HVDC Unit 2
HVDC Unit 2
HVDC Unit 2
com
d',if
H!)Ltq4srhr" G
ll
\ a
J
"t
{o
3q
un
:tI
ed.
il
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
U:ilt,'.0-rlat
"'.o
'th
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
'':
a,
E ncoSudf
tF
"/l)
&.
,*[
L
-J -"'-
.tco
ry
\l--->
s,t1
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
o:^
L)a t - -E-*F'H]
I
^:r
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
"- -u
Qi
.r#
, tL,
^AL
*t*
6;:58;"6W
VJ"* Utrlq
SI prv t #*
#,
"A"o-tP
qt*
)'^At"
O.Juo-qo+
a llt
?**''
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V t^
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I
I
l,
I]
I
'' (gl
,..ii
4'-D
:.
kVn)
1=oJq
a-J
'Jv
-c>-
<51
i'
/^J".fr
*bt
ffi
d.lu'
9r.v = Pa&,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
^er-b, G
Slstems
Forq=3,
_&YaoI a
= 1.as1
The transformer utilization can be improved firther if t i.o valve groups can share a single
transfomer winding. IIl this case, the cunent (rms) mting of the winding can be increased by
a factor of .r[ while decreasing the number of windings by a factor of 2 For this case,
w.
\,
\9
=1.6a7
-$va"I a
E
o-
b,x^It^qlt
I\J
Ys
o
7
l
Ys
is given bY
rmqFrating on the
For a 6 pulse converter, this can be easily arranged. The Graetz circuit shown in Fig. 2:1
is obtained when the two winding (sho\rn in Fig. 2.9) are combined into one. Tllis is possible
shce the terminals a and o' are at the same potential (with respect to the supply neutral point
,n). Thus, it is shown that both from valve and transformer utilization considentions, Graetz
cfucuit is the best circuit for a si( pulse converter.
Ttferrr.- ;_j
.,
-l
In I{\DC
the ease ofcontrol
pulse coBverter is
t etween the two sets
one bridee and Y/A
um value of q which
)
ed.
6'
of
for
flltering requirements.
the tutr-characteristic
etc.) are not eliminated.
J^$4^
r-,.f\^NDll0,A
AIJ\
L,l rAf"-
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
T\
,l-
- ^.^n'[h
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
__:-=aF
43.'ttf;r!(
"'-"",
" ".a
problemifq-3,s-4.r-L
Solution
with
even value of q,
PItl = 2E -
n aB
V. -:sE sin"1t '-12V"inl=:Y'y=t-35y
- n ' a fi2
4 fi
1=J4=I-t-t.
=zt
r'lq
Pd^-=Vd.Id = 2'70v1
u*
2E^Eos+=2E^t's30'
gt
\lst^
r.srv
66'
- 3.3rw
s,,=e+1=1#=4.sw
with only six windings on the valve side
s,"
=ftw
flowing in
tie
two
=s.+esw
windings. Thus,
+irol
ti",
In determining the voltage
that the turns ratio of the
transformer feedilg the second
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
on
S!'temi
r. Vot. PAS'
6,
,..-/
(1
of Electdcal
SOURCE CONVERTERS
2.1
INTRODTJCTION
In this chapter we will take up the study ofconverter circuits used in both Line Commutated
(current source) Conve*erc (LCC) and Voltage Source Converter (VSC) stations.
ltre basic configuation of a three phase converter (both LCC and VSC) is a bridge converter
(also called Graetz Bridge) which can be fed from transformer windings connected in star or
delta. The converter transformer feeiling a Graetz br:idge sewes the objectives ofproviding
(i)
302, CIGRE,
(OLTC).
P
ase Sourced
'Itage Ditect-
{ian, China,
s3
ss
S5
s,
E Power snd
oc
s4
Note that an autotransformer can meet the last two objectives but cannot provide galvanic
sepFatior. Ttre Graetz bridge circuii is shown in Fig. 2.1.
lLere are 6 switches numbered in the order in which they are turned on. In a LCC, the
switches are macle of thyristor vah,es, whereas in a VSC, they are made up of IGBT valves
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
se
(a
2.2
In
G (Gate)
A th,'dstor valve (ideally) can be vielted as a switch which can be tumed on when the
(6rillg) signal
ter-rnitral A (anode) is positiv;with respect to the terminal K (cathode) and a gate
tu?ne'l
off only
it
can
be
on'
is
turned
stor
switch
Once
the
th)'
prcvided
G.
at the teminal
is
(when
wten the cur-rent ihrcugh it goes to zero and there is a minimum comrnutation margin
the voltage across the tt1'risidr is reverse biased - the voltage at termitral A i6 negative with
respect tJ K). In modem high voltage th,..istor device (rated at 8 kV and above), the margia
required may be hundreds oirnicroseconds ln geneml, when no gate pulse is present, the switch
should withstand both positive and negative voltages. Neglecting losses in the th]'ristor valves'
th voltage acmss the device is zero when it is tumed on alrd the current through the devices
is zero rpiren it is not conducting. In other wcrds, the valves can be ilewed as ideal si(itches
subject to the conshaints mentioned above.
(frorB
Note that the currcnt can flow only in one direction through the thlristor switch
the
towards
current
carry
S3
alld
55
51,
Thus,
the
switches
when
it
is
on.
to
cathocle)
anoale
--.{'
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
terminal ?'\vhile the s$ritches 52, Sa and Sd carIy current fiom the terminal 'N' The direct
cunent Id has to flow through at lea8t one valve in the upper group (S1, $ and S) and one
valve il the lower group (Sr, Sa add S5). Neglecting overlap between any two valves in a group,
we can state that;nly one,ralve conducts itt the uppel group ol lower gtoup Thus, in a cycle
ofthe applied AC voltage, these are six equal intervals as shown i4 Fig. 2.4.
N
l
tr
ul
F
c
q + 360'
FiE.2.:r: ;,l-. :,
,.r:-
ihat the switch Ss is turned on at o, = c[. Prior to fhis, switches S1 and 52 are
we
also assume that the switch Sr turas Qff as soon as the switch Sa tums on
and
conilucting
(neglecting the overlapl Overlap between the switches 51 and 53 cannot be negle'fed ifthere
are inductors in the circuit (due to leakage reactance of the convetter transformer) We will
analyze the converter circuit $/ith overlap in the nert chapter. Table 2 1 shows the DC voltages
across the colverter (VpN) for each of the six intervals.
We assuse
Tabie
lntewal
,3
V"l*s C".d*tt-q
Voltage
lv
4,5
5S
VI
6J
(VpN)
ebo
before
it is fired (turned
otr).
Ilwe
denote ero
ebn
: {24rsir.rr*
6
".tr,
Jle-.r',.,
t,t
e6rr l
e,
it)
- Iso'r
I
sin{(1)f
30")
- J;Errsin((])r-
90"r
iaEri
l;
i
J
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
,=;i^N* #- "ry
L"t\.r.Jusn'Ltcj\\,2>,.
*.5'= W;*c*1'*)
t't*'i)\'--Q!
-/v-
\I
a{a
d';:'; t-n4t
%N) = d;:;
-"\--,,\'^trffi"#*
Htr
##,#?-^d^!ffiS,b-o nls
&tr.^Tff^3*:m"
o"(te'l*o
%rt) =
*^.q
uil*
4
f..b.,
tr#
or^.tt.oryd
a a,,,.d z , ^
tr;.**gl
*9il4^,,',ffiff$ffiq
#Ai-*t^
t\ va\re 3'\A*T4
?il' +^*rt
fr;tr,
Toff.
ffi'.^k
\1 -# A;e"*rF
^;t#,
Y'"orq
T,,";',!-,, )-Fz:.*,*u
:Y;#ffK:*ilqfl
V
=fv|rn ,*.**ut)
"'/
si''
= rEuw
?b, www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Lu{t''
I-_fr["y
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
N+43
fr(JvletLs
sfr
.^C
d
1r"+uf
D6t{f
,
d,
5U
turt+
L6s
gzrtrQu fIL ,a
\--
4{
_xs
+&.ur[,e
r
Gtn
d- -/'
'xoqt)
uo[*'
u?
fl
q,(i t*['e{ I
;"di.
= StJz
1.-
ef)*e"t
^
A'
I"Lt
,rI
,F
t""\
F*.r3)-wrtt"2l
y)
.-1
1,^a\
.ar
&
r'{1
tfu/t -t-t
nfi n"u
i l.':
'
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
d Mt66
o(+{
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Q13
= *6.xsx
*G
=:--?ript"
.nZ t
^ o/gL__
d- ^ ,
_Cs,,
.^r..
Ls'n*'L au&]"*r
,1- n s\ I ,*n;"fi
nnfu&u'
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
tT.u+d
tftv/-
y-
----E- 6/3
Ery*: % \
X ^/'lJD "W .
a,"=
ds
a-
Ld
0.,,f
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
. ,/f,t"\,
r*.ft-l )
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
C1
- *?
q
--fa,"*
'ftw
vw Cu{
&-^rl
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
il6
/r
x f .e! tk'
wt
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
U
1..1oAl
4:
*,
t.t4
Wa,\rtqp
4:1
-_('uvrd'uchn'o,
I
2' 3'ldIA^{',
(tl'*D
I P=-bB)
t^'J'*h^i
u"l^*
,*n
ffi
' Pt ry
cl'^d'"Jh"
tqd'u '31 3 t;;^*
C
i)
,ru 3
v')"[^*
w
14ry '-,'*
t*qf5
ksJNA
R!"$^*J
rI^Y,,"AJ;-'
ow) oo^ a?.nnr tl6,
WYY
cDcrJS't
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ry'i,l?-'*
"@
4"r^,s
*, O : 9,= LtLFt)i,_,-.df#,i
Eus^i","<t
l:4
G
WAh
F
ql*Pm
JLcdJ?
t'H:il,==
'
aF
J*tc
o/N/T
(;
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
us-^rter,.t-
rffi*'x\rf
*/^
F''/C6sx-*1"+f'J
k$ L'qq
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
8J =,&
C.*o -
owQ
"c"F
W
. or-.
s*
-1,^.\oD
'.svfi'5X,'I"t-p
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
4 \t*--l-
\V>-(,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
iga
, Vd;,=
f\
'
' ;3tA
_gv
tr
L=
VJ
C,
.1
t,
tt
4 -l
a
CJS
<-
C-6f
*.tI
o* n + c^r A+:^91
-'
@
V;2
"1r*W
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
At*
,ho
&
at
6\ rtu
^'4
C0-Lt'l,rg
)0
'?
tc
Ii
V? -, =J--
G Eu__d_,1*T.)
:= ;6 t'^#
";
a;
e^"e
r*1
*c,ff
#":iffi
t" !ts *?J"
rfi-"'Y
,Stu'i^ofl-* +
Ao
c-t*$Mts
4r'^d:
- ${--
w)sv<
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
, t: r-:: i ,
.r.tl
.. :.a : _ -.
::
The waveforms ofthe valve currents and the cu-rrent in the valve winding aro distorted Thus,
the elrplession for the fundamental compoaent of the AC current derived for the case with no
overlair is Dot valid. :[he actual expression for the cuirent can be clerived ftom Fourier analysis
and is given by
t,
=1t1, + tlrlLt2
1rr=1rcosQ-frl*-+*-I
1,, f,sinq= 'G
[ 2z + sin 2o - sin l 6
;"1
'where
and
6 =d +
q""""-*.0, l
From the above expressionE, the power factor atrgle can b obtaineal as
2z
+ sin 2cc
cos2d
- sin 25
cop26
Tlle harmordc components in tl1e AC current are also altered. ltese are reduced from the values
calcu.lated wif.h no overlap. fhe reduction factor is givea by
=
+ K2
*r'
zaKeos(2& +
ct
lrl
F
A
dln
whe
.i"f,r
*'ril
H= Li-i -"K
"r[rr-ri]
hl
r=1lcosft-co6ro-&)]
2'
- = J6I'
I*
;;
fo! the case d = 30'. It can be seer1 that all the haxmoEies especially ofhighet order, alecrease
shaaply with inereasing values of a and the reductiotr factor lies in the range 0.1 td 0.2.
' The harmonies in the direet voltage are also alteritd due to overlap. It can be sho*n tbat
vu=
Ya.
wher
p=
"o.fta*rr!l
L
").(]=
i+t
*"ft,,
L
u))rt2
-t,iz)l
h.-1
''t
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
0.9
0.8
o.7
0.6
4.4
0.3
0.2
o1
0
20
10
30
40
u(deg.)
,.ic _.::..,r,.,:, t,
lv." \
;L
r:.4
i:.-:,r:.ir.r..::!
ofa and
'rrih cveisp
cc
01
h=12
0.09
o=45'
d = ab; :
0.06
!
.
d=
15"
005
0.04
'.:
d: O'
0.03
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
5 L \l( r
-_\4-
4g'vj
- 4\J fr,.^,ir'
Ai^*t f"^,.aj^p,
r*';ir],$-,g/,
###cfr{j%
ffi',*,-. J,,*
###*
{-"-@
o-a, )(tc*Y
ruC
^ di'
-c&=v-4-l-u
a\
\; _ u,f.lG ei)
Leig__ _or.:lZor-"'.
'-'"of
*'[ti
nn
\a
Lcdxz=\
'"
-e
" r attailt
r-:"E- rti_.
,t-t ^ AL =\7,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
{b
,
t
IT
\'6
Jr
- 'r-dL
'''.-V,
E'- j*^ t"sg".r6;
|
=
f,
LtJ*aF
r-1
Egt"'?,tuts]--d
=@
'ldL4
djj
+-c
,
,,_'
L-l?)
a
,r*.-fu
,lt*r
"lb__ aJ -rr
,; F,._ s\nu*_ + c
;G)
)rg-LJ - lzz:'"e."o
/ r'
,
6
Lu
'
t
"-/'F
-l
,.t'
W = l7s-F+
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
:,i|--
as
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I (Lt)
=-W: -ilt*?""r}
-- \l /r r-d-
i,g
rr&
=t2-*5*'**J*6
4
-u
t2 \ CfSt'^lu
\-tl-_
-J
dr'
.l- c ,,L \))
'!
h =oq--'t''fre*ti---@
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
-H^,t a^*Nf
A'"^\ vJ$nu
-u"
*".cal
d+rt-L- uC <
F"*-
9-e
'{J o ,$tt
?- 2RLp
TL
n
z
**Ao {
C^\
L-
4-A-+
\'^rr \rlz\
='
ort-Af, Lfi'^!-
atubryf'n
,
vdur.nj
roz-
L.e?--*)
codtldtg,
L*^u
,h^ -df
Lctff- E)',\
:\
-!-
d;
.P
aLetn^rt^)Y
ao
i, -- % -\a
j)
l, r lb+
\
).A
:'F
-+i\
aY-/
tuGA1-
,;6)=Yfu_n''xr
(01:; *ai- !sr"'^{"
^
)F -ff,
7- cF(.:F
i,t9
-u@
t_B
-l
f,tt; ---34T:*^**, k^
kffi##$ru#n
-a-.p
c,"r.d pe'';nu
S6.!P 'vn\-i'o
t
(
r/,i&i, Lot
^p,
;
*!frop+o
b--
lar-A
*j]--#S'i*-6"r%i"^
r-1
+60
;;TS,i_l;
_
l/ www.Vidyarthiplus.com
--)
13 ro1
(*-v-'9,._@
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1l cx tx
'-'s
Cil. v".l-.* q u t '
!."uxidrtr,.r
-\c
: q "'(Ftl'^-aD
A
(I"rD
+
I -e^,^s("{+{s)l
--'-- &lclnN + &l srF' 1x+p -6) q
&
= -;U-- ,",t $ A
g,-b'&i/&
^l
"4
qi<^i6N+tQ
4rs,i',
crsr
(k+rD;{.*i.Tr+e ( dt"--68)
-&
crss
(*q* -bF)st
Zl
=
-;
4{ = -rp
"
81st?-' "<
.,:,Y,#"-,1;1ff,f"
) -C
*rnnp, ":;r.1%;)J:F
:"?
+str
s*rct'i'"-?1"t.--1r5-6f
d [*itS\nx
stn
\
g.'r\*(Ye&*:
fl-l
-d,
hv^'y
cortx1'uq
t!,',-f- r.n 10 -;E
I
-a- l"
O{
rlf:ry
j
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a
)e
cto a.22<
.3'
bo
i^
\Ar\L
V'" \, ^.
r /f$L*
-lx"
\ .Kr\ij_ \ "
-,,,
;^..:
^o
'.11oo
,^=;t r*
.o
^rty.-bE
|
^
X4'6O
(e4j0g!46 =b
+(gy
f.''n
=2.^
z{
\-:-
=-@9
;4-P-bc/
=+WA^D
'
i!-*
|
pa L,n *
^^
ul,;
e1-
Vt
q'udd
\-- 3 fft,e^rLrd*t*o
-Jg,g1*
V3
2 l3^
-6Y'
F,^+il;*
(6ftat"{..9
- "_ rs'i^
:G
' r&',\u,'
t
f t-l
v-,-:t-66tt*tt
=gvsfi.;)*'p*p",1
l"ur[il$ 1t- ] r.r._=\ _st{a,I
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
l-
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
i l r-S
-- a
i
=+WAuk)
*
pa Lnu*
Vr-
J+pe q't'u'^tg
u!;
Vt
+fffar.6*_hu
=;erq:-,f;4** g
'5(#':ry\;;il*
*.qt
= _q\1."'L*
=$Usr"a
o^11
***
t4-z1) -'
* t'ti"'D
+ai*
*"ffi;=;r**ffi
-q.^b,rkfrry
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ft-u o"'-"Ar
&"..1 tk- 'a
..
{-o#
LL
.cL
\,2
. rOrld
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
f"
\-c.r_
z..a.l
4^ kl-t
(]
V=3c
f= o"
-? lr1:i
'l+
?"c
'4+.U % A
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
e"-c
ep
Aa,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ft=
a& +b
abU
bd
u4" u
p-=
t,
x-
'j-6
TI I val"c
?:r
F"d,"
lqb IQt-
fbc
tu W U44.U {6
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
D.
L6a
,@
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
IFtci
{-t
(^
"q,
t't
u4
!-b
r)
Y
,/t
-(-
^J
Itr='10
X=-o
y--q1
D.
-P eYb In
28
+-^,*,
nCIuo(
c\
D.
k"r
eq
"ekA%A&4.ekeL.
t. t; ( 3 v^imcl
+.LAA
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1:
tt
o
ll
d:
+
d
I
i66
++
B5
38
++
++
+
o
l.ig. 11. lnsiantan(-ouri currcnis irnd vLrlt3ges of threc-phase bridge convcrtca with
1.-. I5: and l1 =- 15 : (d) yirl|e ciIicI1ts; (r) line currents; (c) alternari g line-to"neutral
\oltagcs; (..1) dirc.t Fosili\e and ncgati\ e \-ohages with respcal to neutral point of ac soilrce:
(e) dircc! voltrge baiwec L!olL's: (/) voltage icross valve l. V(tlagcs icross orhcr vah,es
hrvc tha samc Ni\c fornr bur trc displaccd 60" aparti.li mcxns \alve 4 ignitcs; 2e, yah.e
I
cxtinguishes; etc.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
'1:.:.,:'1,,",
r olrr\ srirru,,r:urd'
:ll:1.
++
++
88
33
ac
rr
eeq
ll
EE
,,q.r _
I'
I
t-,
IJ-l
i.
.!i
J,
].,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
/=-'
11"
A*W
--v-
4'uP"l"-
t,*^t'l*
*
":., r
*t*
uon^'il*
.
:-::,t,
1fu w *A'* Y.,o^, rrMns^yt
un
"/^
;B^fw
t"
F f"#
"X
at^
eat:
b,*
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
"\
gP
g =- i 49'\'twww.Vidyarthiplus.com
o
f * = int+lgP
'\1
ice
--ice1-
co""t''nk
tY-d\c$i&h4
^rJ
'L^d
^\a "fTY Xiil'
fpi,,5 *'F
Ip! f'*
u*n^-"'fu"
Yq
&* 'ry
u6("rL'Llso,
---"
?:WI;,$l;il=q
s'^-^'\% 4{h"Yf,4,*;ffi t*t*]1:3
i**-'*f#ud
\ lb
?
a-pxg
Bhs
r
uft+Zb)
:'[*f
=- @ 1.
Bt-t-
4: =
,l/t
A'i'
11,
2
*
'il*f"
6b
v*
-qi)-{9
^
YY
fr':f*-
61G+r" Y=@
o
Q*b, = eo-e+ =-{t
-a-f,t, =
4t
-
'i" nt"J
lV,l=\vr\xe"
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
,
rO"t3o
tr
Auri^4'o,'rq-1j" ;t lta crrr'r^'-q-ctel
-*tuT
,Z lie^
Adqr"b t^
/dn
,
''.lbT''r-+--3
voftup
an*
e
4is'
e! t{1^")
'|
^ ^JY'nxry
eLP'=
l
''ft* ''i t >@
'qQo
Qnbp=rEE:.y;i _(."6 -"O
?b>rD=.ft *
'Fu-?1-*_a.f_,@
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
;o
'E
='
H'ffi"]
t;;
ffiW;Hns'm
A,Lrd
/^-v\r' v
?iu a-fet
'v
* #"4"
il-
nu*.;oihr-K^rt,r1
T.*',r,q,qff*;; r'."fl*+,1
qd$k,"bff*,"tr#
o{
ry,.
r-bakf,,*
1il;
c
;%
*'
ftffi
6(trxn
l#"
nr*r ?'Y
lY "4-#
g$orJ^"
lcal '/-"
!3 t3
\o
o
-, o
i ='o
J-lzrL)
TrAi
r*"'L
il,t^;
riolmo
&rdi.tt\\
Vq\N{o},_,
1..,. li-.1
I'T|L
t? ,-lT
llta) I 3/b)
fi1")l
\C! \tr.
1
'
T_
atnue
:l -,.
'gi
I!&jtrb)
st0')
@
S-tbI
l,r
SD
tb
6 rt
lu
*Tft 4'\
v,\
i
il;,4*
'/ a--
_--\-
-a*Ll
j
lH+
tPtS -fr t
A"N- a-r,
Q,k\D
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a-a-b-s
-l
Riu
--'tl
oVQ
a,-( a->
'
eaaa-
Lrl l't
f -'
I eow lbql
o/f
N,tl.rrjl ))*www.Vidyarthiplus.com
- --l- .rl*id#
---- ,,Yr,
n" uU
ffim
Wi''fi','
Mdgf^
ft^:o
/rr
0e)
anroulx oh
ov,
/4
rd$ .
)--%
-
'
= V4, W4u
'^qil
Jl-
eo
61"t+rl
c-d
r(
o(*Br
o l6:.f\;L+tf,t
.'
[u't' t")
"sttj )"
/
6-r^Getr (,*rt
= J^
"t+:3
[-*'gt',
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ol
ff
..
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Foo
VJr
.D
n (-tL49]
ert(&l*t+::-;
*n?,@d-"u)
6)
? [*+bE
-{)wlv^
^tTVJ-*'"uff q - r
-- L i)rAEur
% J-
cs rro
q+zt
l"
o l*6 1;t+tSg
)'*''*"
**
= 3N tgL")uslr
'"
4
[r
;
7t
;-
. .?xr"(1 /tl
-1
1t''sv+tt1
ltn*(*nq\*c'sfx+-lofl
edl\ *'
L
--::=-
. .1I fffi;i
. ,^.
I
,,>
-,,- /rr\
,;-"^t(.6'-El*(.-H"tgfffi
{
A xE{;4
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
:/+
lt
-ctn
lS
C-e's
lt
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
=
VA
*f+^)
= &o-V&
f"
,*tk" P,
?k.kJfu*;u;n'
c-r"':
hfr'Y
ooo
i#,ffi'
ij*ryiffi
-ry5 ;l
5
,ry'"*2
b'Yffi-eriu
' u
rr*{
b- r^*^d
'rsel
*,"-,,qrF{MH
aYn""
!"'h
^}
n f:i,!rcu*.-ifuMfu"
fi c.CI'*'hni^ fi,-fr.-i'+9 f- T=
-""nbhr,tr'i
lr--:t
= ./xJs" f.
.'
V(3)
=/tl1
'l^ w/-
t
\t\-6 t.)
f6e
=r'-b
a e
e
'lcYl=
lr-tz-
1u, =4 (iur-f',
O
J**- -\f
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
du
Pfly
a)""*^t
a)
uC
-180'
qw
! lclcp
bp !.
D qw
ytrLr< ttwyvLlL,
"D
o;}l@z"
120"
-120"
180"
i".
'1.154 |d
0.577 ld
lgD
ot
I
G
tu
2.154|d
1
&
.577
ld
ID
a.5771"
isr
of l3p'
and is are shown in Fig' 2'11' In deriving the waveform
l2O''
is to be noted that l6p lags i65 by 30i and i"p lags i6p by
supply current in
It can be shown that the rms value of the fundamental component of the
a 12 pulse converter is given bY
it
,t|=z.-Id
- r&,
I
The harmonic current /, is given
r.
-t-\
\ _.r,
by
'ot7(
1'-
,h h
(Lu^jr"Lt 6 k"M IL
-V2
ry
Tlns 8 lhp =lB
-ttt
lB"
O+\4--L^)x
U
L
o
lg E
Frru
4.**"
Xa/\^-a
;^*i*6
6
:l&L
A'o
a
A>-= I BP
2^'b{a
'.^%.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
a ^^-.4'^* %YffiW?*L
aoq
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
qY^.*Y+
AA
':arrofueru"
8f^tU:^^^'5,,""*D
$ot
{o'r""c
g]"e4
.,
lra".,**t^'
** *"* hrnj"
q
'=
Sanuwnxt
'
IAL
VL
,-.4
J-'
4' ee
t----.--n-fl
'-1,Tofg\hn
I
\ryrl
-)
orr t'6{l:
\
Alu
- o ^ft*il
'--sG e {*
=
r^
r\
=ak-t
'----.-\(1\)
n=rkt-l
"iga
tr
=
'
o7a
r^{'\!
, L e o'Y) ;nt'6r* ,p
'
'd M^i'{trp^}-*:Wu*4
/:./so
r[,t
K)
T'
-trtcsn^'rt
n u, =
',
*"o*r;k*ryH
= #_ulr*t
o-hq =
[rr,'"d
**
,L
6-"
4,ua
0r,
+=9int."
* Stnn
-*^q
*,
---1
T'ntr"" /"
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
= ; - '1{t g,
-d Je*r--6 Lnr f- f
^,(
Tf, c-ruaortb ia e
a
/<sLw)
T*
frn,
lft=
(r.
--7="-=-
&-x
:tvY
J }) s(n
,*.,fr"
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
L odd
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ct b.p.ul* Cr**^h
U
db ayu^f"+
a^r
,W"rL
lfu*
^"*Ai"
L ) Purt ruodq H=us
[,,
['i
eaq!*d
(r
F: Uc
fir,bl r'^-"J'r H t h
VJ,c
==34
--.-.}
'?
s-ou3 Js. A
*;
I
Q
l-p.lt
gs
,i^
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
A(
^"i
-h^'Qqg
'
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
- !- [*o4-x]eq.D
&
.,5S
t:
a6t(Nryr'*W)
-g
xlW)
.
'f
\
-__)
c^l@)
>-\
_=@
> eG[V\
(-/ --,
6W)
uW**U)
-f,E
^ t-\
/ vJ- \+/
-d(
4
\
@err;;@ D)
;' *y
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
,4
,jr1"eLtgt.
_+-VY\^,
--r
't7"
Lt
/t\r
I --u
+lc,cwur,td:Utis-n
TLu
n*"{."
,."phr
r ,
(J
,l
*Tlfis-u-
M.dt
a-to_
t' lt 3 AS
1[") b<bt
r-T Jel va],-tr^
_9-,'-=C
"=#,r"
aLh)
I
z
4 V.(6r-a;
--f Cb^;";
A -.
Lt"= ZV -a
M
i.q"r^
., - '6= 68-l,Y ,
Gt
T,f:,W*trWyp*
(-
r\
r:#'6,ji ',-$
J
yt\
-)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
th^KA
r-ot
n,.oAo
a&
^e,.
-;#)
cs lx-:E)
u': VJ" (G
w'
e-rE
tol'o*tt)
'85
4^
v;
q?u1 oqil
-tt
Jffits
,fu--
}fff",c, ,.,p,r'&)
.*tt/
LA Bt E ,,,,;"\t.
W
\d.rt')t
V
"\
V)
o\
-u/
cL
^1
- E-&
-------'---?.
?v;*
N,
l-,
?l-d
V3
to
bb
,O
g.>S
o-=/
5o
6f
F/,r
,rt1,
B
(-
)^
3\)
lg'
.O
p;
lo
bo
X^r
/e{,)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
..u"/
"
,t\1)t
U;>
----\ _ C
.\r/q
z\i
.-.,
e,C*:
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
t*
Vt
a\
vJ
i=
Vg"
t&L
,^=F
* ,* u),,\
'q=&(''o"
ti* @-l -- #)
J34
(;'
. f vosD
*&r
r.^nd.t
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
\1:1
,nst t,
?4
>l
F
P
T-
\
\
i
.!)
i
|
1t:-1
ii
I'
i\
{i:
id
J'-ri'ut r' .i.
"? 'f tlrir*l rr.'r-/,ry,t1.',r. ,irri'r"rlr,r lrlr/rr /rir'rfir/ll r" {,'J: . 1, rurtixtl
r" l',u:itir'r' ,;rlr! rrcqutivc tliltrt rtlItlgm tvit]r lrslrrrrt to llrc lr-;lrl-sf *r
111{'t r'1t{1.!I
('
'\
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
r'\t
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The Convertor operating equations for voltage Vd and cunent Id are expressed as follows.
sJjglcosa+cosw)
,o=----,
-
vd_c
{
.\1 -
r...n
r+
to=-!-(
42 a
7,
cosa-cos w /
V"*
,+
.-',i
'!\
./
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
?,.''
j,{
/<)be
l'-
c,,n>'
( t,
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The convertor operating equations for voltage Vd and cunent Id are expressed as follows.
E ( cosa+cos
,,Y ,l _3NE
-
Lt=,l _
,1,.-,,{'^'
w,)
-'-,E
2a7"
-(
cosa-cosw.)
r.t )
(t
,i
i..'1
L.'i)
'
!'
\, \
1^.
O'
a=
L,
t5
w =l 8O'
It is useful to draw the convertor chart in per unit. For this purpose the natural selection for the base voltage I
the maximum direct voltage output Vdo. There is no such natural curent base. Thus it is convenient to sele(
the constant appearing in equation (11.5) for current as the base quantity. Thus the selected base quantities ar
as given in equation ( 11.15).
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
wDc
64
First range:
<
Slstems'
Potti'* r'ransmissinn
60"
,:t
=\
tf
Secondrange: 60"<F<90'
E=60'-11=y-(9-60')
Third mnge:
0t90"
ljl.4il)
E=Y-30'
-oa" tt""oi""uili"#J"u"t"tl"ti""
The characteistics
"te
fu)
'Y=10=Eo
'linear defined by
aJe
Y. =
"o"10
13.+.!l
-f
l(b) 60'<p<90'for
a=
60'-Eo
60'-10
= constaut
AsdiscuBsedearlier,thechara.ctensticsareellipiicatdefaedbyequation(3.38)
the range
1(c) 90' < < 90' + Eo for the values of 4 irl
0
60'-le<a<60'
The characteristics iD
this
= cos(16 -
30'r-
liaear defined by
16
Mode 2
For !, > 60" corresponditrg to
> 90'+10
,Thecharacteristrcsareagairlinearbutwithadifferentslopeaaddefiredby
r.
[=.i5cos1o-3f
Fig 313'
a value of t0 = 15' is shovn in
The boundary of the irverter operation for
2'
* nttutB a, b, c, antl f otr the boundary are giver ia Table 3
*"
"""*t"*"
'l
efle tI-rrc!;rsii"'
Talrle 3-i: ScLlrdaiv ci
Point
a
b
c
15'
td
15.
0.3s4
t2-5.
450
o.27
.oi4
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
!!'l
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Slstems
@,
at
y=
22.5.
and. & =
In the normal operation of the converter 14 is in the range ofO.08 to 0.1. Hence, only the
converter control,
E1.i
\.r
'.
le Q. This
rcd below.
:'.
A Graetz bridge operates s'ith a delay angle of 15". The Ieakage reactance of the transformer is
10 ohms. I'he line to line AC voltag is 85 kV. Compute the overiap angle and DC voltage for
(i)
Ia=
2OOO
A- (tr ld = 4500 A.
5.1. . .'
A rectifier can operat with (;) a < 60", (ii) u = 600, or (t;) > 60". 1b determine the operatins mode,
'
vre need to kaos' the boundades of the firct two modes. The bounalery (lpper limit for td) for mode 1
gi"""
rr
!["o"(,-cos(cr+oo')]
14
ril r I
[cos15. -cos75"]
r-=f1!9-.po
" 2x10
e)
Idr = 4 25]cJ\
lrj
o-
Ir = 2000A
, we have mode 1 n
Yd
cosq
-- // - cos ll)"
2000
2000
U,a
91.8kv
'2lt,_9.3.13.
, -;1"*t"
cos{ls-& rl
1d
I v,),1"1_
l'r
f
rlcos"l+
I sin"1=l
t 2) \ 2)
I
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
t,d- rr .l937s
I'lt"o"ro"=o.srs
I sD3o'r
L-
Vd = 0 573xydo = 0
5?3x114 8= 65
kV
v1=cosc-I,
"os
o =V,
f,
= O SZS
+0 375
= 0 948
o"l"r"'-"'
(line to line) snd the lalase reactance of the
vortace whn (l rd = 2500 A ad
r'
;;;"*'i;;;iJ;.;c
to
"l-"-
'
""-"*
Model(a):0<Id<Idt
rd, =
Mode 1 (b):
'ffien
1d
/.(cosY
""'p1'
sue
Id2
=fdr,9=90", Y=e+30'
346
kA
=108', "/=e+30'
(i) when Id
1+1.[r"l=,
',
= 60
r"'z]=ozs
["'"rJ i"""t i
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
-(
= 42" = consiant
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
I4s
l e).
the
Vd
O.66A9,Vd
"
-Vd.Vd - 0.6689I \
100
63 88
kV
the
= 0.6689 + 0.25
(ii) Id
--id
I;= =
'<Vd"
1d = 0.42, T = 48"
- O.249\
O.42
= 2379kY
t.
- u)l
tlcos1 -cos(r
cos (4
I (c).
8'-
u) = cos
{s" -
= cos48"-0.84
= B-Y = 99 8"-48'= 51.8'
o
0
u
F
CHARACiERISTICS OF A TWELVE PULSE CONVERTER
o
As long as the AC voltages at tbe converter bus rcmain siDlsoidal ($ith effective filtering), the
operatror of oDe briclge is unafrectd by the operation of the other bridge connected in series. In J
this case, the converter characteristics are as shown in Fig. 3.13.nith the assumption that the
AC voltages at the converter bus re@ai4 cgnstsnt. ltre region ofrectifier operation can be divideal
itrto five mocles as follows:
Mode 1 : 4 and 5 velve conaluction
0<r<30"
Mode 2 : 5 and 6 valve conduction
30"<a<60"
Mode 3 : 6 valve ionduction
0<,d<30';&=60'
Mode 4 : 6 and ? valve conduction
60"<u<90o
Mode 5 : 7 and 8 va.lve conduction
90"<z<120"
It is to be noted that the seconil mode is a continuation of the fimt atrd Bimilarly fifth is a
coBtinuation of the fourth. Five valve and se\n valve conduetion modes are just poiDts on the
bounalaries coresponding to their previous and followi g modes. The regron corresponding to
rBode 3 shrinks to a point when o exceeds 30'.
The characteristics of the inverter are similar except that a sub-mode can exist for mode
1 or 2 depending on the value of margin angle chosen (usually for mode 2). The characterjstics
ofthfu sub-mode are elliptical as explained in the previous section.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(a
u.t
o.
I
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
68
WlrennoACfiltersareprovi'le'landtheso\ucereactanceisnotzerotf,reoperationofeither
ln this case tle
*-tutu"oo p'o"""t i"li"* oit"" i" t'ft" "ther bddge
be addidonal modestf'"t"
oDerat-ion oflhe lwelv" put." toot "t"t 'J"q-J-t" "ot-pti* ^oa
tttere could be new oode o[
iif er*' "ould
tit 5 valve cond+trion uoa u" o-i - s-; 'uli" """-i"i-tl"ta"p""ai"g
th" value of coupling factor
col'J"6""i
uaru-e
rinstead ot o
""
,, xs
'' X..Xr
reactance'
X? is the converter traDsfor@er leakage
where Xs is the source reactance an'l
if the
Deglected
be
bd'lges
It is to be noted that the interact;n bgtwee ailjacent
-can
the presence of
ffowever'
pto"ia"al'
0t1"""
convelter bus voltages are sinusoidal tfienfC
tle bus'voltage (udess voltage
9t
the sorrce reactance res,rlts in tle "aaatio'n "iir'"
of the converter
"tutio"l
""
-tc"t*i"
fiti"""t" affect
the shape
characteristics
reactor is
impedance' filterB and finite smoothing
The analysis of a converter with source
described in the 1e:t section'
3.5
;--*""Jh"
*Tl'tr,T iT'ii'l?$;"#;ffi
'o"""t '"d::T:Tl'iTl"E*;:t:1-tr""::**i"'
edances inboth the
;";;;;;imf
ic T1.",9 i:l*-":.11:
_"-"
;ffi ;;ffi ;;;;"'i*".e"""i1"1,'111Er:;:l:il:",1*l,iTffiTffi
::
tili'";ffi il;;;;s
i"
"1--etrical
"y"t"pulses are genera!d at equal iotervals oftiroe
**ons' the solution canbe :t:*1"T:rfi:l:
Grven tne ro'i'ra wuu""'- .-'-'-t'ii'tt""
""uThe
ls per:iodic in steady-stat' each period can be
sr
'"**
over each interval or sub-interval
;-+^-,-r ii4 mne"t
--, D^-L
seneral'
Eachintervar'
orthe converter'
3. Firing
a#;:"'# ;;i"*
tJ"";;";
"'Tfi:;ci:r'ffffii:'JJi"iiiil"i",i""
t" aiulaia i"to t o sub-intervals as follows:
"rn
+ 1) valves
, < ,1, correspoBding to the coDduciiol of(m
valves (! = 4p , ? is the period of the
2. li < t < ?r correspon dling to the cooduction of rz
1.
0<
AC voltage).
in a
6-pu1se converter,
-*r'i'ji.tt" i"t*ti"
f(t)=o'
l
ri
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
boundart;;it;;".
O3
r!o
p,'--!e
iit
tf
iti.rilji!:
ir(t)
= lArlx
1ft) +
lB
lu1(r),
<,
t
<\
<
rr(l)
,,
"
= ssl(t) + eal
2(t) = xs2?)
[.)c1(O)
e4tta)
r:..
-x61(0)]
1y2
(tr ) _:r:s2 (4 )j
A
I
,r
(r)
"tat"
v""iall"",
*;;"t
,"(0r. L(4)
2.
1,
frequency)
ro
is the system
t"(0)
= -x"(77)
x6@) = -r,(71)
x"l1) = -x6Tr)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com