1981 A-Level Pure Mathematics Paper I

1. (a)

Solve the following system of equations :

x yz3
.
( I)
x 2y z 4
(b)

Find all possible values of p and q such that the following system of equations is solvable :

x yz3

(II) x 2 y z 4
x y pz q

(c) Find the solutions, if possible, of the system of equations :

x yz3
x 2y z 4

(III)

x y pz 1
x 2 y 2 z 2 11

(1981)
2. Let {a n } be a sequence of real numbers. It is known that , if
(i) {a n } satisfies a n a n 1 for all n , and
(ii) there exists a real number K such that a n K for all n , then {a n }
converges.
(a) Show that a sequence {b n } of real numbers is convergent if
(i) b n b n 1 for all n , and
(ii) there exists a real number M such that b n M for all n .
(b) Given two positive numbers a and b such that a < b . Let
{x n } and {y n } be two sequences satisfying
x1 a ,
y 1 b and
x n yn
x n 1
x n y n , y n 1
2
all positive integers n .
Show that both {x n } and {y n } converge and
lim x n lim y n .
n

for

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3. (a) In how many ways can three different numbers be selected from the thirty numbers 1, 2, . . . , 30 such
that their sum is
(i) divisible by 2,
(ii) divisible by 3 ?
(1981)

(b) Using the binomial theorem

(x1 x 2 ) N

Cr

r 0

x1

Nr

x2

for all positive integers N,

( y1

that

y 2 ...

yn )N

j1 j2 ... jn N

N!
j1! j 2 ! ... j n !

for all positive integers n and N.

4.

Given any two complex numbers u and v .

v .
(a) Prove the inequality
(b) Prove that the following three statements are equivalent :

S1 :

S 2 : Im ( uv )
S 3 : uv

(c)

or

u v

0,

uv,

where Im( uv ) denotes the imaginary part of uv .

v ,
If both u v u v
prove that , for any complex number z , there exist real numbers a and b such that z = au + bv.
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5. Let A be a set. Suppose f is a mapping from A into itself such that f is injective but not surjective.
Denote the set {f (a ) : a A} by f [A] .
(a) Show that
(i) A
(ii) A consists of more than two elements.
(b) If : A A is a mapping such that f ( x ) x for all x in A ,
show that is not bijective.
(c) Prove that there exists a unique mapping g :f [ A ] A such that
(i) g f ( x ) x for all x in A , and
(ii) g is bijective.
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6.

For any 2 2 real matrix

(a)
(b)

x y
x y
A , let A xw z.y S A : A 0 and G :x 0 .
z w
0 1
Let

Does G form a group under the usual multiplication of matrices? Prove your assertion.
A relation ~ is defined on S as follows:

For A, BS, A ~ B if there exists DG such that AD = B. Show that ~ is an equivalence

(c)

: S C \ {0}

A mapping

x
A

( A )

Show that
(i)
is surjective ,

z
A

is defined by

, where

x y
A .
z w

(ii) ( A ) ( B) if and only if A ~ B as defined in (b).

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7. (a) Let f(x) = x - 1 - log e x for all x > 0 . Find the minimum value of f(x) and show that log e x
x - 1 for all x > 0 . For what value of x will the equality hold ?
(b) Let x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n and 1 , 2 , ..., n be positive numbers such
that 1 x 1 2 x 2 ... n x n 1 2 ... n 1 . Show that

x1

x2

... x n

1.

For what values of x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n

, ...,

and

will the equality holds ?

p 2 , ...,

pn

are

positive numbers , then

p1

a2

p2

... a n

pn

1
p1 p 2 ... p n

p 1 a 1 p 2 a 2 ... p n a n
p 1 p 2 ... p n

When will the equality hold ?

(1981)

Using De Moivre's theorem, show that

sin (2n 1) sin

2 n 1

( 1) r C 22 nr 11 (cot 2 ) n r ,
r 0

where n is a positive integer, 0

and C

2n 1
2r 1

are binomial coefficients .

Using (a) and the relations between the coefficients and roots of the equation
n

n 1
( 1) r C 2
x n r
2 r 1

0,

r 0

show that

cot

k 1

k
2n 1

, .......................(i)
n

and deduce that

cos ec 2

k 1

, ........................(ii)

2n 1

n ( 2 n 1)
3
n ( 2 n 2)
3

(c)

An

Let

k 1

2
6

1
k2

2n

2 n 1

. Using equations (i) and (ii) of (b), show that

2n 1

2 n 1

An

2
6

2n

2 n 1

.
lim A n .
Hence evaluate n

(It is known that for

,
2

tan

sin .)

(1981)

1981 A-Level Pure Mathematics Paper II

dx

x2 1

by parts.

by using the substitution

t x

x2 1

(b) Let F( u )

f ( t ) dt , where f(t) is a continuous function. Show that

F( u 2 ) du

x2

(x

for all x > 0 .

u ) f ( u ) du

(c) Find the area bounded by the curve 2 y x 3 0 and the straight line 2y + x + 1 = 0 .
2

2. Given two planes

x y z 1 0

and

2 :

(a) Find the foot F of the perpendicular from the point P(2, 2, -1) to the plane 1 .
(b) Find two points Q and R in the plane 2 such that PQR is an equilateral triangle with the line
segment PF as a median. (1981)

3. Suppose that A ( x 1 , y 1 )
8y

and

B( x 2 , y 2 ) are distinct points lying on the parabola

x.

(a) Show that there is a point C( x 3 , y 3 ) lying on the parabolic arc AB such that the tangent at C is
parallel to the chord joining A and B. Express
x3
and y 3 in terms of
y 1 and y 2 .
(b) Let h = y 2 y 1 . Find the area of ABC in terms of h.
(c) Show that the circle passing through the points A, B and C will intersect the parabola again at a
point D( x 4 , y 4 ) .
Express x 4 and y 4 in terms of y 1 and y 2
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1

4. (a) Resolve (1 x ) (1 2 x ) ... (1 nx )

r 0

n
( 1) n r C n
r r

into partial fractions.

n !,

where

Cn
r

are binomial coefficients.

(c) Prove that the n th derivative with respect to t of (e t 1) n takes the values n! when t is zero.
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5. (a) Suppose that a function f(x) is increasing on the interval {x :
k

f (i )

Show that

i 1

k 1

k 1

f ( x ) dx

i2

1} .

f (i ) ,

where k is a positive integer. Hence show that

and that ( n 1) ! n n e
(b) Prove that

lim (an b)
n

1
n

1
n 1

log e x dx log e ( n !),

n! , where n is a positive integer.

1 0 , where a and b are positive numbers.

(c) Using the results in (a) and (b) , or otherwise , find

( n!) n
lim
.
n
n

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( x ) and
(t)
( x t ) 2 ( x )

6. Given two non-constant functions

and t.

satisfying the relation

( t )

(a)
(b)
(c)

Prove that the function ( x ) cannot have both an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum.
If ( x ) is differentiable for all real x, prove that
' ( x y ) ' ( x ) ' ( y ) ' (0)
for all x and
y.
Suppose, further, that ' ' (0) exists. Prove that ' ' ( x ) exists for all x and that
' ' ( x ) ' ' (0) . Hence show that ( x ) is a polynomial of degree less than or
equal to two.
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f ( x ) exists.
7. Suppose that the function f(x) is continuous for all x 0 and lim
x
b f ( rx ) f (sx )
sa f ( x )
sb f ( x )
dx
dx
dx,
(a) Show that
a
ra
rb
x
x
x
where 0 < a < b and 0 < r < s .
(b) Let {a n } and {b n } be two sequences of positive numbers such that
lim a n 0
lim b n
.
and
n

f ( r x ) f (sx )
s
dx [f (0) ] log e ( ) .
x
r
[ Hint : you may assume without proof that the following theorem holds :
If g(x) and h(x) are continuous on the closed interval [ c , d ] and h(x) > 0 for all x in
lim

Show that

[c ,d ], then

bn

an

d
c

g ( x ) h ( x ) dx g ( x 0 )

(c) Furthermore , if f(x) c for all x

0,

d
c

for some x 0 in [c, d].]

h ( x ) dx

where c is a positive constant, is it then true that

b n f (r x )
b n f (s x )
f ( r x ) f (s x )
dx

lim
dx

lim
dx ?
n a n
n a n
n a n
x
x
x
Prove your assertion.
(1981)

lim

8. Suppose that
(a)

(i)

bn

f (x)

1 t5
Show that f(x) < f(y) whenever 1

(ii) Show that f(x) <

2
3

(iii) Find an x 0 such that f ( x 0 )

dt
x

for all

.
1.

1
.
3

Let g(u), where 0 < u < f( x0 ), be a function such that

g ' (u )

x 1.

for

[1 g

( u )]

1
2

f(g(u)) = u.

and

g" ( u )

0 u f (x 0 ) .
(ii) Let h(u) = e u g ( u ), where
Prove that h"(u) < h'(u) . Hence prove that h(u) does not have a minimum.

(1981)