm, 2 mm for nominal length between
46 and 80 mm and 5 mm for a nominal length
above 80 mm.
2.2.2 Calculation
2.1.2 Procedure
Divide the gross sample into approximately two

equal parts and weigh them accurately. Place
each part in the sealed containers; one of these
shall be taken for testing and the other shall be
kept in reserve in case confirmatory test becomes necessary.
2.1.2.1 Dry the sample to constant weight in
the drying-oven and determine the dry weight
of the sample.
NOTE -
Constant weight shall be deemed to have

been reached if the difference between two successive
weighings taken at an interval of 20 minutes is less
than 01 percent of the first of the two weighings.
2.1.3 Determine
the moisture regain of viscose

rayon staple fibres as given below :
M=
PART
where
M -_ moisture regain of viscose rayon
staple fibres,
WI - original weight of the sample in g,
and
W, = dry weight of the sample in g.
2.2 Fibre Length
e) Bundle strength ( dry );

f ) Percentage of finish;
g>Ash content; and
h) Detection of abnormal fibre.
2.1.1 Drying-Oven
1968)
1, SECTION
D/21
w1w
wa100
The
middle point of the class interval, denoted

by I, shall be taken to be the length of each
fibre in that class. Let nt denote the number of
ith class. The mean fibre
fibres in the
E$$l,L
shall be calculated by the following
L_ --
k
.m
i&l
k
Zn1
i = 1
where k is number of classes.

2.2.2.1 Calculation of modal length
Find out the class interval for which the number of fibres nl is maximum. The middle point
of this class interval shall be taken as the modal
or effective length.
191
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
2.3 Denier
2.3.1 Take 10 tufts each of a few milligrams
from the test sample. Parallelize and carefully
clean by hand each tuft of fibre. Straighten
the fibres by gently combing the fibres in opposite directions by turn. Holding one end of the
tuft, apply a tension [ equivalent to tex/2 ( or
denier/l8 ) ] to remove the crimp. Cut an accurately known length from the middle taking
care that no fibre ends protrude anywhere
except at the cut ends of the tuft. Place 10 cut
bundles on a dark coloured surface and fix them
loosely. Draw the fibres from each of the 10
prepared bundles so that all the fibres drawn
and put together form a bundle of 50 fibres.
Prepare, 10 such bundles in this way. Condition
and weigh these bundles separately and determine the mean weight weighing to an accuracy
of O-5 ,g for a 1 cm cut length and 1.0 pg for a
2 cm cut length.
2.3.2 Determine the denier of the viscose rayon
staple fibre as given below :
D=
remove the slack. ,The tension to be applied on

the specimens shall be as follows :
d
g
l-5 or less
0.1
Above 1.5 up to 3
0.2
Above 3 up to 7
0.3
Above 7
0.5
Operate the machine until the specimen ruptures. Record the breaking load in grams and
the extension in millimetres. Carry out 49 more
tests. Calculate the mean breaking load and
elongation of the 50 fibres thus broken.
2.4.1.5 Calculation
Calculate the mean tenacity
grams per denier as follows :
where
T -
mean tenacity of single fibre;

mean breaking load, in g, of the
single fibre; and
d = denier.
m -
x 180
where
\
D = denier
of viscose rayon staple

fibre,
W = weight of 50 fibres in mg, and
L -c bundle length in mm.
2.4 Single Fibre Strength and Elongation
2.4.1 Dry Strength and Elongation
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2 The time of break shall

that the specimen breaks after
of the commencement
of the
result in which the specimen
clamps or whose rupture occurs
cent or above 90 percent of
apparatus shalt be discarded.
be so adjusted
20 f 2 seconds
test. Any test
breaks at the
within 10 perthe scale of the
2.4.2.1
Apparatus
The apparatus
gauge length,
etc, shall be
( see 2.4.1.1 to
and other related details such as

recording accuracy of results,
the same as for the dry strength,
2.4.1.3 ).
Follow the same procedure as in 2.4.1.4, except

that the test shall be carried out with the fibre
immersed in water. A convenient method to
perform the test is to fix the dry fibre in the
upper grip of the testing machine, immerse it in
water, and then fix it in the lower grip. The
fibre must remain immersed in water throughout
the test but the water must not be al owed to
reach the upper grip.
2.4.2.3 Calculation
Same as in 2.4.1.5.
2.4.1.3 Accuracy of the measurement

results shall be as follows :
Breaking load ( in g )
Extension ( in mm )
2.4.2 Wet Strength and Elongation
2.4.2.2 Procedure
Apparatus
A constant-rate-of-load
type machine shall preferably be used for the test. Alternatively,
a
constant-rate-of-traverse
or constant-rate-ofextension type machine may also be used.
of test
1 percent
O-1 mm
2.4.1.4 Procedure
Take sufficient number of conditioned
single
fibres such that at least 50 tests are made.
Mount a single fibre in the testing machine
keeping the distance between the clamps to
10 mm. Apply an initial tension on the fibre to
192
of the fibre in
2.4.3 Ratio of Wet Strength to Dry Strength

2.4.3.1
The ratio of wet strength to dry strength

shall be calculated by the following formula :
R=-
W
D
where
R = ratio
of wet strength
to dry
strength,
W = wet strength ( see 2.4.2.3 ), and
D = dry strength ( see 2.4.1.5 ).
HANDEOOIi
OF TEXTILE
TESTING
SP 15( Part 1):1989

2.5 Bundle Strength ( Dry )
2.7 Ash Content
The bundle strength of the fibres shall be determined by the method prescribed for cotton
fibres.
2.7.1 Procedure
2.6 Percentage of Finish

2.6.1 Apparatus
2.6.1.1
Sqxhlet extractor
2.6.1.2
Conical flask
2.6.2
Reagents
2.6.2.0
Quality of reagents

NOTE - Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals
do not contain
impurities
which affect the
results.
2.6.2.1
Take about 5 g of fibres and weigh accurately.

Transfer these fibres to a tared silica dish. Heat
it over a Bunsen burner. After the 6bres are
carbonized,
transfer them to a muffle furnace
and keep them there (about 30 minutes ) at
7OOC,until a white ash is obtained. Cool the
dish and weigh accurately the contents.
2.7.2 Determine separately the moisture content present in the sample under test and from
it determine the dry weight of the test specimen.
2.7.3 Calculate the ash content by the following
formula:
that
test
Benzene alcohol mixture
A = -$-
x 100
where
A
= ash content, percent;

WI c weight of residue ( see 2.7.1);
and
W, = weight of dry sample ( see 2.7.2 ).
1 : 1.
2.6.3 Procedure
2.6.3.1 Take about 10 g of fibres and weigh
them accurately.
Transfer
the 6bres into a
muslin bag which has previously been extracted
with the solvent. Transfer the bag along with
the fibres to the soxhlet extractor. Weigh the
empty flask of the assembly. Introduce into the
flask a quantity of benzene alcohol mixture
equal to twice the volume of the soxhlet extractor up to the level of the top of the syphon
tube. Keep the assembly on a water-bath.
Continue the extraction for 8 hours keeping
rate of the syphon at 6 cycles per hour.
2.6.3.2 Take out the muslin bag along with the

fibres from the extractor. Distil off the solvent.
Ensure that no solvent vapour remains in the
flask. Remove the flask and clean the outer
surface. Dry it in a hot oven at a temperature
of 150 to 110C to constant weight for nearly
10 minutes. Cool the flask and weigh the contents to an accuracy of 0.1 mg ( W, ).
2.6.3.3
separately
the moisture
Determine
content of the sample under test and from it
calculate the dry weight of the test specimen
(W%).
2.6.3.4 Calculate the percentage of finish by
the following formula :
Fe
+-
2.8 Detection
Matters
of
Abnormal
Fibres and Other
2.8.1 Weigh accurately 500 g of fibres from the

gross sample. Examine them for any abnormal
fibres and other matters and isolate them. Weigh
the abnormal fibres and other matters so collected. Express this weight as a percentage of the
weight of fibre in the sample taken ( 500 g). This
shall be the percentage of abnormal fibre and other
matters in the sample. It is advisable to process
the sample through a Shirley Analyser and then
sort out the droppings by hand for abnormal
fibres and other matters.
3 REPORT
3.1 The Report shall include the following
formation :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
in-
Type of material tested;

Moisture regain;
Fibre length;
Denier;
Strength and elongation of single fibre :
1) Dry strength and elongation, and
2) Wet strength and elongation;
x 100
2
where
F
= finish in percent,
w, = weight of residue ( see 2.6.3.2 ), and

WS = weight of dry fibres ( see 2.6.3.3 ).
PART 1, SECTION
D/21
f)
g)
h)
j)
Bundle strength ( dry );

Percentage of finish;
Ash content; and
Abnormal fibre, percent.
193
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BIMLZ

( Source : IS 7032 : 1986 )
This is aimed at obtaining instrumental measures

for characteristics of jute, MESTA and BIMLI
fibres for the purpose of grading. To achieve
this aim only those methods, which are simple
and could be adopted by the graders with the
PART
1, SECTION
D/22
minimum of efforts and where scoring could be

possible, have been selected after survey of the
work done by research institutions, the published literature and also keeping in view the type
of instruments available with the industry.
195
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MISTA AND BIMLI

GENERAL
1Source
: IS 7032
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the definitions of
atmospheric
and
terms, sampling procedure
Indian Jute
conditions
for testing of uncut
TOSSA
and DAlSEE ), MESTA and
$&%?fibres.
2 GENERAL TERMS
2.1 For the purpose of this standard
ing terms shall apply.
the follow-
The property of a fibre which distinguishes

appearance as creamy, white, grey, etc.
its
NOTES
1 The colour description
of white, TOSSA
and
DAISEE jute in relation to the terms used for purpose of grading is given below:
Colour Description
* _ _________~
DAISEE
TOSSA
Jute
Jute
Light creamy Golden
to Reddish
reddish
to white
white
Creamy pink Reddish
to Reddish to
to brownish
brownish
brownish
white
white
with some
light grey
Brownish
to Reddish
or Brownishor
reddish white
brownish
light grey
with some
with
some
with some
light grey
light grey
grey
Brownish
to Light
grey Light grey
light grey
to copper
colour
Grey to dark Grey todark
Grey
dark gre;
grey
grey
r--------White Jute
Very
good
Good
Fairly
good
Fair
average
Average
2 The colour description of MESTA

tion to the terms used for the purpose
given below:
fibres in relaof grading is
Creamy to whitish
Light grey
Greyish to dark
Good
Fair
Average
3 The colour description of BIMLI fibres in relation

to the terms used for the purpose of grading is given
below:
Creamy to whitish
Greyish to dark
Good
Average
2.1.2 Density
Mass per unit volume of the fibre including its
air-spaces. The higher density is a characteristic
of better quality fibre. In the hand and eye
method for grading of raw jute, heaviness or
PART 1, SBCTION
D/22-1
body of the fibre is assessed. This ismore or less

equivalent to the bulk density of the fibre.
2.1.3 Fineness
A measure of diameter ( width) or mass per
unit length, or both of the fibre filament. ( The
finer the fibre, the better is its quality, )
2.1.4 Foreign Matter
These are dust and mud, moss and stick which
are mostly lost during processing and are thus
subject to claims.
2.1.1 Colour
Term
( Part 1) : 1986 ]
2.1.5 Lustre
The display of different
intensities
of light
reflected both specularly and diffusely from different parts of a surface exposed to the same
incident light. Due to this reflection of light the
surface of textiles ( fibre, yarn or fabric ) looks
glossy or shining.
NOTE - In case of jute fibres, higher lustre is generally a characteristic
of a better quality fibre.
2.1.6
Natural Dust
The dust which might get associated with the

fibre during the process of its production.
2.1.7 Parcel
A consignment containing
bales, bundles or drums.
certain
number of
2.1.8 Reed
The fibre system
from
MESTA and BIMTI plants.
the
individual
jute,
2.1.8.1 Reed length

The length of the reed from the bottom to top
(excluding the underground root portion in case
of BIMLI ).
2.1.8.2
Effective reed length
The length of the reed after the root and hard

barky crappy ends have been removed.
2.1.9 Root
The hard barky region at the lower end of the
reed which requires additional softening treatment, normally called, cuttings. This includes
the underground root portion in case of BIMLI.
2.1.10
Strength
The ability of the fibres to resist strain

ture induced by external force.
or rup197
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
2.1.10.1 The
strength aspect of the fibres

classified depending upon their tenacity.
is
NOTES
1 Tenacity is the breaking
load of a material under
test divided by .the linear density of the unstrained
material, expressed as grams per tex.
2 Linear density is the mass per unit length; the

quotient obtained
by dividing the mass of fibre or
yarn by its length. When the mass is expressed in
grams and the length in kilometres,
the resulting
value, that is, the quotient, is expressed as tex.
2.2 Defects
a) Major - Entangled
crappy
end fibre,
centre root, dazed and over-retted fibres,
mossy fibre, runners, knots,
entangled
sticks and hunka.
b) Minor - Croppy fibre, weak crappy fibre,
gummy fibre, loose sticks, specks, leaf
and loose leaf.
2.2.1 Centre Root ( BUK CHHAL )
The hard barky region in the middle part of the
reed which requires additional softening treatment.
2.2.2 Croppy Fibre
Fibre with, top ends rough and hard
barky ) caused by careless retting.
( but not
Fibre which has become unusually weak over a

length of about 30 cm at the top end.
2.2.2.2 Entangled crappy end$3re
crappy end.
2.2.3 Dazed Fibre

Fibre which is weak in strength and dull in
appearance, due to usually being stored in moist
condition.
2.2.4 Gummy Fibre
Fibres held
matter.
198
together by undissolved
Hunka
The very hard barky fibre running continuously

from the lower end to almost the tip of the
reed.
2.2.6 Knots
Stiff barky spots in the body of the reed which

break the continuity of the fibres when opened.
2.2.1 Leaf and Loose Leaf
It is the dark grey leafy or paper like substance
( remnant of the skin of the plant ) appearing
on the strand. Loose leaves are those that lie
loosely on the fibre and are easily removable.
2.2.0 Mossy Fibre
A type of vegetation which sometimes gets
attached to the plant. Its portions may remain
on the fibre even after retting and washing. It
can be separated by hand.
2.2.9 Over-Retted Fibre
Fibre which has lost its strength and brightness
on decomposition due to prolonged retting.
2.2.10 Runners
Hard barky fibre running from the lower end to
the middle region, more or less continuously.
2.2.2.1 Weak croppyfibre
Fibre with unusually entangled
2.2.5
pectinous
2.2.11 Specks
Soft barky spots in the body where fibres can be
separated with some effort without breaking
their continuity,
though they may remain as
weak spots.
2.2.12 Sticks, Entangled Sticks and Loose Sticks
Sticks
are remnants of woody part of jute,

and BIMLI plant over which fibre
sheath is formed. Entangled sticks are broken
sticks which are linked with fibre mass and are
not easily removable. Loose sticks are broken
sticks easily removable by shaking.
MESTA
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESZA AND

REED LENGTH
[ Source
: IS 7032 ( Part 2 ) : 1986 ]
1 SCOPE
determination of reed length
and BIMLI fibre strands.
BZMZ,Z
strand from one end to the other with the help

of a tape correct to 05 cm ( L ).
a method for the
of jute, MESTA
2 EQUIPMENT
2.1 The following equipment are required:
a) A smooth platform or floor,
b) Measuring tape, and
c) A pair of scissors.
3.2 Effective Reed Length

Measure the length of the root ( Ll) and crappy
end portion ( LI ) correct to 0.5 cm. Determine
the effective reed length by the following
formula:
Effective reed length = L - ( L1 + L, )
3.3 Repeat the test with the remaining test
specimens and determine the average of all the
values.
3 PROCEDURE
4 REPORT
3.1 Reed Length
4.1 The report shall include

information:
a) Average reed length,
Lay the fibre strand on a smooth horizontal

platform or floor. Remove any kinks or bends
with minimum tension without unduly stretching the fibre strand. Measure the length of the
PART 1, SECTION
D/22-2
the
following
b) Average effective reed length, and

c) Size of the sample ( strands ).
199
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BIMLZ

ROOT CONTENT
[ Source : IS 7032 ( Part 3 ) : 1986 ]
1 SCOPE
3.3 Repeat

determination of root content of jute, MESTA
specimens
4 CALCULATIONS
2 EQUIPMENT
4.1 Calculate
2.1 The following equipment
are required:
Root content
4.2 Calculate
the
obtained in 4.1.
3 PROCEDURE
3.1 Take a test specimen
consisting of full
length reeds. Weigh it in a balance correct to
1 g(W1).
3.2 Cut off the bottom root portion frbm each
individual strand so that the cut fibres do not
contain any root.
Weigh the root portion
correct to 1 g ( W, ).
1, SECTION
D/22-3
with
the remaining
the root content

test specimens as follows:
a) Weighing balance, and

b) A pair of scissors.
PART
the test
of the individual
= wW,
average
test
x 100
of all the
values
5 REPORT
5.1 The
report
information:
shall
include
the
following
a) Average root content, percent; and

b) Size of the sample ( strands ).
201
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BIJiLI

DEFECTS
[Source : IS 7032 ( Part 4 ) : 1986 ]
1 SCOPE
4 CALCULATIONS
I.1 This standard prescribes a method for the

determination
of defects ( centre root, cropend, runners and hunka ) in the jute, MESTA
4.1 Calulate
the percentage
of centre-root,
crop-end, runner and hunka of the individual
test specimens as folloWs:
Pr = 7Wl x 100
a) Centre-root,
2 EQUIPMENT
2.1 The following equipment are required:
a) Weighing balance, and

b) A pair of scissors.
= 7W2 x 100
c) Runner,
= E;-
x 100
W,
= TX
100
P3
d) Hunka, P4
3 PROCEDURES
3.1 Take a test specimen consisting of full
length reeds and determine its mass to an
accuracy of 1 g ( W).
3.2 Cut the centre-root and crop-end portions
and keep them separately. Determine the mass
of the centre-root ( W, ) and crop-end ( W,) to
an accuracy of 1 g.
3.3 Separate out the runners from the cut
fibres, if any, determine its mass to an accuracy
Of18(W3)*
3.4 Remove the hunka from the cut fibres, and

determine its mass correct to 1 g ( W,).
3.5 Repeat the test with
specimens.
PART 1, SECTION
b) Crop-end, P,
D/22-4
the
remaining
test
4.2 Determine the percentage

by adding P1, Pz, Ps and Pg.
4.3 Determine
of total
defects
the average of all the values.
5 REPORT
5.1 The report
information:
shall
include
the
following
a) Average percentage of:

1) centre-root,
2) crop-end,
3) runner, and
4) hunka;
b) Average total defects: and
c) Size of the sample ( strands ).
203
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BZMZJ

FOREIGN MATTER
[ Source
: IS
7032 ( Part 5 ) : 1986 ]
1 SCOPE
determination
of foreign matter ( dust, mud,
moss and stick ) of the jute, MESTA and BIMLI
fibre strands.
2 EQUIPMENT
3.2 Repeat
specimens.
the test with the
PART 1, SECTION
D/22-5
test
4 CALCULATIONS
4.1 Calculate the percentage of foreign matter
of the individual test specimen as follows:
Foreign matter,
percent
3 PROCEDURES
3.1 Take a test specimen and weigh it to an
accuracy of 1 g ( WI ). Beat the fibre strand
against a hard surface and shake to remove
dust, mud and other foreign matter. Continue
beating until the mass becomes reasonably
constant. Separate out by hand the mass and
sticks, if any, from the strand. Then determine
the final mass of the strand to an accuracy of
1 g(W,).
remaining
WI - w, x I()()
Wl
4.2 Calculate the average of all the values.

5 REPORT
5.1 The report
information:
shall
include
the
following
4 Average amount
b)
of foreign matter, percent; and

Size of the sample ( strands ).
205
SP15(Part1):1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BZMLZ

BULK DENSITY
[ Source
: IS 7032 ( Part 6 ) : 1986 1
1 SCOPE
determination of bulk density of jute, MESTA
and BIMLI fibres.
2.1 Take
clean portions of 100 mm length at

random from the middle region of the reeds
( that is, leaving aside rooty bottom, croppyend and defects ). Adjust the sample size so
that the mass of each sample is 40 g. Prepare at
least 3 such samples.
3 APPARATUS
of the fibres from
NOTE - The samples may be tested in the prevailing

atmospheric conditions. However, in case of dispute,
the sample .shall. be conditioned
and tested in stand.._arfl atmospneric conanIons.
4.2 Similarly, test other two test specimens.

5 CALCULATIONS
5.1 Calculate
formula:
the bulk density by the following
D=$
where
3.1 Metallic Plates

of 100 x 25 mm with suitable arrangements for
bringing them close by applying pressure in the
form of dead weight. An outline sketch of an
apparatus suitable for this purpose is given in
Annex A.
4.1 Take a sample as laid down in 2.1 and place

it in between the two metallic plates keeping
the gadget flat on the table. Suspend the instrument from the handle. Apply a load of 10 kg
D/22-6
D = bulk density,
M = mass of fibres compressed in g,
and
V = volume of fibres under compresion
in ml.
6 REPORT
4 PROCEDURE
PART 1, SECTION
and note down the volume

the scale of the instrument.
6.1 The report

information:
shall
include
the
a) Type of fibre,
b) Number of test specimens tested,
c) Bulk density.
following
and
SP 15 ( Part 1 ):lW
ANNEX
( Clause 3.1 )
IF --- -9 7/
-
r-
29s
All dimensions
FIG.
208
in centimetres.
BULK DENSITYMEASURING GADGET
HANDBOOK OF TBXTILB TBSTING
I--
SP 15 ( Part 1) : i989
UNCUT INDIAN JUTE, MESTA AND BZMLZ

BUNDLE STRENGTH
[ Source
1 SCOPE
: IS 7032 ( Part 7 ) : 1986 ]
load. The machines shall be provided with the

following arrangements:
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for testing bundle strength of jute, MESTA and BIMLI
fibres by tensile testing machines, working at
constant rate of loading ( CRL ), constant rate
of elongation ( CRE ) and constant rate of
traverse ( CRT ).
2 PRINCIPLE
a) Two clamps with the following provisions

to grip the specimens:
1) Each clamp shall be such that at least
10 mm of fibre length is gripped. There
should be no slippage of fibres during
test. To prevent slippage the inside
of the clamps should preferably be
lined with leather or rubber padding.
2) The clamps shall be capable of being
adjusted on to 50 mm test length.
bj A scale or dial for recording the load in
kilograms.
2.1 A bundle of fibres of l-5 to 3.0 kilotex is

gripped between two suitable clamps and their
breaking load is determined
on tensile testing
machines. Then tenacity is calculated by dividing the breaking load by the mass of the fibres
held between the clamps.
5 PROCEDURE
5.1 Mounting the Test Specimen
3.1 Take clean portion of 200 mm in length at

random from the middle region of the reeds
( leaving aside rooty bottom, crappy end and
defects). Cut out sufficient length from each
portion to cover fully both the clamps. The mass
of each portion should be approximately
300 to
600 mg; heavier ones shall be thinned out from
the side and to the lighter ones another reed or
a portion of a reed shall be added. Make this
adjustment simply by feel. Take 5 portions constituting 5 test specimens ( bundles).
Place the two clamps 50 mm apart. Put the

fibre bundle in one of the clamps and tighten it.
Straighten the fibres, putting a small tension
and tighten it in the other clamp. If the clamps
are detachable, these can be taken out of the
placed on a platform,
separated
machine,
50 mm apart and the fibre bundle fixed as
above. The clamps can then be inserted into
the clamp holders on the machine. The fibre
bundle should be parallel to the axis of the
machine.
3.2 Similarly prepare

specimens as in 3.1.
at least 2 more
sets of 5
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Testing Machine
Tensile strength testing machine with a capacity of 100 kgf or a little more working on one
of the following principles:
a) Constant rate of traverse ( CRT ),
b) Constant rate of load ( CRL ), or
c) Constant rate of extension ( CRE ).
The specimens shall break within 20 -& 5
seconds. In case of constant rate of traverse
machine the time of break shall exceed the
inertial period of the instrument. The load
range of the machine shall be such that the
observed values would be between 10 and 90
percent of the full scale load. The permissible
error in the machine at any point in this range
shall not exceed fl percent of the maximum
PART
1. SECTIQN
I
D/22-7
5.2 With the help of preliminary specimen, set

the machine so that the specimen breaks within
20 + 5 seconds. In the case of constant rate of
traverse type machine set it at a rate of traverse
so that the time of break exceeds the inertial
period of the instrument.
5.3 Operate the machine and carry the test to
rupture and record the breaking load of the
specimen. If the specimen slips in the jaws the
test shall be discarded but noted, and another
test taken in view thereof.
NOTE - Even if a test value is isolated on account
of break near the jaw, the value shall be noted but
not taken into account in calculations.
If such breaks
exceed 10 percent of the number of specimens tested,
suitable corrective
action on the machine may have
to be taken.
5.4 With a knife or sharp razor blade cut the

fibres fiush at the inner edges of the two clamps
and collect the tufts of fibres thus obtained.
Test
the other
test specimens in similar
manner.
5.4.1 Weigh the broken tufts
specimens together.
of fibres for the 5

209
BP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
5.5 Test at least 3 groups of 5 specimens each
between 35 to 75 nrecent, the correction

for breaking load ;alne is. small and may
be ignored.
in similar manner.
6 CORRECTION
FACTORS
6.1 In case standard atmospheric

conditions
are not available, the samples may be conditioned and tested at the prevailing atmospheric
conditions and the prevailing relative humidity
shall be noted and correction
applied for mass
and breaking load as given below:
a) Correction for mass -~ Convert the mass
of fibre bundles as obtained in 5.4.1 to
equivalent mass at 65 percent relative
humidity. For this purpose, the equilibrium moisture regain for jute corresponding to prevailing RH, will require to
be determined from the regain humidity
curve for jute or by using a suitable
moisture regain meter. For example, if
the moisture regain at the prevailing
RH is R the corrected mass at 12 percent
moisture regain corresponding to 65 percent RH will be given by the formula
Mx
(100-c 12)
100 + R
( 12 is the approximate
moisture regain
of jute at 65 percent relative humidity ).
b> Correction for breaking load - Convert
the breaking load values obtained in 5.3
for the difference in relative humidity to
breaking load at 65 precent relative
humidity by multiplying with the applicable correction factor as given in Annex
A. However, if the relative humidity is
210
The corrected values of mass and breaking load shall be used in the formula
given in 7.1.
_
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the tenacity
following formula:
Tenacity
of the
( in g/tex ), S =
fibre by the
50* x T
M
where
T = sum of the breaking load values of
5 bundles ,of fibres in kgf, and

mass of all the bundles in
milligrams.
M = total
7.2 Determine the average value of tenacity

from at least 3 sets of readings.
NOTE - When
of tenacity (S
another
value
average of four
8
the difference between any two values

) exceeds 15 percent of the mean,
for S should be obtained
and the
readings shall be reported.
REPORT
8.1 The report

information:
shall
include
the
following
a) Type of machine,
b) Number of test specimens tested, and
c) Tenacity.
*This has been obtained by multiplying length by 10.
The length indicated in 4.1 [ a ( 2 ) I is 5 cm.
HANDBOOK
OF TBXTILB TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
ANNEX
[ Clause 6.1 (b) ]

FACTORS FOR CORRECTING BUNDLE STRENGTH OF JUTE AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE
HUMIDITIES ( OR MOISTURE REGAINS ) TO STRENGTH AT 65 PERCENT RH
( 12.4 PERCENT MOISTURE REGAIN )
Moisture
Regain
Pert ent
Crrrec tion
Factor
( Multiply by )
10
3-o
1.35
15
3.9
1.21
20
4.8
l-13
25
30
5.7
6.5
l-08
l-05
35
40
7.0
8.0
1.03
1.01
45
8.7 I
Equilibrium
Related Humidity
Percent
50
9.5 1
10.5 :
11.5 !
65
12.4 1
70
72
13.5
14.0
75
15.0
l-03
80
85
16.5
18.8
1.06
l-09
90
95
22-o
26.8
l-15
l-24
NOTE - No correction is necessary when the relative

atmosphere ranges between 35 and 75 percent.
PART 1, SECMON
1-o
55
60
D/22-7
l-01
1.02
humidity
of the testing
211
SP 15 ( Part I ) :1989
UNCUT INDIAN JUT& MliX!A AND BZMLZ

FINENESS
[ Source
: IS
7032 ( Part 8 ) : 1986 ]
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for deterof fineness of jute, MESTA and BIMLI
fibres by air flow method.
mination
2 PRINCIPLE
3.2 Balance
capable of weighing the specimen
racy of *5 mg.
3.3 Device for Fibre Cutting
fibre cutter or a pair of scissors.
to an accu-
2.1A specified mass of fibres is compressed to
4 PREPARATION
a constant
volume in a cylindrical chamber
with open ends to which a flowmeter and a
manometer are connected. A regulated current
of air is then passed through the compressed
fibres and the average fibre fineness read from
the scale.
4.1 Take a suitable portion at random from the

middle regions ( leaving aside the rooty bottom
and under-retted
crop ends ) of several reeds,
covering the full range of the sample. Clean
each portion so as to free it from barky, specky
and knotty spots, hard gummy fibres as well as
other extraneous materials.
If necessary the
cut fibre reeds shall be lightly struck against a
hard surface to shake off the adherent dirt and
dust. Cut the fibre bundles to a specified
length and take the mass of the fibres as required by the instrument
used (see Annexes A
and B ).
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Air Flow Apparatus
It shall consist of the following principal parts:
a) Constant Volume Chamber - for taking a
known mass of fibres and compressing it
to a fixed known volume. It generally
. comprises:
1) a plug cell into which the fibres are
packed,
2) ;$Junger which dompresses the fibres,
3) a screw cap which clamps the plunger
to the base.
b) Means for Air Regulation - for regulating
and controlling the flow of air through or
air pressure difference across the specimen. It shall give sufficiently fine control
of air supply so that the level of the
flowmeter or manometer may be quickly
adjusted to the working valve.
c) Means for Producing Air Flow - Capable
of producing the required air pressure
applied to the specimen or the required
pressure difference across the specimen.
d) Means for Measuring the Resistance of
Specimen
D$erence
to Air Flow or the Air Pressure

Across the Specimen - The
combination of manometer for maintaining the air pressure applied to the specimen and a flowmeter for indicating the
rate of air flow through the specimen
may be used. Flowmeter or manometer
shall be calibrated to directly read the
fineness in tex or denier.
NOTE -
Two suitable
instruments developed by: (a)

Ahmedabad Textile Industrys Research Association,
Ahmadabad
(modified
by Indian Jute Industries
Research
Association,
Calcutta 1, and (b) Jute
Technological
Research
Laboratories
(ICAR ),
Calcutta, are described in Annexes A and B.
PART 1, SECTION
D/22-8
OF TEST SPECIMEN
5 PROCEDURE
5.0 Make the necessary
preliminary
adjustments appropriate
to the instrument
used.
Ensure that the meniscus of the manometer is
at the zero mark.
5.1 Place the test specinem in the fibre compression cylinder, taking care that all the fibres
are placed inside. Adjust the machine as
recommended by the instruction
manual of the
instrument ( see Annexes A and B ).
5.2 Cause the air to flow through the specimen
and read the air flow or the difference in pressures on the scale to an accuracy of half a division of the scale.
5.3 Remove the test specimen from the fibre
compression cylinder and take one or two more
readings on the same specimen as recommended by the instruction manual of the instrument.
5.4 Take the other test specimens and determine the test values in the manner set out
in 5.1 to 5.3.
6 CALCULATIONS
6.1 Calculate
the average
taken for all test specimens.
of
all the values
7 REPORT
7.1 The report shall include the following
information:
4 The instrument used;
b) Number of the specimens; and
Fibre fineness in tex, or denier.
c>
213
SP15(Partl):1989
ANNEX
A
( Clauses 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 )
IJIRA JUTE FIBRE FINENESS TESTER*
A-l
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT
chamber ( 11 ). The cylindrical sample chamber

is filled with a weighed amount of the opened
sample under investigation, and closed by a
perforated
piston ( 10 ) which compresses the
plug to the same dimensions each time. After
passing through the plug, the air escapes into
the atmosphere. The junction of the needle
valve and the sample chamber is connected to
the reservoir manometer ( 4 ). The measuring
limb of this reservoir consists of three parts,
namely, a first vertical section, which is always
filled by the manometric
liquid when testing
any
sample
within
the
range
of the instrument;
*Modified by Indian Jute Industries Research ASSOan inclined section which is directly calibrated
ciation, Calcutta ( original model for cotton developed
by Ahmedabad Textile Industrys Research Association,
in denier, and a third vertical section which
Ahmadabad 1. Mention of the name of a specific ( or
serves to monitor
the constancy
of total
proprietary 1, instrument is not intended to promote, or
pressure. The entire assembly is mounted on
give preference to the use of this instrument over others
a board provided with levelling screws.
not mentioned.
A-l.1
A working sketch is shown in Fig. 1. A

rubber bulb ( 6 ) which when squeezed, pumps
air into a tank ( 8 ), equipped with a loosely
fitting float ( 7 ) which can rise to the top of
the tank. As the float descends, it forces air
through the outlet of the apparatus. If the rate
of flow is sufficiently small, sensibly constant
air pressure can be secured for a sufficiently
long interval. The air outlet in the needle valve
is ( 14 ) connected in series with the sample
Thermosetting
laminate mounted board
Levelling screws
Reference mark for liquid
Reservoir
for manometric liquid
Reservoir plug
Aspirator bulb
Float
Air tank
Reference mark for total pressure
Piston
FIG.
214
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Sample chamber
cm scale
Denier scale
Needle valve
Distributor
Name plate
Air pressure maintaining
Check nut
Perforated disc
All gradient stand
Air filter
tube
1 IJIRA FIBRB FINE.NBSS TESTER

HANDBOOK OF TBXTILB TESTING
SP 15 ( Part,1 ) : 1989
A-1.1.1 The calibrated
section of the msnometer is inclined ( horizontal gradient 1 in 5 ) in

order to increase the sensitivity and spread out
the scale.
A-2 OPERATING
PROCEDURE
the top. Stop squeezing and the float will

start descending.
Observe the position
of
manometer
liquid. At a certain point the
manometer
reading will remain steady for a
while. Note the denier reading corresponding
to this position of the manometer liquid.
to
A-2.1 Level the instrument
with the help of the

levelling screws and a spirit level.
A-2.6 Remove
A-2.2 Collect about 40 g of raw jute after proper sampling. Cut the fibre to approximately
1 cm pieces. Mix the cut fibres thoroughly and
tease out by hand.
A-2.7 Repeat as in A-2.6. Altogether

readings for each specimen.
the specimen,
repeat for a repeat test.
A-2.3 Divide the cut sample into 3 sub-samples.

Weigh one specimen of 8.65 g from each sub sample.
A-2.4 Pack the weighed sp:cim:ns
into the
sample chamber and close the chamber by
piston ( 10 ).
A-2.5 Squeeze the aspirator bulb ( 6 ) a numb: r
of times as that the float in thz tank ( 8 ) rises
Buff it out and

take
A-2.8 Repeat the test for the other two specimens as in A-2.3 to A-2.7.
A-2.9 Find the average of the 9 readings.
A-3 CHECKING
A-3.1 In order to check from time to time that
the instrument
is performing
satisfact-orily,
readings should be taken on the calibration
sample provided.
ANNEX
( Clauses 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 )

JTRL JUTE FIBRE FINENESS
B-l DESCRIPTION
OF THE INSTRUMENT
B-l.1 Air Flow Pr&ction
Arrangement
The aspirator ( I in Fig. 2 ) is a wide flat tank

T1 of 400 cm2 area with a narrow outlet O1 of
6 mm diameter. The tank is raised to suitable
height ( 40 to 50 cm ) by a stand the outlet at
O2 being extended below by a rubber tube E.
This provides for a higher water head without
having to handle a large quantity of water.
B-1.1.1 To maintain a constant
water head, the

top level drop has been neutralized
by pulling
down the end of the outlet rubber tube to some
extent, such that the difference in water head
( H ) between the water level in the tank and
the tip of the outlet 0, remains constant. This
has been achieved by a simple device. The end
0, of the outlet rubber tube is attached to the
top opening of the receiver T, hung from a
spring. The spring is so adjusted that the weight
of liquid being drained into the receiver is sufficient to extend the spring by an amount equal
to the drop in the liquid level in the Tl. The
constant
level
difference
thus maintained
ensures constant rate of flow.
*Mention of the name of a specific ( or proprietary )
instrument is not intended to promote, or give preference to the use of that instrument
over others not
mentioned.
PART 1, SECTION
D/22-8
TESTER*
B-1.1.2 For refilling the tank Tl the receiver
T,
is hung upside down from a hook N above the

tank Tl into which the receiver empties itself
through the same rubber tube E. The tank T,
has two openings, II and Ia, at the top, I1 having
a tap, and one outlet with a tap at the bottom.
The inlet tube I, is connected to the regulating
valve Y and the other parts of the instrument,
through it air is sucked in as water flows out of
the tank. The tap I, provides an opening to the
atmosphere during refilling. In the receiver T,
also the side opening B maintains a connection
between the inside and the outside atmosphere.
The specification of the flow system are such
that a maximum flow rate of about 15 ml per
second can be mentioned for 25 seconds.
El.2
Flow Gauge!
The flow gauge ( II in Fig. 2 ) is essentially a

manometer ( F1, F2 ), attached tb the two ends
of a glass wool plug, or an equivalent glass or
brass capillary tube Win a glass tube. For a
particular flow rate through the plug, a difference of pressure develops between the ends
of the plug and is indicated in this manometer.
This manometer is calibrated in terms of flow
rate, since pressure difference is proportional to
the flow rate. The packing of the glass wool
plug may be altered for different ranges of flow
rate.
215
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
FIBRE
I
I Aspirator
II Flowmeter
III Plug chamber
IV Manometer
B Side opening
C Chamber
C1 Plug cell
CI Centre open screw cap
E Rubber tube
F1, Fz Manometer
H Water head
FIG. 2
Fibre Plug and the Chamber
A plug is formed of parallel fibre bundles. Such

a plug is introduced longitudinally into a cylindrical cell C1 of 1.25 cm diameter and 5 cm
length ( 111 in Fig. 2 ). At one end, the cell has
a flange which can be pressed air-tight on the
rubber ring over the rim of a wider chamber C
by a centre open screw cap 2.
B-1.3.1 The chamber is thus open to the atmosphere at the top, and a small tube at the bottom
216
1, Tap
II Inlet tube
J Stand
N Hook
01 Narrow outlet
02 End of the rubber tube
PI, PI Pressure gauge
T1 Tank
Ta Receiver
W Glass wool plug
Y Regulating valve
INSTRUMENT FOR FIBRB FINENESS DETBRMINATION
B-1.2.1To increase
the sensitivity of the flow
gauge manometer, the area of limb F, is made
much larger than that of the other, such that
the depression in the wider limb is negligible in
comparison
to the elevation
of the liquid in
the narrow limb, and further, the narrow limb
is kept inclined at 60 to the vertical. A sliding
scale is placed beside the narrow limb. The
zero of the scale is made to coincide with the
liquid meniscus before starting the test. If the
meniscus level falls below a mark, some liquid
may be added into the wider limb. The glass
wool plug is so adjusted that the flow gauge
manometer reading is changed from 0 to 26 cm
with increase in flow rate from 0 to 15 ml per
second.
El.3
IN CELL
the chamber to the manometer

the other parts of the instrument.
connects
and
B-l.4 Pressure Gauge

gauge P1, Pz ( IV in Fig. 2 ) is a
manometer
used for registering
the difference of
pressure between the two ends of the fibre plug.
One end of the manometer
as well as the fibre
plug is open to the atmosphere.
The design of
the gauge is exactly similar to that of the manometer used for the flow gauge. The zero of the
scale always set at the liquid meniscus before
the experiment
is started.
The pressure
B-2 FIBRE CUTTER

B-2.1 For a 5-cm plug cell, the fibre bundle has
to be cut to 5 cm length. Fibre cutter ( Fig. 3 )
consists of a channel of rectangular
cross
section with a closely fitting plunger both cut
exactly to 5 cm length. The fibre is placed
longitudinally in the channel with ends projecting on both sides. The plunger is then
pressed by a crew, from the top. The projecting
ends of the fibres are then cut flash with the
channel ends by a chisel and hammer. The rotatable rectangular frame through which the crew
works can be turned aside when the fibre is put
HANDBOOK
OF TBXTILBTESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
in the channel. The plunger is provided with a
projection
( not shown in Fig. 3 ) across the
length to prevent tilting.
B-3 OPERATION
OF THE INSTRUMENT
B-3.1 A group of raw jute fibre samples is cut

to 5 cm length by the cutter and exactly 3 g are
weighed out of it to form the test bundle. This
mass is found suitable for the size of the plug
cell used and is also specific for a particular
calibration. The bundle is wrapped tightly in a
paper strip and introduced into the plug cell Cl.
The paper is then taken out or torn off by
pushing the bundle gently either way, keeping
the fibre ends flush with the cell ends. The cell
is then fitted air-tight onto the chamber C.
B-3.1.1 The tank T, is filled with water and the
top tap I, is closed. With the receiver on the
spring S, the outlet tap 0,. is opened. The regulating valve Y is then manipulated to attain a
fixed difference of pressure indicated on the
pressure indicated on the pressure gauge. Immediately the flow gauge reading is taken.
B-4.1.2 The water aspiration system is replaced

by a suction pump which is connected to the
regulating valve Y. The suction pump is run on
and the regulating valve Y opened slowly to
obtain a steady pressure difference in the Utube manometer. The two liquid columns in the
U-tube may be made level again by letting in
air through the screw clip on the T-tube.
B-4.1.3 The steady pressure difference in the
U-tube manometer is 9 cm with a manometric
liquid ( kerosene oil ) of specific gravity O-82.
The corresponding
pressure gauge reading on
the instrument is then marked on a scale placed
beside it. For subsequent reading of the flow
gauge, the air suction through the valve Y
should be controlled so as to give this particular valve of steady pressure on the pressure
gauge manometer of the instrument.
B-4.2 Calibration of the Flow Gauge Manometer
B-4.2.1 Take a vertically
mounted rotameter
( a flowmeter having a rotating indicator of airflow ) and conne,ct a rubber tubing at the lower
end. Clamp on the rubber tubing a screw clip
to regulate Bir flow through the rotameter.
B-4.2.2 Disconnect the U-tube manometer and
connect the upper end of the rotameter to this
point. Run on the suction pump. Adjust the
control valve Y and the screw clip of the rubber
tubing attached to the rotameter alternately so
as to have different flow rates at the particular
steady pressure indicated by the pressure gauge
manometer of the instrument (corresponding to
a pressure head of 9 cm in the U-tube manometer referred to ).
RECTANGULAR
FJG. 3 FIBRBCUTTER
B-4 CALIBRATION OF ThE INSTRUMENT
B-4.1 Calibration of the Pressure Gauge Manometer
B-4.1.1 The fibre plug chamber C is disconnected and the instrument connected to a vertically
mounted U-tube manometer through the leg of
a T-tube. One end of the head piece of the
T-tube is connected to the U-tube manometer
and the other end closed air-tight by means of
a screw clip on a rubber tubing.
PART 1, SECTION
D/22-8
B-4.2.3 Note down the rate of air flow in the

rotameter, and mark this flow on the scale
beside the flow gauge manometer of the instrument. A number of flow rates all at the
steady pressure difference, are thus marked on
the flow gauge scale. A calibration
curve is
drawn relating flow rates (ml/s ) and scale
length ( cm ) of the flow gauge. This calibration
curve is used to find out the different tex
values corresponding to the different flow rates
by using the formula, tex =;i O-283 x flow in
ml/s. The flow gauge scale is then calibrated
directly in terms of tex values.
B-5 SENSITIVITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
B-5.1 Since both the pressure and the flow
gauges are sensitive enough to detect a change
of 1 mm in reading, the approximately
error of
observation is not likely to excceed 2 percent,
when the pressure gauge stands at 18.0 cm and
the flow gauge between 6-O and 26-O cm. Considering the variation within a sample: this order
of sensitivity seems to be sufficient for textile
fibres. A 3-g bundle may be made to represent
as many regions as possible, to minimize the
variation between readings.
217
SP lS(Part1):1989
TESTS FOR INDIAN KAPOK

(Source:IS 3040:1980)
1 Indian Kapok ( to the common man known as
silk cotton ) is used for stuffing purposes in
1 CONDITIONING OF TEST SPECIMENS

1.1The test specimens shall be conditioned in
standard atmosphere
of 27 f 2% temperature
and 65 f 2 percent
relative
humidity
for
24 hours.
2 BUOYANCY RATIO BEFORE SOAKING
2.1 Weigh accurately a 40 g sample of kapok.
Fill it in a muslin or cambric bag 15 x 15 cm
when measure flat. The bag shall be provided
with a loop by stitching a tape measuring
2 x 1 cm on one of its surfaces at the centre of
the bag ( see Fig. 1 ). Stitch the mouth of the
bag. Place the kapok-filled bag with the looped
surface facing downward over clean water in a
suitable container with a 400 g dead mass hooked on to the loop. The dead mass arrangement
shall have a base for accommodating additional
slotted weights ( see Fig. 2 ) ( see Note ).
OPENING
STITCHED
r--_
OF BAG.TO
BE
AFTER FILLING
2.2 Place additional weights on the base of the

dead mass under water, till with the addition of
a further 5 g mass, the bag starts sinking.
2.3 Note this mass as the total mass ( including
the dead weight ) which the bag can support.
2.4 Calculate the buoyancy ratio before soaking
of kapok by the following formula:
Buoyancy ratio before soaking =
Wl(1
w-
l/d)
where
W, = mass, in grams, which the bag can
support ( see 2.3 );

specific gravity
of the weights
used; and
W = mass, in grams of kapok (see 2.1).
d s
3.1 Keep in bag containing kapok ( see 2.2 )

completely immersed in water with the help of
a sinker for 72 hours. After the expiry of
72 hours, remove the sinker and allow the bag
to float on the surface of water.
Weights made of copper or its alloy shall

be used for the purpose of this test.
3 BUOYANCY RATIO AFTER SOAKING

I
NOTE -
---I
I
I
various applications. These tests are critical for

assessing the grades of kapok. ]
0
L\--__-__-____I
I
15cm
I
I
I
3.2 Suspend the dead mass arrangement from

the loop of the bag and start placing additional
slotted mass on the base of the dead mass till
the bag just begins to sink ( see also 2.2).
3.3Note this mass ( including the dead mass )
15 cm
FIG.
as the mass which the bag can support.
1 BUOYANCY BAG
3.4 Calculate the buoyancy ratio of kapok after

soaking by the following formula:
Buoyancy
ratio after soaking =
W, (1 -
l/d)
where
W:, = mass, in grams, which the bag can
support ( see 3.3 );

gravity of the weights
used; and
W = mass, in grams of kapok (see 2.1).
d = specific
FILLED
HOOKED
WITH
DEAD WEIGHT
FIG. 2 BUOYANCY BAG SHOWING

ARRANGBMBNT FOR WEIGHT
PART 1, SBCTION D/23
KAPOK
4 PERCENTAGE
OF IMPURITIES
4.1 Take a test specimen weighing approximately 10 g and determine its mass accurately. Tease
1
219
I
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
the specimen thoroughly by hand to clean put

seeds, seed coat particles, leafy bits, dust and
dirt, etc. The impurities thus separated shall be
weighed accurately.
Determine
the percentage
of impurities by the following formula:
w, x 100
Impurities, percent =
w
220
where
W 1= mass of test specimen, and
W = mass of impurities.
4.2 Repeat the test on two more test specimens
and determine the average impurities percentage
of three test specimens.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
DETERMINATION OF THE PERCENTAGE BY MASS OF LONG,

MEDIUM AND SHORT COIR FIBRES
[ Source : IS 9308 ( Part
( The test is a critical
assessment
in grading of coir fibres used for various applications.
1 TEST SPECIMENS
1.1 Draw 3 test specimens weighing
mately 2 g each from the test sample.
three groups according

below:
approxi-
2 EQUIPMENT
2.1 For the purpose of this test, a flat table
marked with a scale with 10 mm graduations
shall be used.
3 PROCEDURE
3.1 Take one of the test specimens and measure
the length of its individual fibres on the scale
marked on the table by holding one end of each
fibre with the forefinger of the one hand and
stretching the other end with the fingers of the
other hand. Arrange the fibres so measured into
PART 1,SECTION
D/24
1 ) : 1987 1
)
to their length
Length of the Fibre
as given
Group
mm
Above 200
Above 150 and up to 200
Above 50 and up to 150
Long fibres
Medium fibres
Short fibres
3.2 Weigh the fibres in each group and calculate

the percentage of the mass of fibres in each
group to the total mass of fibres in all the three
groups.
3.3 Repeatdthe test with the remaining two test
specimens.
3.4 Average of the percentage by mass, of fibres
in respective groups shall be deemed to be the
percent by mass of long, medium and short in
the consignment.
221
SP 15( Part 1):1989
PERCENTAGE OF IMPURITIES IN COIR FIBRES

[ Source: IS
9308 ( Part 1 ) : 1987]
(The
impurities
in natural fibres plays an
for computing the impurities present. This also
important role on the quality of yarn produced.
have an important relevance during commercial
The test is more relevant
to mechanically transactions. )
extracted fibres like coir and other related fibres
1 TEST SPFCIMENS
2.3 Calculate the percentage of impurities in the

test specimen by the following formula:
1.1Draw 5 test specimens weighing approximately 60 g each from the test sample.
Impurities,
2 PROCEDURE
where
2.1 Dry one of the test specimens in a conditioning oven. Determine its oven-dry mass correct
to the nearest O-05 g.
2.2 Immediately after drying, remove all pith
(in case of bristle fibre 1. dust and other imnuri&es adhering to the &bre and determine the
oven-dry mass of the cleaned test specimen
correct to the nearest 0.05 g.
PART 1, SECTION
D/25
percent by mass =
(mi-m~)
ml
100
ml - oven-dry mass of the test specimen

before cleaning, and
m2 = oven-dry mass of the test specimen
after cleaning.
2.4 ReDeat the test with the remaining test
specimens. The average of all the values thus
obtained shall be deemed to be the percentage
of impurities in the fibre consignment.
223
.
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
MOISTURE CONTENT IN COIR FIBRES

[ Source : IS 9308 ( Part 1) : 1987 J
( The moisture
content in natural fibres has an

important relevance on the repeatability and
reproduceability
of physical tests, and also in
the commercial field. The test is suitable for

natural
fibres other than cotton viz, bristle
fibres. )
1 APPARATUS
first and second weighings, does not exceed

0.25 percent of the first mass, take the second
mass to be the dry mass of the test specimen.
If the loss exceeds 0.25 percent, weigh the test
specimen at 15-minute intervals till the loss between two successive weighings is 0.25 percent
or less.
1.1 Conditioning
Oven
With forced ventilation, provided with positive

valve control and capable of maintaining a temperature of 100 to llOC, equipped with a
weighing balance arranged to weigh the fibre
pith an accuracy of 05 g while suspended withm the drying chamber, the holder of the fibre to
be of such a type as to ensure free access of the
dry air to all portions of the fibre.
2.2 Calculate the percentage :of moisture

tent by the following formula:
con-
Moisture content, percent by mass
2 PROCEDURE
2.1 Remove about 500 g of fibre from
the test
sample and weigh it correct to the nearest 0.5 g.
Place the test specimen in the conditioning oven
and dry for one hour and weigh to the nearest
0.5 g. Dry for another 15 minutes and weigh to
the nearest O-5 g. Provided the loss in mass in
drying of the test specimen, as disclosed by the
PART 1, SECTION
D/26
where
ml = mass of the original test specimen,
and
m2 = mass of the oven-dried test specimen.
225
SECTION E
CHEMICALTESTSFORTEXTILEFIBRES
SP 15 ( P-t
i)
: 1989
ESTIMATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUPS IN CELLULOSIC
TEXTILE MATERIALS - IODOMETRIC METHOD

[Sowce:IS156O(Part1):1974]
In the cellulosic textile industry, cellulose in
the form of fibres, yarn and fabric comes in contact with different oxidizing agents during the
The
various chemical processing treatments.
action of these oxidizing agents on cellulose
may result in the formati0.n of oxycelluloses of
acidic character attributable to the introduction
of carboxyl groups into the cellulose chain
molecule. Purified cotton cellulose, not subjected to any treatment
with oxidizing agents, also
behaves as though it possesses a very small con-
tent of carboxylic acid groups. The absorption

of metallic ions from aqueous solutions of their
salts is an outstanding property of oxycelluloses.
This property in celluloses and oxycelluloses is
due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups in
them. The estimation of carboxylic acid groups
present
in cellulosic
textile
materials is a
method of determining the extent of this type of
oxidation of cellulose. This is a useful supplementary test to other tests such as copper
number and fluidity tests.
1 SCOPE
5 REAGENTS

the iodometric
method for estimation of carboxylic acid groups
in cellulosic textile materials.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 Cation-free cellulosic material is suspended
in potassium iodide-potassium
iodate-sodium
chloride solution to which sodium thiosulphate
is added to prevent the loss of iodine due to side
reactions and vaporization as also to facilitate
the completion of the reaction by removal of
th.e iodine liberated from the sphere of reaction.
At the end of the requisite period, the excess of
thiosulphate
is titrated back with standard
iodine solution, and the amount of thiosulphate
consumed indicates
the extent of carboxyl
content.
3 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
3.1 Cut the sample under test into small pieces.

Mix all the pieces thoroughly and draw at least
two specimens, each weighing about 2 g.
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Automatic Burette
of 50 ml capacity.
4.2 Erlenmeyer Flask
of Pyrex glass ( or similar heat-resistant glass ) ,
fitted with a glass-stopper and of 250 ml capacity.
4.3 Small Compressor; Vacuum Pump or Water
Jet Pump
for blowing air; capable of producing a pressure
sufficient to stir the liquid in the flask during
titration.
PART 1, SECTION
E/l-l
5.1.1 Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals

shall be employed in the test and distilled water
shall be used where the use of water as reagent
is intended.
do not contain
impurities
results.
5.1.2 All reagents shall be prepared using carbon

dioxide-free
distilled
water which
may be
obtained by the method prescribed in Annex A.
All reagents shall be stored in containers with
sodalime traps in order to protect the reagents
from coming into contact with atmospheric
carbon dioxide.
5.2 The reagents required for the test
as given below.
5.2.1 Potassium Iodide-Potassium
Chloride Solution
shall be
Iodate-Sodium
Prepare the solution by dissolving the following

reagents in the quantities
indicated
against
each in carbon dioxide-free distilled water to
make 2 litres:
g
83.0
Potassium iodide ( analytical grade )
21.0
Potassium iodate ( analytical grade )
50.0
Sodium chloride ( analytical grade )
5.0
Sodium thiosulphate ( analytical grade)
5.2.2 Standard Sodium Thiosulphate Solution
0.02 N.
5.2.3
Iodine Solution
0.02 N. Dissolve 2.6 g of iodine and 4 g of pota-
ssium iodide in about 25 ml of water by warming gently.

Dilute
the solution to 1 litre.
229
SPlS(Part1):1989
Standardize
salution.
against
standard
thiosulphate
5.2.4 Starch Solution

0.2 percent (m/v).
7 CALCULATION
5.2.5 Hydrochloric Acid Solution

approximately 0.5 N.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take one test specimen and steep it for
2 hours in 0.5 N hydrochloric acid at room temperature, keeping the material to liquor ratio
as 1 : 50. Wash the specimen on a suction filter
thoroughly with distilled water till the washings
are neutral ( as indicated by bromocresol
purple ). Dry the specimen in air.
NOTE - The above treatment
cation-free.
renders
calculate the oven-dry mass of the cation-free

specimen taken for the test ( see 6.2 ).
6.5 Repeat the test with the remaining test
,
specimen(s).
the specimen
6.2 Transfer
from the automatic burrette 50 ml

of the solution prepared as in 5.2.1 to the
Erlenmeyer flask. Weigh accurately 0.5 to 1.0 g
of air-dry cation-free
specimen ( see 6.1) and
transfer it to the flask. Stopper the flask, shake
it gently to mix the contents thoroughly and
immerse it in a water-bath
maintained
at
60 f 1C for 1 hour. Cool the flask quickly and
titrate the excess of thiosulphate
solution
against 0.02 N iodine solution using starch as
indicator. Bubble by means of a compressor or a
vacuum pump or a water jet pump carbon
dioxide-free air through the mixture throughout
the titration.
6.3 Carry out a blank titration following the
same procedure ( see 6.2 ) but without the test
specimen.
6.4 Determine the moisture
content of the
cation-free
material ( see 6.1) separately and
7.1 Calculate the carboxylic acid group content

of each specimen,
in mill&equivalents
of
COOH per 100 g, of the sample, by the following formula:
Carboxylic acid group content, expressed
as milli-equivalents of COOH per 100 g of
sample
= (V, - V,) x N x 100
M
where
vr = quantity in millimetres of iodine
solution required for the blank
( see 6.3 ),
v, = quantity in millimetres of iodine
solution required for aftual test
( see 6.2 ),
N= normality of iodine solution, and
M= oven-dry
mass in gram of the
cation-free specimen taken for the
test ( see 6.4 ).
as in 6.1.
8 REPORT
b) Carboxylic acid group content, and
ANNEX A
( Clause5.1.2 )
METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE DISTILLED WATER
A-l APPARATUS
A-l.1 Flask
of hard glass, fitted with a stopper and of
required capacity.
A-l.2 Nessler Tube
.
of thin colourless glass, with flat bottom, about
25 mm in diameter and about 150 mm in length.
A-2 REAGENT
A-2.1 Saturated Calcium Hydroxide Solution
A-3 PROCEDURE
A-3.1 Boil the required amount of distilled water
in the flask for about 5 minutes.
230
A-3.2 Transfer 25 ml of the boiled

water to the Nessler tube. Add to it
saturated calcium hydroxide solution
well. After 5 minutes, observe whether
any turbidity of precipitate.
distilled
25 ml of
and mix
there is
A-3.3 Take the distilled water to be free from

carbon dioxide if no turbidity or precipitate is
observed ( see A-3.4 ). Stopper the flask and
cool the content.
A-3.4 If, however, turbidity or precipitate is
observed, repeat as many times as may be
necessary the procedure
prescribed in A-3.1
and A-3.2.
HANDBOOK OF TKXTILE TESTING,
Sl?l5(Part1):1989
ESTIMATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUPS IlyICELLULOSIC

TEXTILE MATERIALS: SODIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM
BICARBONATE METHOD
[ Source : IS 1560 ( Part 2 ) : 1974 1
1 SCOPE
5.2.2 Hydrochloric Acid
1.1 This standard prescribes the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate method for estimation
of carboxyl acid group content of cellulose
textile materials.
1 : 99. Dilute 1 volume of concentrated

hydrochloric acid ( sp gr 1.19 ) with 99 volumes of
water.
2 PRINCIPLE
5.2.4 Sodium Chloride tion
2.1 Sample is de-ashed with hydrochloric acid,

soaked in sodium chloride-sodium
washed,
bicarbonate solution and then filtered off. An
aliquot of the filterate is titrated with O-01 N
hydrochloric acid to a methyl red end point.
The amount of the sodium chloride-sodium
bicarbonate solution consumed is a measure of
the ion-exchange capacity of the cellulose and
indicates the extent of carboxyl content.
3 PREPARATION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
3.1 Condition the sample under test in the prevailing atmosphere for at least 20 minutes and
cut it into small pieces. Mix all the pieces
thoroughly and draw at least 2 test specimens,
each weighing about 2-5 g. At the same time
draw specimens for moisture content determination.
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Fritted Glass Funnels
4.2 Erlenmeyer Flask
of Pyrex glass ( or similar heat-resistant glass ),
fitted with a glass stopper and of 250 ml capacity.
5 REAGENTS
be employed in the test and distilled water shall
intended.
NOTE do not
results.

contain impurities
reagents
as given below.
5.2 The
required

0.01 N.
PART 1, SECTION
E/1-2
for the test shall be
5.2.3 Methyl Red Indicator Solution
Dissolve
Sodium Bicarbonate Solu-
g of sodium chloride and 0.84 g

bicarbonate
in water and dilute to
5.85
of sodium
1 litre.
5.2.5 Sodium Hydroxide Solution

0.4 g/l.
5.2.6 Water Saturated with Carbon Dioxide
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Weigh one test specimen
accurately,
disintegrate it in water and filter through a fritted
glass funnel. Disperse the disintegrated specimen to about 1 percent consistency in hydrochloric acid (1 : 99) at room temperature. After
2 hours collect the specimen on a fritted glass
funnel and wash with water saturated
with
carbon dioxide.
Continue washing until the
filtrate, after boiling does not require more than
two drops of sodium hydroxide solution to give
an alkaline colour ( yellow ) with methyl red.
6.2 Weigh the wet pulp pad, transfer it to an

Erlenmeyer flask, and 5 ml of the sodium
chloride-sodium
bicarbonate
solution with a
pipette and shake to obtain a homogeneous
slurry ( see Note ). Allow the mixture to stand
for 1 hour at room temperature.
Filter through
a clean, dry fritted glass funnel. Pipette 25 mI
aliquot of the filtrate into an Erlenmeyer
flask
and titrate with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid using
methyl red indicator. When the first change in
colour occurs, boil the solution for about
1 minute to expel carbon dioxide and continue
the titration to a sharp end point.
NOTE - If the cation exchange capacity is very low,
use a solution
containing
about 585 g of sodium
chloride and 042 g of sodium bicarbonate
per litre.
It is important that the excess of sodium bicarbonate
should be large enough so that the pH does not fall
below 70.
6.3 Blank
Pipette 25 ml of sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate solution into an Erlenmeyer flask and

titrate as in 6.2.
231
SPlS(Partl):l!XN
6.4 Determine
the moisture
content of the
sample using the specimens taken for the purpose ( see 3.1) and calculate the oven-dry
mass of the specimen taken for the test
( see 6.1 ).
6.5 Similarly test other test specimen(s).

7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the carboxylic acid group content
of each specimen, in milli-equivalents
of COOH per 100 g of the specimen, by the following formula:
Carboxylic acid group content, as
milli-equivalents of-COOH
per 100 g
of specimen
(v, -
v, -
V*rn
50
2
>
-J-g
where
VI = quantity in millimetres of 0.01 N
hydrochloric
acid consumed in
the blank ( see 6.3 ),
vz= quantity in millimetres of 0.01 N
hydrochloric acid consumed in the
actual test ( see 6.2 ),
m = mass in grams of water in the wet
pulp pad, and
oven-dry mass in grams of test
Mspecimen ( see 6.4 ).
as in 7.1.
8 REPORT
b) Carboxylic acid group content, and
232
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) :-1989
DETERMINATION OF ACETIC ACID CONTENT OF ACETATE

OR TRIACETATE FIBRE MATERIALS
( Source
: IS
Acetic acid content of acetate or triacetate
fibres is an important parameter for controlling
the degree of acetylation of regenerated cellu-
l SCOPE
1.1 This standard
determination of acetic acid content of acetate
,or triacetate fibre materials.
1.2 The method prescribed in this standard is
not applicable to acetate and triacetate
fibre
materials containing sizing and finishing substances such as polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic or
polymethacrylic
acid, cellulose ether, carbonic
acid, etc, the presence of which may falsify the
results of titration.
12135 : 1987 )
lose and is useful in ascertaining
chemicai
damage to acetate or triacetate fibres during
processing by cuprammonium fluidity test.

do not contain
impurities
results.
4.1 Alcoholic Potash Lye

1 M, potassium hydroxide ( free of carbonate
in tablet form dissolved in ethanol.

1 M.
4.3 Caustic Soda Lye
1 M.
1.3 While testing dyed or printed specimens,

there is a possibility that the dye may get
dissolved and hence make it difficult to recognize the colour change during titration. In such
a case, the titration
should be carried out
electrometrically.
4.4 Phenolphathelein
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The acetate fibres are saponified with alcoholic potash lye. The acetic acid content is determined by the amount of alkaliused to reach the
end point, titrimetrically.
5.1 From the test sample after removing size

and finish draw a representative
specimen
weighing 20 f 0.1 g. Cut test specimen into
pieces of approximately 25 mm length. Take at
least two such test specimens.
3 APPARATUS
6 PROCEDURE
3.1 Weighing Glass
6.1 Dry the test specimen ( 5.1) in the weighing

glass at 105 f 2C temperature in a drying oven
to constant mass. The mass shall be taken as
constant
when the difference between two
successive
weighings
at an interval of 20
minutes does not exceed 0.1 percent. Cool the
dried test specimen in the desiccator and weigh
it correct to 1 mg.
3.2 Desiccator with Blue Gel Filling

3.3 Analytical Balance with an accuracy up to
Img
3.4 Air Drying Oven Capable of Maintaining at
105 &- 2C
3.5 1 000 ml Measuring Flask
3.6 200 ml Erlenmeyer
Stopper
Flask
with
Ground
3.7 50 m4 Pipette
3.8 Burette
3.9 1 000 ml Erlenmeyer Flask
4 REAGENTS
used.
PART 1, SECTION
E/2
Solution
1 g phenolphathelein
dissolved
ethanol and 5 ml distilled water.
5 PREPARATION
in 95 ml of
OF TEST SPECIMEN
6.2 Transfer the weighed test specimen ( 6.1 )

into a 200 ml Erlenmeyer
flask. Add to it
50.0 ml of 1 M alcoholic potash lye, close the
flask and leave it for 48 hours at room temperature. Then add to it 50.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid, shake the flask thoroughly for 5
minutes and leave it for one more hour at room
temperature.
6.3 Wash the contents of the Eilenmeyer flask
with about 500 ml of distilled water in the
1 000 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
4.4 Titrate the contents of the flask ( 6.3 ),
after addition of three drops of phenolphathelein solution with 1 M of caustic soda lye.
233
,kP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989

6.5 Find out the amount of caustic soda lye
used in ml.
6.6 Repeat the procedure from 6.1 to 6.5 with
other test specimens and find the amount of
caustic soda lye consumed, in ml, for each test
specimen.
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the acetic acid content of all the
test specimens separately
with reference
to
dried fibre material by the formula:
Acetic acid content,
percent
-+
x 100
where
Q = the amount of 1 M caustic soda
lye in ml ( see 6.5 and 6.6 ), and
234
EI
the weighed amount of; the dried

f&re material in g as obtained in
. .
7.2 Find out the average acetic acid content,

percent of the fibre material.
8 REPORT
The test report shall indicate the following:
and quality
a>Type
tested, and
of the textile
material
b) Acetic acid content, percent, rounded to

three
significant
figures ( individual
values and the mean value separate ).
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
DAMAGE IN COTTON FIBRES DUE TO MICRO-ORGANISMS

( Source : IS 2964 : 1964 )
Cotton fibres are liable to be attacked and

damaged by micro-organisms,
such as bacteria
and fungi at three stages (i) during cultivation
as cotton bolls on plants, (ii) after harvest as
KAPAS in the farm storage, and (iii) as lint
during transit and storage in godown. The
deterioration
is promoted by climatic conditions prevalent
in tropical
and subtropical
countries.
Moisture is essential for the development and
growth of micro-organisms, the amount of moisture required being dependent upon the type of
organisms. Thus, fungi usually develop when
the relative humidity of the environment approaches about 75 percent and the growth is rapid
when the relative humidity is above 85 percent.
Bacteria, on the other hand, are active only
when the substrate on which they are present is
itself wet.
During cultivation
the cotton plants and parti-
cularly the cotton bolls suffer microbial attack

by micro-organisms from soil or environment.
The extent of damage is governed by the microclimate and the type of plant.
Fungi may appear as fine downy growth or as
dark spots or stains causing discolouration of
fibres and forming fibrelocks in cotton bolls.
Mould growth may affect bunch of fibres in
limited and isolated regions with no tendering
in between two such regions. But if the fibres
had been in contact with soil or contaminated
with it and then exposed to dampness, the
entire fibre or whole of fibrelocks may show
uniform tendering.
The degree of growth of micro-organisms as
well as their tendering effect may differ widely
from fibre to fibre and within a fibreitself. It is,
therefore, not necessary to submit the results
of tests prescribed in this method to statistical
analysis.
1 SCOPE
3.1 Balloon Test Reagents
1.1This standard prescribes methods for the

detection and estimation of damage in cotton
fibres due to micro-organisms.
Prepared by dissolving 15 g o caustic soda in

85 ml of water and mixing equal parts of this
solution and carbon disulphide.
1.1.1 The methods are applicable to cotton

fibres in boll stage and also during storage and
transit from the farm to the industry.
3.2 Lactophenol Solution
2 TEST
SPECIMENS
SPECIMENS
AND
CONTROL
Prepared by dissolving 100 g of phenol in 100

ml of water and adding to the solution 100 ml
each of glycerine and lactic acid.
3.3 Cotton Blue Solution
2.1 From the test sample draw at random 15

specimens each weighing about 5 g; these shall
constitute the test specimens for the purpose
of 4.2.1, 4.2.2., 4.2.4, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.1.1.
2.2 From that portion
of the sample from
which test sample has been separated, draw at
random six specimens each weighing about 5, g;
these shall constitute the control specimens for
the purpose of 5.2.3, 5.2.5 and 6.1.3.
3 REAGENTS
Prepared
25 ml )
51190 )
10 ml of
80 ml of
by making a saturated solution ( about

of cotton blue ( Colour Index No.
in 95 per cent alcohol and adding to
this solution 10 ml of glycerine and
water.
3.4 Cotton Blue-Lactophenol Solution

Prepared by mixing equal volumes
blue and lactophenol solutions.
of cotton
3.5 Congo Red Solution

Prepared by making a 2 percent solution of

Congo red ( Colour Index No. 22120 ) in water.

do not contain impurities which affect the experimental results.
PART
1, SECTION
E/3
3.6 Caustic Soda Solutions

(i) Prepared by dissolving 11 g of caustic soda
in 89 ml of water, and (ii) prepared by dissolving 18 g of caustic soda in 82 ml of water.
235
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
4 DETECTION OF DAMAGE
4.1 Apparatus
The following apparatus
shall be used:
a) Electrical pH meter or Lovibond comparator, and

b) Microscope with a magnification
range
of 50 to 900.
4.2 Procedure
4.2.1 Draw about one gram of the fibres from
one of the specimens drawn as in 2.1, place it
in a clean, dry, wide-mouthed
glass-stoppered
bottle ( 50 ml capacity ) and leave it at room
temperature
( temperature range 25-28C ) for
three hours. Remove the stopper and smell the
contents of the bottle, taking a deep breath.
NOTE - The presence of characteristic
musty odour
is indicative of the growth and attack of micro-organisms. If the test samples are damp, the odour will
be dominant.
4.2.2 From another

test specimen drawn as
in 2.1, take about one gram of the fibres and
cut them into small bits. Take a wide-mouthed
conical flask and rinse it thoroughly with distilled water. Place the bits in the flask, add
10 ml of distilled water and boil for half an
hour. Take the supernatant
liquid and determine its pH value with the pH meter or Lovibond comparator, noting down the temperature
of the supernatant liquid.
4.2.3 Determine the pH value of the aqueous
extract of the control specimen
drawn as
in 2.2, following
the procedure
prescribed
in 4.2.2.
NOTE - With fungal attack the pH value generally
shifts towards the acid side, whereas with bacterial
attack it generally shifts towards the alkaline side.
4.2.4 Take about 50 to 60 fibres from the test

specimen drawn as in 2.1, mount them parallel
on a glass side, cover them with a cover plate
and treat
them with balloon test reagent.
Examine the fibres under microscope
after
30 minutes.
4.2.5 Treat similarly the fibres from a control
specimen drawn as in 2.2 and examine them
under microscope.
NOTE - Undamaged fibres will show formation
of
balloons
or beads (see Fig. 1 ) whereas damaged
fibres will not show formation
of any balloons or
beads (see Fig. 2).
4.3 Detection of Fungal or Bacterial Damage

4.3.1 From four test specimens take few fibres
from the stained portions, mount them on a
glass slide and irrigate them with a few drops
of lactophenol solution. Cover the fibres with a
cover plate and examine them under microscope.
236
NOTE - The presence of spores, fungal fructifications and hyphae indicate damage due to fungi ( see
Fig. 3 ).
4.3.2 Take a sufficient number of fibres from

four test specimens and place them in a watchglass. Treat the fibres with a few drops of
cotton blue-lactophenol
solution for 1 to 2
minutes. Remove the colour from the surface
of the fibres by treating them with lactophenol
solution. Mount these fibres on a number of
glass slides in lactophenol and examine them
under the microscope.
NOTE -A
magnification
of 50 to 500, should be
used for deiection
of damage due to fungal attack
and a magnification of 500 to 900 should be used for
detection of damage due to bacterial attack.
4.3.3 If, under a magnification of 50 to 500, the

slides prepared as in 4.3.2 ( see Fig. 4, 5 and 6 )
show, as compared to undamaged fibre ( see
Fig. 7 ).
a) incisions or cracks on the cuticle of the
fibre, and/or
b) damage to primary and secondary walls
of the fibre from the cuticle inwards,
and/or
c) hyphae within the lumen.
report the lot to have been damaged by fungal
attack. If, under a magnification of 500 to 900,
the slides prepared as in 4.3.2 ( see Fig. 8 and 9,
and Note 1 ) show, as compared to undamaged
fibre (see Fig. 7 > indentations or serrations of
the fibres from the cuticle inwards, that is
towards the lumen, report the lot to have been
damaged by bacterial attack ( see Note 2 ).
NOTES
1 The extent
of indentations
or serrations
is a
eood indication of the intensitv of bacterial damaae.
yhough in the case of fungal attack the primary a>d
the secondary walls of the fibres are damaged, in the
case of bacterial attack, the secondary wall and the
primary wall immediately next to it do not usually
indicate damage except in the case of highly affected
fibres.
2 The larger the number of incisions or cracks on
the cuticle of the fibres, the larger the quantity
of
hyphae within the lumen, and the greater the degree
of damage of the primary and the secondary walls of
the fibres from the cuticle inwards,
the greater the
damage by fungi.
5 ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE
5.1 Degree of Damage ( Damage Count Test )
5.1.1 Procedure
Take about 0.1 g of fibres frcm four test specimens drawn as in 2.1 and place them in 50-ml
beaker. Immerse
the fibres in 11 percent
caustic soda solution [ see 3.6 (i) ] for three
minutes and wash them thoroughly
with distilled water. Treat the fibres with Congo red
solution for 10 minutes. Rinse the fibres with
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILE TKSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG. 1
UNDAMAGED COTTON FIBREJSHOWING

BALLOON FORMATION
FIG. 3 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING FUNGAL

GROWTH ( HYPHAB AND SPORES)
FIG. 2
DAMAGED COTTON FIBRE SHOWING No

BALLOON FORMATION
FIG. 4 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING INCISIONSOR

CRACKS ON JTSCUTICLE
FIG. 6 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING FUNGAL

INFECTION-HY PHAEAND SPORESINSIDE AND
LUMEN
FIG. 5 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING DAMAGE TO

ITS PRIMARY AND SECONDARYWALLS FROM THE
CUTIC~_,BINWARDS
PART 1, SJXTfON E/3
FIG. 7
UNDAMAGED COTTON FIBRE

237
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FIG. 8
COTTON FIBRE SHOWING MODERATE

BACTERIAL DAMAGE
FIG. 9 COTTON FIBRE SHOWING SEVERE

BACTERIAL DAMAGE
FIG. 10 UNDAMAGED COTTON FIBRE

( AFTER CONGO-RED TEST >
FIG. 12
238
COTTON FIBRE SHOWING SEVERE

FUNGAL DAMAGE
FIG. 11
COTTON FIBRE SHOWING MODERATE

FUNGAL DAMAGE
FIG.
COTTON FIBRE SHOWING SEVERE

BACTERIAL DAMAGE
13
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILETESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
distilled water to remove the excess of stain.

Mount the stained fibres on glass slides and
treat them with 18 percent caustic soda solution [ see 3.6 (ii) ] for one minute. Cover the
fibres with cover plates
and examine them
under the microscope with a magnification of
200. Examine five slides and about 500 fibres.
NOTES
1 Damaged fibres will show irregular stain patches,
spiral staining and cracks. Severe bacterial damage
is indicated by fluffy or fuzzy appearance
of the
fibres ( see Fig. 10, 11,12and 13 ).
2 Undamaged fibres will show three types of stains

depending upon the maturity of the fibres. Immature
fibres will show convolutions and pink stains. Halfmature fibres will become faintly red and highly
mature fibres will show rupture due to swelling and
reveal regular red stain spirals, which should not be
mistaken for damaged fibres.
PART 1, SECTION
E/3
5.1.2 Count separately the number of damaged

and undamaged fibres on the slides. Calculate
the damage count of the fibres as follows:
Damage count =
-.aa+b
x 100
where
a = number of damaged fibres, and
b = number of undamaged fibres.
and 5.1.2 to determine the damage count of
fibres taken from four control specimens drawn
as in 2.2.
5.1.4 Compare the damage count values obtained as in 5.1.2 and 5.1.3.
NOTE - Control specimens should have the
damage count values than the test specimen.
lower
239
Fc $5 ( Part 1) : 1989
DEa&&MINATION Or KEMP CONTENT OF RAW SWBL

( Sozfrce
: IS
Most
highly
coats:
hair,
called
of the sheep, except the merino and other

developed breeds, carry two distinct
the outercoat of long, coarse and,wavy
and the undercoat
of fine crimpy fibres
wool. The proportion of hair and wool
1 SCOPE
a method for determining the kemp content of raw wool.

OF REAGENTS
2.1 Unless specified otherwise,
pure chemicals
shall be used for the purpose of this test and
where water is intended to be used as a reagent
in this test, only distilled water shall be used.
NOTE do not
results.
varies considerably
from breed to breed and
hairy part contains kemp which are opaque, do
not absorb dyes and show very clearly in the
finished fabric.
\
then dry it at a low temperature

60C.
2 QUALITY
1348 : 1971 )
not
exceeding
1
5.2 Condition the test specimen ( see 4.1) and

determine the weight correct to one milligram.
5.3 Place the specimen on the velvet board and
open it out, bit by bit, using forceps and dissecting needle. Separate the kemp fibres. Condition
the kemp-free portion to moisture equilibrium
( see 4.1 ) and note its weight correct to one
milligram.

contain impurities
3 REAGENTS
3.1 For
the purpose of this test, the following

reagents shall be used:
a) Benzene or petroleum ether, and
b) Sodium oleate solution - 1 percent
(w/v).
4 APPARATUS
4.1 For the purpose
of this test the following

a) Sampling Frame-Consisting
of an adjustable wooden or metal frame of suitable
size and fitted with elastic cords along its
length and width ( see Fig. 1 ).
b) Velvet Board - of black
or any toher
contrasting colour.
c) Pair of Forceps
d) Dissecting Needle
e) Balance - capable of weighing correct to
one milligram.
Plan
of
Sampling
Edges
of
Wool Sample
Markers
Frame
Showing
Evened
upto
5 PROCEDURE
5.0 The test
atmosphere.
shall
be carried
out in standard
5.1 Take one of the test specimens constituting

the test sample and degrease it by treating with
benzene or petroleum
ether. Evaporate
the
solvent, treat the specimen in the sodium oleate
solution at 40C for 3 minutes and wash it twice
with water. Press the specimen gently between
two pads of filter paper to remove water and
PART 1, SECTION
E/4
II
Table
WOOI
Enlarged
Section
of One Angle
of Sampling
Frama with Marker
Wool Sample in Position
FIG.
sompee
Bar
and
SAMPLING FRAME
241
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
.j.~
6 CALCULATIONS
W, - weight in grams of the

specimen ( see 5.3 ).
6.1 Calculate
the kemp content, percent by

of the specimen
by the following
weight,
formula:
Kemp content,
percent by weight =
WI--W,
W
1
where
W1 c original weight in grams of the

specimen ( see 5.2 ), and
242
kemp-free
6.2 Take at least two more readings and

mine the average of all the values.
deter-
7 REPORT
7.1 The
test report shall include the following

information:,
a) Kemp content, percent
b) Number of tests.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP
ts ( Part
1 ) : 1989
DETERMINATION OF CLEAN FIBRE AND VEGETABLE MATTER

CONTENT AND SCOURING YIELD OF RAW WOOL
( Source : IS 1349 : 1964)
Raw wool, that is, wool as shorn from the sheep

or wool which is pulled, limed or ginned and
carded, contains varying amount of impurities
like sand, grease, suint, vegetable mltter,
tags
and dung. It: is, therefore, purchased on the

basis of either laboratory scoured yield or clean
wool fibre content.
1 SCOPE
4.3 Wringer or Hydroextractor
1.1 This standard prescribes methods for determination of clean wool fibre content and
laboratory scouring yield of raw wool.
4.4 Balance
2.~ Unless otherwise specified, pure chemicals

shall be used for the purpose of this test.
Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals
contain impurities
which affect the
that
test
ventilated type, capable of maintaining an inside

temperature of 105 & 2C and provided with a
balance capable of weighing to an accuracy of
0.5 g; the balance shall have one of its pans in
#the form of wire-cage suspended
within the
oven.
3 REAGENTS
4.6 Soxhlet Extractor
3.1 Scouring Solution
4.7 Muffle Furnace
3.1.1 Standard Scouring Solution
700 f 20C.
containing 3 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate

and one gram of neutral soap per litre of water
( see Note ).
OR
3.1.2 Except in case of dispute any of the comtiercially available wool-scouring solution of
ihe soda-ash plus-nonionic synthetic detergent
type may be used.
NOTE - Soft water having hardness
60 parts per million should bz used.
not more t3an
3.2 Neutral Alcohol

95 percent.
10 percent ( W/Y).
3.4 Dilute Acetic Acid
0.1 percent
( v/v).
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Tubs
minimum 4, each of at least 50 litres capacity.
4.2 Basket
made of copper or stainless steel with the
bottom made of wire cloth of the kind prescribed to be used for l-00-mm IS Sieve,
PART 1, SECTION
E/5
of O-5 g.
4.5 Drying Oven
2 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
NOTE do not
results.
an inside temperature
of
5 PROCEDURE
5.1 Take a sealed container. If its label indicates
the original weight of the test specimen contained therein, take-the test specimen out and note
its original weight ( W, ). If the label of the
container does not indicate the weight of the
specimen contained therein, weigh the sealed
container, remove the test specimen out of it,
re-weigh the container, and from the difference
between the two weighings, determine the original weight ( W1 ) of the test specimen. Open out
the specimen either by hand or by mechanicai
means and free it from impurities like dirt,
dung, strings, etc, avoiding any loss of fibre and
vegetable matter. Heat the scouring solution to
52 f 5C and fill three tubs with it. Ratio of
wool weight to volume of solution used for
scouring bath shall be less than 15 g per litre.
Agitate the specimen (enclosed ina 40 mesh net
bag ) in the basket for 3 to 5 minutes with
hands. Use rubber glov& ( alkali proof) for
agitation. Remove themesh bag,with the specimen and squeeze between the rollers of wringers
before it is passed on to the next tub. Treat the
specimen ( see Note ) similarly in the second
and third tub. Fill the fourth tub with soft
water and heat to 52 f 5C and rinse the specimen in it. Remove the specimen and spray it
with a strong stream of warm water so as to
flush out, as much as possible, sand and other
soil, pass the specimen through the rollers of
243
wringers and centrifuge

for five minutes to
remove the excess of water. Dry the specimen
in drying oven at 105 & 2C to constant weight.
Note the oven-dry weight ( W2 ) of the specimen
accurately. Preserve the oven-dry specimen.
NOTE - After scouring in each bowl, recover the
fibre lost during scouring by floatation and add the
recovered fibres to the original sample before drying.
5.1.1 Repeat the procedure with the remaining

specimens.
5.2 Alcohol Extractable
Matter
5.3.2 Calculate the percentage

z-
of ash content by
100a
7
where
z = ash content, percent, by weight;
a = weight, in g, of ash; and
b = weight, in g, of the oven-dry specimen taken.
5.4 Vegetable Matter Content
Determine the alcohol extractable matter content of the oven-dry scoured specimen by the
following method.
Determine the vegetable matter content of the

oven-dry scoured specimen by the following
method.
5.2.1 Take about 10 g of scoured

oven-dry
specimen ( see 5.1). Re-dry it in a drying oven
at 105 &- 2C cool in a desiccator and weigh.
Extract it with neutral alcohol in a Soxhlet
extractor by heating on a water-bath for 20
extractions. Cool and disconnect the extraction
flask. Recover bulk of the alcohol by distilla:
tion and evaporate the residue to dryness by
drying it to constant weight in the drying oven
at 105 f 2C.
5.4.1 From each of the scoured oven-dry specimens ( see 5.1) take approximately equal quantities of wool, so as to make about 40 g. Re-dry
it in the drying oven at 105 f 2C for such
period till two consecutive weighings do not
differ by more than 0.1 percent.
of certain
NOTE - Owing to the slight volatility
constituents
of the extract and to other causes, absoiute constancy of weight is seldom attained. Prolonged heating is, therefore, uudesirable.
The weight may
usually be regarded
as constant if the loss between
the two successive weighings taken at an interval of
30 minutes does not exceed 01 percent of the first of
the two values.
5.2.2 Calculate
the
per&ntage
of alcohol
extractable
matter
content by the following
formula:
IOOU
X=where
X = alcohol extractable matter content,
percent, by weight;
a = weight, in g, of the residue; and
b i: weight, in g, of the oven-dry specimen taken.
5.3 Ash Content
Determine the.ash content of scoured oven-dry
specimen by the following method.
5.3.1 Take at least 5 g of scoured oven-dry
specimen (see 5.1).Place it in a .tared vitreous
silica dish and re-dry it in a drying oven at
105 &- 2C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh.
Slowly ignite the specimen in the dish over a
bunsen burner till the specimen gets charred
and ceases to produce volatile matter. Transfer
the dish to a muffle furnace, maintained at
700 -L 2OC!,ash the charred specimen and keep
it wzhin the furnace for one hour or more till
it attains constant weight.
244
5.4.2 Take 400 ml of sodium hydroxide solution

of 10 percent concentration
in a beaker and
bring it to the boil. Transfer the oven-dried wool
to the beaker and boil for 3 minutes stirring the
contents all the time. Allow to settle and decant
through a 125-micron IS Sieve. Add 100 ml of
cold water to the beaker and transfer the residue
to the sieve. Wash the residue thoroughly with
distilled water and rinse with dilute acetic acid
to remove last traces of alkali. Wash finally with
distilled water until the filtrate is neutral to
litmus paper. Remove with the help of a tweezer,
all vegetable fibres and tag material from the
residue. Transfer the residue to a porcelain dish
or cr_udble and dry it at 105 f 2C for such
period till two consecutive weighings do not
differ by more than 0.1 percent.
5.4.3 Calculate the vegetable matter content,
percent, in the sample by the following formula:
V
axFx100
b
where
vegetable matter content, percent,
of the oven-dry scoured specimen;
Q= oven-dry weight, in g, of the residue;
F X the correction factor taken to be
equal to 1.1; and
b= oven-dry weight, in g, of the specimen ( see 5.4.1 ).
V-
5.5 Calculation
5.5.1 Calculate the clean wool fibre content
the sample by the following formula:
WBX[ loo-(X+Z+V)]
FA
0.842 WI
HANDBOOK
of
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
where
F = clean wool fibre content,
Ws =
x=
2 =
V =
WI =
percent,
of the sample;
oven-dry weight., in g, of the specimen after scouring ( see 5.1);
alcohol extractable matter content,
percent, of the scoured oven-dry
specimen ( see 5.2 );
ash content, percent, of the scoured oven-dry specimen ( see 5.3 );
of the scoured oven-dry specimen
( see 5.4 ); and
original weight, in g, of the specimen ( see 5.1 ).
5.5.2 Calculate the vegetable matter content,

percent, in the sample by the following formula:
VI =
wzxv
0.842 WI
where
VI -

in the sample adjusted to standard
condition ( see Note );
w2. = oven-dry weight, in g, of the specimen after scouring ( see 5.1);
V = vegetable matter content, percent,
of the scoured oven-dry specimen
( see 5.4 ); and
w, = original weight, in g, of the specimen ( see 5.1).
PART
1, SBCTION
E/5
NOTE - The standard

condition for wool shall be a
moisture content of 138 percent, an alcohol extractable matter content of 15 percent, and an ash content
of 05 percent.
5.5.3 Calculate the laboratory scouring yield of

the sample by the following formula:
L=F+V,
where
L = laboratory
scouring yield, percent,

of the sample;
F = clean wool fibre content, percent,
of the sample ( see 5.5.1 ); and
v, = vegetable matter content, percent,
in the sample adjusted to standard
condition ( see 5.5.2 ).
5.6 Calculate in a similar manner ( see 5.5.1,
5.5.2 and 5.5.3 ) the clean wool fibre content,
percent, and the laboratory
scouring yield,
percent, of the remaining test specimens. If the
difference between any two of the three values
for each characteristic
exceeds 2.5 percent,
draw fresh specimens in lieu thereof and test
them. Calculate the respective
mean of the
values, separately for clean wool fibre content,
percent, and laboratory scouring yield content.
6 REPORT
The report shall include the following
tion:
informa-
a) Clean wool fibre content, percent;

b) Laboratory scoured yield, percent; and
c) Vegetable matter content, percent.
245
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
DETERMINATION
OF SOLUBILITY OF WOOL IN ALKALI

(
Source : IS 3429 : 1966 )
The solubility of wool in alkali provides a useful

index of the extent of the change in its chemical properties
brought
about
by certain
agencies. Wool, when treated with acids, oxidizing or reducing agents, or when exposed to
heat or light, increases in solubility, whereas
when treated with mild alkali, which IS normally
used in processing, or when treated with crosslinking agents, decreases
in solubility.
The
solubility of wool depends on the severity of the
treatment.
This methcd of test is most useful
when an untreated control sample is available

and when the nature of treatment of the sample
under test is known. This method is useful as a
control in processing. When the sample has
been treated by two different agencies having
opposite effects on the solubility, the interpretation of the results, even when an untreated
control
sample is available, is difficult and
other tests are necessary to supplement
the
information.
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes a method for determining the solubility of wool in alkali, applicable to all-wool textiles in any form such as fibre,
yarn and fabrics.
prepared by dissolving 10 ml of glacial acetic

acid in sufficient amount of water and made up
to 1 litre.
4.3 Light Petroleum
2 PRINCIPLE
boiling range between 40 and 60C.
2.1 A sample is immersed

in 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide solution under specified conditions
of time, temperature
and volume. The loss in
weight is determined as the difference between
the dry weights of the sample before and after
treatment.
5 PREPARATION
3 APPARATUS
05C.
a temperature
of 66 f
3.2 Stoppered Conical Flasks

of 250 ml capacity.
3.3 Sintered-Glass Filtering Crucibles
of 30 ml capacity with a pore size of 90 to 150
microns and provided with ground-glass stoppers. If stopper is not available, the crucible
should be covered with a watch-glass during
cooling and weighing.
4 REAGENTS
be used wherever the use of water as a reagent
is intended.
mental results.

which affect the experi-

0.1 N.
1, SECTION
5.1 From the test sample, take a representative

sample ( about 10 g ) sufficient to provide fat
and burr-free wool for the following test specimens:
a) One test specimen weighing 1-O g for
determining the dry weight ( see 6.1 );
3.1 Water-Bath
PART
OF TEST SPECIMENS
E/6
b) Two test specimens, each weighing 1-O g,

for the solub ility test (see 6.2.1 and 6.3 );
and
c) Two test specimens
for determining
( see A-2.1 ).
each weighing 2-O g

the
acid
content
NOTE - The representative

samole should be disintegrated and &t into shorter Ikgths of one centimetre. The sample should be brought to room temperature.
5.2 Extract
the representative
sample in a
Soxhlet apparatus with light petroleum for one
hour at a minimum rate of six extractions per
hour. Allow the petroleum to evaporate and
remove the vegetable and other foreign matter
by hand picking.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 From the extracted
representative
sample,
take one test specimen weighing 1.0 g. Dry it
in a weighing bottle at 105 f 3C for three
hours. Stopper the bottle and cool it in a desiccator and weigh. Remove the test specimen
and weigh the weighing bottle and calculale the
dry weight of the test specimen.
247
SP 15 ( Pa@ 1) : 1989
6.2 Pour 100 ml of sodium hydroxide solution
into a flask. Stopper it loosely and fix it in the
water-bath by any suitable means, so that the
level of the water outside the flask is at least
2 cm higher than the level of the solution
inside.
NOTE - This procedure
trol of temperature.
is essential
for precise con-
6.2.1 When the temperature

of the sodium
hydroxide solution reaches 65 I, 0*5C, introduce carefully one test specimen weighing 1.0 g
into the flask. Replace the stopper tightly.
Shake the flask gently to ensure complete
wetting of the specimen and replace it in the
water-bath. Again shake the flask gently after
15, 30 and 45 minutes, the time of shaking not
to exceed 5 minutes. Continue the reaction for
60 minutes. Transfer the contents of the flask
to a weighed filtering crucible, at the same time
drain the crucible by suction. Wash the flask
with distilled water and collect the washings in
the filtering crucible. Wash the residue in the
crucible six times with water, draining completely between each wash. Fill the crucible twice
successively with acetic acid solution. Allow
it to stand for one minute and drain the
crucible by suction. Wash the residue six times
with distilled water draining completely between
each wash. Dry the crucible and the contents at
105 f 3C for three hours. Stopper the crucible
or cover it with a watch glass. Cool it in a
desiccator and weigh. Repeat the operations of
drying and weighing until constant weight is
obtained.
prescribed
in 6.2
and 6.2.1 with one more test specimen weighing
1.0 g.
6.4 From the representative
sample ( see 5.1)
take about 1 g of test specimen. Extract it with
cold water with a liquor to material ratio of
50 : 1 for half an hour shaking the flask occasionally and determine the pH of the extract. If
the pH of the water extract is less than 4.0,
determine the acid content by the method given
in Annex A.
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the alkali solubility of wool as the
loss in weight of the test specimen, expressed
248
as a percentage of its calculated dry, fat and

acid free weight by the formula given in 7.1.1
or 7.1.2.
7.1.1 If the sample does not contain acid ( that
is, if the pH is 4-O or greater than 4.0 ) calculate
the alkali solubility of each test specimen by
!!y!L
s=
x 100
where
S
E solubility
in alkali, percent;
W, = dry weight of the
test specimen
( see 6.1 ); and

w, -
dry weight
6.2.1 ).
of the residue
( see
7.1.1.1 Calculate the average of the two results

obtained as in 7.1.1.
7.1.2 If the sample contains acid ( that is, if
pH is less than 4.0 ), calculate the alkali solubilii;m;[aeach
test specimen by the following
100
S-
100 W&W
- a)
100 - Q
where
s
= solubility in alkali, percent:
WI = dry weight
of the test specimen
( see 6.1);
We = dry weight of the
6.2.1); and
a
percentage
residue
( see
of acid ( see A-3.2 ).

8 REPORT
The report
mation:
shall include the following infor-

b) Alkali solubility, percent.
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ANNEX A
( Clause 6.4 )
METHOD FOR DETERMINING
THE ACID CONTENT
sodium hydroxide
colour appears.
A-l REAGENTS
till a faint
or a light pink
A-l.1 Pyridine Solution

prepared by dissolving 5 g of pyridine
litre of distilled water.
in one
A-l.2 Sodium Hydroxide Solution
A-3 CALCULATIONS
A-3.1 Calculate the weight of acid as the percentage of the dry weight of each specimen by
0.1 N.
NOTEtitration
solution.
a=
This solution should be standardized
by
with standard potassium hydrogen phthalate
A-I.3 Phenolphthalein Indicator

prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of phenolphthalein
in 95 ml of ethyl alcohol and 5 ml of distilled
water..
J
A-2 PROCEDURE
A-2.1 Place two test specimens each weighing
2 g in separate glass-stoppered
conical flasks.
Pour 100 ml of pyridine solution into each flask.
Stopper the flasks and shake mechanically for
one hour or allow the flasks to stand overnight
after initial shaking to ensure complete wetting
of the specimens. Decant the liquid from the
wool, filtering through a plug of glass wool to
retain fibrous material.
Pipette out 50 ml of
each filtrate in separate conical flasks. Add
three drops of phenolphthalein
indicator
to
each flask and titrate separately with 0.1 N
PART 1, SECTION
E/6
vxkxn
Wl
where
a
,
E acid content,
percent;
in ml, of O-1 N sodium
hydroxide
solution
required to
neutralize
50 ml of
pyridine
extract;
.
k
= constant ( see Note );
n E normality of the sodium hydroxide solution; and
W, = dry weight
of 1 g specimen
( see 6.1 ).
= volume,
NOTE - The constant
has the following
A-3.2 Calculate
the
obtained as in A-3.1.
average
values:
Value
49
46
60
Acid
Sulphuric acid
Formic acid
Acetic acid
of
the
values
249
SP 15( Part 1) : 1989
DETERM1NATION OF SOLUBILITY OF WOOL IN

UREA-BISULPHITE SOLUTION
( Source : IS 3430 : 1966 )
The solubility of wool in urea-bisulphite solution
provides an index of the extent of the change
in its chemical properties brought about by
certain agencies. Wool, when treated
with
neutral or alkaline solution or steamed in neutral or alkaline conditions usually decreases in
solubility. Hence, this method is particularly
useful for investigating setting process.
Dry
heating or treatment with cross-linking agents
also causes the decrease in solubility, whereas
oxidation or acid dyeing increases the solubility.
This test is most useful when an untreated

sample is available and when the treatment of
the sample under test is known.
1 SCOPE
4.1 Urea-Bisulphite Solution

a method for
determining the solubility of wool in urea-bisulphite solut~n and is applicable to all-wool
textiles in any form, such as fibre, yarn or
fabrics.
Dissolve 50 g of urea in sufficient amount of

boiling distilled water, add to it 3 g of sodium
metabisulphite,
cool to room temperature and
add 2 ml of 5 N sodium hydroxide solution.
Make up the volume to 100 ml (see Notes
below ).
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A sample under test is immersed
in a
solution containing urea and sodium metabisulphite of specified composition under specified
conditions of time, temperature
and volume.
The loss in weight is determined as the difference between the dry weights of the sample
before and after the treatment.
3 APPARATUS
This test is useful as a control in processing.

When the sample has been treated by two
agencies having opposite effects on the solubility, the interpretation
of the results, even when
an untreated
control sample is available, is
difficult and other tests are necessary to supplement the information.
EMOTES
1 The pH of the solution should be checked by using
a glass electrode pH meter and adjusted, if necessary
to 70 f 01.
2 This solution
day of use.
should
be prepared
freshly on the
4.2 Urea Solution

prepared by dissolving 25 g of urea in suflicient
amount of water and making up to 100 ml.
3.1 Water-Bath
0.5%.
a temperature
of 66 f
4.3 Light Petroleum

3.2 Stoppered Conical Flasks

of 250 ml capacity.
5 PREPARATION
3.3 Sintered-Glass Filtering Crucibles
5.1 From the test sample, take a representative

sample ( about 10 g ) su&ient
to provide fatand burr-free wool for the following test specimens:
of 30 ml capacity with a pore size of 90 to 150

microns and provided with ground-glass stoppers. If stopper is not available, the crucible
should be covered with a watch-glass during
cooling and weighing.
4 One test specimen

3
4 REAGENTS
OF TEST SPECIMENS
weighing 1-O g for

determining the dry weight ( see 6.1),
Two test spe$mens each weighing 1-O g
fidthe solubllrty test ( see 6.2.1 and 6.3 ),

used wherever the use of water or distilled water
as a reagent is intended.
which affect the experimental results.
PART
1, SECTION
c) Two test specimens

for determining
A-2.1 ).
each weighing 2-O g

the acid content ( see
NOTE - The representative

sample should be disintegrated and cut into shorter
lengths of one centimetre. The sample should be brought
to room
temperature.
E/7
251
.
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
5.2 Extract
the representative
sample in a
Soxhlet apparatus with light petroleum for one
hour at a minimum rate of six extractions per
hour. Allow the petroleum to evaporate
and
remove the vegetable and other ~foreign matter
by hand picking.
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 From the extracted representative
sample,
take one test specimen weighing 1-O g. Dry it in
a weighing bottle at 105 f 3C for three hours.
Stopper the bottle and cool it in a desiccator
and weigh. Remove the test specimen, weigh
the weighing bottle and calculate the dry weight
of the test specimen.
6.2 Pour 100 ml of urea-bisulphite solution into
a flask. Stopper loosely and fix the flask in the
water-bath by any suitable means so that the
level of the water outside the flask is at least
2 cm higher than the level of the solution
inside.
NOTE - This procedure
trol of temperature.
is essential
for precise
the pH of the water extract is less than 4.0,

determine the acid content by the method given
in Annex A.
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate
the urea-bisulphite
solubility of
wool as the loss in weight of the test specimen,
expressed as a percentage of its calculated dry,
fat and acid free weight by the formula given
in 7.1.1 or 7.1.2.
7.1.1 If the sample does not contain acid ( that
is if the pH is 4-O or greater than 4-O ) calculate
the urea-bisulphite solubility of each test specimen by the following formula:
where
S
solubility in urea-bisulphite,
percent;
WI = dry weight of the specimen ( see
6.1 ); and
w, - dry weight of the residue ( see
6.2.1 ).
COD
6.2.1 When the temperature
of urea-bisulphite
solution reaches 65 f 0*5C, introduce one test
specimen weighing 1.0 g into the flask. Replace
the stopper tightly and shake the flask gently to
ensure complete wetting of the test specimen
and replace it in the water-bath. Again shake
the flask gently after l5, 30 and 45 minutes, the
time of shaking not to exceed 5 minutes.
Continue the reaction for 60 minutes. Transfer
the contents of the flask to a weighed filtering
crucible and drain the crucible by suction.
Wash any fibrous material remaining in the
Aask into the crucible. Wash the residue in the
crucible three times with urea solution ( 10 ml
each time) and afterwards six times with distillallowing the liquid to
ed water, every-time
stand in contact with the residue for about 15
seconds before applying suction to drain completely. Dry the crucible and the contents at
105 f 3C for three hours. Stopper the crucible
or cover it with a watch-glass. Cool it in a
desiccator and weigh. Repeat the operation of
drying and weighing until constant weight is
obtained.
prescribed
in 6.2
and 6.2.1 with one more test specimen weighing
1.0 g.
6.4 From the representative
sample ( see 5.1)
take about 1 g of test specimen. Extract it with
cold water with a liquor to material ratio of
50 : 1 for half an hour shaking the flask occasionally and determine the pH of the extract. If
252

7.1.2 If the sample contains acid ( that is if yH
is less than 4.0 ), calculate the urea-bisulphite
solubility of each test specimen by the following
formula:
100 (100
S=
w,wwz
( 100 -,
-u)
)
where
S
= solubility in urea-bisulphite,
percent;
of the specimen
w1 - dry weight
( see 8.1);
W 2 = dry weight of the residue (see
6.2.1);
a
content
of acid, percent (see
= A-3.2 ).
7.1.2.1 Calculate the average

of the two results
8 -REPORT
The
report
information:
shall
include
the
following

b) Urea-bisulphite solubility, percent.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
ANNEX
A
( Clause 6.4 )
METHOD FOR DETERMINING
THE ACID CONTENT
A-l REAGENTS
A-3 CALCULATION
A-l.1 Pyridine Solution
A-3.1 Calculate the weight of acid as the percentage of the dry weight of each specimen by
prepared by dissolving 5 g of pyridine

litre of distilled water.
in one
NOTE -This
solution
should be standardized
by
titration with standard potassium hydrogen phthalate
solution.
vxkxn
WI
U=
A-l.2 Sodium Hydroxide Solution

0.1 N.
where
a
acid content, percent;
volume! in ml, of @l N sodium

hydroxide
solution required to
neutralize
50 ml of pyridine
extract;
A-2 PROCEDURE
= constant
A-2.1 Place two test specimens each weighing

2.0 g in separate glass-stoppered
conical flasks.
Pour
100 ml of pyridine solution into each
flask. Stopper the flasks and shake mechanically
for one hour or allow the flasks to stand overnight after initial shaking to ensure complete
wetting of the specimens. Decant the liquid
from the wool filtering through a plug of glasswool to retain fibrous material. Pipette out
50 ml of each filtrate in separate conical flasks.
Add three drops of phenolphthalein
indicator
to each flask and titrate separately with 0.1 N
sodium hydroxide till a faint or a light pink
colour appears.
= normality
of the sodium hydroxide solution; and
A-l.3 Phenolphthalein Indicator

prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of phenolphthalein
in 95 ml of ethyl alcohol and 5 ml of distilled
water.
PART 1, SECTION
E/7
( see Note );
w, = dry weight of 1 g test specimen,

determined as in 6.1.
NOTE -
The constant
has the following values:
Acid
Value
Sulphuric acid
Formic acid
Acetic acid
A-3.2 Calculate
the
obtained as in A-3.1.
average
49
46
60
of the
values
253
SPlS(Part1):1989
DETERMINATION OF WOOL CONTENT IN

WOOLLEN TEXTILE MATERIALS
(Source: IS 8476:1977)
This method determines the total protein content in the woollen textiles materials. However,
it does not necessarily mean that the protein
content so determined is all wool. It may also
contain other protein fibres besides wool.
A reference to IS : 1793-1973 Guide for marking textile

materials
made
of wool (first
revision) may be made for definitions of textile
materials containing wool.
1 SCOPE
5 PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLE
1.1This standard prescribes a method for

determination of percentage of wool in all-wool
textiles in any form, such as fibre, yarn, fabrics,
druggets and carpets.
5.1 Take the sample weighing about 30 g and

cut it into pieces, if necessary. Put it in the
Soxhlet apparatus and extract with benzenemethyl alcohol mixture for two hours at a
minimum rate of six cycles per hour. Allow the
solvent to evaporate and then wash the sample
in water ( about
500 ml ) at 50C for 30
minutes.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 A pretreated
specimen of known oven-dry
mass is dissolved in sodium or potassium hydroxide. The non-wool content, including burrs,
seeds, etc, is oven-dried
and weighed, and
percentage of wool content is calculated therefrom.
3 APPARATUS
3.1 Sorhlet Apparatus
NOTE - The mass shall be taken as constant when

the difference between the two successive weighings
made at intervals of 20 minutes is less than 005
percent.
3.2 Sintered Glass Crucible No. 1

3.3 Desiccator
of 10 mg.
3.5 Drying Oven

105 f 3C and preferably
balance.
a temperature
of
fitted with weighing
4 REAGENTS
Unless specified otherwise pure chemicals shall
be employed in test and distilled water shall be
used wherever the use of water as a reagent is
intended.
do not contain impurities which affect the test
results.
4.1 Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide Solution

5 percent ( m/v).
4.2 Benzene-Methyl Alcohol Mixture
(3:2).
3 percent ( v/v ).
PART 1, SECTION E/8
6 PROCEDURE
6.1 Take a representative
specimen weighing
about 5 g from the prepared sample and place
it in a suitable container. Place the specimen
in the drying oven maintained at a temperature
of 105 f 3C and dry it to a constant mass.
6.2 Determine the mass of the specimen without removing it from the oven. In case the
drying oven is not provided with the weighing
balance, remove the specimen from the oven
and transfer it to a weighing container
of
known mass provided with a tight lid. The
transference of the specimen shall be done in
as less a time as possible. Cool the specimen
and the container in a desiccator to room temperature before weighing. Weigh the container
and determine the mass of the specimen to an
accuracy of 10 mg.
6.3 Put the specimen in a beaker together with
500 ml of 5 percent sodium or potassium hydroxide solution and boil slowly until the wool
fibres dissolve. After 10 minutes of boiling, filter
through a sintered glass crucible. Wash the
residue first with warm water, then with acetic
acid solution and finally
with hot water. Dry
the residue at 105 1 3C.
6.4 Examine carefully
the residue and the pores

of the crucible for incompletely
dissolved wool.
If it is present dissolve it by pouring
sodium or
potassium
hydroxide
solution.
Rinse and dry
the residue at 105 & 3C to constant
mass ( see
Note under 6.1) and weigh it to an accuracy
of
10mg.
255
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
7 CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate
the wool
specimen as under:
content
for
each test
7.2 Calculate the average

the test specimens.
Wool content, percent

_
(a--b)
a
256
wool
content
of all
8 REPORT
x 100
where
a = oven dry mass
( see 6.2 ); and
b E oven dry mass of the residue ( nonwool content ) ( see 6.4 ).
of
the
specimen
a) Type of material;
b) Average wool content, percent;
c) Number of test specimens.
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
and
TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE CONTENT IN

TEXTILE MATERIALS
( Source : IS 4203 : 1967 )
In textile industry textile
materials undergo
various treatments in course of which extraneous matter of various types, such as, sizing or
and water-soluble
sa Its
finishing material,
( chlorides and sulphates ) is gathered by or
added to the textile materials. Sue h water-
soluble substances, if present, in more than

certain quantities may have deleterious effect
on the fibrous material or on other materials
with which they are associated in use and it
may, therefore,
affect their performance
in
service.
1 SCOPE
Connect the flask to the condenser and bring

rapidly to the boil and continue to boil the
liquor gently for 60 minutes. Disconnect and
remove the flask while the liquor is still boiling
and close it immediately with the glass stopper
fitted with the stopcock. Rapidly cool the flask
to room temperature ( 27C ). Do not remove or
open the tap until ready for filtration.
1.1 This standard prescribes the methods for

determination of water-soluble sulphate present
in textile materials, and the procedure
for
extracting the textile materials with water.
2 PRINCIPLE
2.1 The aqueous extract of textile material
is
prepared, the sulphate content is determined,
either gravimetrically
or volum:trically
and
expressed as the percentage of the weight of the
conditioned material.
3 TESTSPECIMENS
3.1 From the test sample draw at least two test
specimens each weighing about 10 g. Cut the
test specimens into small pieces. If the sample
under analysis,is loose fibre, take about 5 g of
the test specimen.
4 APPARATUS
NOTE - If the test specimen is wool in any form,

felt or loose fibre masses of any composition,
the
liquor to material ratio should be 50 : 1.
6.3 Similarly prepare separate extracts for each

of the remaining test specimens.
7 GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
7.1 Reagents
7.1.1 Barium Chloride Solution
2 percent ( w/v ).
4.31Flat-Bottom Flask
of a suitable capacity with a glass stopper.

concentrated.
4.2 Water-Cooled Condensers

4.3 Gooch Crucible
with asbestos pad.
5 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
5.1 Unless specified *otherwise plre chemica 1s
shall be employed in tests and distilled water
shall be used where the use of water as reagent
is intended.
NOTE - Pure chemicals shall msan chemicals that
:,,,Et
contain impurities
6 PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT

6.1 Condition the test specimens to moisture
equilibrium in the standard atmosphere
and
weigh accurately each test specimen.
6.2 Put a test specimen in the flask and add
sufficient amount of water into it to make
liquor to material ratio of 20 : 1 ( see Note ) ,
PART 1, SECTION
E/9
7.2 Procedure
7.2.1 Take a measured portion of extract. Filter
through a suitable filter paper ( Whatman No.
41 ) and wash the filter paper with distilled
water. Add concentrated
hydrochloric
acid
drop by drop to the combined filtrate and
washings until the solution is just acidic to
litmus, then add 1 ml of acid per 100 ml of
solution. Boil the solution for 5 minutes and
leave it to cool overnight. Filter off any precipitate on a filter paper-pulp pad. Wash with
water and heat the combined filtrate and
washings to boiling. To the boiling solution add
drop by drop 10 ml of hot barium chloride
solution. Boil for 30 minutes and leave to cool
overnight.
Transfer the precipitate
quantitatively to an ignited tared Gooch crucible with
asbestos pad and wash with cold water until
the washings are free from chloride. Ignite the
crucible and its contents gently at first and
finally at 800 to 900C to constant weight.
257
7.2.2 Carry out the blank determination.
8.1.5
7.2.3 Calculate the percentage of water-soluble

sulphate by either of the following formulae:
O-25 percent
a) For all materials in yarn and fabric form

other than wool ( see Note 1 ):
P_ 823 x (a-b)
V
b) For wool in any textile form and for felts

and loose fibre masses of any composition
( see Note 2 ):
p=
2058
(a--bj
V
where
P = percentage,
by weight, of watersoluble sulphates as sulphate ion;

a = weight, in g, of the precipitate
obtained in the test ( see 7.2.1 );
=
weight, in g, of the precipitate
b
;r;ined
as in blank ( see 7.2.2 );
V
volume, in ml, of extract taken for

the test.
NOTES
1 100 ml of extract are equivalent
tioned test specimen.
to 50 g of condi-

to 20 g of condi-
7.2.4 Repeat the test with the extracts of the

remaining test specimens and calculate the percentage of water-soluble
sulphate in each test
specimen.
7.2.5 Calculate
the average
obtained as in 7.2.3 and 7.2.4.
of
the , values
Phenol Red Indicator
8.1.1 Benzidine Hydrochloride Solution
NOTE - The accuracy of the above method may be

checked by determining
the sulphur content in 2 ml
of sodium sulphate solution of known strength. 2 ml
of sodium sulphate solution is taken in a beaker and
8 ml of alcohol is added. To this 4 ml of benzidine
hydrochloride
is added. The solution is allowed to
stand for 30minutes. The precipitate
is filtered and
titrated against 002 N sodium hydroxide as above.
8.2.2 Calculate the percentage of water-soluble

sulphates by either of the following formulae:
all materials
a>For
other than wool
P =
( v/v )
8.1.3 Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution

O-02 N.
8.1.4
Standard Sulphuric Acid
O-02 N.
258
in yarn and fabric form,

( see Note 1 ):
A x B x 4.8
V
x 2.
b) For wool in any textile
form, and for

felts and loose fibre masses of any composition ( see Note 2 ):
P
A x B x 4.8
V
x 5.
where
P = percentage,
by weight, of watersoluble sulphate as sulphate ion;
A = volume,
hydroxide
8.1.2 Alcohol
95 percent
25 percent
8.2.1 Take a measured

portion
of extract
( see 6.2 ) and concentrate
it to 20 ml. Add to
this 20 ml of alcohol followed by 20 ml of
benzidine
hydrochloride
solution.
Allow the
solution to stand for 30 minutes.
Filter the
solution under low suction through a suitable
filter paper ( Whatman No. 42 ). Wash the
precipitate with 5 ml of alcohol and repeat the
wasliing 4 times more. After the test washing
transfer the precipitate and filter paper to 250ml conical flask and add 25 ml of distilled
water. Add few drops of phenol red indicator.
Heat the solution to boiling and cool. Add a
known volume of standard sodium hydroxide
solution to the contents of the flask, shake
thoroughly to dissolve all the precipitate, add
more phenol red indicator as required and back
titrate
the excess of sodium hydroxide with
standard sulphuric acid.
prepared as follows:
Dissolve 5 g of benzidine hydrochloride
in
40 ml of 1 N hydrochloric
acid and dilute
the solution to 250 ml with 50 percent
aqueous ethanol ( v/v ). Heat the solution to
boil, cool, filter if necessary, and store in a
dark glass stoppered bottle.
in
8.2 Procedure
8 VOLUMETRIC METHOD
8.1 Reagents
( w/v ) prepared
ethanol ( v/v ).
B 5 normality
in ml, of standard sodium

solution;
of
solution; and
sodium
hydroxide
V = volume, in ml, of the extract.

NOTES
to 50 g of condi-
HANDBOOK OF TBXTILB TESTING
SP 15 ( Part
2 100 ml of the extract are equivalent
conditioned test specimen.
to 20 g of
8.2.3 Repeat the test with the remaining test

specimens and calculate the percentage of
water-soluble sulphate in each test specimen. ,
8.2.4 Calculate the average of the values obtained as in 8.2.2 and 8.2.3.
PART 1, SECTION E/9
1) :1989
REPORT
9.1The report
information:
shall
include the following
b) Sulphate content ( as sulphate ions ), and
c) Method followed.
259
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
SECTION F
GRADING
OF TEXTILE FIBRES
SP IS ( Part 1) : 1989
GRADING OF VISCOSE RAYON CUT STAPLE FIBRES

( REGULAR )
( Source : IS 5874 : 1970 )
With the increase in the use of viscose rayon
cut staple fibres in the different sectors of the
textile industry, the demand for appropriate
grade of fibre has arisen. This standard has
therefore, been prepared with the intention of
clearly defining the various grades of viscose

rayon cut staple fibres. It is hoped that this
would enable the buyer to select the correct
grade of iibre to suit his end requirement.
1 SCOPE
4.1.2 Fibre Length Deviation
Calculate the fibre

following formula:
a method for grading of viscose rayon cut staple fibres ( regular ).
2 REQUIREMENTS
TO BE TESTED
- CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 The material shall be tested in respect of

the following characteristics:
a) Fibre length,
b) Denier ( linear density ), and
c) Dry strength.
length
deviation
by the
lOO(A-B)
B
where
F = fibre length deviation,
A = effective length, and
B = declared staple
signment.
length of the con-
2.1;1 The fibre shall be identified by the method

prescribed.
4.2 Denier
3 CONDITIONING
Calculate the denier of the fibres by following

the method given in the relevant standard.
OF TEST SAMPLE
3.1 Prior to test, the fibres shall be conditioned

to moisture equilibrium in a standard atmosphere of 27 f 2C temperature and 65 f 2 percent RH.
3.2 When the fibres have been left in such an
atmosphere for at least 24 hours in such a way
as to expose as far as possible all portions of
the fibres to the atmosphere,
they shall be
deemed to have reached moisture equilibrium.
4.2.1 Deviation in Denier

D
lOO(A-B)
B
where
D = deviation
4 TEST METHODS
4.1 Fibre Length
Fibre length
characteristics,
such as mean
length and effective length, shall be evaluated.
deviation in denier by
in denier,
A = denier of conditioned
fibre, and
B = declared
ment.
the
denier
of
consign-
4.1.1 Evaluation of Proportion of Overlong Fibres
4.3 Strength
From the effective length obtained as in 4.1,

add 5 mm if the declared staple length of the
consignment is below 50 mm and 10 mm if the
declared staple length of the consignment is
above 50 mm to the effective length. Collect
such fibres ( from the oiled glass sheet ) which
are longer than the sum total of this length and
weigh them. From this weight, calculate the
percentage of overlong fibres in the consignment. Repeat the test once again and take the
average of the two values as the percentage of
overlong fibres.
The dry strength of the fibres shall be determined as per the relevant standard.
PART 1, SECTION
F/ 1
5 GRADING
5.1 The material shall be graded into any one
of the three grades depending upon the number
of points obtained. For grading the material
into Grade 1, the material shall receive more
than 400 points. For grading the material into
Grade 2, the material shall receive points from
300 to 400. For grading the material into
263
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Grade 3, the material
than 300.
7 BASIS FOR ALLOCATION
shall receive points less
7.1 Fibre length being the most important

characteristic
among all the characteristics
from the point of view of spinning, it has been
allotted the maximum number of points. Other
characteristics have been allotted points in the
order of their importance.
6 METHOD FOR AWARDING POINTS

6.1 The material shall be awarded points for
the individual
characteristics
based
on the
details given in Table 1.
Table 1
OF POINTS
Method of Awarding Points

( Clause 6.1 )
Characteristic
(1)
A. When the Declared
Denier is Below 2:
Extra long fibre,
percent
Fi;;z )length (. effecdevlatlon,
percent
deviation,
Denier
percent
strength
on
Dry
single fibre tester
( g/d )
B. When the Declared
Denier is Above 2:
Extra
long
fibre,
percent
F;;;t ygth
! efrecdevlatlon,
percent
deviation,
Denier
percent
strength
on
Dry
single fibre tester
(g/d 1
264
Points
(2)
Points
Points
Points
(3)
(4)
(5)
150 if 60 or below
120 if between
and 60
150 if f60
below
l;m;f,b;tl;reen
and
100 if up to and
including -+lOO
100 if above 23
150 if 60 or below
lSEe lizw~60
and
100 if up to and
including f10
100 if above 20
8zOi; ;e$en
80
9in28b;tween
120
60 if beyond 12
f80
9:::
b;;wF
f100
60 if beyond MO0
f120
6:::
bz;yp
f140
40 if beyond &140
80 if betwean 215
and 23 (including)
60 if between 19
and 215 (including)
40 if below 19
12id kf obe t ween 80
ginif
60 if beyond 120
l;z;flegyn
9ijib$wy
f80
80 if between &12
and &lo
80 if between 18
and 20
k$tween
6O,,dfi;;ween
60,,:1
120
MO0
60 if beyond
f10.0,
f14
40 if beyond
~tl4
bgetween 16
40 if below 16
HANDBOOK OF TBXTILE TESTING*
!3P15( Part 1):1989
GRADING OF WOOL FOR EXPORT

(Source:I!311:1987)
Wool for
countrys
dize the
gradings
export is an important bearing for the

foreign exchange. In order to stand arquality of wool for export suitable
are essential. The method covers the
grading of wool and this has been aligned with

the Agmark specification for implementing the
standards while inspecting the wools for export
from the country.
1 SCOPE
2.9 Ginned Wool
1.1This standard prescribes the requirements

of different grade designations ( types ) of raw
wool intended for export.
shall be free from

wool.
2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.0 The wool of grade designation given in 2.1
to 2.9 shall be free from bleached and processed
wool, moth infested or burnt wool, wool waste
or any animal fibre other than that of sheep,
and also free from vegetable or synthetic fibre.
This shall also be reasonably free from burrs,
thorns, sticks, sand, dust or any other extraneous matter. The wool shall be dry in feel and
homogenous in character.
2.1 Clipped Wool
shall be free from pulled, carded,
limed wool.
ginned and
2.2 Pulled Wool

shall be free from clipped,
limed woo 1.
carded,
ginned and
shall be free from pulled, clipped,

ginned wool.
carded and
2.3 Tannery Wool ( Limed )
2.4 South Indian Tannery and Aden Type Wool

shall be free from clipp:d,
ginned wool.
pzlled
carded and
carded,
pulled
and limed
2.10 Scoured Wool

shall be free from animal fibre other than
sheep, and vegetable and synthetic fibres. The
wool shall be dry in feel and homogeneous in
character.
3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Grade Designation
Wool of specified grade designation shall conform to the applicable requirements prescribed
in Tables 1 to 10.
3.2 Colour
The colour of wool of the various grade designations prescribed in Tables 1 to 10 shall be in
accordance with the applicable requirements of
the tables.
3.2.1 If the colour of the test specimen is found
to be deeper than pale yellow, the colour of the
fibre in the lot shall be taken to be yellow. If
the test specimen cannot be classified under any
of the above colour groups, it shall be taken to
be all coloured.
Table 1 Grade Designation and Characteristics
of Clipped Wool
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
2.5 Mixed Wool ( Clipped-Carded )

shall be free from pulled, ginned and limed
wool. This shall not contain an admixture
of
more than 25 percent of carded wool.
2.6 Mixed Wool ( Clipped-PoRed )
shall be free from carded, ginned and limed
wool. This shall not contain an admixture of
more than 25 percent of pulled wool.
Grade Designation
(1)
PART 1, SECTION
F/2
(31
White
Above 80
Above 85
Above 90
Tinged White
Clipped Tinged White
Clipped Pale Yellow
1D
fA
I B Pale Yellow
::
Clipped $lllow
2.8 Hill ( Puhari ) Wool ( Pulled )

shall be free from ginned, limed carded, plains,
pulled or clipped wool.
Yield
Percent
(2)
Clipped White
2.7 Hill ( Puhari ) Wool ( Clipped )

shall be free from ginned, carded, pulled, limed
and plains or clipped wool.
Colour
Clipped Coloured
4 c
( D
1B
IA
i
BC
Yellodw
All Coloured
2s:
Above
Above
Above
Above
;;
85
90
74
77
22:
Above
Above
Above
Above
::
90
70
75
80
265
SPlS(Part1:):1969
Table 2 Grade Designatianand Characteristics of
Pulled Wool
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
Grade Designation
(2)
(3)
!-A
Pulled White
I :
(A
< g
Pulled Tinged White
( Cluures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
Yield
Percent
Colollr
(1)
Table 4 Grade Desigscltion and Characteristics of

South Indian Tannery and Aden Type
Wools ( Limed )
Grade Designation
White
%z
::
Above 90
Above 77
Tinged White
2:::
it
Above 90
Above 74
Above 77
Pulled Pale Yellow
Pale Yellow
i;
Above 80
Above 85
Pulled Yellow
A Yellow
Above 90
Above 70
{ : All Coloured
Above 75
Pulled Coloured
Above 80
tzo:E - Pulled wool does not include limed pulled
(1)
Tannery White
iD
Yield
Percent
(2)
(3)
White
2t::z
_4bove
Above
Above
2:
70
75
80
Tinged White
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
60
65
70
75
80
Pale Yellow
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
60
65
70
75
80
!: Bc Yellow
Above
Above
Abave
Above
Above
60
65
70
75
80
IBA
4 C All Coloured
Above 55
Above 60
Above 65
iD
IA
Colour
[BA
C
I:
Tannery
Tinged White
4, g
1E
fk
Tannery Pale Yellow
1 g
CE
Table 3 Grade Designation and Characteristics of
Tannery Wool ( Limed ) Other Than South
Indian Tannery and Aden Type
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
~
Yield
Percent
Colour
Grade Designation
(1)
(2)
f-A
Limed White
i:
Lirl;z
[ i
White
ID
Frnged
Limed Pale Yellow 1 g

Limed %llow
Limed Coloured
1 E
IA
i g
iD
Tinged
Pale
White
y&OW
YellowOr
All Coloured
(3)
Above
Above
Above
Above
ii4;~
75
80
85
90
Ti.5
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
80
85
90
65
70
75
80
Tannery
Yellow
Tannery Coloured
,,::
3.3 Yield Percent
The yield percent of wool of the various grade

designations prescribed in Tables 1 to 9 shall be
in accordance with the applicable requirements
of the tables.
3.3.1 The yield percent of wool shall be determined on the basis of scoured yield ( including
vegetable matter ) by the relevant standard.
3.4 Vegetable Matter
The vegetable. matter, present in wool of the
various grade designations prescribed in Tables
1 to 10, shall not be more than 5-O percent.
3.4.1 The vegetable matter percent of wool shall
be determined on the basis of scoured bone dry
mass by the relevant standard.
266
f-4
;:
NOTE - South Indian tannery and Aden type wool

shall be marked as South Indian tannery wool or
Aden type wool as the case may be.

of Mixed Wool ( Clipped-Carded)
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
Grade Designation
Colour
(1)
Mixed ( Clippedcarded ) White
Mixed ( Clippedc$hf;tirTlnged
Mixed ( Clippedcarded ) Pale Yellow
(2)
{ E
White
r A
Tinged White
or
4 C Pale Yellow
or
I D
1 E Yellow
I B
Yield
Percent
(3)
Above 80
Above 85
Above 90
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
74
77
80
85
90
Mixed &lippedcarded ) Yellow

Mixed ( Clippedcarded ) Coloured
A
B
All Coloured
1c
Above 70
Above 75
Above 80
NOTE - A lot containing more than 25 percent

carded wool shall be marked as Carded.
HANDBOOK OF TBlffaB
of
TBSTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
of Mixed Wool ( Clipped-Pulled )

of Indian Hill ( Puhtwi) Wool ( Pulled )
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
Grade Designation
Yield
Percent
Coloot
(1)
(2)
Mixed ( Clippedpulled ) White
White
Mixed
pulled
White
Mixed
pulled
( Clipped) Tinged
or
( Clipped) Pale Yellow
or
Mixed (Clippedpulled ) Yellow
Mixed ( Clippedpulled ) Coloured
Tinged White
Pale YZlow
or
Yellow
{ $
All Coloured
(3)
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Grade Designation
80
85
90
74
77
%:
::
Above 90
Above 70
Above 7.5
Above 80
NOTES
1 Pulled wool excludes limed pulled wool.
2 A lot containing more than 25 percent of pulled
wool shall be marked as Pulled.
Colour
(2)
(1)
Pulled Hill White
White or
Tinged White
Pulled HiTTinged
White
Pulled Hill Coloured
All Coloured

of Indian Hill ( Pahari ) Wool ( Clipped )
Grade Designation
Colour
(1)
fA
I B White or
Hill White or
Hill Tinged White
HilllColoured
is
, c
Tmged
White
All Coloured
iD
Ginned
Yield
Percent
(2)
(3)
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Colour
(1)
Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
(2)
White
Ginned Tinged White
{ i
White
IA
{ z
Tinged White
60
65
70
75
Above
Above
Above
Above
55
60
65
70
Ginned
Pale Yellow
Pale Yellow
1:
Ginned Coloured
Yield
Percent
(3)
Above 80
Above 85
Above 90
Above 77
ID
60
65
70
75
55
60
65
70
(3)
Above
Above
Above
Above

of Ginned Wool
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 )
Grade Designation
Yield
Percent
rA
XL BC All Coloured
AA::::
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
Above
::
90
74
77
80
85
90
Above 70
Above 75
Above 80
Table 10 Grade Designation and Characteristics of Scoured Wool

Grade Designation
Scoured
Scoured
Scoured
Scoured
Scoured
NOTE -
(1)
White
Tinged White
Pale Yellow
Yellow
Coloured
The corrected
PART 1, SECTION
F/2
Colour
(2)
White
Tinged White
Pale Yellow
Yellow
All Coloured
mass of raw wool shall be obtained by adding 17 percent
CorrePc;ffe;tass,
(3)
Above 95
Above 95
Above 95
Above 95
Above 95
of its oven dry mass.
267
sPlS(Part1):1989
GRADING OF WHITE, TOSSA AND DAZSEE

UNCUT INDIAN JUTE
( Source : IS 271: 1987)
.
indicated in this covers grading of Indian jute
Uncut Indian jute is an important foreign
exchange earner and it is necessary for standarto be suitably categorized.
dization of fibre raw material. The method
1
1 SCOPE
fibres:
1.1 This standard covers the grading of White,

TOSSA and DAISEE jute from which the roots
have not been cut.
2 COLOUR
2.1 The colour description of White, TOSSA
and DAISEE jute in relation to the terms used
for the purpose of grading is given below:
Term
c--c-
(a) strength, (b) defects, (c) root content,

(d) colour, (e) fineness, and (f) density.
3.4 The hand and eye method may be used for
the present in assessing these qualities until
such time as suitable instrumental methods are
available for scientific assessment of certain
important characteristics.
Colour Description
-________~____________________~
TOSSA Jute
White Jute
DAISEE Jute
Very good
Light creamy to
white
Golden to reddish
white
Reddish
Good
Creamy pink to
brownish white
Reddish to brownish
white
Reddish to
brownish with
some light grey
Fairly good
Brownish to reddish white with

some light grey
Reddish or brownish
with some light grey
Brownish or
light grey with
some grey
Fair average
Brownish to light
grey
Grey to dark grey
Light grey to copper

colour
Light grey
Grey to dark grey
Grey to dark
Average
wy
3 GRADING
3.1 All White raw jute ( from which the roots
have not been cut) shall be classified into
following 8 grades:
Wl, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, WI and W8.
3.2 All TOSSA and DAISEE raw jute ( from
which the roots have not been cut ) shall be
classified into the following 8 grades:
TDl, TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7 and
TD8.
3.3 The following quality characteristics,
which
have a bearing on the quality, have been taken
into account in assessing the grade of jute
PART 1, SECTION
F/3
NOTE - For comparing strength, tufts of the hbre

of approximately
equal size may be held equal distance apart, and broken longitudinally
without jerk.
Good lustre also indicates good fibre strength. Root
content in terms of percentage by mass may be judged
by observing the extent of barks along the length.
Density of heavy bodiedness of fibre may be assessed
by feeling the heaviness of a bunch of fibre reeds ( by
raising and lowering ), when held within a grip.
3.5 The requirements of each individual quality

characteristic
in the case of each of the
8 grades for White jute are given in Table 1,
and for TOSSA and DAISEE jute in Table 2.
3.6 Relative weightage to each of the quality
characteristics has been attributed by a system
of scoring scheme to the various grades. The
allocation of scores for the different quality
characteristics as in each grade for White jute
shall be done on the basis of Table 1. For
TOSSA and DAISEE jute it shall be done on the
basis of Table 2.
269
SPl5(Part1):1989
Table 1 Requirements of Fibre Characteristics and Scoring Scheme for Different Grades
of White Jute ( CORCHORUS
CAPSULARIS
)
( Figures in parentheses
Grade
Strength
(1)
Wl
Very good
w2
Good
(2)
(26)
Maximum
RootContent
( Percent
by Mass 1
(4)
(3)
10
Free
from major
and minor defects
(33)
(22)
Free
from major
and minor defects
except some loose
leaf and few specks
(24)
w3
Defects
Fairly good
(28)
(20)
FTe;eckom
15
major
20
indicate
score marks )
Colour
(5)
Very good
(12)
Good
(9)
Fairly good
Fineness
(5)
Very fine
(5)
Fine
Density
(7)
Heavy bodied
(2)
Total
Score
(8)
wo)
Heavy bodied
(85)
(2)
Fibres well
separated
fibre
&d gyzyJ
sticks and reasonably
free
from
other minor defects
(18)
W4
Fair average
(14)
W5
Average
W6
Average
(10)
(10)
W7
Weak mixed
(18)
(24)
Free from
major
defects and re;asz;ably
free
loose sticks
26
(14)
Free
from
major
defects except some
entangled
knots,
sricks and mossy
fibre
(101
Free from
centre
root
and dazed/
over-retted
fibre
and reasonably free
from
entangled
sticks
(4)
-
(31
W8
Entangled or any other jute not suitable

commercial value
(7)
Fair average
(20)
(4)
36
average
(16)
46
(3)
-
(1)
(69)
Fibres well
separated
(1)
-
(1)
(54)
(39)
(26)
(12)
57
(121
(9)
for any of the above grades but of
(0)
NOTES
1 The minimum reed length should be 150 cm, or the effective reed length should not be less than 100 cm,
except for W8.
2 Jute should be in dry storable condition.
3 Jute should be free from HUNKA, mud and other foreign materials.
4 Natural dust may be allowed in grades W5 to W8 with proportionate
discount.
5 Root content will include hard barky crappy ends.
6 A parcel of jute which would not secure full marks for a particular
grade shall still be considered for that
grade with suitable discount
to be settled between the buyer and the seller, provided its score is not less, by
50 ( or more 1 percent of the difference, between the maximum scores for that and the next lower grade. When
the score is less by 50 ( or more ) percent of the difference, the buyer will have option to reject or settle with a
suitable discount.
Scores on the table may be taken as guidance for determining the discount.
270
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Table 2 Requirements of Fibre Characteristics and Scoring Scheme for Different Grades
of TOSSA and DAISEE hte ( CORCHORUS OLITORIUS )
( Figures in parentheses
Grade
Strength
(1)
(2)
TDl
Very good
TD2
Good
(24)
TD3
Fairly good
TD4
Fair average
(14)
TDS
Average
TD6
Average
(10)
Weak mixed
Entangled
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Very good
Very fine
Heavy bodied
(33)
(12)
(5)
Free from major and

minor defects except
some
loose
leaf and few specks
10
(20)
(28)
Free
from
major
defects,
gummy
fibre
and
loose
sticks, and reasonably free from other
minor defects
15
Colour
Good
Fine
Density
(2)
Total
Score
(8)
(100)
Heavy bodied
(24)
(9)
Fairly good
(7)
Free
from
major
defects and reasonfrom
ably
free
loose sticks
20
(14)
(20)
Free
from
major
defects except some
knots
entangled
sticks and
mossy
fibre
26
Average
(10)
(16)
(3)
-
(4)
-
Fineness
35
Fair average
(4)
(85)
(2)
Fi bres well
separated
(1)
(1)
Fibres well
separated
(1)
-
(1)
(54)
(39)
(26)
(12)
42
(69)
Medium
bodied
(13)
(9)
(4)
TD8
(3)
Free from centre root

dazed/overand
retted fibre and reasonably
free from
entagled sticks
(10)
TD7
Maximum
RootContent
( Percent by
Mass 1
(18)
(18)
score marks )
Defects
Free from major and

minor defects
(22)
(26)
indicate
or any other jute not suitable for any of the above grades but of commercial
value
(0)
NOTES
1 The minimum reed length should be 150 cm, or the effective reed length should not be less than 100 cm
except for TD8.
2 Jute should be in dry storable condition.
3 Jute should be free from HUNKA, mud and other foreign materials.
4 Natural dust may be allowed in grades TD5 to TD6 with proportionate
discount.
6 A parcel of jute which would not score full marks for a particular grade shall still be considered
for that
grade with suitable discount to be settled between the buyer and the seller, provided its score is not less by 50
( or more ) percent of the difference between the maximum scores for that and the next lower grade. When the
score is less by 50 ( or more ) percent of the difference the buyer will have option to reject or settle with a
suitable discount.
Scores of the table may be taken as guidance for determining the discount.
PART 1, SECTION
F/3
271
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
GRADING OF UNCUT INDIAN BIMLI

( Source
: IS
11596: 1986)
Uncut Indian Bimli is an important

foreign
exchange earner and it is necessary for standardization of fibre raw material.
The method
indicated in this covers grading

Bimli to be suitably categorized,
1 SCOPE
3 GRADING
1.1 This standard covers grading of Bimli fibres

from which roots have not been cut.
3.1 The Bimli fibre ( from which roots have not

been cut ) shall be classified into 4 grades as
given in Table 1.
3.2 The hand and eye method may be used
for assessing these qualities as is presently in
vogue in trade but in case of ?ny dispute, the
corresponding test method applicable for jute,
mesta and Bimli as mentioned in the table may
also be followed for correct
assessment on
scientific basis.
1.2 The strength aspect of the fibres is classified depending upon their tenacity. The terms
used for the purpose of grading are Good,
Fair Average and <Weak mixed.
NOTES
1 Tenacity
is the breaking load of a material under

test divided by the linear density of the unstrained
2 Linear density is the mass per unit length, the
quotient obtained by dividing the mass of the fibre or
yarn by its length- When ihe mass is expressed in
the resulting
value, that is, the quotient, is expressed as tex.
2 COLOUR
of Indian
NOTE - According to the trade practice for comparing strength,

the tufts of fibres of approximately
equal size held equal distance apart, are broken
longitudinally
without jerk.
Good listre indicates
good fibre strength.
Root content in terms of percentage by mass is judged by observing the extent of
foots along the length. Light or heavy bodiedness of
the fibre is assessed bv feeling the lightness or heaviness of a bunch of fibre ree& (by raising and lowering ) when held within a grip.
3.3 Relative
2.1 The colour description
of fibres in relation
to the terms used for the purpose of grading is
given below:
Good
Creamy to whitish
Aver age
Greyish to dark
PART 1, SECTION
F/4
weightage to each of the quality

characteristics
is attributed
by a system of
scoring for various grades by hand and eye
method for routine grading. The marks allocated are on the basis of the objective assessment
of the different quality characteristics
and as
such shall be used for the purpose of grading on
the basis as given in Table 1.
213
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
Table 1
Requirements of Fibre Characteristics and Scoring Scheme for Different

Grades of Uncut Indian Bimli
Grade
Strength
(2)
(1)
B-l
Good
Fair
(3)
(4)
(5)
10
Good
( 30 1
Substantially
free from
major defects
except
some knots and entan;Jh& sti;vakbut
free
crappy
ends
Average
(IO)
B-4
Fyfd
from centre
reasonably
from overretted
and runners
roots
free
fibres
(15 1
Fineness
(6)
Fine,
well
segregated
fibre reeds
Heaviness/
Lightness
(7)
(6)
(3)
(6)
(18)
Average
Coarse
Average
(2)
-
(1)
-
(31
-
( 25 1
(151
Total
Score
(8)
Heavy
( 30 )
( 22 )
(24 1
( 18 1
B-3
Colour
Free from major defects

and crappy fibre and
reasonably
free from
leaves and specks
( 25 I
B-2
h$;im;m Root
t
Percent bi Mass
( Weight )
Defects
100
70
40
All other Bimli not conforming to any of the

above grades
but of
commercial
value.
It
mav contain Habi Jabi
bui not Feswa
(101
NOTES
1 The minimum reed length should be 150 cm or the effective reed length should not be less than 1Oe cm
except for grade B-4. The root content includes hard barky crappy ends.
2 The fibre should be in dry storable condition.
3 The fibre should be free from mud and other foreign materials.
4 Natural dust may be allowed in Grade B-2, B-3 and B-4 with proportionate
discount.
5 A parcel of Bimli which would not score full marks for a particular grade shall still be considered for that
grade with suitable discount to be settled between the buyer and the seller provided its score is not less by 50
( or more > percent of the difference between the maximum scores for that and the next lower grade. When
the score is less by 50 ( or more I percent of the difference, the buyer will have the option to reject or settle
with a suitable discount.
6 Scores in the table may be taken as guidance for determining the discount.
274
HANDBOOK OE TEXTILE TESTING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
GRADING OF UNCUT INDIAN MliSA

( Source : IS 9846 : 1981)
Uncut Indian Mesta is an important foreign

exchange earner and it is necessary for standardization of fibre raw material. The method
indicated
in this covers grading
Mesta to be suitably categorized.
1 SCOPE
3 GRADING
1.1 This standard covers grading of MESTA

fibres from which the roots have not been cut.
3.1 The
1.2 The strength aspect of the fibres is classified

depending upon their tenacity. The terms used
?;6;ie
purpose of grading are Very good,
9 Fairly good,
Average and Weak
mixed:
NOTES
1 Tenacity
is the breaking load of material under
test divided by the linear density of the unstrained
2 Linear density is the mass per unit length; the

quotient obtained by dividing the mass of fibre or
yarn by its length. When the mass is expressed in
the resulting
value, that is, quotient, is expressed as tex.
2 COLOUR
2.1 The colour
description of fibres in relation

to the terms used for the purpose of grading is
given below:
Creamy to whitish
Good
PART
Fair average
Light grey
Average
Greyish to dark
1, SECTION
F/5
of
Indian
MESTA
fibre ( from which roots have
not been cut ) shall be classified into 6 grades
as given in Table 1.
3.2 The hand and eye method may be used in

assessing these qualities as is presently in vogue
in the trade but in the case of dispute, the
corresponding
test method applicable for jute
as mentioned in the table may also be followed
for correct assessment on scientific basis.
NOTE - According to the trade practice for comparing strength,
the tufts of fibres of aouroximatelv
equal size held equal distance
apart,- ire broken
longitudinally
without jerk. Good lustre indicates
good fibre strength. Root content in terms of percentage by mass is judged by observing
the extent OF
roots along the length. Light or heavy bodiedness of
the fibre is assessed by feeling the lightness or heaviness of a bunch of fibre reeds ( by raising and lowering ) when held within a grip.
3.3 Relative
weightage to each of the quality

characteristics
is attributed
by a system of
scoring for various grades by the hand and eye
method for routine grading. The marks allocated are on the basis of the objective assessment
of the different quality characteristics
and as
such shall be used for the purpose of grading on
the basis as given in Table 1.
275
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Table 1
Requirements of Fibre Characteristics and Scoring Scheme for Different Grades of

Uncut Indian MESTA
Strength
Grade
Ma&m;m
Defects
Colour
Heaviness
Fineness
LigZiess
Content,
Percent
by Mass
( Weight 1
(2)
(1)
MESTA
1 Very Good
Fr,e,efrc;;
major and minor

brown
except
leaves and appreciably free
from specks
(25)
(25)
MESTA
Good
MESIA
Fairly Good
(17)
MESTA
Average
MESTA
5 Weak mixed
(13)
Reasonably
runners
All MESTA
free
(5)
not conforming
30
(17)
Free
from
centre
roots,
dazed
and
over-rettedfibres and reasonably free
z;cTsrunners and entangled
(5)
MESTA
defects
(17)
(13)
20
(22)
(21)
Free from
major
except knots
12
(27)
Free from major defects and

loose sticks; substantially
free from knots and gummy
and crappy fibres
(21)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(15)
Fair
average
(11)
Average
(7)
(7)
(6)
Finer
with
fibre reeds
well segregated
Good
Fine, with
fibre well
segregated
loo
Heavy,
with
broader
thicker reeds
(2)
(3)
(8)
Very heavy,
with thinner
reeds
(3)
(5)
80
Medium
bodied
Coarse
(1)
(1)
60
40
40
(14)
from
Total
Score
50
20
(10)
to any of the above grades
but of commercial
value.
NOTES
1 The minimum reed length should
be 150 cm, or the effective
except for MESTA 6.
2 The fibre should be in dry storable condition.
reed length should be not less than 100 cm
3 The fibre should be free from HUNKA,

mud and other foreign materials.
4 Natural dust may be allowed in grades MESTA 4, MESTA
5 and MESTA 6 with proportionate
discount.
6 A parcel of MESTA
which would not score full marks for a particular grade shall still be considered for
that grade with suitable discount to be settled between the buyer and the seller, provided its score is not less
by 50 ( or more 1 percent of the difference between the maximum scores for that and the next lower grade. When
the score is less by 50 ( or more ) percent of the difference the buyer will have option to reject or settle with a
suitable discount.
7 Scores in the table may be taken as guidance for determining the discount.
276
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
FINENESS GRADES
(
OF WOOL
Source : Is 5910 : 1977 )
The fineness grades of wool fibre has an important bearing in the classification of grades. The
method covers grading of fineness of wool fibre,
both for imported and indigenous wool, in order
to assess the wool fibre, for various grades.

Assessment of the fineness grades is on the basis
of average micron value and standard deviation
of fibre fineness.
1 SCOPE
3.2 Calculate
1.1 This standard covers the classification

fitieness grades of the fibres in raw wool.
of
standard
the average
deviation.
fibre diameter
4 ASSIGNMENT OF GRADE
1.2 This is also applicable to $001 yarns and

fabrics processed on the woollen system. However, the test results obtainedon the wool fibres
removed from yarns and fabrics may not meet
the specifications as given in the standard
which are for raw wool. If these meet the specifications of the next coarser grade, the same
shall be considered as satisfying requirements.
2 GRADES
2.1 The specifications
for various grades of
imported and indigenous
wool are given in
Table 1.
3 METHOD OF TEST
4.1 Compare the average fibre diameter and

standard deviation in fibre diameter as determined in 3.2, with the specifications for various
grades given in Table 1. Assign to the wool the
grade that corresponds to the observed average
fibre diameter and standard deviation. If the
measured average fibre diameter and standard
deviation correspond to a single grade, assign
that grade to the wool. If the standard deviation exceeds the maximum specified for the
grade to which the observed average fibre
diameter corresponds,
assign to the wool the
next coarser grade.
the diameter of wool fibres by

the relevant method. The number of observations to be made for this purpose shall be such
as to obtain confidence limits of the mean within &l-O pm at a probability
level of 95 percent.
4.1.1 A few examples illustrating

of grade are given below:
3.1.1 The number of fibres to be observed in

order to attain the above stated confidence
limits of the mean shall be determined by the
following formula, which, however, shall not
exceed 1 000:
Average fibre diameter

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
3.1 Determine
n=
to s
( -z- >
where
n = number of fibres;
t = probability factor ( 1.96 for 95 percent probability level );
0 = standard
deviation of fibre diameter; and
E = desired precision of the mean, that
is, f 1-Opm.
NOTE - An example illustrating
the calculation
the total number of observations,
is given below:
F/6
the assignment
Imported Wool
Example 1:
24.24 pm
6.21 pm
60s
Example 2:

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
31.23 pm
8-72 Pm
48s
Example 3:

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
of
On observing the diameter of 200 fibres, the standard

deviation is found to be 1425 microns. The number
(n) of fibres to be tested shall be:
PART 1, SECTION
and
31.23 pm
9.30 pm
46s
Indigenous Wool
Example 4:

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
34.15 pm
13.12 pm
48s
277
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Example 5:
Example 6:
34.15 pm
14.23 pm
44s

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
37.23 pm
15.91 pm
40s

Standard deviation
Assigned grade
Table 1 Specifications for Grades of Wool

Grade
Imported Wool
~-------2.--__--___~
Range for Average
Fibre Diameter
(1)
(2)
Finer than 80s

80s
Standard
Dev$Fxn,
Range for Average

Fibre Diameter
Standard
Deviation,
Max
(3)
(4)
(5)
wn
iLm
Pm
1770
359
to 1914
409
Under
1770
Indigenous Wool
~_---__-h--_____~
10s
1915 ,, 2059
459
64s
2060
,, 2.204
5.19
62s
2205
,, 2349
589
60s
2350
,, 2494
649
58s
2495
,, 2639
709
56s
2640
,, 2784
759
54s
2785
,, 2929
819,
50s
2930
,, 3099
869
4%
3100
,, 3269
909
46s
3270
,) 3439
959
44s
34.40 ,, 3619
1009
3441 to 3620
1475
40s
3620
,, 3809
1069
3621
,, 3860
1625
3810
,, 4020
1119
3861
,, 4080
1500
36s
Coarser
36s
than
Over 4020
Under
Over
3440
1350
-
4081
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TE.STING
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
FINENESS GRADES OF WOOL TOPS

( Source
: IS 5911 : 1977 )
The fineness grades of wool tops has an important bearing in classification of grades. The
method covers grading of fineness of wool tops,
both for imported and indigenous wool tops,
in order to assess wool tops for various grades,

assessment of fineness grades is on the basis of
average micron value and standard deviation of
fibres fineness.
1 SCOPE
to the wool top the grade that corresponds to

the observed average fibre diameter and fibre
diameter distribution. If the measured average
fibre diameter and fibre diameter distribution
correspond to a single grade, assign that grade
to the top. If the fibre diameter distribution
does not meet the requirement for the grade to
which the average fibre diameter corresponds,
assign to the wool top a dual grade, the second
being next coarser than the grade to which the
average fibre diameter corresponds.
1.1 This standard covers the classification

fineness grades of the fibres in wool tops.
of
1.2 This is also applicable to wool yarns and

fabrics processed on the worsted system. However, the test results obtained on the wool
fibres removed from yarns and fabrics may not
meet the specifications as given in the standard
which are for wool tops. If these meet the
specifications of next coarser grade, the same
shall be considered as satisfying the grade for
the purpose of grading of fibres in corresponding tops.
4.1.1 A few examples illustrating the assignment

of grade are given below:
Imported Wool Tops
2 GRADES
2.1 The specifications
for various grades of
wool fops made from imported and indigenous
wools are given m Table 1.
3 METHOD OF TEST
3.1 Determine the diameter of wool fibres by
the relevant method. The number of observations to be made for this purpose shall be such
as to obtain confidence limits of the mean
within -+1-O pm at a probability level of 95
percent.
NOTE - The number of fibres to be observed in
order to attain the above stated confidence limits of
the mean shall be determined
by the following formula, which, however, shall not exceed 1000.
n=
to
E )
where
n = number of fibres;
t = probability factor ( l-96 for 95 percent probability level );
u = standard deviation of fibre diameter; and
E = desired precision of the mean, that
is fl-0 pm.
3.2 Calculate the average fibre diameter and
also determine the fibre diameter distribution.
4 ASSIGNMENT
OF GRADE
4.1 Compare
the average fibre diameter and
fibre diameter distribution as determined in 3.2,
with the specifications given in Table 1. Assign
PART ~,SECTION
F/7
Example 1:
Fibre diameter distribution,
percent:
30.5 Pm
30 E&mand under
30.1 pm and over
50.1 pm and over
Assigned grade
48
52
2
50s
Example 2:
percent:
30.5 pm
30 pm and under
30.1 pm and over
50.1 Pm and over
Assigned grade
42
58
3
5Os/48s
Indigenous Wool Tops

Example 3:
percent:
34.5 Pm
40 pm and under
40.1 Pm and over
60.1 Pm and over
Assigned grade
72
28
5
48s
279
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Example 4:

percent:
40 pm and under
40-l pm and over

60-l pm and over
Assigned grade
iS0
Example 5:
34.5 pm
63
37
6
48~144s

percent:
39.5 Cm
40 pm and under
40-l pm and over
60.1 pm and over
Assigned grade
54
46
7
40s
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE
TESTING
Table 1 Specifications for Grades of Woo! Tops

Sl
Characteristic
No.
(2)
(1)
i)
(5)
62s
60s
Imported Wool Tops

----______
58s
56s
54s
50s
48s
(7)
(8)
(9)
--_--_-_____
46s
44s
.
40s
36s
Co;gnr
Indigeneus Wool Tops

__-_____-*_-_--------\
36s Cysz
.48s
40s
44s
36s
36s
(3)
(4)
1810
1960 2110
2260
2410
2560
2710
2860
3010
3180 3350
3520
3710
3900
1809
1959
2109
2259
2409
2559
2709
2859
3009
3179
3349
3519
3709
3899
4129
95
91
83
-.
(6)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)

range, pm:
Lower limit
Upper limit
ii)
_--_-___----_---------~----~
Finer
64s
80s
70s
than
80s
4130
3601
3811
4021
4221
3600 3810
4020
4220
Fibre diameter distribution, percent

25 pm and under, Min
17
251 pm and over, Max
9
1
62
54
44
14
20
28
38
46
56
86
92
15
--
72
80
1
-
2
-
2
-
68
62
54
44
70
60
50
40
--
25
32
38
46
56
30
40
JO
60
--
10
12
75
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
GRADES OF UNDYED MEDULLATED WOOL
The very nature of medullated wools that is

hetrogenous fleeces, necessitates application of
an altogether different criterion for evaluation
of fineness grades of Indian wools. Hence the
medullated
wools are assessed for fineness
grades based on hairiness and distribution
of
different thickness.
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the aualitv grades
of undyed medullated wools on the -b&is of
of coarse
their hairiness and the distribution
fibres.
4.6 Care should be taken to ensure that the

representative
sample is cut once only; and
under no circumstances the multiple cuts of the
same sample should be included. In other
words, the same fibre should not be measured
twice.
2 METHOD OF TEST
5 ASSIGNMENT OF GRADE
2.1 Sampling and Preparation of Specimens
5.1 Compare percentage

of hairy fibres and
assign grades I to V as specified in Table 2.
Draw a representative sample of wool, sliver or

products made therefrom. Prepare
test specimen by the relevant method.
3 PREPARATION OF SLIDES
3.1 Prepare sides and cover them with cover
slips. Commence measurement after 30 minutes.
Avoid the use of excessive mounting medium
as it has a tendency to penetrate the medulla
and impart the appearance of a true wool fibre
to hairy fibres in course of time.
4 PROCEDURE
5.2 Compare
fibre distribution
and assign
grades A to E, whichever is higher according
to fibres below 40 pm or 60 pm or above
80 pm. Fibres above 80 I*m are usually kemps.
5.2.1 A few typical examples illustrating
assignment of grades are given below:
the
Example 1:
Percentage of hairy fibres

Percentage of fibres below 40 pm
Percentage of fibres above 80 fLm
Assigned Grade
16.8
73.0
O-3
I-A
Example 2:
4.1 Examine the slides with the aid of a suitable projection microscope at a magnification
of 250 instead of 500.
4.2 Identify
fibres projected
on the entire
screen and group them into two categories,
namely : (a) hairy fibres, and (b) true plus heterotype fibres. Enter the data as illustrated in
Table 1.
4.3 Count the fibres projected
on the inner
circle. Then measure and record the number of
fibres above the stipulated limit of coarseness
as illustrated in Table 1.

Percentage of fibres above 80 pm
Assigned Grade
Example
3:

Percentage of fibres below 60 rm
Assigned Grade
Example
Percentage
33.5
68.0
4.7
II-C
49.7
91.3
25
IV-C
4:
of hairy fibres
4.4 At least 5 000 fibres should be examined for

determining the percentage
of hairy fibres
according to 5.2 above ( that is over 500 fibres
per slide ) and 2 000 fibres should be *examined
according to 5.3 above for finding out the distribution of coarse fibres.
3.8
( see Note )
69.0
0.1
Assigned Grade
I-B
4.5 Calculate the grade according to hairiness

and also according
to the distribution
of
coarser fibres.
NOTE - Since the hairiness is low, that is, below

5 percent, this wool may be further assessed depending upon whether wool or wool top; for assigning
specific fineness grades for example 56s, 48s, 36s, etc.
PART 1, SECTION
F/8
283
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
Table 1 Example of the Record of Hairiness and Distribution of Coarse Fibres
SI
No.
Fibre Appearance in Full Scenes

r_-_-.__A---_---_~
No. of True
No. of
Total No.
Hairy
of Fibres
Wool +
Fibres
Viewed
H;ybTe;yne
Number of Fibres on the Inner Circle
#mm----
-----_h,_--_-_--__~
40 to
BelOW
40 pm
6Orm
( excluding
60pm)
Above
80 pm
Total No.
of Fibres
Viewed
2
7
1
3
4
17
29
11
10
22
2
3
0
1
0
1
3
6
3.
4.
5.
15
22
10
7
18
3
2
4
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
5
3
7
j2
39
13
Total
4 160
860
5 020
52
2 180
Percentage
829
171
100
1.
2.
Assigned Grade
Table 2
1 461
436
670
20
24
100
Fineness Grades of Undyed Medullated Wools on the Basis of

Hairiness and Fibre Distribution
( Clause 5.1 )
Hairiness
Grade
I
II
III
IV
V
284
Maximum Hairiness
Permissible ( Percent
Hairy Fibres )
200
350
450
600
700
Fineness Grade
A
B
C
D
E
Fibre Distribution Permissible Limits:

Percentage Fibres by Count
L-___-___-~
c-------BelowM$ pm Below 60 pm Abzaex80 pm
Min
700
10
600
900
850
800
30
50
100
150
HANDBOOK OF TEXTILB TESFING
SP 15 ( Part 1) : 1989
GRADING
OF INDIAN KAPOK
( Source : IS 3040 : 1980 )

[ Indian Kapok ( to the common man known as
Silk Cotton ) is used for stuffing purposes for
various applications. Assessment of Kapok for
grades has an important use during the pur-
chase made.
requirements
Kapok. ]
Table 1 Specific Requirements of Kapok

( Clause 2.1 )
1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1 The Kapok should be soft and smooth and
should have a silky appearance. It should be
clean and reasonably free from seeds and other
fibre.
Sl
No.
1
2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
2
2.1 The Kapok shall conform to the requirements of buoyancy ratio, permissible impurities
and moisture content as given in Table 1.
PART 1, SECTION
F/9
--
The method
covers variods
to
specify
grades of Indian
Requirements
Buoyancy ratio, Min
a) Before soaking
b) After soaking
Permissible impurities,
percent, Max
M$;zre
content, percent,
Grade
C---h--_~
1
2
:z
2
:I
3
14
11
5
10
10
10
285
SP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989
SECTION G
INDEX TO INDIAN STANDARDS
COVERED IN THIS HANDBOOK
SIP 15 ( Part 1 ) : 1989

LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS REFERRED
Title
IS No.
Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )

Grading
of wool for export (second revision )
11 : 1987
Methods for estimation of moisture, total size or finish, ash and fatty
199 : 1988
matter in grey and finished cotton textile materials ( third revision)
Methods
for
determination
of length parameters
of cotton fibres
23316;;ts
1& 2) :
.(first revision )
Methods for determination
of linear density of textile fibres ( gravi234 : 1973
metric method ) (first revision )
of individual textile
Methods for determination of tensile characteristics
235 : 1989
fibres ($rst revision )
Methods for determination of cottonfibre maturity ( by sodium hydroxide
236 : 1968
swelling method ) (first revision )
Grading
of White, TOSSA and DAIS&X uncut Indian jute ( third revision )
271 : 1987
Methods for identification of textile fibres (first revision )
667 : 1981
Method for determination of nep count in cotton
684 : 1962
Method for determination
of wool fibre diameter - Projection micro744 : 1977
scope method ( second rev ision )
Method for determination of kemp content of rawwool ( jirst revision )
1348 : 1971
Methods for determination of wool fibre content of raw wool ( revised )
1349 : 1964
Methods for determination of mean fibre length of wool (first revision )
1377 :, 1971
acid zrouns in cellulosic textile
1560 I Parts 1 8z 2 I : Method for estimation of carboxvlic
materials ( jirst revision )
1974
Methods for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of cellulose
1564 : 1988
triacetate and certain other fibres (first revision )
Method for cotton fibre immaturity count-polarized
light method
1611 : 1960
Guide
for
marking
textile
materials
made
of
wool
(first
revision )
1793 : 1973
Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regener1889 ( Parts 1 & 2 )
ated cellulose fibres and cotton (first revision )
1976
Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of regener1889 (Parts 3 & 4)
ated cellulose fibres and cotton (first revision )
1979
2005 : 1988
Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of polyamide fibres and certain other fibres (first revision )
2006 : 1988
Method fqr quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of protein
fibre with certain other non-protein fibres ( second revision )
2176 : 1988
Method for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of secondary
cellulose acetate and certain other fibres (first revision )
2177 : 1988
Method for quantitative
chemical analysis of mixtures of cellulose triacetate and secondary cellulose acetate fibres (first revision )
2727 : 1964
chemical analysis of binary mixture of manila
and sisal fibres
2899 : 1965
Method for determination of percentage of medullated fibres in wool
2964 : 1964
Methods for detection and estimation of damage in cotton fibres due to
micro-organisms
3040 : 1980
Grading of Indian Kapok (Jirst revision )
3416 : 1988
chemical analysis of mixtures of polyester fibres
with cotton or regenerated cellulose ( second revision )
3421 : 1988
chemical analysis of binary mixtures of acrylic
and certain other fibres (first revision )
2 : 1960
PAkT
1, SECTION
G/l
289
SPlS(Part1):1989
IS No.
3429 : 1966
3430 : 1966
3674 : 1966
3675 : 1966
4203 : 1967
4807 : 1968
4871 : 1968
4902 ; 1981
5874
5910
5911
6124
6359
6503
: 1970
: 1977
: 1977
: 1971
: 1971
: 1988
6504 : 1979
6570 : 1972
6637 : 1972
6653 : 1972
6919 : 1973
7032(&arts 1 to 8 )
Title
Method for determination of solubility of wool in alkali

Method for determination of solubility of wool in urea-bisulphite solution
Method for determination of micronaire value of cotton fibres
Method for determination of bundle strength ( tenacity ) of cotton fibres
Method for determination of sulphate content in textile materials
Methods of testing viscose rayon staple fibres
Method for determination
of lint and trash content of cotton by means of
mechanical pneumatic machines
Method for determination of correct invoice weight of all wool materials
( Jirst revision )
Grading of viscose rayon cutstaple fibres ( regular )
Fineness grades of wool (Jirst revision )
Fineness grades of wool tops ($rst revision >
Method for determination of crimps in wool
Methods for conditioning of textiles
Method for quantitative chemical analysis of ternary mixtures of protein
fibres, nylon 6 or nylon 6.6, and certain other fibres (Jirst revision )
chemical analysis of ternary mixtures of viscose
rayon, cotton and protein fibres (first revision )
Method for quantitative chemical analysis. of binary mixtures of jute and
animal fibres
Methods for determination of moisture in wool
Methods for determination of staple length of greasy wool
Methods for determination
of wool fibre diameter by airflow method
Physical methods of test for uncut Indian jute MESTA and BIMLI (first
revision )
8387 : 1977
Method of test for wool fibre length ( barbe and hauteur ) using a comb
sorter
Method for determination of wool content in woollen textile-materials
8476 : 1977
9022 : 1979
Methods for preparation of laboratory test samples and test specimens of
textile materials for chemical testing
9068 : 1979
Recommended
methods for the removal of non-fibrous matter prior to
quantitative analysis of fibre mixtures
9308 ( Part 1 ) : 1987 Birstle coir fibre (first revision )
9846 : 1981
Grading of uncut Indian MESTA
9889 : 1988
chemical analysis of binary mixtures of silk
and wool or hair ( jirst revision )
9896 : 1981
chemical analysis of mixtures of polyolefin fibres
and other fibres
10014 ( Part 1 ) :
Methods of test for man-made staple fibres: Part 1 Determination
of
1984
length
10014 ( Part 2 ) :
Methods of test for man-made staple fibres: Part 2 Determination of linear
1981
density
10930 : 1984
Quality grades of undyed medullated wool
Grading of uncut Indian BIMLI
11596 : 1986
Method
for quantitative chemical analysis of binary mixtures of polypro11870: 1986
.
pylene and polyethlene
Method for determination of acetic acid coutent of acetate or triacetate
12135 : 1987
fibre materials
Recommended SI units for textiles
SP 11 : 1973
290
HANDBOOK
OF TEXTILE TBSTING

SP15 - 1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SP15 - 1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SP15 - 1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HANDBOOK

NEW DELHI 110002

UDC 677.113 : 677.01 ( 021 )

of this fibre and

etc, and man-made

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

assist the textile students, educational

Representation of information in the Handbook

chemical analysis and tests

fastness properties of coloured

e) Code of practice for stains removal from

f ) Tests for various physical and chemical

characteristics of yarns and fabrics such

g) Tests for various

h) Care labelling and positioning

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

DETERMINATIONOF CORRECTINVOICEWEIGHT OF ALL WOOL MATERIALS

PREPARATION OF LABORATORY TEST SAMPLES AND TEST SPECIMENSOF

GUIDE FOR MARKING TEXTILEMATERIALS MADE OF WOOL

RECOMMENDEDSI UNITS FOR TEXTILES

RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF NUMBRICAL VALUES

RECOMMENDEDMETHODS FOR REMOVAL OF NON-FIBROUS MATTER PRIOR

TO QUANTITATIVEANALYSIS OF FIBRB MIXTURES

BINARY MIXTURES OF JUTE AND ANIMAL FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF REGENERATEDCELLULOSEFIBRESAND COTTON

BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSETRIACETATEAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSEACETATEAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF CELLULOSETRIACETATEAND SECONDARYCELLULOSE

ZINC CHLORIDE METHOD

BINARY MIXTURES OF NYLON OR NYLON 6.6 FIBRESAND CERTAIN OTHER

BINARY MIXTURES OF ACRYLIC, CERTAIN MODACRYLICS AND CBRTAIN

BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYETHYLENEAND POLYPROPYLENE

BINARY MIXTURES OF PROTEINFIBRESAND CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES

BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYESTERFIBRESWITH COTTON OR REGBNERATBD c/13

BINARY MIXTURES OF POLYOLEFINFIBRESAND OTHER FIBRES

TERNARY MIXTURES OF VISCOSERAYON, COTTON AND PROTEINFIBRBS

TERNARY MIXTURES OF PROTEIN FIBRBS, NYLON 6 OR NYLON 6.6 AND

CERTAIN OTHER FIBRES

LINEAR DENSITY OF TEXTILEFIBRES( GRAVIMETRICMETHOD)

COTTONFIBREMATURITY ( SODIUMHYDROXIDESWELLING METHOD)

LINT AND TRASH CONTENT OF COTTON BY MEANS OF MBCHANICAL-

ESTIMATION OF LENGTH AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION BY OPTICAL

15 WOOL FIBRELENGTH ( BARBBAND HAUTBUR) USING A COMB SORTER

Man-Made Staple Fibres ( MMSF )

22 UNCUT INDIAN JUTEMESTA AND BIMLI

TESTSFOR INDIAN KAPOK

PERCENTAGEOF IMPURITIESIN COIR FIBRES

MOISTURECONTENTIN COIR FIBRES

FOR TEXTILE FIBRES

1 ESTIMATIONCARBOXYLICACID GROUPSIN CELLULOSICTEXTILE

DAMGE IN COTTONFIBRESDUE TO MICRO ORGANISM

SCOURING YIELD OF RAW WOOL

DETERMINATIONOF WOOL CONTENTIN WOOLLEN TEXTILEMATERIALS

DETERMINATIONOF SULPHATECONTENTIN TEXTILEMATERIALS

GRADING OF VISCOSERAYON CUT STAPLEFIBRES( REGULAR )

GRADESOF UNDYED MEDULLATEDWOOL

LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDSREFERRED

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank