ABSTRACT

Tuan's Topophilia: The Making

of a Citation Classic
Dean Sinclair
Graduate Student

First published in 1974, Yi-Fu Tuan's

work Topophilia has become one of the
most cited works in human geography.
Using the method of citation analysis and
data from the Citation Indexes, this paper
explores the frequency of Topophilia's inclusion as a reference in scholarly literature. A temporal trend is identified, which
indicates that citation to Topophilia rose
in the late 1970s, dropped in the early
1980s, but rose again in the late 1980s.
Within journals, the references to Topophilia by geographers has declined since
the 1980s while citations in literature in
the humanities has increased since the
late 1980s. A four stage life-cycle of a "citation classic" is put forward: (1) Publication Stage; (2) Consolidation Stage; (3)
Implementation Stage; and (4) Incorporation Stage.
citation analysis, Yi-Fu Tuan,
Topophilia, geographical literature.

KEY WORDS :

INTRODUCTION
What are our private views on the
physical environment, natural and
man-made? How do we perceive,
structure, and evaluate it? What have
been, and what are, our environmental
ideas? How do economy, life style, and
the physical setting itself affect environmental attitudes and values? What
are the links between environment and
world view?
These are some ofthe questions that
I wish to explore.
From the Introduction to Topophilia.
(1974)
Department of Geography and Anthropology
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803

68

In 1974, a short book with a strange ti tle appeared which drew upon a wide
range of sources, including drama, poetry, art, music, psychology and the Bible.
It's purpose was to construct an argument
about environmental perception, attitudes, and values. Yi-Fu Tuan's Topophilia
(1974) is both engaging and engrossing,
and firmly centers the human in humanistic geography. And even though the
book bears scant resemblance to other
work in geography, it is one of the most
cited books in geographic literature. It has

become, in the words of one study, a "ci tation classic" (Wrigley and Matthews,
1986). This paper explores the frequency
of Topophilia's inclusion as a reference in
scholarly literature to better understand
how a major work in geography becomes
a citation classic. Three basic issues are
explored in the analysis of the work's citation history: (1) the temporal trend of citations; (2) the disciplinary trend of citations; and (3) the spread of Tuan's work
into the larger stream of social science.
These issues will be addressed using
citations included in the Institute for Science Information (lSI) Indexes. Like any
source of data, the lSI Indexes have limitations. Yet, as Garfield (1984) notes:
" Since their inception [the Indexes have
been] recognized by information scientists and sociologists as important tools
to help study the history, evolution, and
sociology of science" (p. 3) . Geographers
have used citation analysis, the systematic examination of the citation record , to
gain insight to the understanding of the
structure of geographic knowledge . The
study of the citation history of Tuan's Topophilia provides insights into the making of a citation classic and the impact of
geographic knowledge on the larger
realm of human understanding .

and as a youth was educated in China ,

Australia, and the Phil ippines. He received his undergraduate and Master's
level training at the University of Oxford,
and his doctorate from the University of
California (Berkeley) in 1957. After holding teaching positions at Indiana University, the University of New Mexico, and
the University of Toronto, he arrived at
the University of Minnesota in 1968. He
was teaching at the University of Minnesota when Topophilia was published in
1974.
Much of Tuan's early work dealt with
physical geography, particularly landforms, as exemplified by such titles as
" Types of Pediment in Arizona" (1954),
"Soil Evolution and Land Form Development" (1958) , and "Structure, Climate,
and Basin Land Forms in Arizona and
New Mexico" (1962) . Despite this physical orientation , there was a diversity of
thought in his publications, with titles including "Use of Simile and Metaphor in
Geographical Description" (1957) and
" Topophilia, or Sudden Encounter with
the Landscape" (1961) , that would come
to fruition in his first major work,
Topophilia.
Published at a time when the reverberations from the quantitative revolution
were still rumbling through geographic
TUAN AND TOPOPHILIA
thought, Topophilia was greeted by generally favorable though somewhat uncerThe term "topophilia" literally means
tain reviews. Writing in the Annals of the
love of place. It was introduced into geAssociation of American Geographers,
ography by Tuan in 1961 and drew on the
Douglas K. Fleming (1975) felt that Topowork of French physicist and phenomephilia was a "quiet book" with "the psynologist Gaston Bachelard. Bachelard
choanalyst's air of calm detachment" (p.
ensueo was exploring the " images and pleasant
315). On the other hand, Fleming stated
,
reveries that are prompted by certain
that " the main theme itself, however reensimis types of space, especially enclosed space
mamient
current and v ividly illuminated, cannot
... " (Tuan, 1961, p. 30). Tuan extended his
o
create a cohesive framework" (p. 315)
original 1961 essay in the book Topophilia
and that " ... the author's performance
(1974) to incorporate a much broader
ampliohas been rather analogous to a juggling
range of emotions and experiences beact with too many balls in the air . .. " (p.
tween people and place, defining to po316). In the end, however, Fleming found
philia as " ... the affective bond between
that " the subtle, complex sentiments
people and place or setting," not just the
which Tuan emphasizes may not always
feelings towards enclosed spaces exremind us of our own feelings about
pressed by Bachelard.
place, but they may induce us to reeval Yi-Fu Tuan brought a broad range of
uate our own " (p. 316). A somewhat more
experience to his study ofthe complex recritical review appeared in the Profeslationships between people and places.
sional Geographer by Dan Stanislawski
He was born in Tientsen, China in 1930,
el sentimiento sutil y complicado con el que Tuan enfatizaba
quizs no siempre nos hacia recordar por nuestra cuenta la
sensibilidad o sentimiento sobre el lugar, pero poda inducirte a
revaluara por tu propia cuenta.

69

Text

(1974). The author stated that "Topophilia

is a suave, seductive, provocative volume" (p. 457) and that "one wants to be
convinced [by the book), but in places one
is disheartened by dubious examples" (p.
457). Nevertheless, Stanislawski asserted
that "the criticisms made here refer to
sources used and to some conclusions,
but in no way should they be construed
as critical of the spirit of the book" (p.
458) .
The book received a glowing review
from David Lowenthal (1975) : "Topophilia
evokes many comments but few criticisms" (p. 424) and that " [Tuan'sJ success
is a consequence of his ability to make
whatever interests him very much his
own, and to eschew formalism and jargon in favor of compassionate and literary vision" (p . 424). As Lowenthal states
in his review, much of the book's power
comes from its style, which is clear yet
challenging and thought-provoking . In a
typical passage which gives a taste of the
work's lyrical flavor, Tuan writes:
A large city offers many types of physical environment. Let us focus on the
street scene. The street would seem to
be a fairly specific type of physical environment but in fact its character and
use can vary enormously. At one extreme, it is a narrow crooked lane, unpaved or paved with cobble, packed
with jostling people and carts, a place
that assaults the senses with noise,
odor, and color. At the other, it is a
wide straight avenue, bordered by
trees or blank walls, an imposing
space that is almost devoid of life (p.
174).
The ideas presented in Topophilia and
the clarity of their presentation combine
to make this a powerful book that has
weathered the passage of time. Since its
publication in 1974, Topophilia has been
widely cited both within and outside Geography. In a study of citation levels in
geography by Wrigley and Matthews
(1986) Topophilia was the only work in
humanistic geography identified as a citation classic according to their criteria.
The question then becomes when and
where has Topophilia been cited, and

70

does the citation history tell us something

about Topophilia and its role in the world
of ideas.
THE METHOD OF CITATION ANALYSIS
Likened by one prominent English geographer and practitioner of citation analysis to " navel gazing" (Wrigley, 1983), citation analysis has been pointed to a
variety of ends, many worthwhile but
some more dubious. Citation analysis has
been used to identify "centurions"
(Whitehand, 1985), " new centurions"
(Wrigley and Matthews, 1987), and
" weavers of influence" (Bodman, 1991). It
has been used to track heavily cited books
and articles published in the geographical
literature (Wrigley, 1985; Wrigley and
Matthews, 1986), as well as to model the
intellectual structure of a research speciality (Gatrell, 1984). In the United States
citation analysis has been utilized in an
effort to rank the " prestige levels" of geography programs (Turner and Meyer,
1985) and to track the rising importance
of journals published by the Association
of American Geographers at the expense
of journals such as Geographical Journal
and Geographical Review (Gatrell and
Smith, 1984). Many of these articles have
generated considerable heat, as a particular ox has been gored, prominent names
left out, or cherished traditions trampled
upon (Lowenthal, 1992a; Lowenthal,
1992b; Whitehand, 1992; Bodman, 1992).
The data to examine the citation history of Topophilia are taken from three of
the Citation Indexes published by the Institute for Scientific Information: Social
Science Citation Index (SSCI); Science Citation Index (SCI); and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) . The citations
will be analyzed for the years 1974 (year
of publication) to 1992, the last year of
complete information. The majority ofthe
citations to Topophilia during this period
were from the SSCI, with fewer in the
AHCI, and fewer still in the SCI.
The limitations of the Citation Indexes
are well documented (Curry, 1991 ; Lowenthal, 1992; Matthews, 1993). The major
limitations involve the temporal nature of
the data as well as the choices of journals
covered. In addition, the spatial coverage

of the three indexes has largely been restricted to English language journals published in the United States, Canada, and
the United Kingdom . Other problems include the exclusion of an article's co-authors in a separate citation record, misspellings of authors, citations placed in
the wrong journals, and missed citations.
Another major area of concern is the exclusion of books and other types of media
in the Indexes, giving greater weight to
periodical literature at the expense of
other types of information.
In addition to the limitations of the
data, there are problems in the way citations have been used. Self citations are a
problem in many studies, inflating an author's citation count. Short works such as
book reviews and short notes which gen erally do not contribute greatly to the
knowledge base can also inflate an author's count. There have been instances
of double counting of citations from different indexes, wh ich can also inflate an
author's count. In addition, in most studies using a citation analysis approach the
citations themselves are simply counted
and the value of the cited work to the new
research is not considered . Thus whether
the cited work is of substantial importance to the new work or is included as a
" courtesy citation" by the author to cover
all bases is left unexplored.
Many of the problems associated with
the use of citations-particularly citation
inflation through self-citations and book
reviews - can be avoided in a careful
analysis of one work such as Topophilia.
In addition , book reviews of Topophilia
and the citation of this work in reviews of
other works are designated in the indexes
and thus can be analyzed separately.
However, a full analysis of the type of citation, whether it is a substantive citation
or a "courtesy citation," is not being explored in this study because of the sheer
number of total citations.
For the purposes of this analysis, journals will be grouped into six categories:
(a) Association of American Geographers
(AAGHnstitute of British Geographers
(IBG) Journals; (b) Other Geography
Journals: (c) Environmental Studies; (d)
Behavioral Studies; (e) Planning and Ur-

ban Studies; and (f) Other Literature. Except for the category " AAG -IBG Journals," the categories are based on the
groupings within the lSI publications.
Previous citation research (Wrigley and
Matthews, 1986) has separated out the
journals published by the Association of
American Geographers (Annals, Professional Geographen and the Institute of
British Geographers (Area, Transactions
of the Institute of British Geographers) , as
worthy of independent study. For the purposes of this analysis, then, it is worthwhile to split out these four publications
to examine how authors in these journals
have used Topophilia in their work as
compared to authors in other key geography journals. The category of " Other
Literature" is a wide ranging category of
57 different journals, mainly from the humanities, such as Ariel, Diogenes, South
African Historical Quarterly, and Folklore.
These journals generally include only one
or two citations to Topophilia over the period 1974 to 1992. It should also be noted
that several of the journals in the "Environmental Studies" category, such as Environment and Behavior, are strongly influenced by geography.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Recently, Matthews (1993), in an article
highly critical of past citation analyses,
acknowledged many worthwhile uses for
citation analysis. Paraphrasing his research questions, the questions to be explored in this citation study of Topophilia
are as follows :
(1) What is the overall time profile of
the citation of Topophilia?
(2) Which journals/disciplines carry
articles citing the work? and finally,
(3) What are the time trends ofthe various journals/disciplines citing To pophilia, and are these trends
different?
ANALYSIS OF THE CITATIONS
Between 1974 and 1992 Topophilia
was cited in publications indexed by lSI a
total of 242 times (Table 1). None of these
71

TABLE 1
Citations to Topophilia, 1974-1992
Year

Number of
Citations

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983

4
7
11
18
17
13
10
12
8
12

Year

1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
TOTAL

Number of
Citations

9
19
20
20
17
7
12
14
12
242

Source: lSI Indexes.

242 citations were penned by Tuan. A total of 117 indexed journals have at least
one citation to Topophilia during this period. Of the 242 citations, 24 (11%) were
from book reviews either of the work itself or of related works. In addition, 20 citations (8%) were in review essays, notes,
letters, or other commentary type pieces.
In this study, all of the 242 citations from
the lSI Indexes are included in the analysis. The average citation rate of Topophilia in the 19-year period between 1974
and '1992 was 12.7 citations per year.
When compared with the levels proposed
by Wrigley and Matthews (1986) of 70 total citations with an average of 5 citations
per year as the definition of a citation
classic, it is clear that Topophilia far exceeds the requirements to earn that title.

Temporal Analysis
Topophilia has been heavily cited since
its publication in 1974. When the temporal trend of citations is graphed, an interesting pattern emerges (Fig . 1). Looking
at two-year periods between 1974 and
1992, in the period immediately following
its publication the citation totals were
high . By 1980, the number of cites had decreased. However, after 1980 the level of
citation remained relatively steady until
1984-85, when the number of citations
rose precipitously. In the period from
1986 to 1987 there was a surge in the
number of citations of Topophilia, with

72

the text generating more cites in this period-more than a decade after its publication-than in any of the previous periods. After 1987, the citation counts
began to decline, recovering slightly in
the 1990-91 period before plunging in
1992.
Citations to Topophilia have a definite
temporal pattern. The early peak followed
by a trough followed by an even higher
peak so long after publication seems to
suggest that Topophilia's impact was
greatest many years after its publication.
In addition, the relative decline in the
1990s suggests a change in the perception of Tuan's work in recent years.

Journal Analysis
Tuan is a geographer, and geography
can be considered as the originating discipline of Topophilia. Nevertheless, it is a
wide ranging work that has broad appeal
in many different disciplines. The broad
appeal of the ideas contained in Topophilia is clear from the many journals in
which the work has been cited.
Geography, however, is the single discipline that has most cited Topophilia (Table 2). Over 40 percent of all the citations
to Topophilia between 1974 and 1992
were in geographic journals. A much
smaller percentage ofthe total cites (13%)
was in the "AAG-IBG Journal" category,
and over half of these citations were in
the Annals. In the "Other Geography

40

35

30
25

20

15

10

74-75

76-n

78-79

80-81

82-83

I_

84-85

86-87

88-89

90-91

92

# of citations

FIGURE 1. Citations to Topophilia, 1974 - 1992

Journals" category, the three journals
which were most active in the citation of
Topophilia included Progress in Human
Geography (13 cites), Canadian Geographer (12 cites) and Geographical Review
(11 cites) . This accounts for more than
half of the total citations in this category.
Geography and the Journal of Geography, with eight citations each, are also
significantly represented in the citation
record .

After geography, the journal category

"Environmental Studies" contains the
second highest concentration of Topophilia citations. In this broad category, the
four journals Environment and Behavior
(7 cites), Environment and Planning 0-50ciety and Space (4 cites), Environment
and Planning A (3 cites), and Human Ecology (3 cites) total well over half the citations to Topophilia in this category. Several journals of leisure research which are

TABLE 2

Citations to Topophilia by Journal Category, 1974-1992

Journal
AAG -IBG Journals
Other Geography Journals
Environmental Studies
Planning and Urban Studies
Behavioral Studies
Other Literatu re
Total

Number of Citations

Percent of Total

32

13

70

29

29
25

12
10
7

17
69
242

29
100

Source: lSI Indexes.

73

included in this category have also drawn

on Tuan's work. Many of the journals in
the "Environmental Studies" category
have strong disciplinary links to geography, which may explain the strong citation record.
Planning and Urban Studies literature
has also drawn on Tuan's work. There are
a total of 16 journals in this category,
though the majority ofthese journals contain only one or two citations and only
one journal in the category, Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, had
four citations.
The impact of Topophilia on the literature in Behavioral Studies has not been
as great as might be expected given its
emphasis on human perception and attitudes. There were 15 total citations in the
psychological and psychiatric literature,
and five of these cites (33%) are found in
the International Journal of the Addictions. Two other journals, the Journal of
Environmental Psychology and the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
have two citations each, which accounts
for more than half the total citations in
this category.
The "Other Literature" category is difficult to characterize because of the wide
range of journals included. Many ofthese
journals are in the humanities, which
seems to have found considerable salience in Tuan's ideas. Several folklore
journals, such as the Journal of the Folklore Institute, New York Folklore, Folklore,
and Western Folklore, are represented, as
are journals of literature, art criticism, sociology, and history. The overriding impression is one of eclectic interest in the
ideas expressed in Topophilia, though in
most of these journals there is only one
or at most two citations to Tuan's work.
One interesting absence from the list
of journals citing Topophilia is literature
in archeology and anthropology. Only
two anthropology journals, Annual Review of Anthropology and Anthropological Linguistics, and one archeology journal, World Archeology, are represented
with only one citation each . This suggests
that Tuan's ideas of culture, perception,
and the making of place as expressed in
Topophilia have had less impact on this
academic community.
74

Citation Over Time by Journals

It is clear that Tuan's Topophilia has
been regularly cited over time and in a
wide variety of journals. This does not,
however, address changes over time
within journals. With total citations taken
at four-year intervals within journal categories for ease of analysis (except for the
three-year period 1990-92) some interesting patterns emerge (Fig. 2). In many
of the journal categories citations to To pophilia increased slowly but steadily
through the 1970s and 1980s until peaking in the late 1980s, long after its
publication.
The citation trend in the geographic literature runs slightly counter to the general trend. In the " AAG-IBG Journals" category total citations declined slightly
from 1974 to 1985, at which time there
was an increase in citations to the levels
reached soon after its publication . This increase was followed by a marked decrease in citations in the 1990s. The trend
for citations in the category "Other Geography Journals" is somewhat different,
peaking at a very high level in the period
1978- 1981, then stabilizing at a somewhat lower rate throughoutthe 1980s, followed by a substantial decline in the
1990s.
Citations in the "Environmental Studies" category over time shows slow
growth in the 1970s and early 1980s,
peaking in the late 1980s, and, like the geography journals, falling off in the 1990s.
The "Behavioral Studies" category rose
during the late 1970s, then stabilized in
the early to mid 1980s before increasing
in the late 1980s and dropping precipitously in the 1990s. Citations in the "Planning and Urban Studies" category follow
a similar trend, except with a more moderate decline in the late 1980s.
The "Other Literature" category stands
in sharp contrast to the previous journal
categories. Starting at a relatively moderate level, the citations to Topophilia increased steadily throughout the period,
even into the 1990s. This suggests that as
citations to Topophilia were beginning to
drop in literature ofthe original target audience-particularly geography and environmental studies-it was steadily ris-

25

20

15

10

1978-81

1974-77

1982-85

1986-89

1990-92

.------------------------------------.
<>

AAG-IBG Joumals

Planning and Urban Studies

Other Geography Journals

1<1 Behavioral Studies

Environmental Studies

Other Literature

FIGURE 2. Citations to Topophilia by Journal Category, 1974- 1992

ing in a wide range of journals in the
humanities and other disciplines.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CITATION
CLASSIC
Given the citation trend of Topophilia
through time and within journals, a
framework can be put forward to assess
the making of a citation classic. Clearly,
there are patterns to the citation history
of Topophilia. Since its publication in
1974, four stages-a life cycle-of the citation record can be identified: (1) Publication ; (2) Consolidation; (3) Implementation; and (4) Incorporation.
Publication Stage
The publication stage of Topophilia
runs from the years 1974 to 1977, in
which a substantial number of the citations were book reviews. During this
phase well over half the citations were in
the geographic literature, the originating
literature of the work, and when the "Environmental Studies" category, with its
strong links to geography, is included the

percentage rises to almost three quarters

of the total citations. Thus in the publication stage, the discipline of geography
seemed to be digesting the ideas in
Tuan's book.
Consolidation Stage
The second stage in the life cycle of Topophilia, running from 1978 to 1985, was
marked by a relatively steady number of
citations over the two four-year periods,
with around 50 citations per period , or
well over 10 cites per year. This may represent a period in which the ideas expressed in Topophilia were bubbling under the surface of the intellectual debate
while being consolidated into new as well
as existing research programs. The
slowly increasing use of Topophilia in the
" Other Literature" category suggests that
during the consolidation stage Tuan's
ideas were penetrating a variety of
disciplines.
Implementation Stage
During this phase, from 1986 to 1989,
over a decade after its publication, Topo-

75

philia's citations rose to their highest

level. There was an increase in all of the
journal categories, with by far the largest
increase in total citations in the category
"Other Literature." The increases within
the "AAG-IBG Journals", "Environmental
Studies", and "Behavioral Studies" categories are mirror images, albeit at slightly
different levels. The increase in citations
during the Implementation Phase sug gests that Tuan 's ideas which had been
brought to bear on research programs
during the consolidation stage bore fruit
in the following four-year period. In other
words, researchers and writers seem to
have worked through Tuan 's ideas during
the late 1970s and early 1980s and put
them into play in their own research activities in the latter half of the 1980s.
Incorporation Stage
In the three-year period 1990 to 1992
there was a dramatic decline in the citation of Topophilia. This was true in all categories with the exception of " Other Literature," which showed a reasonably
healthy increase in citations. There are
several possible explanations for the citation record during this period . One possibility is that the ideas contained in Topophiliawere discredited and abandoned
in favor of new ideas. A second, and more
likely, explanation is that by 1990 the
ideas in Topophilia had been incorporated into the broad fabric of knowledge
and the work was overtaken or superseded by new research at least partially
inspired by the ideas contained in Topophilia. This new research could well include Tuan's own subsequent efforts at
understanding human interaction with
and perception of place, such as Space
and Place (1977), Landscapes of Fear
(1980), and Segmented Worlds and Self
(1982). Another aspect of the incorporation stage is the continuing spread of
Tuan's ideas during the early 1990s into
the broad range of Arts and Humanities
literature represented by the category
" Other Literature." It appears that in this
literature Tuan's ideas still have strength
and applicability, while in the disciplines
to which Topophilia was originally ad-

76

dressed, the ideas have become accepted

features of the intellectual landscape.
CONCLUSION
Even taking into account the limitations of citation data from the lSI Indexes,
by any reasonable standard Tuan's To pophilia is a citation classic. In the making
of a classic, however, there seems to be a
life cycle as the work becomes a part of
the fabric of knowledge. When first published to generally positive reviews in
1974, at a time when quantitative methods were the rage in geography, Topophilia was difficult to categorize. Nevertheless, with its wide ranging ideas and
broad focus on human perception of the
environment and emotional attachment
to place, it appears that Topophilia has
had a profound impact on geographic research as well as work in other disciplines. With its citations beginning to
decline 20 years after publication, Topophilia may have become part of the
stream of knowledge which new research
in the realm of environment and perception does not cite because it is understood as a given. That may be the hallmark of a true citation classic.
Further work remains to be done. The
four-stage life cycle identified here could
be tested against other citations classics
to see if it is a general pattern or unique
to Topophilia. In addition, an examination
of citations to Topophilia in other books,
particularly geography textbooks, might
be revealing as to the role of Tuan's work
in the teaching of geography. Also, an examination of the citations themselves
could test which ideas in Topophilia have
been incorporated into the larger stream
of human knowledge, as well as to distinguish between "courtesy citations" and
substantive citations. Finally, a closer
study of the literature outside geography
which is citing Topophilia could be instructive in understanding when, where,
and how ideas from geography flow into
other disciplines. These questions could
help shed light on the role of geography
in the structure of human knowledge
which shapes our understanding of the
larger world in which we all live.

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