ASSIGNMENT 1

NAME:ARHAGBA AKPOFURE
MATRIC NO:10cm011425
PROGRAM:MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE:SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
COURSE CODE:GEC 212
COURSE TITLE:ENGINEERING
DESIGN
Question 1
a) Define drawing?
A drawing is a graphical representation of an idea, a
concept which actually or potentially exists in life. Drawing
itself is a way of communicating an abstraction, such as
an idea or concept; or graphical representation of some
real entity such as a machine part, a building, or a tool.
b) Mention and explain the types of drawing?
In thinking about drawing methodologies and their
respective purposes, apparent are at least eight distinct
categories, including:
1. Life Drawing: drawing as a means of expression;
drawing from direct observation, as in still-life or figure
drawing
2. Emotive Drawing: drawing, like painting, as an
expressive way to explore and put forth feeling, mood,
self, time, and so on; drawing as a sensitive expression of
personality
3. Sketching: drawing in order to explain or actively think
through a problem; drawing through the act of visualizing;
drawing actively and loosely

4. Analytic Drawing: drawing as a way to dissect,

understand and represent; drawing from observation
5. Perspective Drawing: drawing as a way to represent
volume, space, light, eye-level (horizon), surface planes,
and scale
6. Geometric Drawing: drawing as a means to precisely
represent all aspects of construction; drawing that shows
measured scale, true sides,
sections, and a variety of descriptive views.
7. Diagrammatic Drawing: drawing in order to investigate,
explore, and document concepts and ideas; drawing as an
active design process where ideas evolve due to
adjacencies and happenstance
8. Illustration Drawing: drawing in order to document;
drawing to clearly state and render intent, style, size,
colour, character, effect, and so on
c) What do you understand by projection?
Projection is a practice in engineering in which is used to
show the different views of an object usually in 3dimension on 2-dimensional media (plain paper or
computer screen) to the principal planes.
d) Explain parallel projection and perspective
projections?
(1)Parallel projection is a projection from one plane to a
second plane in which the lines joining points on the first
plane and corresponding images are parallel.
(2)Perspective projection is a projection from one plane to a
second plane in which the lines from the object converge to a
point on the second plane.
Question 2
a) What are the purposes of standardization in the
technical drawing?
The purpose of standardization in technical drawing is
to allow for a consistent means of interpreting drawings
which conform to a pre-agreed standard. E.g. ISO
Standard. Drawing standards are used so that drawings
can have the same meaning to anyone anywhere.
b) Explain the implication of the following drawing
scales:
i. Scale 1:1

 This is used when you want to create an exact replica of

the sample of drawing you have, no dimension is
changed.
ii. Scale x:1, where x is greater than 1
This is the reduction of the size of sample of drawing
you have to the scale given i.e. x, mostly because the
sample is too big to fit into your paper size.
iii. Scale 1:x, where x is less than 1
This is reduction of the size of the sample of drawing
given i.e. x.
Question 3
Mention ten (10) basic line types, the type of specified
lead to be used and their uses.
(1)Continuous thick lines >>> Visible outlines and edges
(2)Short dashes (thin) >>> hidden outlines and edges
(3)Continuous thin lines >>> dimension lines
(4)Chain thin lines >>> centre lines
(5)Dash thick line >>> hidden lines
(6)Continuous irregular thin line >>> limits of partial view
(7)Normal wave line >>> hidden details
(8)Thin lines with arrow head >>> for dimensioning
(9)Chain lines with thick ends >>> for cutting planes
Question 4
Explain briefly, five good characteristics of good
lettering.
LINE THICKNESS: there should be uniformity in the
thickness of the line to create a neat drawing.
SIZE: the stated size should be maintained in cases where
uppercase is to be used.
FONT TYPE: the type of font used in every aspect of
lettering should be the adhered to in cases where
standardization requires it.

 LETTER AND LINE SPACING: the space between a previous

letter and the next should be the same throughout the
work to get a uniformed work.
SHAPE: All text should have uniform shape as well.
Question 5
a) Explain briefly the duties of each of the following
professionals:
Civil engineers - they are in charge of constructing
infrastructural facilities such as roads, bridges, houses
e.t.c.
Electrical engineers they are in charge of designing of
equipments that are electrically powered e.g. house
hold gadgets, generators e.t.c.
Electronics engineer they are the set of engineers are
concerned with application of electricity in designing,
developing electronic devices.
Computer engineers they are engineers that deal with
designing and developing both hard ware and software
that control some specific process such as computers,
automobile machines, robotics and system of machines.
ICT engineers they deal with the concept of
technology such as the internet, communication
systems etc.
Petroleum engineers these are engineers which are
involved in the research and exploration of natural
minerals.
Chemical engineers - These groups of engineers are
concerned with design, construction and management
of factories in which the essential processes of chemical
reactions takes place.
Mechanical engineers - Engineers in this field design,
test, build and operate machinery of all types, the also
work on different construction sites.
Structural engineers -these set of engineers are slightly
related to the civil engineers but actually specialize on
fabricating buildings.
Building technologists he researches on the
composition, strength of materials and methods of
building structures.

 Architects - Architect is concerned with the drawing and

modelling of structures, giving the real life view of a
structure either on paper or computer.
Quantity surveyors - A quantity surveyor is one who
assesses the cost of construction job based on the
amount of labour and materials required to complete it.
Land surveyors - They specialize in survey and mapping
called cartography. Cartography includes all activities in
the fields necessary to develop maps as well as the
activities in the office associated with drawing, editing
and printing of map. Cartographers make use of data
gathered by physical survey, aerial photography and
other forms of radiant techniques, for maps and charts.
Automobile engineers - These are the engineers that
design the engines of cars and vehicles, also all the
accessories that are found in a vehicle.
Industrial engineers - This set of engineers deal with the
efficient use of machinery, labour and raw materials in
industrial production.
b) Mention at least five (5) importance of technical
drawing to each of the above listed professionals?
Civil engineers
(1)Technical drawing is used to make building plans.
(2)It is applied in showing the sectional views of
intended structures to be constructed.
(3)It enables them to put present the works of
imagination into paper.
(4)It is a means to show the full details of what the
engineer wants to build.
(5)Construction of structures is made easy through the
dimensioning and emphasizing on the building
features.
Electrical engineers(1)The drawing of integrated circuits is made possible.
(2)It helps in the designing of systems.
(3)It enables them to present the wiring of a building.

(4)It helps in the designing of power systems

(5)It enables them to actually present what they intend
to manufacture and make necessary adjustments on
the paper before they are made physical.
Electronics engineers
(1)The presentation of circuit diagrams is made
possible.
(2)It enables the designing of devices and also
improving on them through the initial design.
(3)They are used to locate any defect and easy fixing of
electronic devices.
(4)Also it makes work easier for them.
(5)It helps in the durability of any electrical products
manufactured.
Computer engineers
(1)The drawing of computer hardware.
(2)Designing of the memory systems.
(3)Presenting the diagram of the processing units.
(4)Putting ideological ways of which the computer
operates.
(5)Proper dimensioning of the parts that make up the
computer system.
Information communication technology
engineers
(1)Give them the basic knowledge of how to design the
telephone systems.
(2)Give them the basic idea of developing a
communication system.
(3)Complex devices mainly the control system are
designed through the basics of technical drawing.

(4)It enables them to be able to accomplish their aim by

drawing the parts that make up any communication
system.
(5)Improvement on the designs of devices through
creative thinking which brings about the advancement
in technology.
Petroleum engineers
91)It enables them to draw the different parts that
make up the oil rig.
(2)The refinery is made through the drawing of the
drawing of its different components.
(3)Pipelines are made through the knowledge of
technical drawing.
(4)Also aid the easy operation of the petroleum
engineers in the oil rig which helps them to manoeuvre
the basic equipments.
Chemical engineers
(1)In the manufacture of reactors.
(2)In the creation of furnaces
(3)It gives them the basic knowledge in the
manufacture of chemical apparatus.
(4)It also enables them to create a system for chemical
processes.
(5)It gives them the basic idea of making machines
used for certain processes.
Mechanical engineers
(1)The skill in technical drawing by mechanical
engineers shows how good they are.
(2)It is the basics on how to produce machines.
(3)This enables them to clearly display the kind of
machinery on paper before any other step.

(4)Different parts of machines are drawn before they

are copulated.
(5)It helps them to clearly state how a particular
designed machine operates.
Structural engineers
(1)It gives them the basic idea to know how to draw the
plans of buildings
(2)It gives them the basic idea in designing structures.
(3)Also plans of buildings drawn on the paper are used
on the site to clearly transfer what the structural
engineer had drawn into the ground
(4)Also it gives them the creativity in designing more
beautiful and complicated structures.
They apply the knowledge when building platforms of
oil rigs.
Building technologist
(5)It enables them to interpret drawings while
construction is taking place.
(6)It gives them the basics of construction of houses.
(7)It gives them good skills in their job.
(8)It enables them build other structures.
(9)It enables them to build factories.
Architects
(1)It gives them the knowledge of drawing building
plans.
(2)It helps them during construction.
(3)It helps them to draw the different views of the
building.
(4)It enables them to bring about new innovations
Quantity surveyors

(1)It helps them in measurement

(2)It enables them to get estimates.
(3)It enables them to section work that would be done
on the site.
(4)It enables them to calculate the quantity of materials
needed
(5)It gives them the ability to know the different section
of building.
Land surveying
(1)It helps them in dimensioning
(2)It helps them in making maps
(3)It helps them in taking measurement
(4)It helps them in making land lay out
Auto mobile engineers
(1)It enables them in making sectional drawings of parts
of the vehicles
(2)It helps them in dimensioning
It enables them to make measurements
It enables them to read and interpret drawings
Industrial engineers(3)It helps them in dimensioning
(4)It helps them in reading and interpreting drawings
(5)It helps them in the designing of objects
(6)It helps them in making measurements
(7)It enables them to creative in designing
Question 6
a) What do you understand by the following
professions and their roles in the development of
engineering and technology?

An engineer, a technologist, a technician, a

craftsman, an artisan.
(1)An Engineer is one who engages him/herself in the
study of his environment to discover problems in life and
by means of applied knowledge solves such problems.
(2)A technologist is one who tries to proof theorized
concepts and translate them into practical products.
(3)A technician is more of a man power person, who is
directly involved in construction and maintenance of all
levels of engineering machines and equipment.
(4)A craftsman is not as we would classify as one who
uses a structured base method to do his designs and
create products, he is more of locally oriented in the use
of tools and equipment.
(5)An artisan expresses his thoughts into his work, show
casing various arts, customs and traditions as the case
may be.
b) Classify each the list above (2a) according to the
following:
i. Proficiency in drawing/ design
ii. Read and interpret drawings
iii. Make a design
Proficiency in drawing an engineer
Read and interpret drawings a technician, crafts man &
artisan.
Makes a design a technologist
c) What do you understand by
i. Drafting
ii. Designing
Drafting, also called mechanical drawing, is the process of
representing topography, engineering works, buildings, and
pieces of machinery by means of conventionalized drawings
called mechanical or engineering drawings. The techniques of
drafting are an important part of all types of engineering and
manufacturing and are also used in such diverse fields as
architecture and geology.
The fundamental purpose of a mechanical drawing is to
convey the exact shape and dimensions of an object. An
ordinary perspective drawing gives no information about

hidden details of the object and is not drawn to scale. The

technique of conventional drafting is to use two or more
projections to represent solid objects. These projections
are views or plans of the object and are not complete in
them, but when taken together they represent every
dimension and detail of the object.
Designing is creating an object's form and function.
Designing can involve making products, machines, and
structures that serve their intended purpose and are
pleasing to the eye as well.
Question 7
Mention ten applications of technical drawing in terms
of the design drafting applications.
(1)It serves as a foundation on which the other professionals
that work on the building construction will follow.
(2)Technical drawing provides a means of graphical
communication between the contractor and the client
(3)It helps to give a picture of a prospective engineering
work piece yet to be put together.
(4)It is very useful in representing big structures on small
worksheets using the appropriate scale.
(5)It also helps to show details of the machinery in view on
the conventionalized drawing piece
(6)It can serve as a standard to know the amount of input
needed to make the drawing a reality.
(7)It makes the putting together of machine parts easier and
very precise.
(8)It gives precise information on where certain features of
the work piece are located.
(9)It tells professionals that work on the building or work
piece details on the type of material to be used for certain
features.
(10)It also helps to gives precise dimensions on the work
piece to be worked on.

Question 8
What do you think are the best ways of teaching either
a technical drawing or engineering graphics?
The best way to teach technical engineering or
engineering graphics to students is to use computer aided
tools such as auto CAD to teach student because they
tend to understand what they see more than what they
hear, but in absence of these tools, the lecturer should
organize a practical class whereby he explains and
analyzes the details to the students.
Question 9
What do you understand by engineering graphics with
engineering drawing in the figure?
(1)The figure is a flowchart showing the different stages a
project undergoes during production. In this case we have a
machine part, the orthogonal projection of the machine part
is drawn to standards, and correct dimensioning is done.
(2)The second stage is the drawing in different views stage
to get possible hidden details of the machine part, to get an
accurate proposed working drawing of the part.
(3)The last stage is the output stage whereby the finished
drawing may now be sent to the workshop for the sample
product to be made.