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BALDWIN'S
VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697 MUes.

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

New York"

"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon "

35 Hrs., 12 Mins.

U.

S.

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

U.

S.

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

48 Hrs., 26 Mins.

24,200 Ft.

Harmon and
Harmon and

Post, Balloon

New York''

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon "

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION PRIZE

30-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
GRAND PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES
QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA
2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE

2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H.

Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

IN

THE

U.

S.

GOV. DIRIGIBLE

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

The weight is always the

same, as it does not require further treatment Heat and cold have no effect on it, and
ascensions can be made as well at zero weather as in the summer time. The chemical action of
oxygen has not the same detrimental effect on it as it has on a varnished material. Silk doublewalled

man

last from five to six times as long as a varnished balloon.

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

PROOF balloon, as

can take care of his

spontaneous combustion.

has ten times the strength of varnished material.

it

requires

little

or no care, and

is

NOT

subject to

Breaking strain 100 lbs. per inch width. Very elastic. Any weight,
Will not crack. Waterproof No talcum powder. No revarnishing. The coming
balloon material, and which, through its superior qualities and being an absolute gas holder, is
bound to take the place of varnished material. The man that wants to have the up-to-date balloon
must use VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL. Specified by the U. S. SIGNAL CORPS.
width, or color.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

and Samples on

BALDWIN, Box

application

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

CONTENTS MAR.CH.
Summary

The

1910

...........
...........
...............
...............
.............

Cover Drawing
of

Human

Mrs.

J.

Coffin

Herbert Sinclair

Courtesy of Miss Marie Wait

Progress of Balloons

Editorials

G. A.

Flight

-.

Alfred

W. Lawson

Charles Heitman

Lilienthal

Edward H. Young

Banking

Los Angeles Aeronautical Tournament

The Emancipation

Air,

of

Man

x^^^i^n

Relation of

Wind

Aeroplanes

among

Big

Men

Law

of the

Work

Internal

to Aerial

Navigation

Movement
Wind

of the

/Y.

Plants and Animals

and the Air

\\

)/

".

in

......
....
...............
.

Sn,

/./

Q-R A RA%.S

-^^

Langley

P.

Myers

..............
.............
..................
...............

Albert C.

Mrs.

versus

Motor Power

'

J.

Triaca

Herbert Sinclair

R. Dressier

News
Personal News

Club

P.

S.

Denys

General

Power

Soaring

Hudson Maxim

A. Lawrence Rotch

News

Foreign

V. L. Ochoa

....

'"^^C'/'s/Z/T^y. ,

^'^^^Ssz:;^^;:^^?-'^'^

Alexander's Opinions

News

^..-.sr":^:=^^^'r">~

Aerial Warfare

Ada Gibson

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by

37-39

The Lawson

Publishing

NEW

EAST 28TH STREET,

U. S. A.
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WHEN YOUR

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Only high-grade advertisements of thoroughly relLible firms are
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Company

YORK,

One month before a subscrii

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send yom- renewal at oncf,. in
scriptions which are re^c^^"d
will begin with llu- issue olthiit
'

1)

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begin

willi tin- lollnwiin; in.

tions to lic-in with l.a.-k iiinij

before a chan-i- .d a.l.li vss ran
1

ty Tlu La-Mson PuWishivg Co

enclose a renewal blank

you should
a nnniber. New subthe l.'itli of any month
that date they
rann.it. enter subscripih's ii.itice is necessary
1

will expire,

v.'d filter

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

Phvtu

ALFRED

W.

LAWSON

Editor of Ait-craft

hij

Dans and Ekha,

ro/

AIRCRAFT

ts
t-G)

\'ol.

No.

I.

NEW

1.

YORK, MARCH,

1910.

SUMMARY OF HUMAN FLIGHT

By
iSIDE from

the

country

every

aspiration to

the

set

world

forth in ahnost

man's

concerning

the Chinese were probably the

fly,

make any

to

lirst

many myths
in

Mrs. J. Herbert Sinclair

substantial

headway

in the

germ

of the art.

They began by experimenting with the kite,

is nothing more or less than a motorless

which

aeroplane anchored to the ground

more than 300 years before

_^_^_^
general,

It

llan

recorded

is

the birth

about this

that

brought his army to the

Sin,

by

time

relief

string,

of Christ.
a

Chinese

of a belea-

guered town and by means of kites signaled to the inhabitants

indicating the direction of his operations.

French missionary visiting China during

the year 1694, that he had seen the records of the Coronation of
Emperor Fo-Kien at Pekin in the year 1306, mentioning the fact
that a balloon ascension was one of the features of the ceremonies.
Leonardo da Vinci, the celebrated
Italian artist, philosopher, and scienIt

tist

was reported by

spent

much

ground

the

statement,
golfier,

in

the presence of the Royal Court at Lisbon.

however,

who

from

a tower in Lisbon with a flying machine similar in construcbut was prevented in doing so by a howling mob who thought
he was a lunatic.
In 1742 the Marquis de Bacqueville, of Paris, built a machine
with which he glided from the window of his mansion, crossed
the gardens of the Tuilcries, and landed in tlic middle of' the

Seine.

As far back as even mythology carries us, we find that not only
man dream of flying, but that two distinct methods of procedure were considered as being feasible namely, the lighterdid

than-air type, which depend for their support

of

some gas

lighter than air

of his time during

still

of
in

for

working

shows

who

known

Successful aerostatics preceded suc-

Veranzio

Venice

of

credited with being the

first

aerodynamics,

cessful

is

human

and

really authentic record of

ever dared to risk

experimenting with flyIn 1617 he constructed a crude sort of a parachute
consisting of a square frame covered
with canvas with which he let himself
drop from a high tower.

being

is

as aerodynamics.

problems.

Fauste

balloons and
and the heayier-

free

in

balloons,

dirigible

aerostatics, while the latter

mechanical

out

shape

upon the buoyancy

the present time have

helicopters, etc., which depend for their support upon the dynamic reaction of the air itself.
The general term signifying the
former method is scientifically called

that he possessed a remarkable apti-

tude

taken

at

thopters,

drawings,

his

existence,

which

than-air type, such as aeroplanes, or-

of the wing-flapping variety, and the

details

monk named Bartholomaus Laurenzo

tion,

the fifteenth century in an effort to

which are

This

contradicted by the followers of Mont-

made some experiments along this line, and that twenty-five years
afterwards another man named de Gusmann proposed to descend

construct a heavier-than-air machine

technical

is

claim that a

has

raised

the air by means of an

was accomplished in Paris
15, 17S3, when Pilatre de

aerostat

ing

on October
Rozier was
in a

first

being

into

his life while

apparatus.

the

man

lifted

So feet into the air

balloon constructed by the Mont-

To

brothers.

golfier

these

two

brothers, Stephen and Joseph, there-

1648, John Wilkins, Bishop of

fore,

belong the honor of having built

Chester, built a flying machine to be

the

first

propelled by steam which did not

lighter-than-air vehicle.

In

fly,

and shortly afterward Cyrano de

Bergerac undertook to float away into
space by attaching air-bags to his
body and allowing them to heat in
the sun.
His eff^orts, too, were un1685

Bartholomaus

Joseph Montgolfier was the

filling it

with hot

air,

experiment

vices

mechanical depurpose of flying.

with

the

for

Hydrogen was discovered by Cavendish in 1776, and the Montgolfier

Laurenzo

rose from

first to

nautics and as early as 1771 he began

to

de Gusmann of Lisbon is said to have

covered a wooden basket with paper,
and,

man-carrying,

interest himself in the study of aero-

successful.

In

successful

brcifhers

began

ONE OF THE FIRST MONTGOI.FIER BALLOONS

experimenting

by

bags with it which immediately escaped through the pores.

filling -paper

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

smoke which they had at

experimented with. On June S,
17S3, they constructed a paper balloon 112 feet in circumference and
as did also

professional

balloonist

named

a height of nearly a thousand feet,

but dropped back to the ground again

and a scientist named

Jeffries, were successful in crossing
the English Channel in a balloon,
from Dover, England, to Calais,
France, on January 7, 1785, after a
most dangerous trip in which they
only succeeded from being dumped

soon as the hot air escaped from

Later they constructed a balloon
made of water-proof linen having a

the water several times by

throwing away their provisions, scientific instruments and clothing, as

capacity of 52,000 cubic feet, which

Blanchard,

first

inflated
fire

with hot

it

beneath

by placing a

air

The

it.

balloon arose to

into

as
it.

made an eight-minute voyage

the

air,

carrying

sheep, a cock,

as

passengers

and a duck, and

first

peat

and

woman to make a balloon

Madame Thible, who

ascension was

went up in the presence of King

Gustavus III of Sweden, at Lyons,
June 4, 17S4. She reached a height
of 9,000 feet and returned safely to
ground within an hour.
While the linen balloon originally
invented and utilized by the Montgolfier

brothers

could be

made

the

Jeffries

balloon rose rapidly for several

fire

way

feet,

the hydrogen took

and exploded, causing Rozier and

assistant to fall to the ground,

killing both of them.
This accident had the effect of al-

his

and

to

laying the enthusiasm of the foUow-

THE KOZIERE
BUILT BY PILATRE DE j^Q2iER

^"-^

^ ballooning to

considerable

and for some time afterward

there were few men who could be found willing to go up into
the air under any consideration.
extent,

quate for the purpose of holding the more elusive hydrogen gas

The

lighten their vehicle.

wlien in some

ascend by the use of hot air generated b\' burning a mixture of straw
and wool, still it was found inade-

which escaped too quickly through

to

performance of Blanchard
on June 16, 1785, by going in the opposite direction with the
French shore as a starting point. His
balloon was called " aero-Montgolfier," and was a combination of the
jMontgolfier and Charles ideas.
The

all re-

turning safely to ground.

The

means

Pilatre de Rozier undertook to re-

into

its

pores.

success of the Montgolfiers, however, had the tendency of

creating enthusiasm

for

inventive genius, and a

ballooning and bringing into the

little

later

field

(To he Continued

in Aircraft for Afril.)

on Professor Charles con-

structed a spherical balloon, which in

many

respects

is

similar

to those built at the present time.

The covering

of the

Charles balloon was

coated with a rubber solution,

An

outer net

made

of silk and

was extended over

the upper half of the aerostat for the purpose of supporting the
silk

covering and distributing the pressure more uniformly over

the entire surface,

fast to the car

by

and ending
ropes.

He

in a

wooden

ring which

was made

^-^

placed a valve at the top of his bal-

'\

LLANCHARD AND JEFFRIES DkfAkllMj tKOM DOVER, ENGLAND

THE CONTINENT IN A BALLOON, JANUARY 7, I7S5.
loon to allow the gas to escape at his will for the purpose of

making a descent. The valve was operated from the car by

ropes. At the bottom of his balloon was a tube about eight inches
in diameter through which the gases were passed into the balloon, and through which the gas could escape in case of expansion.
The gas was formed by the reaction of sulphuric acid on
iron trimmings and passed through water in barrels.
With this balloon Charles made his first ascent on December
I, 1783, and after being in the air over four hours landed about
45 miles from the starting-point.

_jU:^

FANTASTIC PLAN PRESENTED BY CITIZEN MONGE, OF ENGLAND, IN I7

FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONVEYING THE ARMY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE GALLIC SHORE AND EXCHANGING FRENCH
LIBERTY FOR ENGLISH HAPPINESS

ROTARY MOTOR

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The "Wizard

of Aviation"

HARMON

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HOTDS WORLD'S RECORDS

DISTANCE 243

SPEED 77.67

miles

DURATION 5 hours, 3
CROSS COUNTRY 230
Prices,

50

f.

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Terms

o.

miles

br Factory, Paris, France

P.,

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One-third

miles an hour

ALTITUDE 10,499 feet

OVER SEA 61 miles

minutes

Cash

Packed

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AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

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1611

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WRIGHT BUILDING
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ALSO EXCLUSIVE AGENTS

CHAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS

RESULTS TELL THE STORY

TITUDB ESCOED.

Morok's recent sensational flights at Newark,

New Jersey, were made with an Elbridge "Featherweight" engine after just five days of practice.
First day, perfect straightaway flight; second
day, circled the fleld; third
ing and trees; fourth day,
At
day, 'cross country.
'round the big chimney at
dove over the grand-stand,

San Diego, Cal., flying with

6-cyl. Elbridge "Featherweight."
Holds Knabenshue Cup for first sustained amateur flight
on Pacific coast. Has made exhibition flight at
altitude of 600 feet, and frequently carried passengers on some of his hundreds of successful
B. F. Roehrig, of

day, flew over build'cross country;

fifth

Newark Morok

flew
a height of 250 feet,
and did other sensa-

flights.

tional stunts.

Wm. Evans, of Kansas City, made a crosscountry flight of nearly thirty miles on his
Has been flying in
second day of practice.
exhibitions since two days after he received
his machine.
He uses a 4-cyl. Elbridge

C. F. Walsh, of Los Angeles, Cal., flying with 3-cyl. Elbridge

"Featherweight" won every cup at the Aero Club of California's
meet at Los Angeles in November. He flew cross-country from
the Motordrome and circled the course nine times before alight-

"Featherweight" engine.

ing.

The above pictures are reductions from

He

also

the illustrations in the booklet

made

notable quick-start novice records.

"Amateur Aviation

in

America."

Free for the asking.

The 1911 Aero Special Engines weigh less and have far more power than the Elbridge
"Featherweight" line. We will guarantee, and demonstrate them, to run ten solid hours with throttle
wide open, under full load. Unquestionably the greatest Aero Engines in the world.

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

Aero Dept.

ROCHESTER,

NEW YORK

;:

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

THE PR.OGRESS OF BALLOONS

From

the J^eia) VorK. Gazetteer. Tuesday. December 28, 1784-

By Courtesy

of

Miss Marie Wait

Verdonita telliis, tuinida ccsscnint frcla,

Inferna nostras regno scuscrc impetus
Iiiimiinc cocluin est, digiiiis Aleidae labor,
In alta iniindi spalia SHbliines fereiiiKr.
Assist me, ye Muses (whose harps are in tune),
To tell of the flight of the gallant balloon
As high as my subject permit me to soar
To heights unattempted, unthought of before.

That Venus has horns we've no reason to doubt

(I forget what they call him who first found it out),
And you'll find, I'm afraid, if you venture too near
That the spirits of cuckolds inhabit her sphere.

Ye grave, learned doctors, whose trade is to sigh,

AVho labor to chalk out a road to the sky.
Improve on your plans or I'll venture to say
A chymist, of Paris, will show us the way.

Our folks of good morals it woefully grieves

That Mercury's people are villains and thieves,

Tlie earth, on

From long observation one proof may be had

That the men in the moon are incurably mad.
However, compare us, and if they exceed.
They must be surprisingly crazy indeed.

its

surface, has

all

You'll see how it is but I venture to show,

For a dozen among them, twelve dozen below.

been survey'd.

The sea has been travell'd and deep in the shade

The Kingdom of Pluto has heard us at work.

When we

dig for his metals, wherever they lurk.

But who would have thought that invention could

To find out a method to soar to the skies.
And pierce the bright regions, which ages assign'd

To

spirits

unbodied and

flights of the

rise

But now to have done with our planets and moons.

Come, grant me a pattern for making balloons.
For I find that the time is approaching the day
When horses shall fail and the horsemen decay.

mind.

Let the Gods of Olympus their revels prepare

By the aid of some pounds of inflammable air
We'll visit them soon and forsake this dull ball.
AVith coat, shoes and stockings, fat carcase and all.

Post riders at present (call'd centaurs of old)

Who brave all the seasons, hot weather and cold.
In future shall leave their dull ponies behind
And travel, like ghosts, on the wings of the wind.

How

The stagenian, whose gallopers scarce have the power

Through the dirt to convey you ten miles in an hour.

France

is

distinguish 'd in Louis's reign

What

cannot her genius and courage attain ?

Throughout the wide world have her arms found the
And Art to the stars is extending her sway.

way

When

advanc'd to balloons shall so furiously drive.

know whether you are dead or alive.

You'll hardly

At sea

The man who

The French

wind should be fair may be with us at

At Gunpowder Ferry drink whisky at three.
And at six be at Edenton ready for tea.

let the British their neighbors defy

shall have frigates to traverse the sky
In this navigation more fortunate prove,
And cruise at their ease in the climates above.

English should venture to sea with their fleet,

host of balloons in a trice they shall meet.
the zenith their wings shall display
And souse on these sea dogs and bear them away.
If the

at

Boston

sets out

with the sun.

If the

one.

shall be order'd, we hardly need say,

travel in darkness as well as by day.)
for slee]5 shall prepare.
And by twelve the next day be the Devil knows where.

(The machine

To

The French from

At Charleston by ten he

Ye sages who travel on mighty designs.

To measure meridians and parallel lines

When

talk being tedious

take heed if you please
Construct a balloon and you will do it with ease.

the ladies grow sick of the city in June,

a jaunt they shall have in the flying balloon
Whole mornings shall see them at toilets preparing.
And forty miles high be their afternoon's airing.

And

Yet more with

The

What

who the heaven's broad concave survey.

glasses, its secrets betray.
gaze, the night through, at the wonderful scene,
still are complaining of vapors between.
ye

And, aided by

Who
Yet

its fitness

for

commerce I'm

stuck.

What broad loads of tobacco shall fly from Kentuck'

What packs of best beaver, bar iron and pig
What budgets of leather from Conoccocheague
!

Ah, seize the conveyance, and fearlessly rise

To peep at the lanthorns that light up the skies,
And floating above, on our ocean of air.
Inform us, by letter, what people are there.

should ever disturb us again

(As they threaten to do in the next George's reign),
No doubt they will play us a set of new tunes.
And pepper us well from their fighting balloons.

In Saturn advise us if snow ever melts.

And what are the uses of Jupiter's belts
And (Mars being willing) pray send us word greeting
If his people are fonder of fighting than eating.

To market

If Britain

the farmers shall shortly repair

With their hogs and potatoes, wholesale thro"

Skim over the water as light as a feather.
Themselves and

as these from balloons shall arisethe giants of old that assaulted the skies,
their Ossa on Pelion, shall freely confess

Such wonders

And
With
That

all

they attempted was nothing to

this.

the air,

their turkeys conversing together.

AIRCRAFT

March, 1910

TYPES OF SUCCESSFUL AEROPLANES

CURTIS BIPLANE

A E RIAL EXPERIMENT ASSN.BIPLANE

March, igio

AIRCRAFT

TYPES OF SUCCESSFUL DIR.IGIBLES

1^:

BRITISH MILITARY DIRIGIBLE

BALDWIN, AMERICA

AIRCRAFT

ORGANIZATION
)IFE IS

portion of

A COMPLETE SYSTEM

ganization.

scheme as

of or-

Study the entire universal

far as the infinitesimal intelli-

gence of man is capable of doing, and it

will be found that all things are tending
toward a complete state of organization.
The microbes in the blood of man organize
.man himself is a system of organized parts men
'Organize themselves into communities, States, nations.
Eventually they will organize themselves into
one complete body in which all of the various units
will enjoy equal opportunities to aid in the production, distribution and consumption of the earth's
bountiful supply of good things.
In his upward progressive march man has just arrived at the threshold of mechanical flight. He has
built a few crude toy machines with which he has
proven that it is possible to fly. He will now go ahead
to perfect these machines and bring them into commercial use for the purpose of transporting himself
and baggage from place to place in the least possible
time and with the least possible expenditure of energy.
He will spend a great many years in the study of and
adaptation to aerial navigation, just as he has spent
a great many years in the study of and adaptation to
other new conditions which were formerly new and
incomprehensible to him.
With the development of aircraft, organization in
the movement will gradually take place, until the time
finally arrives when one human brain will direct the
whole aeronautical machinery in all parts of the world.
And this human brain will merely be a lieutenant
working in conjunction with other lieutenants acting
as directors of various other branches of human industry, and all directed by one supreme mind at the
head of the whole human race.
At the present time aeronautical organization has
just begun to take shape. Aero clubs are being formed
in different cities in this country and abroad.
These
clubs in turn are forming into State organizations.
State organizations into national associations, and national associations into an international federation.
This great organization movement is just as natural

and necessary

in

aeronautics as

it

March, igio

is

in

any other

human

industry or universal

life.

It

cannot

be stopped or checked in its advancement. It must

go on. There may be here or there an individual who
is independent and
can get along without joining an organization. He
can, in just about the same manner that he could get
along without the collaboration of every other human
being on earth whose combined efforts go to make
our modern living possible.
We therefore advise our readers to join aero clubs,

stands aloof with the claim that he

and those who

where there are no aero

them; and we advise the different
the State organizations, and we advise
live in cities

clubs, to organize

clubs to join

the various State organizations to join the national

association,

and the national association, which

present the Aero Club of America, to remain a

is

at

mem-

ber of the International Federation Aeronautique, and

all pull together to make one grand successful step

forward in the aeronautical movement.

HIGH FLYING

WHEN AEROPLANE FLIGHT

first

began
and

to attract the attention of the public,

both big and little scientists in all parts of the

world stopped trying to prove by their figures that
such a thing was impossible, the general opinion expressed by the leading men of the aerial movement,
and even by the builders of flying machines themselves, was that the aeroplane was destined to be a
machine to just skim along the ground, and that it
could never be expected to make any high flights. In
fact it was all figured out that high flying was to be
left entirely to

the lighter-than-air craft.

Nearly two years ago the Editor of this magazine

began to write upon this subject, and often pointed
out the fact that it would be the heavier-than-air type
that would eventually do the highest flying. His foresight

upon

this as well as other things

considered visionary by

was usually

men who can always

see an

object with powerful glasses or prove an event after

it

has happened.

The recent flight of Paulhan at Los Angeles, in

which that intrepid aviator reached an altitude of
nearly a mile, substantiates to a certain degree some

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

made by

of the predictions

But we do

the Editor.

not intend to rest upon these laurels, and AIRCRAFT

sets itself upon record with a prediction that within
ten years heavier-than-air machines will be able to
attain a height of over ten miles.

The Editor of AIRCRAFT has some other ideas of

what the future will produce in the shape of human
flight, which will be recorded from time to time for
either the digestion or indigestion of its readers.

in any other task

has ever set out to accomplish but then flying is
the greatest task he has ever undertaken, and, consequently, the greatest men the world has ever known
are those who have devoted their energies to solving
the flying problem.
They will eventually be placed
in the front ranks of history.
It is, perhaps, needless to tell the tens of thousands

man

many

so

DON'T WHINE

Our
very

thing does not go exactly

have it, they fuss and fume
snivel and wish they were dead; and
the ones that usually do the most fussing and
sniveling are those who have never had any hard
knocks in the earlier stages of their lives. They have
not been trained to overcome obstacles, and therefore
lose heart when meeting with their first reverses.
They do not understand that our present civilization
has been built on failures, and that for every success
there are hundreds of failures.
It is the overcoming of obstacles in life which makes
man strong, and the more of these he has to encounter
the stronger he will become.
Life is merely a series of trials which the human
being is put through, and his ultimate strength depends upon how many and how difficult are the tasks
easily.

If

would
and snort and

every

like

little

to

he tries and

and then quits he is a pretty

weak creature. But if he tries and fails and then tries
again, he gains strength, and the more trials and failures and trials again the greater becomes his strength
that is, if he does not waste part of it in whining.
At the present time we find ourselves scattered
about a globular mass flying through space. Where
we are going we do not know, and why we are here
we haven't the slightest idea. But we do know that
we are here, and that we are going somewhere, and
while our little brains are too immature to comprehend
the full situation, still the very least we can do is to
make the most of our opportunities to do our best
He who
at all times to struggle along and create.
would create anything of worth must expect to have
failures, and the greater the task he sets out to accomplish the more failures he will have to put up with.
fails

The

easier the task the easier

Study the

it

to succeed.

is

lives of the greatest

men and you

find records of continual failures.

cess to those

who have

follow us will

owe

We

failed before us,

owe our

will

suc-

and those who

their success to our failures.

In fiying machines the Wright Brothers

success to the thousands

who

tried

and

owe

upon

their failures.

who may

DON'T QUIT

and, above

their

failed before

be inclined

FIGHT IT OUT.
DON'T WHINE under

become discouraged,
all,

is

to

any circumstances.

o o o

big blustering fellow stood on the back end of a

street car recently and spent a quarter of an hour explaining to a party of his friends the difference between

an aeroplane and a monoplane, and when he had finished his friends agreed that he knew all about airships.

His aeronautical learning was no doubt secured

from some newspaper.

o o o

When
the

the complete history of aviation

names

of C.

is

written,

M. Manley and R. L. Reed must

for-

ever be associated with that of the immortal Langley.

Manley acted as chief engineer, while Reed was foreof aerodromics,

and made

all

the Langley models and machine.

the drawings for

Reed was

closely
associated with the great scientist from the year 1892
until the day of his (Mr. Langley's) death.

000
It is a dull

mind that cannot be amused by the an-

contemporaries, and it is a duller one

not forced to grin when looking at its

tics of its

that

is

reflection in a mirror.

still

own

000

Did you ever notice a great big mastiff trotting

along about his

was

own

business, while snarling at his

little lapdog?
The mastiff, so
occupied with his own thoughts, not even noticing
the poodle until, unfortunately, one of his hind paws
accidentally comes into contact with the puny whelp's
nose, causing it to whine with pain. Quite laughable
sometimes, but we invariably sympathize with the

heels

a dyspeptic

poodle.

AIRCRAFT

is

the great big watchdog of the aero-

movement

now, and we assure the SoAnimals that if

his left hind foot should in any way come into contact
with the snapping snout of any yelping canine, it will
be purely accidental, and our heartfelt sympathy will
be extended to the whimpering whelp.
nautical

just

ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to

them, and the success of others after them will be

built

have become accustomed

advice, however, to those

at times to

man

he undertakes.
If

failures that they

to them.

MEN BECOME DISCOURAGED

as they

failures in the con-

of flying machine inventors in all parts of the world

not to get discouraged. Most of them have met with

o o o

SOME

9-

There have probably been more

struction of flying machines than

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

LILIENTHAL
By Charles Heitman
OTTOLILIENTHAL, inventor,
constructor and
to

suc-

and

sci-

pilot

lirst

cessfully

glide

entiiically

heavier- than-air

apparatus through

space, was born

May

1848,

24,

Auklam,

at

the

in

Pome-

province of
rania,

Germany.

While

still

mere

he began to
study the problem
lad

of

flight,

and

at

early

age

of

years,

he

the

thirteen

with

constructed,
the

help

his

of

his

Gustave,

brother
first

gliding

He

machine.

be-

gan experimenting
at

night

in

the

moonlight by
launching his ma-

OTTO LILILNTHAL

chine from the top

of a

hill

and run-

ning downwards. At the age of twenty he constructed a machine with movable wings, which was capable of carrying a
weight of forty kilograms. His observations in connection with
these experiments led him to publish his book, " The Flight of
Birds Considered as the Basis of Aviation,'' which was a
markable work for that
period, and which is
of value even now.

re-

new proving ground was

in the middle of a large field covered by

and surrounded by regular, conical hills rising in a gentle
slope to a height of from 200 to 260 feet.
His new machine was
composed of large curved surfaces in the form of an open fan.
Lilienthal had arranged a place for himself on the left side, and
by means of two wooden levers he could augment or diminish at
will the form and dimensions of the soaring planes during flight.
At the back of his machine he placed a vertical steering gear,
which he operated by means of two cables. The weights, of 20
and 100 kilograms respectively when mounted, were well dis-

turf

tributed.

With

this

machine Lilienthal launched himself from a height

upward
and was perfectly successful
means of light displacements of
Having thus
the center of gravity and of the steering gear.
of 98 feet, and, carried by an ascending wind, he glided

to a height of

from 650

to 980 feet,

in turning to the right or left by

demonstrated the feasibility of his machine, he undertook to

manufacture it and sell it to aeronauts in Germany and elsewhere.
In 1894 he built at Lichterfelde a conical mound 49 feet high
and 227 feet in diameter at the base. From this elevation he
tried out his new gliding machine, which was composed of two
planes placed one over the other, with which he made very successful flights.

Later on he constructed a machine, with beating wings, worked

by means of two motors run by carbonic acid; but this apparatus
proved worthless.
Lilienthal died a martyr to his inventor's enthusiasm. One day
during a successful flight the machine suddenly rose to a height
of 23 feet and then fell straight down to the ground and was
shattered into fragments. Lilienthal's spine was broken, and he
died twent3--four hours later, on August 10, 1896.
Some defect in the machine probably caused the disaster.
Lilienthal's apparatus had no longitudinal stability because it consisted of but one carrying surface
the horizontal governing apparatus, moreover, was
much too small and
;

too

set

close

to

the

bow

constructed another machine, consisting of

to

huge wings nearly 23

obliged to use his body

In

feet long,

surface

he

89 1

as

curved para-

The mountwere of bamboo

covered

with

gether

18

by

feet,

he

fly

at

tance

was

first

of

ing this
114

could

in the air

feet,
fly

rear

tus

to

instead of gliding, be-

cause

a disin

down, striking
ground violently

with

THE HILL KKOM WHICH LILIENTHAL GLIDED

make

As he plunged down

mal

23 feet per second.

was shattered and he was killed.

His death was felt as a loss to aviation.
helm Kress. " a modest and amiable man.

on the model of the first, but with dimensions

With this
of 16 square meters and a weight of 24 kilograms.
he was able to cover a distance of 262 feet, at a speed of nearly
machine to Rathenow

them

in 1893, after

modifying
His

for transportation.

position.

prow before

its

the aviator had time to

then built a sec-

his

retrograde

straight

the

he

against

the wings so as to be able to fold

of

to

increas-

and

liable

movement and again,

it was liable to descend

ond, larger glider,

He removed

could

his appara-

19

the wind.

He

equilib-

he

stationary

of

distance later

also

was

back and
an acro-

his

But
remain

not

estab-

able

feet

wind,

strong
to

for

16

keeps

rium.

kilograms.

height

to

moving

bat

alto-

Launching himself
from

efficient.

equilibrium,

the

forth, just as

this

really

means

lish

calico

soaked with wax

machine weighed

the

The aviator was

bolically.

ings

be

of

in

full

it

regain

flight,

its

nor-

the machine

" He was," says WilHis glides, or flights,

were extraordinarily able and were executed with a very unstable
apparatus they not onl}' created a sensation and excited a lively
:

; ;

AIRCRAFT

March, lyio
interest, but also gave a new impulse
and stimulus to the efforts of other

years

aviators.

subsequently distinguished themselves

with successful motor aeroplanes in

and

The experiments of the unfortunate

German inventor were of incontestable value in demonstrating the

possibility of realizing

under the best

Lilienthal's

their

faces themselves to alter their posi-

flights of the

as

to

brothers,
their

LILIENTHAL

fate

tlie

of Lilienthal

title

glory

to

who adapted

aeroplanes

of

his

1902

ideas

and

to

1903,

pupils

However much
may have gone ahead of

master

now,

the

successful

German engineer

in his

attempts to overcome the resistance

of the air on curved surfaces put him

pressure back verticallj' over the cen-

shared

greatest

and to the construction of the mebis

bring the center of

an English engineer,

who

chanical aeroplane.

ter of gravity.

Pilcher,

Ferber

Frenchmen,

is the fact that he was an initiator,

and the forerunner of the Wright

flight.

had no imitators in Germany, but in 1S96 Octave Chanute, a

Frenchman living in America, began
experiment with man-carrying
to
gliding-machines in which he reversed the method of Lilienthal to
restore balance and caused the surso

both

France, also followed his methods, as

Lilienthal

tion,

the late Captain

well as other celebrated pioneers in

the science of aviation.

effi-

ciency of supporting surfaces and the

conditions equilibrium during

later,

Voisin,

FLIGHT

IN

in the

who

foremost ranks of the world's

greatest aviators and

three

live for

many

his

name

will

centuries.

BANKING
By Edward
HEN

a bicyclist turns a corner, he has to lean towards

which he is turning, in order to keep from

falling, and to keep his proper balance or equilibrium.
Similarly a bicyclist or motor cyclist who is racing around
a race-track only in this case the track is sloped or banked at the
turns to keep him from sliding or falling off to one side.
Now
imagine the air as a bank of earth which is sloped the same way
where a heavier-than-air flying machine takes a turn for this
is in fact just what takes place.
There is, however, a different principle involved in aeroplane
" banking," as it is called, from the principle illustrated by the
cyclist leaning to one side at a turn
though both are alike in
that the movement serves to the same end.
A cyclist is like an
inverted pendulum, he being the knob or weight which is fastened
at the top of a pendulum rod, and not at the bottom, as in most
cases.
His bicycle is the pendulum rod which is pivoted to a solid
the side on

Young

H.

gravity, tending to

making a

throw

it

Throwing

turn.

to the outside

edge of the machine

in

the center of gravity towards the out-

edge causes the center of pressure to move towards the

inner edge of the machine (that is, the side of the machine nearest
the corner of the turn), causing the coincidence of these two
centres to be destroyed. This causes the outside edge of the flyside

ing machine to lower and fall towards the ground. This action
is disregarded by a great many young experimenters in the
art
they build their machines without reference to it and then find

out too late that they are

wrong

in principle.

To overcome this centrifugal action, it is necessary to raise the

outside edge of the machine above the horizontal in other words,
to bank it.
This causes the pull (or center) of gravity to move
;

towards the inside edge of the machine and meet, and keep in
coincidence with, the center of pressure. This action counterbalances the outward force of centrifugal action and keeps the ma-

foundation, the ground.

In making a turn, centrifugal action
tends to throw him outward from the turn, and he leans to the

chine in balance or equilibrium.

turning point to bring the action of gravity into play as a coun-

is

terbalance to the action of the centrifugal force, this keeping his

they raise the rear edge of their surfaces at one end of the machine and lower it below the horizontal at the other. This action
causes the side of the aeroplane, whose surfaces are lowered, to
shoot up into the air to a higher level and thus bank the machine

equilibrium.

On

the other hand, an aeroplane

sweeper, which has a tendency to

make

move

is

like a carpet

straight ahead rather than

and which would go straight ahead

were banked to assist in making the turn. The
aeroplane proper corresponds to the sweeper box, and is pushed
along by the propellers, which correspond to the handle of the
to

a turn as desired

unless the floor

carpet sweeper.

however, another principle which applies to an aeroplane, but which does not apply to the bicyclist. This is the opposition of the aeroplanic principles of " center of pressure " and
" center of gravity." The pressure is the upward tendency of the
air against the lifting surface of the aeroplane, and tends to support the heavier-than-air flying machine in the air gravity is the
pull of the earth against the machine, and tends to bring it down
to the ground.
The center of each is the spot where, counting
from some point (as the spokes of a wheel) the pressure is evenly
directed to all parts of the flying machine. The tendency of each

There

is,

being in opposition, one being upward and the other downward,

these two centers must of necessity coincide in the vertical plane.

Centrifugal action plays an important part in a heavier-than-

machine in making a turn. It has a tendency to throw

everything about the machine having weight out towards the rim

To

achieve this result, several dififerent devices are in use. One

the plane-warping principle of the Wright brothers, whereby

making a turn. Another device is the use of wing tips or

whose action is the same as the plane-warping device,
though a little slower in its movement. Because of this shortin

rudders,

coming, it is doubtful if it will be found as efficient in high winds

as is the other device, for in high winds the action is very rapid
and instantaneous correction must be made, delay being danger-

ous to equilibrium.

was

knowledge of how to properly keep an

equilibrium in making a turn, that delayed the practical application of the art to commercial uses.
As before stated,
the old idea was that the machine would naturally raise itself in
It

aeroplane

the lack of the

in

making a turn, the same as a bird in soaring flight appears to do

but as shown above, this was a mistaken idea.
The outer wing of a soaring bird does not naturally raise itself in making a turn, but the bird raises it to a higher level
by
almost imperceptibly throwing the wing slightly forward and
changing his other wing slightly to the rear. This action, it is
pertains to a principle different from that heretofore described.
The wing that is thrown forward receives the upward
pressure of the air first, and also gets the upward pressure of the

air flying

true,

As centrifugal action only affects parts

having weight, and as the pull of gravity also only affects parts
having weight, centrifugal action therefore disturbs the center of

tending to turn

or periphery of the turn.

air in front of the point of fore

it

upward and

and

aft

balance of

get to a higher level.

its

body, thus

AIRCRAFT

A VIEW OF THE STARTING-POINT

PAULUAN's Ull'LANE

IS

March, igio

SEEN KISING FROM THE GROUND TO THE LEET OF THE BALLOON " DISCOVERY.

A BLERIOT MONOPLANE PASSING OVER THE GRAND STANDS

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

13

THE LOS ANGELES AERONAVTICAL TOVRNAMENT

^^HE

lirst

5s)*f:\ lical

tournament,

^Jlf^

aeronau-

great

in

by going 4,165 feet up into the

which

.lir

machines as well
as airships and sphericals
living

and winning the

were entered into contests, ever

held in the United States took
place ,it Los Angeles, California,
from the loth to the 20th days
of January, igio, and was a most

money

for

Time

and

Passencer-cakryinc

prizes for the Speed and

Qltick Starting contests.
Both Charles K. Hamilton
lu'st

and Charles
guished

sisted

of

aviators,

historic old

first

which originally con-

est

about 50,000 -acres of

first

mostly level surface.

long and 40 feet

'

held on the

high,

as

former

the

great

winning

making the SlowLap and the latter taking

money for Starting and
in a square.

Roy Knabenshue and Lincoln

feet

with

Willard distin-

F.

themselves

prize for

LjVnding

The grand stand was 750

also

contests, while Curtiss took the

decided success from every con-

battlefield

prize

first

won first
Endurance and

the

ceivable standpoint.

The contests were

Domingnez Ranch, a

He

for the feat.

Ucachy gave some very pretty

seating capacity of about 25.000

'

xhibitions with their Dirigibles,

hundred private
boxes.
It was built upon the
highest stretch of land and overlooked the surrounding plains

and Clifford B. Harmon, Dick

Ferris, George B. Harrison, J.
C. Mars and other celebrated
balloonists
made some very

for miles.

clever ascensions.

including

one

The attendance ran from

On

20.-

000 to 50,000 daily, and prominent men and women from all

,ible

parts of the world were enthu-

$So.ooo

was

md
the

offered

in

aggregate
prizes,

ited

of

'ared

which $19,000 was won by Louis

Paulhan and $5,000 by Glenn H.
Curtiss.

both

of

whom

summer.

On

that
to

LOUIS PAULHAN

Meet

at

Rheims, France,

last

face,

Paulhan established a new world's record for height

flights

aviators

the

In

all

of

in

hesi-

Frenchman

from Aviation Field

to

ranch, twen-

ty-three miles away, circled the

old Santa Anita race-track and
back to his tent,
he cov ered an e: timated distance of 475-2 miles in i hour

AND WIFE

bucked

Paulhan

wings

the

other

Lucky" Baldwin's

took

part in the International Aviation

i8th

of the most remark-

cross-countrv

istor)'.

siastic spectators.

amount

January

made one

his

w ay

THE HENRY FARMAN BIPLANE WITH WHICH LOUIS PAULHAN MADE THE WORLD'S HEIGHT RECORD AT LOS ANGELES

AIRCRAFT

14

March, igio

He flew to Baldwin's with the wind

minutes and came back against it in approximately
When he finished he said that the motor
thirtj'-three minutes.
was as cool as when he started, and that he could repeat the
2 minutes 42 4/5 seconds.

in

thirty

trip at once.

GLENN CUETISS THE SPEED CH\MPION RE

from

VD\ TO FL^

on his
His highest point was 2,130 feet, as indicated by the instrument in the flyer.
Under him, speeding" over countr)' roads, were automobiles,
horsemen and motorcycles, trying to be near the machine should
Paulhan fall, or have to descend. Mrs. Paulhan was in one of
the pursuing automobiles, praying and crying.
When Paulhan reached the grand stand on his return he was
mobbed. The crowd broke through the barriers. The aviator

Paulhan attained an

way over

altitude of

1,000 to 2,000 feet

the valley.

THE MARQUISE DE ROBERT KERSANSON DE PENNENDRIFF TAKING

LUNCHEON WITH PAULHAN AND HIS WIFE

The

prizes

Height.

won during

First,

the aviation meet follow

Louis Paulhan, 4.165

$3,000, JMons.

ond, $2,000, Mr. Charles K. Hamilton, 530.5 feet

Glenn H. Curtiss, no official height taken.

Endurance and Time.

miles,

ih.

58m.

ig.44 miles,

32s.

39m. 2/5S.

First,

$3,000,

second, $2,000,
;

feet

third, $500,

sec-

Mr.

j\Ions. Paulhan, 75.77

Charles K. Hamilton,
Glenn H. Curtiss, 16.11

^Ir.

third, $500, Air.

miles, 24m. 54 2/55.

Speed,
43 3/Ss.

Ten Laps.

First,

$3,000,

Mr. Curtiss,

16. 11

miles,

23m.

second, $2,000, Mons. Paulhan, 16.11 miles, 24m. 59 2/53.;

third, $500,

jNIr.

Hamilton,

16. 11

miles, 30m. 34 3/5S.

Three Laps with Passenger. First, $1,000, Mons. Paulhan, 4.83

miles, 8m. 16 1/5S. No others contested.
Slowest Lap. First, $500, ]Mr. Charles K. Hamilton, 1.61 miles,
3m. 36 2/ss.
Quickest Start. First, $250, Mr. Curtiss, 98 feet.

CHARLES Wn.L.\RD IN .\CTION

was borne over the

field.

His countrymen kissed him and wept

in joy.

Among the many ladies who took trips skyward in the balloons
and aeroplanes were Mrs. Ada M. Gregory of Chicago, Miss
Bertha Freund of Cincinnati, Miss Mae Meyers of San Bernardino, Mrs. Dick Ferris of Los Angeles, and JNIme. Paulhan of

Starting and Landing in a Square.

Paris.

From

start to finish there

was a dash and

spirit to the great

show that made it one continuous round of

Angeles never saw such crowds before, and the
became wildly enthusiastic over the wonderful
The aviators were lionized at every turn, and
offered

lUIXC K1I> AXIl

IN TROUBLE

them by promoters

excitement.

Los

whole population
events.

fabulous amounts

to give exhibitions in other cities.

lard

HI-;

$250,

KX AM

]\Ir.

XI'

Charles F. Wil-

score perfect.

Cross Country. $10,000, Mons. Paulhan.

The following are records for the course also made
Speed, one lap, 2m. 12s. Mr. Curtiss.
Shortest Time in Rising, 6 2/55. Mr. Curtiss.
:

Dirigibles, one lap, 4m. 57 4/5S.

Mr. Lincoln Beachy.

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

AVIATORS SMITH, CURTISS, MASSON, PAULHAN. MISCAROt. WILLARD

^
PAULHAN'

IN

HIS

AEROPLANE. PEACHY IN HIS

IN HIS SPHERICAL

FERRIS

DIRIGIBLE

AND

AND BEACHY ON THE GROUND

AIRCRAFT

i6

THE MAYOR

ROY KNABENSHUE FL\

sU

STAND IN HIS DIRIGIBLE

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST, THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER COLOSSUS,

WAS THERE AND TOOK A RIDE WITH PAULHAN

March, igio

OF

SAN DIEGO PRESENTING PAULHAN WITH A LOVING

CUP

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

AIR..

THE EMANCIPATION OF MAN

By

V. L.

we may

mound

still

add,

(og-

that

gives

ness,

capillary

ness

or

it

cohesive-

adhesive-

(tenuity),

or

note

and

the

gravity

specific

earth? and

the pressure

inseparability,

asunder,

cleaved

disturbed or disrupted.

The

physicists will tell

you that the pressure

makes the atmosphere inseparable.
come from? Is it from above the

what, then,

so,

if

its

when

is

that air up against the earth's

there below the earth to press

surface?

This, then,

a self-

is

contradictory statement.
Is

thing
force

it

to

exist

Aurora

Borealis and

and so palpably
Austrialis,

Aurora

illustrated in the

when

visually,

show us

really

what extent the magnetic lines of force extend.

They have, on man}' occasions, when conditions were favorable,
shown to the naked eye their formed lines to extend from the
poles to the equatorial zones.
This, then, is an optical demon-

to

stration to us, of the ever-present magnetic lines of force, that

we talk about but cannot very well prove.

Now, let us assume that magnetism is ever present, and we
will then be able to explain phenomena heretofore baffling to
man's understanding. To start with, we will take a cloud floating in the

air.
it

It floats

keep

its

on a cushion of hot

air,

as only in that

load of vapor in a state volatile enough to

float, otherwise the moment it is struck by a cold draft the vapor

condenses and drops its water. Another thing happens as the
cloud is heavier, it does not quite float with the wind, it loses
ground, as it were, the wind is ripped asunder at the forefront
of the cloud, part of the air running down and part over it; as
;

the wind

.is

ripped in two, the magnetic lines of force in the air

After a while enough magnetism is generated on

ofif a spark
and this spark we
As a rule this spark follows the moiscall a bolt of lightning.
stream,
air,
intermittent
caused
by the on-rushing
ture-laden
or
are severed.

the surface of the cloud to give

drops of water to the earth or from one cloud to another to

which the damp vapor is blown or carried by the wind.
Magnetism in the air, or in the water, gives life to animated
beings and causes disintegration in inanimate matter.
It will cause metals to disintegrate, whereas it will build up

How

Very simply.
is it done?
exposed to the weather. You will say
into mere dust. Look at what is left of that
it has rusted away
iron.
It is full of pits and holes, and next to each pit or hole is
A microscopic examination will reveal
a little mound or ampula.
that the mound or ampula of rust was built up by the deposition
of the particles of iron that flew out of the pit or hole and deThis could only
posited themselves near by in a little mound.
have been made in one way by magnetism. A magnetic eddy
taking the particles of iron out, at the South Pole, and deposit-

the body of an animal.

Look

at a piece of iron

ing

them

at the

North Pole,

and adjoining mound of

is

the only explanation for that pit

existing in the atmosphere.

It

electrolytic aggregation

hours pass by,

grows

pit,

As

far as the microscope can

and the chemical analysis of the simple

is shown that this cell is made up of a

show

cell

can be determined.

bit

of carbon and par-

much

and

as

the

in the case of the iron ex-

pastes, with a reactive agent, to energize a current of elec-

mic

tricity,

he will thus see

simplest
I

may mention

simple

how near

to ours

nature's

is

own

electric

cell.

cells,

two

that any

and

in the

salts

will, suffice

to energize the

waters of the sea as well as in the liquids

way

of the blood there are ample salts finding their

thither to

energize and build ever and ever the simple cells that go to rebuild and reenforce the wasted cells destroyed by wear and tear
in all animal

life.

Now, having made an

source of
air are to

up,

life

of man,

efi^ort at

let

us see

showing how magnetism is the

that same magnetism and,

how
man

simply this way not only

be the emancipation of
the wind give us power which we shall store
;

we make

in

compressed

air tanks,

liquid air, all uses of power,

and
and finally cheap means of commu-

convert into electric lighting,,

nication.

In the great aerial highway

man

will

emancipate himself from

wear and'
and cumbersome driving mechanisms. On the
expensive
wheels
to
keep up,,
heavy
nor
aircraft there will be no
nor any other than the reasonable wear and tear of engines.
Neither the wings nor the propeller of a flying machine suffer
any wear as do the rubber tires of an automobile, or the wheels

the upkeep of the present railroad bed, rolling stock,

tear of car wheels

of a

PuUman coach.
are now carrying

We

100 pounds of weight one mile, at an

expense of one-fourth of a cent, and before the year 1910 is over,.
I feel sure we can cut that to less than one mill per mile for
every hundredweight.
If the railroads and automobile makers think they will be able
to compete with such means of locomotion, I feel sure they will

have very shortly to change their line of thought.

In the much despised and neglected oscillating wing machines,
made in a sensible and mechanical
way, either for lack of means or for the lack of brains, and for
the parsimony of civilization, and its neglectful and perfunctory
governments, I have no doubt we will find the machine that will
defy the elements, as they are now defied, even by the most feeble

of which none have ever been

insect.
It has been said that the aeroplane is the nearest thing imitating the beautiful flight of. the larger birds. There never was a

made farther from the truth.

The aeroplane is thrust ahead by the impact

statement

behind

again.st the air

it,

It

of the propeller

lift the mass by mountupon the embankment of air it meets.

and the planes

ing or continually creeping

it creates a suction behind its great spread

This suction, as well as the embankment in
progress. In other words, it vitiates or annuls,

does another thing,

of plane surfaces.
front, retards

its

to a great extent, the

work

of the propeller.

In the case of the wings of a bird or of an insect, their operaAt each stroke the flexible feathers find
tion is just the reverse.

an embankment of
suction created

is

air behind,

made

scooping

it,

as

it

were, and

all

the

to the front of the wing, thus utilizing

every condition for the acceleration of its forward movement.

Even its tail is utilized for lifting weight. How, then, can it be
said the aeroplane

is

the duplication of nature's fliers?

We

rust.

In the case of life in the water, the magnetic eddies, as in the

atmosphere, are ever present and ever, ever working. Let us take
the simple cell of the slime and there we find the exact conditions
us,

twenty-four

each

as

of rust, next to the

posed to the magnetic eddies of the atmosphere or water.

If the reader will please remember that many of our present
electric cells are made with a bit of carbon and other protoplas-

conditions are favorable

These auroras,

for optical observation?

way could

absorption,

shall

not more reasonable to assume that the cause for this

pressure is the now well-known magnetic lines of

we call
known

grow by

of protoplasma, that

ticles

any other term you may

wish to employ to de-

PLAN OF THE OCHOA MACHINE, WHICH

WILL BE MADE ENTIRELY OV STEEL.

Ochoa

H. O. N. plus Argyle
and then Neon, and now
nctic Aux, as the element

Where does

17

have aeroplane insects like the June bug and the beetle
and all hard shell-wing insects, but they are all slow fliers,
whereas all flexible wing insects are swift fliers as is the honeybee, the locust, the dragon fly, etc.
So, all things considered, we may safely prophesy that where
an aeroplane made si.xty miles last year the wing machine will

make many more

this year.

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

AERIAL WARFARE
By Hudson Maxim
^[NCE

that long ago when the primitive savage

crawled from the smoke and dinge of the hillcavern
and raised his eyes to the unfathomed
\

\A
ts_//

mysteries

of

great

the

with winged

filled

human

hovering with the night,

concave,

star-spangled
flying

life,

with the day and

aspiration, stimu-

by imaginative wonder, has been the con-

lated

quest of the

air.

admiration

l\Ian's

followed the bird in

and
its

envy have always

flight, and though foothis

tied to earth, he has in imagination soared in the cloud-land of

His passion for flight has given wings to the immortal

spirits of the dead, who, disburdened of this cumber of flesh and
blood and bone, at last come to the realization of the dream of
the lark.

flight.

The

on glare of steel over the frozen glare,

on the wind. The cyclist, too, has
and the automobilist in his flight with chance

skater, as he rides

in fancy's pretense, riding

is,

his aerial fancies,

and the wider acquaintance of different groups

with one another and to the war spur we
and their wonder-working
have raised the world from savage indigence to luxurious

of peoples

men

races of

many

of the master inventions

So

it

is,

with the advent of the flying machine,

look to

its

military uses as

Thus

it

is

that the chief uses

from time immemorial have been

When

in

human

inventions

implements and enginery

has been that a little lead of one people or

war inventions has meant victory.

of war, for often

country

as

of

it

the hair-snarled, low-browed, prognathous, primitive an-

down from

cestor of ours looked

his

arboreal perch

upon the

life-and-death grapple of a fighting world, the imperative necessity for

communication with

and co-

his fellows for organization

operation to meet the exigencies of existence in an inclement

environment of savage tooth and claw impelled him to employ

certain sounds as the signs of ideas, which gave birth to language
the greatest and most useful of all weapons of war, and which
lifted him from brute to man.
The human brain and the sword-arm have grown up side by
side.
The fingered hand has been forged from the fin of the
fish by the same impulse that has builded the human brain upon

the

microscopic terminal ganglion of the primitive cordworm,

grown out

toward the survival of the

It

is

Everywhere

piece by piece.

infinitesimal

gently selective has

in

nature the

intelli-

of blind inertia tending always

fittest.

an eternal, inexorable,

nature that

all

animal

life

impartial and merciless law of

must feed on other life. Every living

creature has always been obliged to fight for place in

man

ment, and the fight of

its

environ-

for his higher place has been the

them

all.
He- has had to fight a sterner
in his war with heat and
and storm and flood, and with savage
beasts and still more savage men.
Armed with a language and a club, the Alalus crept from his
warren and entered the arena of life as man; and since that time
he has hewn the living flesh from off the bones of every breathing
thing and won the mastery of all the earth; and the fighting
spirit in man has become a part of the very spirit of life itself,
and we find it everywhere to-daj', manifested in business as well

severest contention of

fight for his uplift to a

higher plane,

cold, with the hurricane

as in war.

Though war
Often war

is

be an

good

evil,

yet

it

thing, for to

is

not always an unmixed one.

wars we owe the intermingling

we

naturally

those that will be the most

ments of government specifications, for war is not a fair-weather

game, but battles must be fought in the night and the storm, in
high wind and low, as well as in calm air and daylight. It will
be necessarj' to produce aeroplanes which will be capable of rising from any ground and traveling upon any air, however turbulent.

When

there

is

a very strong

demand

for the accomplishment

of a result through invention, that result

the Whitehead torpedo holds

conquest.

among

genius to produce flying machines to .meet the stringent require-

utilitarian

Every invention has been forged out of necessity and there

not and never has been any other stimulus of genius so strong
as that which has impelled man to prepare for war, demanding as
it has and does the defense of country, home and loved ones on
the one hand, and offering on the other the coveted rewards of

en-

important and that will give to the industry its strongest stimulus.
Inventors will have to delve deep into the resources of their

plishment

is

that

lightenment.

and death has the passion of the wing in him.

Now that the flying machine has actually come, we naturally
stand a-tiptoe and peer into the future with a questioning surmise as to what will be its usefulness. Will it ever be broadl}'
?

and

owe

think that

if

it

lies

we may

within the range of

is

pretty sure of accom--

human

possibility;

and

confidently expect the final building of aero-

planes that will enable the aeronaut to laugh at the wind and the

storm,

aeroplanes

ing under the

The

shall automatically hold their

its

hand of the aeronaut.

which will be found for

wars of the future

of raiders

way, as

course, except for desired direct-

greatest usefulness

in the

riers

which

machines
and as cararms and ex-

flying

will be as scouting craft

with the raiders'

outfit

of light

and the true use for explosives so carried will be in the

blowing up of bridges, the destruction of magazines, arsenals
and powder mills, and not, as is popularly supposed, as bombs to
be dropped from a height.
Aerial bombs dropped from the sky will never be widely destructive, for it is contrary to the laws of nature that they should
be, and nature's laws are hard to reverse.
There is a wide popular error about the force and action of
high explosives. We often read of the invention by some obscure genius of a high explosive a hundred or a thousand times as
powerful as dj'namite, an ounce of which would wreck a block
of buildings.
Occasionally, a dynamiter or anarchist is arrested
with a quantity of dynamite on his person, which is confidently
asserted to be sufficient to utterly demolish a city square.
Unfamiliarity with high explosives allows the imagination wide
play which leads the public mind far into error.
It has been recently stated in the press that the advent of the
flying machine seals the doom of the battleship, for now aeroplanes will be able to drop high explosives upon them and wreck
them and it was asserted that ten-pound bombs dropped from
the sky upon a battleship would destroy it. As a matter of fact,
it might rain ten-pound bOmbs for a week on a modern battleship
without any other result than the marring of its paint and a few
slight bruises on the superstructure.
Such bombs would not even
disturb the siestas of the marines below decks.
Bombs containing several hundred pounds of dynamite, however, dropped into the smoke-stacks or clos'e beside a battleship
and exploded near the hull below the armored protection, might
do some wicked work, but this would be very difficult of accomplosives

plishment.

Obviously, a flying machine would have to travel high, in order

guns of a warship, which will be ready

to escape the sky-raking

for the flying machine, as soon as the flying" machine is ready,

and must therefore be taken into consideration.
The flying machine must also travel at least thirty miles an
hour in order to keep up. This means that it must be traveling
forward at the time it drops a bomb at the rate of more than
forty feet a second, and as the bomb would only travel sixteen

AIRCRA

March, igio

would travel f(.)rward

and by the time it had
fallen three hundred and thirty-six feet, it would have moved
forward two Iiundred and forty feet so that by the time a bomb
had fallen from the height of a mile, it would strike pretty wide
of the mark, unless the aeronaut should be skillful enough to
drop it at exactly the right instant and several hundred feet beThis would certainly be a very
fore he came over the warship.
difficult task, even if the warship were at anchor; but as the warfoot

llio

second

lir-it

il

was dropped,

forty feet while dropping sixteen feet

it

may

sliip

itself

be moving at nearly or quite the speed of the

flying machine, the difficulty of hitting the warsliip

creased

still

would be

in-

very wide use will be found for flying machines carrying

wage war upon the unprotected population of interior

towns, for the flying machine can pass over

and coast

fortifications, forts

all

and armies,

barriers.

War-

will fail to arrest

progress, but there will be of course flying machines of the

its

opposing forces to bar the way.

In the next great war. along the frontiers of the warring powers will be hosts of aeroplanes perched ready to fly to the attack

any invading air fleet. Hill top and mounwatch the sea of air for aerial armadas as the
England watched the sea for the Spanish Armada.

for the interception of

tain height will

coast hills of

Nevertheless, there will be aerial blockade runners that will

elude detection and which will light upon and devastate unprotected cities

We

and towns.

must not imagine that in the next great war we will be

sit by the hearthstone and read of the conduct of

war

broken by the

in distant parts, for aerial raiders of

the

enemy may

at

any moment come down from the sky and bring the latest war
news right to our doors. The slumber of anv night may be

sword and the

flare of the torch, the glint of the

roar of conflagration.

But,

dropping from the high

air,

have said, the aerial bomb,

will never be widely destructive, reas

ports of imaginative writers notwithstanding.

body of high explosive, detonated upon the surface of the

earth, rebounds from the earth upward, expanding as it goes up
in the form of an inverted cone, so that there Is little action, and
often none at all, to any consideraljle distance, on a horizontal
plane.
In order to do much damage, dynamite requires confinement in the thing to be destroyed, where it can exert its energy
/\

disrupting

in

its

container.

Then

the

damage

it

is

capable of

tremendous.

is

High explosive

projectiles

have been found to be quite inef-

fectual against troops, for the reason that their horizontal action

so limited

is

while, on the other hand, shrapnel and canister

are very destructive because of their wide horizontal effectiveness,

for the

same reason that a

bullet

is

more

destructive having a

trajectory than one that has a high trajectory.

The

flat

bullet with

number of troops in its line

more curved trajectory.
Obviously, an army marching rank behind rank would expose
much more vital surface to the bullets of an enemy firing at
them horizontally than they would if the bullets were fired at
them from the sky, taking them head-on or end-wise, instead of

the

fiat

trajectory will strike a larger

of flight than a bullet having a

and where the bullet, even if it hit, could penetrate

whereas the same bullet traveling horizontally might
pass through half a dozen men.
The flying machine will be very useful as a scouting craft for
the observation and mapping of an enemy's position and operations. The wars of the future will more and more be fought with
science opposed to science.
sidewise,

but one inan

permitted to
the

19

working

more.

raiders to

ships

THE RELATION OF WIND TO AERIAL NAVIGATION

By
^K^HE prevailing direction and
^iK surface of the globe have
many

^Ljffs

years.

Thej' are

Professor A.

strength of the winds over the

been the object of study for

now

quite accurately

known and
who are

are entered on charts for the use of mariners,

concerned with them as aids to navigation. The normal

upper winds, which lately have been determined with some exactness by meteorologists, with a view of ascertaining the atmos-

chiefly

pheric circulation at different heights,

aeronaut

who

wishes to

make use

above the
which have been obtained

prevailing
Hill

now

earth's
at

become of interest to the

more regular currents

of the

surface.
Consequently, the data
such aerological stations as Blue

possess a practical as well as a scientific value.

The first measurements in America of the motions of the clouds

were there made twenty j-ears ago. By means of a triangulation
from a base-line, the height, direction and drift of the various
kinds of clouds were measured up to the level at which the highest ice-clouds, or cirrus, float, six to eight miles above the earth.
These usually move from a westerly direction, little influenced by
the storms at the ground, at an average speed of eighty miles an
hour. But this method of determining the upper air-currents is
not always available, for frequently there are no clouds, or, if
there are, the lower clouds obscure the upper ones, and, in any
case, it is not possible by them to measure the air-currents at
successive heights at any particular time. This, however, can be
accomplished by the use of pilot-balloons, triangulated like the
clouds from a base-line.
While small balloons have long been
used hy balloonists to determine the general direction in which
they are likely to drift, it is believed that the first exact measures
in America of pilot-balloons were made last summer at Blue Hill.
Even

in

cloudy weather, or at night,

it is

possible to obtain the

general drift of the atmosphere up to heights of ten miles or

more, by the so-called sounding-balloons, which carry automatic

instruments that record continuously, height, temperature and the
time. The first balloons of this kind were sent up from St. Louis

Lawrence RotcK
staft' of the Blue Hill Observatory, and when they
ground hundreds of miles away, all but four of the
seventy-six dispatched were found and returned to the senders.
Knowing the place at which the balloons fell, and having a record
of the height during the flight and its duration, the average direction and speed of drift could be calculated. These showed a general movement from the west-northwest at the rate of 25 miles per
hour for a mean height of 6,500 feet, and at a rate of 56 miles
per hour for a mean height of 20,000 feet, which is rarely attained by manned balloons.

1904 by the

in

fell

to the

Thus it is evident that, in these latitudes, the aeronaut who

maintains an altitude of two miles or more will be carried eastward, in most cases, with the speed of an express train.

The

surface winds in most parts of the world are too irregular

to be of

much

service to either the spherical or dirigible balloon

sail into the wind like a ship, but north and

equator the trade-winds blow steadily from the
northeast and southwest respectively, rarely influenced by cy-

which are unable to

south

of the

clonic disturbances.
latitudes,

To

ascertain the upper winds in these

a steam-yacht, provided with balloons

and

kites,

low
was

sent to the South Atlantic a few years ago by ]\I. Teisserene de

Measurements of the angular altitude and
Bort and the writer.
direction of the balloons from the deck of the vessel showed
that at a height varying from a quarter of a mile to a couple of
miles the surface winds were completely reversed, the northeast
trade becoming southwest and the southeast becoming northwest.
These results have just been confirmed by the observations of a
German colleague. Professor Hergesell, in the Caribbean Sea,
where a very strong southwest wind was found to be superposed
on the northeast trade-wind, three miles or more above the ocean.

Hence

it

appears possible for a spherical balloon, starting from

the African coast, to sail far out over the Atlantic, and, by rising
into the upper current, return safely to land.

more dangerous

feat

would be

for a balloon starting

from

AIRCRAFT

20

West

the southern

Indies to seek

first

the upper southwest cur-

rent, trusting to the northeast trade for the return journey.

The

days would make a transatlantic crossing, from the United States

to Europe, in the upper westerly current, a hazardous under-

Aeronauts and aviators, however, are more particularly interwind conditions prevailing within two or three miles
of the earth, and for the Atlantic coast states the data which have
been obtained with kites at Blue Hill Observatory since 1894 furested in the

nish this information.

way

best

blows on the average eighty miles an hour,

double that speed. On account of the
diminished density of the air at this elevation, however, the
pressure of the wind becomes only one-quarter of that for the

of measuring wind velocity within the stratum

is

increase in

said,

it

in winter at

velocity at sea-level.

The

wind is also of inground the highest velocity occurs in the after-

diurnal change in the velocity of the

At

terest.

the

noon and the lowest

wind velocity with height above the ground

is

found from these records to be very rapid. At night it is faster

and attains a maximum at the height of a third of a mile, above
which there is a decrease in velocity, except in winter, up to twothirds of a mile. Above that level there is little change between
the day and night conditions and the velocity continues to in-

velocity early in the morning, but in the free

are completely reversed at the height of a

air these conditions

Near

quarter of a mile.

by means of an anemometer attached to a kite which

can be kept at a nearly constant height over the ground station
for many hours at a time.

mentioned

The

we have

and sometimes

same

taking.

The

crease up to the regions occupied by the highest clouds, where,

as

impossibility of tceeping a balloon in the air for several

March, igio

account of the obstacles

to reefs

the
it

ground the wind

more gusty on

is

may

encounters, which

At

on the sea-coast producing breakers.

be compared
night, because

wind is much steadier

summer, a region of little wind
also warmer and drier than either

of the absence of ascending currents, the

than during the daytime, and

suitable for aviation,

which

is

in

in the daj'time or on the ground, may be found about 4.000 feet

above it. In this way, then, the aerologist, although himself remaining on the earth, may aid the aeronaut and aviator perform
aerial journeys, looking to them in return to advance the explora-

tion of the air.

AEROPLANES AMONG PLANTS AND ANIMALS

(From Harper's Weekly

Adz'crtiser)

^if^HE

the " sea-swalloWj" a creature so like a bird in appearance that

cq/iyK

it

''men birds" who have solved the heavier-than-air

problem have not attained the possibilities of the lower
^Jjffj animals who rise in the air by muscular power, nor are
the birds and the "winged mice" (bats) the only flying
animals. There are others, and those others deserve more credit
for their effort because they do their work without the aid of artificial

motors.

Some

of the

mammals

give themselves the appearance of para-

them on both

chutes by spreading a slack skin carried by

of their flanks.

The

maintains the animal in the air during his

nance

is

nothing

sides

skin joins the front legs to the back legs and

less

than

flat flight,

Such mainte-

flight.

the flight of an

'

aeroplane

"

("air-flat").
flying squirrel, or Norfolk squirrel, of New North Wales,
an example of the anim.al aeroplane. This little animal affects
the society of men, lives in small families in the trees, and feeds
on vegetable substances and on insects. He hides in the tree-

The

is

tops, rolled like a ball, in a knot-hole, or in the crotch

several branches,
in a mantle.

At

and sleeps wrapped

membranous

nightfall he awakes, spreads his sails,

with surprising

in the air

in his

agility.

formed by

In the light he

is

skin as

and leaps

as inanimate

awaking from time to time to eat a

little, but when night falls he moves so swiftly that the human
eye cannot follow his movements. He is as agile as a monkey.
He has been known to spring thirty-three feet into the air and
leap to a distance of one hundred and two feet.
The flying-dragon of the Sunday Islands is the aviator among
reptiles.
He carries large membranous expansions on his flanks.
The two membranes when spread form a parachute which he
uses whenever his keen eyes spy an insect on a distant tree.
Flying-fishes may be classed as aviators who fly by means of
aeroplanes. They do not fly as the bird flies that is to say. they
do not beat the air with their wings. Their fins do nothing but
maintain them in the air by flat flight the flight of the air-plane.
The most common of amphibious aviators leaps from the sea
and soars in the air to a distance of from eighteen to twenty feet.
In some of his greatest leaps he moves in an arc of from twelve
When his momentum gives out he falls back
to fourteen feet.
into the water to gather strength for another flight. These unforas a bat

he sleeps

all

day,

tunate amphibious aviators are forced to

who hunt them.

warm regions of

fly

to escape the teeth

of the fish

In the

even

in the

the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and

Mediterranean, another flying-fish

is

found.

This

is

is

impossible to think of

water because the

impossible.
all

his

He

power

is

is

him

as a fish.

warm

air dries his fins

therefore his

fish,

drawn from

the sea.

He

flies

close to the

and makes high flight

fins must be kept wet, for
Like the glow-worm, the

sea-swallow emits phosphorescent light.

Living aeroplanes, some no larger than the smallest gnats, are
found among the shell-fish of the crab and lobster family. Under
a strong magnifying-glass they show tails ending in feathers.
Their locomotor appendices are furnished with plumes of hairs
so long and so numerous that it is evident that they were created
to be spread as a means of augmenting the body's surface so as
to enable the little beasts to maintain themselves in the air. Thsy
dart to the surface of the water, leap in the
back.

Their movement

is

a long spring or

air,

jump

soar,

and

fall

rather than a

flight.

Nature has given other animals other means of sailing the air.
rides the autumn wind is a species of
airship used by the animals who spin the silvery threads, drawing them so fine and light that they- are seen floating in the air
more than si.xty miles from land. Gossamer threads are spun
by different kinds of spiders. Naturalists who have watched the
spinners at their work have seen them climb to the tops of trees
and there build their web, which the lightest wind carries onward
and on it the spider that spun it. Scientists have expressed astonishment that no inventor has applied the spider principle to

The white gossamer which

aviation.

The vegetable world shows

aviators of merit.

Even

the pollen

and indefatigable traveler on the

wind.
B3' means of the wind plants sow their seed for miles
around. The plants which send their seed broadcast on the wind
are. in their way, manufacturers of very successful and practical
aeroplanes. The most frequent aviatory arrangement is made by
the tree fruits, called by naturalists, " the wind-lovers."
of certain plants

The fruit of the

membranous

is

an

agile

is provided with an envelope of very

which forms a wing that of the maple
has such a membrane, but it has it on one side onh'. The fruit
of the birch-tree has two side pieces which act as wings. That of
the clematis is drawn out in a long, silky, plume-like arrangement
which seems to have been created for nothing but aviation. L^nquestionably these appendices were given trees and plants to enable seeds to travel on the wind and sow themselves at a distance
from their starting-point.

light

elm-tree

tissue

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

PROMINENT AMERICAN WOMEN

WKo are

Interested in the Science of Aviation

AIRCRAFT

BIG
HUDSON MAXIM
MAXIM, inventor, mechanical
HUDSON
and student of aeronautics,

engi-

neer
was born at
OrneviUe, Piscataquis County, Maine, February 3,
He is the son of Isaac and Harriet Boston
1853.

Maxim.

(.Stevens)

Hudson Maxim left school at twenty-five years

of age, after completing his academical studies at
Kent's Hill, Maine, where he paid special attention to chemistrv, engineering, and the natural
In :S75 he formulated the hypothesis
sciences.
of the compoxmd nature of so-called atoms, which
has become a generally accepted theory only
within the past few years, as a result of experi:Mr. ^Maxim's theorv
ments on radiant matter.
was published in the Scientific American Supplement in 18S9. He was engaged in the printing
publishing business in
subscription-book
Pittsfield. Mass.. from 18S3 to 18S8, and of one
book of which he was the author, entitled " Penwork Self-Instructor." nearly 500,000 copies were
He took up the business of ordnance and
sold.
In iSgo he built a dynamite
explosives in iSSS.
factory and smokeless powder mill at Maxim,
New Jersey, a place named for him, where he
smokeless powder to be
the
first
developed

and

In
adopted by the United States Government.
1897, he sold the smokeless powder inventions to
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware, and since 1S98 has been consulting engineer and expert in the experimental
department of that company. In 1901, he sold to
the United States Government the secret of his
invention known as Maximite, the first high explosive to be fired through heavy armor-plate.
This explosive at once placed the United States
in the lead of all nations in the use of high-exploHe is also the inventor of a
sive projectiles.
detonating fuse for high-explosive projectiles,
which has proven the most successful of any fvise
He has recently perfected a new
yet developed.
smokeless powder of his invention, known as
Stabillite. which has manv advantages over any
other form of smokeless powder.
Pie is the inventor of a new system of driving automobile
torpedoes of the Whitehead type, by means of a
self-combustive material known as motorite. by
which much longer range and speed than heremade possible. Pie invented the process
now in general use in the United States for making calcium carbide continuously by the electrical
resistance of a molten carbide conductor, removing the carbide as fast as formed, and simultaneouslv supplying fresh material to the heating
field.
This process was purchased by the Union
tofore is

Carbide

Companv

in

1906.

He was

married in 1896 to Lilinn Durban,

daughter of the Rev. Wm. Durban, M.A., a wellknown linguist and litterateur of London. England.
He is a member of the Military Service
Institution: the Society of Chemical Industry: the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science; the Chemists' Club; the New England
Society; the Navv League, and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

March, igio

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

CORTLANDT FIELD BISHOP
i^ORTLANDT FIELD BISHOP was born
V^

New York

City,

November

he graduated from Columbia

Ph.D., 1893; Columbia Law School,
Pie

is

member

of a great

sociations throughout the

being the Bar Association
York, American Museum of
tional Academy of Design,
Wars, Columbia University

SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY

in

In 1891
University, A.B.;
24,

many

world,
the

1870.

1894.

clubs and as-

among them

City of New
Natural History, NaSociety of Colonial
Alumni Association,

of

and the

Metropolitan, City, Grolier. Collectors,

Knickerbocker, Automobile Club of America, Automobile Club of France; but all these are
secondary in his estimation to the Aero Club of

America.

When the automobile made its appearance, Mr.

Bishop was one of the first to become interested,
and when conditions were such that progress was
possible in aeronautics he immediately became as
much interested in this new science as he had in
the automobile.

The Aero Club of America was but a few

months old when Mr. Bishop became its President.
The greater part of his time is spent in
working in the interests of the Aero Club of
America, and last summer while abroad, so as to
be able to be of even more value to the Club, he
accepted the office of Vice-President of the Internationale Aeronautique Federation.
The first Gordon-Bennett International Aviation
Cup Race was to be held at Rheims to decide the
aviation championship, and as the date fixed for
the contest drew near there was much anxiety in
America because of the fact that no American
aviator was available, the Wright Brothers being
too much occupied in their business and the expense being prohibitive for anyone else. It was
then that Mr. Bishop came to the front and guaranteed the expenses of ilr. Curtiss and the transportation of his machine. As a result, Mr. Curtiss
went to Rheims -and won against the most skilful
aviators in Europe. When the time came for
America to send a representative to participate
in the Gordon-Bennett International Balloon Race
at Zurich, America found herself in the same predicament she had been at the time of the International aviation contest.
Again Mr. Bishop guaranteed the expenses of
Pilot E. W. :Mix, and another great victory for
ult.
the
An
At the present writing Mr. Bishop has returned
home after representing the Club at Los Angeles,
a large part of the great success of this meeting
being due to his work in conjunction with the
Aero Club of California, one of the clubs affiliated
with the Aero Club of America.
Mr. Bishop has offered his resignation as President of the Aero Club of America on a number
of occasions, so that some one else could take up
the work, and on each of these occasions the entire membership of the Club arose and persuaded
him to keep at its head.

CAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY,

the famous
astronomer and physicist, and third Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, was born on August 22, 1834, at Roxbury, Mass. He took up civil
engineering and architecture for a profession, but
abandoned these pursuits in 1864 and built a telescope together with his brother. A year later he
was made assistant astronomer at the PIar%'ard
-^

College Observatory.

In 1866. after a brief stay

United States Naval Academy at Annaphe was called to the Western University of
Pennsylvania as professor of astronomy and physics and director of the Allegheny Observatory at
Pittsburg. This position he held for 20 vears. and
his scientific labors in connection with it, one of
the first being the standardization of time both in
this country and Europe, gained him an international reputation, and induced Professor Baird to
invite him to the Smithsonian Institution as assistant secretary.
In 18S7. on Professor Baird's
death, he was elected its chief executive officer.
His first public utterance on aerodynamics was
the

at

olis,

a very brief communication to the Academy of

Sciences of the Institute of France, in Tuly, 1890;
his second, a lengthy memoir in the Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge; and his third, a
popular account of the possibility of aerial flight,
in the Century Magazine.
His great work. "Experiments in Aerodynamics," was republished in
French and attracted wide attention. He followed
it up with a second great work, in 1S93, entitled
'The Internal Work of the Wind."

His first successful flight was made in 1896 with

an aerodrome model driven by steam. This machine flew three-quarters of a mile over the Potomac River. In i8g8 he built a flying machine by
direction of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification of the United States Army, who appropriated the funds for that purpose.

He

continued his experiments with the gas engine as a motor power, publishing his results in
a brief paper in 1905. The trials of the test models were successful, but the two attempts made
to launch the large machine, on October 7, 1905,
and again on December Sth of the same year,
were failures. This was due, in Langley's opinion, not to any defect in the machine itself, but
to the lack of means to continue the work properly.
But it made him the subject of hostile attack by the newspapers of the country, and this
public misapprehension of his labors broke his
spirit, and he died at Aiken, S. C, on February
27,

1906.

For his general scientific work he was the recipient of many honors.
He received degrees
from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge
in

England, and from Harvard, Princeton, Mich-

medals bv the National Academy of

Sciences, the Royal Society of London, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of France, and the Astronomical Society of

awarded

AIRCRAFT

March, i^io

BIG
A

^-

A. LAWRENCE ROTCH
LAWREXCE ROTCH, born in Boston,

CAPTATN THOMAS
1861,

S.r...
Mass. Institute of Technology. A.M.
of iMeteorology in
and Director of
Blue Hill -Meteorological Observatory, where the
earliest measurements in America of clouds were

Harvard University, Professor

Harvard Lniversity, Founder

made

in 1S90. and the first self-recording instrulifted by kites in 1S94, reaching the unpreheight of three miles in 1900.
Tliis
method of exploring the air is now extensively
used at meteorological observatories everywhere.

ments

cedented

Tn igoT kites were, for the first time, flown over

the ocean, the motion of the steamer serving to
create an artificial wind sufficient to lift the kites
in calm weather.
Tn

sounding-balloons

instruments
Louis to
the height of ten miles, recording the temperatures at this and intermediate heights.
Recently the atmospheric currents were measured with pilot balloons eleven and a half miles
above Blue Hill. The only sounding-balloons yet
used in the East are those sent up by Professor
Rotch from Pittsfield, Mass.
As early as 18S9. Mr. Rotch made two balloon
ascensions from Paris to test the accuracy with
which temperatures were recorded automatically,
and subsequently made ascensions from Berlin,
Strasburg, Milan and London.
Tn 1S96 he helped to found the Tnternational
Commission for Scientific Aeronautics, which executes
aerological
observations
simultaneously
throughout the world, and is an original member
of the permanent Tnternational Aeronautical Commission, organized also at Paris in igoo. to consider technical questions relating to aeronaotics.
Professor Rotch is a corresponding member of
the Berlin Aeronautical Society, and received the
Orders of the Prussian Crown and Red Eagle.
Third Class, in recognition of his work in exploring the atmosphere.
Tt may be mentioned that
in the colored plate, designed by Colonel Moedebeck for the German schools, and entitled " Pioneers in Aeronautics," the only Americans included are Professor Rotch and his early cocitizen. Dr. Jeffries.
Professor Rotch is a member of the Aero Club
of the I'nited Kingdom and an original member
of the Aero Club of America.
He was the first President of the Aero Club of
New England, is now President of the newlyorganized Harvard Aeronautical Society, and as
Chairman of the Section of Mechanical Science
of the .American Association for the advancement
of Science, he will invite the attention of engi1904

with

were sent up under his direction

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

at St.

neers to aeronautics.
Resides numerous scientific articles. Professor
Rotch has published " Sounding the Ocean of
Air'* ("Romance of Science Series). London, igoo,
and "The Conquest of the Air" (Present TDay
Primers), New York. igog.

i^APTATN THOMAS

S.

pelin of America, was

in iiarion County, Miss.

S.

BALDWIN

BALDWTN,
born on June

the Zep30,

1S55,

aeronautical achievement, that of making the first successful parachute jump in the
world from a balloon, took place at Golden Gate
Park. San Francisco, on Januar}' 30, 1S77. This
was followed by balloon ascensions and parachute
leaps all over the world, and in 1888 William H.
Le Fevre, C. E., President of the Balloon Society
of Great Britain, said of his work: " T am of the

His

first

opinion that Captain Baldwin has made one of

the greatest discoveries in the practical application of aeronautical science, T mean the practical
application of the science so as to realize results
which previous to the invention of his parachute
seemed to be absolutely unattainable." And Bald-

win was presented with the first gold medal ever

awarded by that Society.
Tn 1892 Baldwin made his first attempt to construct an airship.
This was a combination of the
balloon, the bicycle, and the screw propeller, but
he found that his own power was hardly sufficient,
and it was impossible at the time to secure a suitable motor for the purpose, the gasolene motor
being then in its infancy. He was unable to produce a power-driven machine until 1902, when he
removed a 24 horse-power motor from his automobile and installed it in his airship. When the
ship was tested it rose from the launching frames,
but the operator found it impossible to control
the affair.
It was an airship, but not of the dirigible

Then followed more months

class.

of ex-

perimenting, and it was in 1904 that Baldwin made

his first conspicuous success.
On August 2nd, on
the outskirts of Oakland, he drove into the wind
with his ship, turned, and came back with it to
the starting point. Then rapidly in succession he
produced one successful dirigible after the other.

His crowning success was the recognition given

the United States Government, when, in
1908, it purchased from him its first airship.
The
requirements seemed impossible to fulfill, which

him by

made

his success all the greater.

During the
few years Baldwin had experimented constantly to produce a gas-holding material which
would stand all kinds of weather and from which
no gas could escape. When he received this contract from the Government he had produced such

past

material

in

the

way

of

vulcanized

The_ Government has since adopted

this

rubber.
material

for its spherical balloons, and sportsmen likewise

recognize its superiority. Baldwin's work in connection with the producing of the Curtiss aeroplane is also recognized by all. and the world is

looking forward eagerly to the day when Baldwin

will construct a heavier-than-air machine embodying wholly his ideas gained by his vast experience.
Captain Baldwin is a charter member of the Aero
Club of America and one of the most popular men
in

the

movement

to-day.

DR. OCTAVE CHANUTE

popularly known in
OCTAVE CHANUTE,
DR.America
as the " Father of Aeronautics," was
Paris, France, on February 18. 1832.
at
he was only six years old he came to this
country with his parents, and spent his boyhood
in
the private
in New York, being educated
In the early fifties he went
schools of that city.
West as a railroad engineer. In 1863 he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Chicago and Alton
Railroad, and in this position he was active in the
development of the railroads of the Middle West.
In 1S73 he became chief engineer of the Erie Railroad, a position that he held until he was elected
president of the Chicago Tie Preserving Company,

born

When

ten years later.

Among other offices he has held are those of

Vice-President of the American Society of Civil
Engineers; Fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science: President of the
Western Society of Engineers. He is an Honorary Member of the Canadian Society of Civil
Engineers and in the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, and is a member of the
Century Club of New York.
Dr. Chanute has been a frequent contributor to
various engineering journals, and he is also widely
known as the author of the volume " The Kansas
City Bridge." But of greater interest to the aeronaut is his book, " Progress of Flying Machines."
which first appeared serially in the pages of The
Railroad and En^hieering Jour7zal (later called
The Avierica7i Engineer).
Beginning with the
October installment in i8gi, it ran through twentyseven issues of the magazine, and was then collected in book form.
His object in writing this
book was, according to his statement in the preface, to satisfy himself whether with the mechanical knowledge and appliances then at hand, especially with the light motors then coming into use,
it would be possible in time for men to fly through
the air.
Second, to bring together a record of
previous experiments and failures, for the benefit
of aviators, who might thereby be saved needless
waste of eff^ort in experimenting with unsuitable
devices.
Third, to give an accotmt of recent
achievements and to set forth the principles involved in the flying machine, so that an investigator might judge intelligently of new devices
submitted for examination.
The value of this
work lies in the fact that Dr. Chanute was one
of the first to sum up the status of aeronautics
down to his own time, thereby providing inventors
with a starting point for new departures in the
art of aerial navigation.
And he was far sighted
enough to realize the value of aeronautics at a
time when the art still stood on a very insecure
footing.

He was the constant and helpful friend of the

Wrights in their early experiments, and later he
had the great satisfaction of witnessing Orville
Wright's first successful trials at Fort Meyer.

AIRCRAFT

24

March, igio

THE INTERNAL WORK OF THE WIND

By
By Courtesy

S. P. LaLAgley
of the Sinitlisoiiian Institution

has long been observed that certain species of

maintain themselves indeiinitely in the air

birds

by

"

soaring " without any flapping of the wings,

or any motion other than a slight rocking of the

body

and

this,

although the body

in cjuestion

is

man)' hundred times denser than the air in which

it seems to float with an undulating movement, as
on the waves of an invisible stream.
No satisfactor}- mechanical explanation of this
anomaly has been given, and none would be offered in this connection by the writer, were he not satisfied that
it involves much more than an ornithological problem, and that
it points to novel conclusions of mechanical and utilitarian im-

They are paradoxical at first sight, since they imply

under certain specified conditions, very heavy bodies entirely
detached from the earth immersed in, and free to move in, the
air can be sustained there indefinitely, without any expenditure
of energy from within.
portance.
that,

These bodies may be

entirely of mechanical

will be seen later, but for the present

we

construction,

as

will continue to con-

sider the character of the invisible support of the soaring bird,

and to study its motions, though only as a pregnant instance offered by Nature to show that a rational solution of the mechanical problem is possible.
Recurring, then, to the illustration just referred

to,

we may

observe that the flow of an ordinary river would afford no explanation of the fact that nearly inert creatures, while free to

move, although greatly denser than the fluid, yet float upon it;
which is what we actually behold in the aerial stream, since the
writer, like others, has satisfied himself, by repeated observation,
that the soaring vultures and other birds appear as if sustained
by some invisible support, in the stream of air, sometimes for
It is frequently sugat least a considerable fraction of an hour.
gested by those who know these facts only from books, that there
must be some quivering of the wings, so rapid as to escape observation.
Those who do know them from observation are aware
that it is absolutely certain that nothing of the kind takes place,
and that the birds sustain themselves on pinions which are quite
rigid and motionless, except for a rocking or balancing movement
involving

To

little energ)'.

the writer,

who

has himself been attracted from his earliest

years to the mystery which has surrounded this action of the

soaring bird, it has been a subject of continual surprise that it

That nearly
has attracted so little attention from physicists.
inert bodifs, weighing from S to lo, and even more, pounds, and

many hundred times denser than the air, should be visibly suspended in it above our heads, sometimes for hours at a time, and
without falling this, it might seem, is, without misuse of language, to be called a physical miracle
and yet. the fact that
those whose province it is to investigate nature have hitherto
seldom thought it deserving attention is perhaps the greater
wonder.
The " turkey buzzard
is
so plenty around the environs of
Washington that there is rarely a time when some of them may

the gale, undisturbed by any surface irregularities, swept directly

up the river with unchecked violence. In this aerial torrent, and
apparently indifferent to it, the bird hung, gliding, in the usual
manner of its species, round and round, in a small oval curve,
whose major axis (which seemed toward the wind) was not
longer than twice its height from the water.
The bird was
therefore at all times in close view. It swung around repeatedly,
rising and falling slightly in its course, while keeping as a whole
on one level, and over the same place, moving with a slight swaying, both in front and lateral direction, but in such an effortlessway, as suggested a lazy yielding of itself to the rocking of some
invisible wave.
It may be asserted that there was not only no flap of the wing,

but not the quiver of a wing feather visible to the closest scrutiny
during" the considerable time the bird was under observation, and

during which the gale continued. A record of this time was not
it at any rate lasted until the writer, chilled by the cold
blast, gave up watching and moved away, leaving the bird still
floating about at the same height in the torrent of air, in nearly
the same circle, and with the same aspect of indolent repose.
If the wind is such a body as it is commonly supposed to be,
it is absolutely impossible that this sustentation could have taken
place in a horizontal current any more than in a calm, and yet
that the ability to soar is, in some way, connected with the presence of the wind became to the writer as certain as any fact of
observation could be, and at first the difificulty of reconciling such
facts (to him undoubted) with accepted laws of motion seemed
kept, but

quite insuperable.

Light came to him through one of those accidents which are

commonly found to occur when the mind is intent on a particular
subject,

and

looking"

everywhere for

a clue to its solution.

In 1887, while engaged with the " whirling-table " in the open
air at the Allegheny Observatory, he had chosen a quiet afternoon for certain experiments, but in the absence of the entire
calm, which

is

almost never realized, had placed one of the very

made for hospital use in the open

small and light anemometers

air,

with the object of determining" and allowing for the velocity

what feeble breeze existed. His attention was called to the

extreme irregularity of this register, and he assumed at first that
the day was more unfavorable than he had supposed. Subsequent
observations, however, showed that when the anemometer was
sufficiently light and devoid of inertia, the register always showed
great irregularity, especially when its movements were noted, not
from minute to minute, but from second to second.
His attention was aroused to these anomalies, he was led to
reflect upon their extraordinary importance in a possible mechanical application.
He then designed certain special apparatus
hereafter described, and made observations with it which showed
of

that

"wind"

in

general was not what

it

is

commonly assumed

to

''

not be seen in the sky, gliding

more

point, or,

wings,

if

rarely,

moving

curves over some attractive

in
in

nearly straight lines on rigid

there be a moderate wind.

On

the only occasion

when

hand could be studied in a very high

wind, the author was crossing the long " Aqueduct Bridge " over

the motion of one near at

the Potomac, in an unusually violent

November

gale, the veloc-

wind being probably over 35 miles an hour. About

one-third of the distance from the right bank of the river, and
ity

of the

immediately over the right parapet of the bridge, at a height of

not over 20 yards, was one of these buzzards, which, for some
object which was not evident, chose to keep over this spot, where

put in motion with an approximately uniform

velocity in the same strata; but that, considered in the narrowest
practicable sections, wind was always not only not approximately

be,

that

is,

air

uniform, but variable and irregular in

its

thing which had been anticipated, so that

movements beyond anyit seemed probable that

the very smallest part observable could not be treated as approximately homogeneous but that even here there was an internal
motion to be considered, distinct both from that of the whole
It seemed to the
body, and from its immediate surroundings.
writer to follow as a necessary consequence that there might be
a potentiality of

what may be

called

" internal

work

" *

of the

wind.
* Since the term " internal work " is often used in tliermodynamics to
signify molecular action, it may be well to observe that it here refers not
to molecular movements, but to pulsations of sensible magnitude, always
existing in the wind, as will be shown later, and whose extent and extraordinary possible mechanical importance it is the object of this research
The term is so significant of the author's meaning that he
to illustrate.
permits himself to use it here, in spite of the possible ambiguity.

"

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

On

further study

it

seemed

to

him

tliat this

internal

work might

conceivably be so utilized as to furnish a power which should

not only keep an inert body from falling but cause it to rise,

and that while

this

power was

the possible cause of the action of

might be possible through its means to cause

any suitably disposed body, animate or inanimate, wholly immersed in the wind, and wholly free to move, to advance against
the direction of the wind itself. By this it is not meant that the
writer then devised means for doing this, but that he then attained the conviction both that such an action involved no contradiction of the laws of motion, and that it was mechanically
possible (however difficult it might be to realize the exact mechanism by which this might be accomplished).
It will be observed that in what has preceded it is intimated
that the difficulties in the way of regarding this, even in the light
of a theoretical possibility, may have proceeded, with others as
with the writer, not from erroneous reasoning, but from an error
in the premises, entering insidiously in the form of the tacit
assumption made by nearly all writers, that the word " wind
means something so simple, so readily intelligible and so commonly understood as to require no special definition while, nevertheless, the observations which are presently to be given show
that it is, on the contrary, to be considered as a generic name for
a series of indefinitely complex and little known phenomena.
Without determining here whether any mechanism can be
actually devised which shall draw from the wind the power to
cause a body wholly immersed in it to go against the wind, the
the soaring bird,

it

reader's consideration

is

now

first

invited to the evidence that

no contradiction to the known laws of motion, and at

any rate no theoretical impossibility in the conception of such a
mechanism, if it admitted that the wind is not what it has been

there

is

ordinarily taken to be, but Avhat the following observations

that

show

is.

it

What

immediately follows

is an account of evidence of the

wind," of its internal movements, of the
resulting potentiality of this internal work, and of attempts
which the writer has made to determine quantitatively its amount
hy the use of special apparatus, recording the changes which go

complex nature of the

"

on (so

25

speak) zinthin the wind at very brief intervals. These

results ma3', it is hoped, be of interest to meteorologists, but they
are given here with special reference to their important bearing
to

on the future of what the writer has ventured to

call the science

of aerodromics.*

The observations which

are

first

Allegheny, and are supplemented by others

in the present year.t

What

has just been said about their possible importance will

perhaps seem
follows later)

only

not

made in 1887 at
made at Washington

given were

the

justified, if

it

is

remarked

but

theoretical,

mechanical

the

what

(in anticipation of

that the result of the present discussion

implies

possibility

that

heavy body, wholly immersed in the air and sustained by it,

ma3', without the ordinary use of wind, or sail, or steam, and
without the expenditure of any power except such as may be
derived from the ordinary winds, make an aerial voyage in any

whose length

direction,

calm.

ship

that wind,

is

owing

only limited by the occurrence of a

is

able to go against a head-wind by the force of

to the

fact that

it

immersed

partly

is

in

the

water, which reacts on the keel, but it is here asserted that (contrary to usual opinion and in opposition to what at first may seem
the

teachings

of physical

science)

is

it

not

impossible that a

heavy and nearly inert body, zvhoUy immersed

be made to do this.
The observations on which the writer's belief in
possibility are founded will now be given.

in

the

this

air,

can

mechanical

* From aepo5po/xeto, to traverse the air; aepoSpo/ios, an air-ri:

will be noticed that the fact of observation here is nc
t It
much
the movement of currents, such as the writer has since learne
gested by Lord Rayleigh so long ago as 1883, still less of the
of distinct currents at a considerable distance above the earth's surface,
but of what must rather be called the effect of the irregularities and pulsations of any ordinary wind within the immediate field of examination,

See the instructive article by Lord Rayleigh in Nature, April, 5, 1883.

that continued soaring implies: " (i) that the
is not horizontal; (2) that the wind is not horizontal; (3) that the
" It is probable," he says. " that the truth is usuis not uniform."
ally represented by (i) or (2); but the question I wish to raise is, whether
the cause suggested by (3) may not sometimes come into operation."

Lord Rayleigh remarks

course

wind

To be continued

in April

Aircraft

LAW ByAND THE AIR

Denys

RANCH

has called a conference to determine the

rules by which the nations will be guided in their
navigation of the air. At this writing neither the
date nor place nor any of the preliminaries of the

Myers

Comte de Lambert having flown

fers to travel at a height of

sooner or later the conference will be held, will

and there will be a body of law to

shells

govern the air internationally.

Already Paul Fauchille in France, Friedrich
Aleili in Switzerland, and Friedrich Gruenwald
m GLimam have published monographs on the juridical regime
that will obtain in the aerial domain in this country the American Journal of International Laiv is soon to publish some articles on the subject, and lectures upon the topic are beginning
:

to be given.

therefore, timely that Aircraft, in

its first

number, begin a

consideration of what rules the aeronaut will have to respect.

at least

200 feet higher than the

Tower, the tallest building of the world. Orville Wright,

Latham, and the unfortunate Fernandez have ascended 1,640
feet in the air, far beyond the count's mark.
The dirigible preEiffel

conference have been thoroughh- considered, but

emit a code

It is,

P.

about a mile (5,280 feet) above the

fail to ascend their
that high, and doubtless aeroplanes will shortly dare to

surface of the earth.

Even many cannon

go beyond their range.

So much for the problem. Writers and thinkers generally find

the legal solution of the difficulty in setting a limit beneath which
a flying machine may not come: Here enters the analogy of the
which in many respects resembles the domain of the air. It
uninhabitable in a continuous manner, is not susceptible to
way a homesteader stakes a claim on land,
and so cannot be possessed or appropriated. This much cannot
sea,
is

being occupied in the

be gainsaid.

Since in most countries, especially Europe, flight will readily disregard boundaries and become an international afifair, the question begins to loom large in the prospective law of nations, and

But no sooner have the legal authorities agreed upon this than
One set say, we grant the air
cannot be occupied or appropriated by the state lying beneath,
but neither can it be subjected as a whole to the authority of any

particularly

other state.

is

the extent of a nation's, or state's, jurisdiction in

the ether, to employ the technical word, forging to the front.

How
swer

far up. then, can a state exert

is

simple

As

far as

it

can.

its

But

jurisdiction?
if

that

The

And,

an-

were the whole

dictum only defines the point where the

and aeroplanes have both been
driven higher than the highest structures vet reared bv man.
difficulty

in fact, that

starts.

For

dirigibles

So, by default of other ownership, possession

be an attribute of the subjacent state.

story books would not be in process of construction on the subject.

they begin to diverge in theory.

solution removes
to

no one's harm.

They add

must

that this simple

many

difficulties and, in time of peace, inures

But, assert the other school, since you cannot

possess the air in a real and continuous manner,

argued that it must of necessity belong to anybody.

it

cannot be

Ownership

not usually proved that way. To be sure, the doctrine of the

hinterland has been asserted in late years, but that, reduced to
is

AIRCRAFT

26
it5

lowest terms, simply means that, by occupation of a coast in

tit for colonization, a state may thus obtain a favored

a region

from effecting
and leave the hinterland

position which shall result in keeping other states

possession of territory
state free to

make

that region

in

to the interior good.

its title

have the better of the argument, for

hundred years the other argument has been pretty thoroughly disproved by actual usage. England once asserted control over every sea that touched her coasts, but finally assumed
the more modest attitude of claiming jurisdiction over only three
nautical miles of it from low water mark.
It is therefore fairly certain that some such arrangement will
be decided upon for the air. The basis of the three-mile limit for
the sea is the carriage of a cannon shot in the old days when the
iimit was established.
Why not transfer the same test to the

The

seems

latter school

to

in the last

air?

claim to the right to rule over such a portion of the atartillery is obviously an en-

March, igio

bound to receive full attention in the making of inSo espionage as a force must be reckoned with.
A moment's thought will convince anyone that of all methods
of espionage observation from the air above is the safest, easiest
and most efficient for most purposes. In war and peace so much
depends on knowing the arrangement of troops, guns mounted
in forts and elsewhere, that a camera in the hands of a capable
aeroplanist becomes a great menace. As a result the nations are
already of the opinion that the flying machine will be not only
indispensable, but that each state must take extreme precautions
against its successful use by its enemies.
At the basis of the
problem is the primary consideration. Is an aviator equipped for
ficulties are

ternational laws.

observation as a spy?

The legal ground upon which the definition of spy

makes deception a necessary quality of the individual.

aviator cannot conceal himself, to a great extent cannot

mosphere as can be commanded by

clandestinely.

forceable one.

is

The question that now arises is, how far does such a sphere
extend upward? Information sufficiently exact to be considered
final does not yet exist on the point, but from various sources it
is considered that a range of two miles vertically represents the
extreme.
Doubtless the specially constructed Krupp gun can
carry farther, but no definite reports of its tests are at hand.
Be that as it may, the range is great enough to bring every
aeroplane within the danger line and reach everything else that
flies when within the customary zone
for the favorite height of
a dirigible seems to be about one mile.
By this time the reader is very likely wondering why it is of
consequence whether the subjacent state owns one mile or lOO
miles into the air.
Possession determines legal jurisdiction and
also responsibility.
An act committed aboard a vessel on the
high sea, beyond the three-mile limit, comes within the compe-

spies, especially

tence of the courts of the state to

The same

act

committed

whose

jurisdiction of the courts of the state to

among

General agreement

citizens the ship belongs.

would come within the

which the port belonged.

in a foreign port

civilized countries renders this prin-

no ship is ever outside of the

and the captain is never in doubt as

ciple automatic, to the effect that

some

jurisdiction of
to

what

court,

jurisdiction applies.

The

case

is

precisely analogous to

the situation that will obtain in the

air.

But there is more to the story.

know what the fear of espionage

The United
is,

but in Europe, where the

But the danger from

kind

his

Every

his credentials are not entirely satisfactory.

if

work such as espionage observations naturally would be.

seems probable that inventors will direct their attention to
this problem, and that the limit of practical range will be shifted
from time to time. As a consequence, the proximity to a fortified place of an aeronaut not giving indications of official or innocent purposes would undergo modifications. There will, however, be little doubt that the first agreement on the subject will
forbid unaccredited aeronauts from approaching less than a mile
detailed
It

from military works.

One

thing remains sure

navigation of the air will not be left

unrestricted by the nations.

now

It

is

more than probable that the

drawn upon

in force for navigation of the sea will be

largely in constructing a code for the air, but in the nature of the

case

no zone of protection against

aerial

Inasmuch

mile limit relative to coastal waters of a state.

acute.

is

as

Europe by reason of

states has a large voice in international

councils,

its

its

it

him among the

is

fixed so precisely or for so long a time as the

many

an

work

going to defend itself against espionage as a

matter of self-preservation, and that circumstance suggests that
a protective zone, such as the marine three-mile limit may be
established by international agreement.
Eyesight being so defective as compared with photography that it gives only a fleeting and imperfectly remembered glimpse of an object, this sphere
will doubtless be based upon the focal range of such combinations of the lens and telescope as will be developed for the express purpose.
The range of the telephoto camera under satisfactory conditions is, I believe, now something like a mile for
state

nations correspond in size to our federal states, the dread of

prying neighbors

built

so great that

is

certain the definition will be revised to include

rules

States does not

is

Now

To

dif-

travellers

now

could be

obsolete three^

be continued in April Aircr.ift

ALEXANDER'S OPINIONS
PATRICK

ALEXANDER,

of London, England,
last twenty years of his life studypromoting
the
science
of
ing and
aeronautics, and who
has visited almost everj' country in the world in the interests of the aeronautical movement, spent an interesting hour
in the editorial department of Aircraft recently.
Mr. Alexander has a thorough grasp of the whole aerial subject, and is just as much interested in the success of the movement in Japan, China, France or any other country as he is in
the propaganda work done in his own land.
He aided the movement during its inception in the United
States to a large extent by giving valuable advice to the Ameri3'R.

who

Y.

has given the

can pioneers as well as contributing to the science generally.

It is Mr. Alexander's opinion that France leads the flying machine world from a practical standpoint, but that England

is

away

He

thinks

Germany has
''

of

its

much time

in

developing the

craft to the exclusion almost entirely of the

heavier-than-air vehicles.
interest in the

spent too

Japan, he says, is taking a wonderful

is apparently keeping secret mos[

movement, but

discoveries.

Mr. Alexander

is

natural forces do that

of the opinion that the

motor

will eventually

work

Small motors

altogether.

may

be

used, however, on the larger aircraft for the purpose of steering,

etc.

He

few years wonderful

be plying between the different cities and

also thinks that within the next

ships of the air will

countries of the world.

He
this

takes a great interest in educating the boys of England in

new

science,

magic lantern

and gives periodical

slides,

lectures,

of gliders, flying machines,

illustrated

etc.. at

by

the LInited

Services College, Windsor, England, where there are one hundred boys interested in the subject.
The Hampshire Aero Club, which also has about one hundred
boy members, is getting lectures frequently by iNIr. Alexander,
as well as the East

He

London

College.

thinks that within three years' time at least fifteen thousand

boys of England

ahead of that country theoretically.

" lighter-than-air

be discarded for the propelling force of flying machines and the

will be able to fly

in

fact,

he

is

of the opinion

that boj'S will take the greatest part in the development of the
science, they

having more time to devote to

getting into smash-ups than

men

it

and

less fear of

usually.

Mr. Alexander thinks that the movement has now taken root
in the United States, and that this country within the next three
years will rank

among

the great aeronautical centers of the world.

Marc/i, igio

AIRCRAFT

27

28

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

FOREIGN NEWS
By
AUSTRALIA. The

Department

of Defense of

Australia has offered $25,000 to the inventor of a

tlying machine adjudged by the minister for defense to be the best and most suitable for military
purposes.
The inventor must have been a resident for at
least two years and be a British subjcet.
The
machine, so far as possible, must be constructed
in Australia.

1,

the aero contest near Heliopolis.

Egypt, which takes place during the week of

February 6th to 13th, there will be present fifteen
of the most eminent aviators in the world.
Latham will flv his .Antoinette, the Baroness de la
Roche in a Voisin biplane. Mortimer Singer, a
daring Englishman, in a Farman machine, De
RIemsdyek in the Curtiss biplane, and Hans Grade
in the. monoplane, which he recently flew in Germany. The Baroness de la Roche has never flown
in public before.
The aviators all purpose to fly
around the Sphinx if possible.
in

Ev
Tai
notable to the traveller for its
archaic conditions, has been invaded by the flying
machine. The other day Olieslagers, formerly a
Dutch motorcycle man, flew about over the city
Oran

minutes.
The excitement
among the veiled beauties of the harems and the
beturbaned male population of the city is said to
have been so great that the priests, who govern
the city, have forbidden any more exhibitions.
of

for

fifty-four

BELGIUIM.- At

Brussels. Belgium, several aero-

planes, Bleriot, Antoinette and a great number of

home-built apparatus were exhibited at the motor
show which opened .Tanuary 15th.

EXGLAND.-In England a prize of $5,000 has

been offered by Jlr. Patrick Y. Alexander for a
twenty-four-hour aeroplane motor.
The engine
must develop not less than thirtv-five horse-power
and its weight not exceed 245 pounds. In making
the award these points will be considered: Weight
of
petrol,
petrol
consumption, reliabilitv and
steadiness of running, wear on working" parts,
security

against

air

fire,

resistance

offered,

etc.,

by the motor.

The

Aerial League of the British Empire is enlisting volunteers to aid in aerial signaling and
in assisting aviators.
This volunteer force is intended to take active service in case of war.
The utmost secrecy has been maintained concerning the new naval airship which is being built
at Barrow. England, for the British Government.
The British airship will have a length of over 500
feet about iro yards.
The motors will be Wolseley engines of eight cylinders, developing 200
horse-power each.
With this driving force the
speed of the airship is calculated at forty-five
miles an hour.
The Hon. C. H. Rolls accomplished a fifteenmile continuous flight across country. Levsdown
to the Neor Club, on the island of Sheppy,' in his
Wright biplane

Mr. Grahame-A\'hite made a wager that he would

from a point down the River Thames to within

fly

a mile

of the

heart of

London with

FRANCE.-Count Lambert
lular tail

of the Voisin tvpe

his

intends to
to

his

Bleriot

fit

Wright

a celaero-

plane.

-Although the great Astra airship is now ready

and could make the voyage from Paris to London
at any moment, it has been decided to postpone
her voyage until after the general election. Origmally it was intended that she should make it before Christmas. The Daily Mail Garage at Wormwood Scrubs is ready for the reception of the huge
airship.

The

sporting daily paper of Paris, VAuto,

which has promoted for several years on the Tuileries Garden an annual contest for small pilot
balloons for children, will hold this year, in February, the Gordon-Bennett Cup for aeVoplane mod
els in the same place.

ITALY. At Rome
cieta

is

Uni'

-I

,.,,!.

,,

by Capshow

built

i,

Six small dirigibles for

and

Eeachey

:il

Belgique II.. built in Paris

dard, owned by R. Goldsmith.

aerial flights in dirigible

is threatened by German aviators.

The
matter was fullv discussed at a meeting recently
of the 11.11! >,,, riimtechniker in Berlin.
Major

patents

von

that a member of the asaction against the German

the Wright patents
Then German aviators in
general would be accurately informed and guided
in the manufacture and use of their respective
systems.
Herr Grade declared that nothing on
'

l',,i

I,,

,1

sociatii'ii

would

t,.i^L

LiiL

Mm

l>^ue.

his plane could be construed as an infringement

of the Wright patents, and the general opinion
expressed was that Wright patents were subject
to considerable doubt.
It was finally decided that
a special committee should take the matter in
hand, establish a test case and bring it before the
courts for a decision, which would settle the

matter.

The German Zeppelin and Parseval companies

negotiating for co-operative aerial

Widespread

interest in aviation

passenger

illustrated by
the fact that Dr. Karl Voll Moller, a German poet,
is

and Rev. Mr. Sydney Swann, an Englishman,

have provided themselves with aeroplanes.
The Parseval Airship Co. (Munich) will commence, on May ist, a series of airship excursions
with a dirigible of 250,000 cubic feet. The voyage
three hours; a distance of 90 miles will
be covered, and the fare will be $50.
last

All records for distance, duration and altitude

are held by Count Zeppelin, with his monster
the Zeppelin HI.
On JIarch 13th he
attained a height of 5,200 feet, and on May 29th
he covered 870 miles in thirty-seven hours.
airship,

The German Government,

it

HUNGARY. Hungary

beginning

expected, will
finance Professor Hergesell's airship expedition to
the North Pole. Two airships, to be constructed
by Count Zeppelin, are to be used. One is to be
left at a relief station to be established at Spitzbergen; the other is to be used in making excursions, keeping in touch with the relief station by
means of wireless telegraphy. Professor Hergesell
has just reached New York.
real

dirigible

ELGIUM. La

ndHittingen

,,

have attracted world-wide attention, is

planning a monster airship capable of carrying
300 persons, and which it is proposed to use in
a passenger service to be established between
Hamburg and London. A service will also be
maintained from Hamburg to Cologne and ]3aden
Baden.
Vigorous opposition to the Wright aeroplane

will

owned by Knabenshue,

iity.

Count Zeppelin, whose

are

No.

Baldwin.

purposes,

i,

1-iiaiiln

.!<

World are
To-day Fifty-two

Dirigibles of the

ERICA. War

flights.

is

is

SWITZERLAND.-Exhibition
for

some time

Count de Viry

have

to

Dr. Kutassy has recently bought

a jMaurice Farman aeroplane and

flying at Budapesth for about 5 kil.

will

in

January

prepare

an

Geneva,

succeeded

in

TURKEY. The
ganize aviation

Turkish

sections

in

aerodrome near

army decided
the

three

"

first

to

or-

army

Non-rigid type," military dirig-

for experimental purposes.

":

Under construction, non-rigid

war

m. 3, speed 32 miles per

hour, IS
Astra works.
Pattern
Colonel Renard.
" In preparation," three dirigibles.
i\

dirigible of 7,000
being built in

FRANCE. "

Non-rigid type": Ville de Paris;

m. 3, speed 28 miles per hour.
Clement-Bayard, 3,500 m. 3, speed 29 miles per
Owned by Astra works.
Ville de Nancy.
Ville de Bordeaux, 3,000 m. 3, speed 29 miles per

3,200

hour.

Colonel Renard,

7,c

Zodiac No.

No.

I.,

3,

II.,

French Go

for the

No. III.

Zodiac

(of

works), 750 m. 3. goo m. 3, 1,200 m. 3, with speed

varying from 14-24 miles per hour.
" Semi-rigid type," Le Jaune. built by Lebaudy
Bros., 2.500 m. 3.
Military training airship.
Liberte, for the War Office.
" In preparation ": Spiess dirigible, Malecot dirigible,

mixed balloon-aeroplane system.

Non-rigid type": Parseval type^
2.S00 m. 3, speed 26 miles an hour.
Impe-

GERMANY. "
No.

I.,

Aero Club.

Pa

'.

'^P'^'

JM-

War

les per hour.

Parseval type,
ijes per hour.
1

No.

War

type,

given). Imperial
Clouth, 1,720 m.

y.u

4,000

m.

3,

speed 2S-30

Offi,__.

III.. 5,600
Oflice.

m.

No. IV.. 1,200 m.

Aero Club

3,

speed

the auspices of the

Military No.
per hour.

II.,

5,500

m.

3,

speed 26-28 miles

Ruthenberg, j.200 m. 3. speed 24 miles per hour.

"Rigid type": Zeppelin No. I., 13,000 m. !,
speed 24 miles an hour. War Oflice.
Zeppelin No. II., 15,000 m. 3, speed 28 miles an
hour. -War Office.
Zeppelin No. III., 15,000 m. 3, speed 33 miles
per hour.
"Non-rigid type. Unde
nstruction ";
Siemens-Schuckert, 13,000 m. 3" Rigid type ": Sehnette, 20,c
Belongs
3.
the
to
German Aerial Navigatic. _.
"In preparation": Unger. Steel dirigible.
Steel

Prill.

Rettig;

"

dirigible.

with

the

balloon

cover

made

of

five

plates.

ITALY."

Semi-rigid ": Military dirigible, 2,500

hou
Non-rigid":

Da

Sehi<

Leonardo da Vinci (built by Forlanini.

nixed rigid, not rigid, type).
" In preparation ": Two war dirigibles.

RUSSIA. A war
iros.;

dirigible

(built

i's

by Lebaudy
by

the

So

Zeppelin had a sad Chnst

ment

He

The War

Office says the employment of a new

lighter than aluminum, called electrum in
the making of airships would make the Zenpelm
III. out of date.
Count Zeppelin's health is not
rnetal

good.

The

first

successful

flights

of

three

different

types of aeroplane of purelv German construction

took place on February 2d. A biplane, with the
inventor, Echler. and his assistant, made a flight
of a short distance at Landau, but the assistant
of ? slight accident
tL^'"^?' ":=\ ".','=

"""

the machine is built to c.nrry six.

At Essen a biplane under the control of He^r
iiilsmann made eight short flights, while at Ber-

IjbED B\ MEbbRb. BAYARD-CLEMENT TO INSTRUCT NOVICES IN THE

ART OF OPERATING A SANTOS-DUMONT MONOPLANE

[b

type Republique).

SP.AIN. Dirigible " Espana " (built

Utra works; type Colonel Renard).

He had just been notified that the Go\ern

will not purchase his airship, Zeppelin III
had expected to receive $140,000

mas.

(speed not

3, speed 21 miles per hour.

Rhenish-Westphalian Motor Airship Co.. 2,000
m. 3 (resembles the French type Ville de Paris,
built by Astra Co.).
"Semi-rigid type": Military airships (designed
by Major Gross), 1907, experimental dirigible,
i.Soo m. 3, speed 26 miles per hour.
iNIilitary No. I, 5,500 m. 3, speed 26-2S miles per

wooden

flights are promin Switzerland.

to encourage Swiss aviation.

Already
there are six aeroplanes in the countrv, of which
one IS that built by the makers of the Dufaux
motor, which has already made short flights.

corps.

ENGLAND.-"
ible baby,

planned an aviation e\hi

March under

Aeronautica Italiana.

GERMANY. Count

,.

balloons

ised

bition next

of. a,:, n

The
.\.M
tain Thos.

,,,

1,1

a. school

AFRICA. At

Albert C. Triaca

ken a monoplane constructed on the new SchulzeITerfort system flew two hundred yards.
Eight months ago, on a night when the Zeppelin
dirigible lay a wreck, llic GiriiKin .\niai League
was started, and a iiiiD.nKil .\il--ci ii.i m was
opened. This has now iimlIu,! ihf si
early
$2,500,000 to advance llu- i.ium. ,,f ;n,:i
many, and pr.,\h[r iL, ii,i'..m miiIi .n
n.il fleet
for war purp.is.
w
n.
i.,l,lished

AIRCRAFT

NEWS
By
all the different types
the public when the
National Exhibition of Aerial Craft will be
Boston, Mass., FebBuilding,
Mechanic's
in
held
personal
direction of
the
under
23d.
ruary i6th to
Chester I. Campbell and sanctioned by the Aero
Club of New England and the Aero Club of

of viewing
ANof opportunity
aircraft will be afforded

March, igio

GENERAL

IN

Mrs. J. Herbert Sinclair

thirty-five pounds, and

thirty-six pounds more.
is

the engine

will

weigh

of the AdJ. Glidden is Chairman

for the Exhibition, and such wellas Professor W. H. Pickering of
of AmDavid
Todd
Professor
University,
Harvard
herst College. H. Helm Clayton Luke J. Minnehan President of the Pittsfield Aero Club, N. H.
Arnold of North Adams, Chas. J. Shean. President of the Springfield Aero Club, A. Holland
Forbes. Vice-President of the Aero Club of America Professor A. Lawrence Rotch of Boston. Hon.
John Barrett of the Aero Club of Washington,
C and A. B. Lambert, President of the St.
Louis Aero Club, will serve on the Board.
Among the manv entries so far arranged for are

Mrs. Edgar Reagen, of San Antonio, Tex., has

had an airship built in the shops of Messrs. Mer& Keisen. 206 North Haliday Street, Baltirill
more, Md. The machine, the inventor says, will
It is on
travel at the rate of 130 miles an hour.

Mr

Charles

the

visory

Board

and

known men

Captain Baldwin's immense dirigible, 105 feet in

length and an exact replica of the first dirigible
"
The celebrated " Boston
sold the Government.
balloon, the '^ All America." and others from the
difi'erent aero clubs, as well as a most complete
exhibit bv Aeronaut Leo Stevens, will also be
shown. Among the full-size, heavier-than-air machines will be a Bleriot, a Latham, an Antoinette,
Hundreds of
a Wright model and other types.
flying models will be sent from all over the country, including exhibits of the West Side Y. M. C.
A. of New York, the junior Aero Club of New

York.

Columbia

manv

individuals.

and

Harvard

Universities

Reginald W'eatberby, of Spanway Lake, eleven

miles from Tacoma, has achieved a triumph of
After three years of experimenting,
aviation.
which gives him high rank as an aeronaut, he has
completed and successfully tried out his aluminum
feature of the Weatherby
machine is a substitution of a system of undulating planes for the ordinary revolving propeller.
by means of which the inventor has demonstrated
a' speed of 120 miles an hour without vibration
or jar, if the newspaper reports are to be believed.

Captain John Berry, of St. Louis, Mo., is at

work on an airship which promises well. The
mechanism differs from any that has heretofore
It is designed to give
been tried on dirigibles.
of a balloon of the ordinary
an upright shaft, twelve feet in

to the pilot control

On
construction.
height, are set propeller blades and rudder blades
The power is transmitted
controlled by levers.
from a motor at the base of the shaft, which is to
The blades are old aluminum,
rest in the basket.
The weight of the entire
S X iS inches in size.
mechanism is 150 pounds. He is satisfied that it
will do the work it is intended to do as it is.
substitute
a 10 horse-power motor
but he plans to
He
for the 2 horse-power motor now attached.
expects to use with it a 17,000 cubic feet balloon.
Messrs. Preble & Rekar. of Portland. Ore., are
busy building an airship which they expect great
results from, and when completed will do as they
The Russian Government has
claim, and more.
offered $3,000,000 for the patents if the airship can
a flight of i,coo miles.

A. Harrison, of Wichita. Kan., has already pro-

duced

machine which promises

to

De Witt

C.

Dorman.

of

Monot, H. D., has

built an aeroplane with the absence of planes.

It
has all propellers, eight blades being attached to
the frame.
The owner said he believed his machine was capable of maintaining any speed which

the operator desired, and that it would even hover

over a given point for any length of time.
On
I
go straight up without
the
'

J. A. McCullum, President of the INIidland ElecCo., Kansas City, has constructed a flying
machine which has a thirty-two foot span, a five
foot four inch cord or breadth, and weighs 550

tric

In appearance it is very much like the

Curtiss plane. Mr. McCullum has been interested
in the navigation of the air some years, and although only thirty-one years of age has made

pounds.

many models

The new

C. F. Lowe, of Pasadena, CaL, who sailed a balloon from Cincinnati, Ohio, to the coast of South
Carolina, made a record in 1S61 of more than 750
miles in twenty-four hours, \vhich has not been

make

J. H. Klassen. of Los Angeles, Cal., is building

monoplane that has a supporting surface of 240
square feet, and will weigh 400 pounds fully
equipped. This machine is thirty feet long and
thirty feet wide.
He will equip the machine with
a 20 horse-power, four-cylinder, air-cooled Curtiss
engine with a sJ-inch bore and 33-inch stroke. The
propeller is seventy-two inches long and five
inches wide.

and

The exhibition will open at 8 P. M.. Wednesday

evening, February 16th. after the first day opening
at 10 A. M. daily, closing February 23d.

aeroplane.

multiplane type.
The craft is of aluminum
be propelled by an eight-cylinder Curtiss
engine, and will have an air-space of 700 feet. The
weight is only 600 pounds, and the machine will
carry four persons.
will

Mr.

prove an en-

success in the field of aerial navigation. Up

to the present time the only power used has been
developed by the navigator himself, using geared
bicycle pedals to drive the propellers.
In this
way he has only been able to drive the fans at
the rate of from sixty to seventy-five revolutions
per minute. He is now attaching a 5 horse-power
gasolene engine, with which he expects to drive
the fans at the rate of from 300 to 400 revolutions
per minute, thus furnishing enough power to keep
the machine in the air as long as desired.
Mr.
Harrison's machine is rather more of a monoplane than a biplane, the main plane of the machine is 27x14 feet in size, having two wines
which fold down when not in use. The steering

of flying machines.

building

Curzon, of New Orleans. La., is now

an aeroplane for his sisters of which

much

expected.

W.

J.

is

and

size,

"the

It

Curzon

"
is called the " Boudoir
sisters will have a 90-lb.

engine in their machine.

be accomplished by two sets of practically

horizontal fans before and behind the machine.
These fans range from i^ x 7 feet to 4 x 8 feet in
size.
The frame work is of second-growth pine
and the machine is mounted on three bicycle
wheels. The propeller has four blades, each eight
feet long and eighteen inches wide.
Driven by
the engine, it should produce a wind eft'ect of
from ten to twenty miles per hour, which will
keep the machine up at will. The present weight

propose to hold an aerial meet in

Edgar

in

New York

Ernest Walschendorf, of West Reading, has com-

John W. Hudson and Clifton O'Brien, of Oakland, Cal., have invented a monoplane almost a
replica of the famous machine in which Bleriot.
the French aviator, crossed the English Channel,
with the exception of the engine, which is an entirely new model designed
and built by Mr.

Hudson.

Mr. Parker Lyon, ex-Mayor

Mr. Henry Stoddard, Secretary

Motor Car Co.. is interested in
will

of Fresno,

Cal.,

is

Frederick Loy, Washington, D. C, has invented

new type of biplane. The machine is octagon
shaped and longer than it is wide. In this mancarrying machine, of the type which Mr. Loy intends to build, there will be a speed of 700 square
feet of supporting surface.
It will be thirty feet
wide and will weigh about 700 pounds.
a

Work is being carried on by A. H. McCarthy,

San Leandro, Cal.. Superintendent of the Best
Iron Works, on an aeroplane, the design of which
he has been working over for some time.
Mr.
McCarthy, who has already constructed a model
of the airship which he claims is an exact replica
of the proposed machine, claims that it flies. The
aeroplane is of the pattern of the Wright machines.
Horizontal planes furnish the chief wind
resistance.
A 50 horse-power motor will be inof

stalled

to

which

will

furnish power for the two propellers

pull the contrivance through the air.

Two monoplanes
Messrs. Frank

are nearing completion, one

by
and Professor Twining.
moulded out of McAdamite

& Warren
are

metal, which is claimed to be the strongest and

yet the lightest metal on the market. The engines
will be a 50 horse-power, four-cylinder, watercooled type and will turn 1,800 revolutions a

Messrs. Beachy & Knabenshue, of Los Angeles,

are building a biplane to weigh 425 pounds
and is planned along proven lines
with several original improvements.
The frame
work is of spruce throughout; stranded cable and
piano wires are used for guying.
The motor
power is furnished with a four-cylinder Curtiss engine, which develops 15 horse-power and is air
cooled.
The engine is calculated to drive a fivefoot spruce propeller at the rate of 10,000 revolutions a minute. The machine is twenty feet long
and twenty-eight feet wide and has a supporting
surface of i8o square feet.
The main planes are
28 by 4^ feet and are placed four feet apart and
are set at an angle of six degrees.
Cal.,

fully equipped,

Paul and Henry Elliott and Gilbert Smith, of

Fort Scott, Kan., are building a flying machine.
is not an original invention
they do
not claim that they have originated any important
new features they have taken the monoplane of
Santos Dumont and Bleriot as models, and after

The machine

Norbert Obrecht. of Pontiac, Mich., who has

been engaged for the past six months in constructing an airship, is now putting the finishing
touches on it, and expects to fly before summer.

and

a capital of $50,000.

greatly interested in a machine owned by one of

the Fullers in San Francisco, and which is much
the same as those used by. the Wright Brothers.
This machine is of about go horse-power, and has
a carrying capacity of four passengers.

minute.

pleted a flying machine weighing seventy pounds,

to carry three persons and operated by compressed

with

Smith, of Los Angeles, Cal., is nearing the completion of a very small aeroplane,
which he calls the " Dragon Fly " No. 2. It is
a double monoplane similar to the Langley type.
It is eighteen feet wide and twenty feet long,
with a supporting surface of 160 square feet. The
total weight in flying order, including the operator, will be about 350 pounds.
The body is made
of spruce reinforced with steel tubing, while piano
S.

Frank P. Lahm says that the aeroplane will be

a valuable addition to the army in the near future, but even as the machine stands to-day it is
fitted for splendid work on the battlefields.

plane.

or

company

The machines

A design for an automatically balanced aeroplane has been made by Everhard H, Boeckh, of
Washington, D. C. He has two gliding models
of the machine at his home.
Boeckh is but a boy.
and some time ago patented designs for a mono-

May

for speed, height

Stanley Beach, of Stamford, Conn., has nearly

completed a new monoplane which is somewhat
similar to the Bleriot machine but much lighter,
Lghing

pounds.
The engii.^
engine is
500 ^
^-_
...

only
a -j
25
^
horse-power, water cooled, and weighs about 250
pounds.
Mr. Beach contemplates organizing a

Otto Herman, of Providence. R. L, believes he has solved the aerial problem.

He has
invented a machine on the biplane type, in which
he will make his first flight shortly.

Mr.

tire

will

yet, but

June and offer cups, and prizes

and distance flying.

first

build the

first

of the Speedwell
flying machines,
O., de-

plant in Dayton,

voted to that purpose, getting it under roof and

in operation by the first of May.
Chas. A. Wilson, of Goodland. Kansas, and Wm.
Purvis, of Illinois, have invented a gyroplane.
So engrossed are the inventors in putting their
machine to a more complete test that both have
resigned their positions with a railroad company,
and the people of Goodland are going to support
them to the end that they may have means for
building a perfectly equipped gyroplane after their
T.

ideas.

David Williams, of Yale. Mich., has invented an

airship that will not only sail in the air, but on
water as well, and even travel on land. The date
of his trial trip has not been set.

W. B. Strong, owner of the Kansas City Olathe

Tnterurban R. R.. made the following statement:
" I am not done with the flying machine business

careful

selection

of

the

best features

of

each,

have constructed a machine of their own. They

enlarged on the Dumont model and gave their
machine 120 square feet of canvas. This is less
spread of wings than the Bleriot ship, which
The main wing of the
crossel the Channel, had.
machine has a spread of 6 x 20 feet and the tail
has twenty-seven square feet. The machine without the engine will weigh between 100 to 150
pounds. The propeller on the machine has two
seven feet blades; the seat for the driver is below

The Bleriot stabilizing planes will

the propeller.
keep the car nearly level, automatically. With a
moderate weight engine and a man weighing 150
pounds, the total weight of the machine will be
less than 400 pounds.

At the National Aircraft Exhibition, to be held

Mr. Edward
Boston. February i6th to 2sd.
Durant, Director Junior Aero Club of America.
will exhibit aeroplane models of various designs.
There will also be models made by members of
the Aeronautic Society and others.
Among those who will exhibit are Percy Pierce.
Walter Phipps, Ralph S. Barnaby and Bryan
at

Battey.

Among the adults. Mr. _W. M. Sagje. J. K. Dalkranian and A. Reaud will also exhibit models.

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

SOARING POWER
By
fficulties

A
15

presented

vultuT

pounds

iiechanical II.T
to rise into the air, it faces the air
t
imps, stretches out its wings, and then
.ithout any further wing motion, to a
ascends.
height of about 3.000 feet, gliding up and down
about ten times, while its wings seem perfectly
An albatross weighs about 20 pounds,
motionless

nearly 2

ss.

and

his

wings measure

14

feet

from

-Versus
R. Dressier

31

MOTOR POWER

AIRCRAFT

32

Aeronautic Society

By Lee

Society of

!neral. To ad^
e fullest extent
interest therein

of mechanical
set forth

riefly

Art of Aeronautics
its powers by stimu-

le

Parti.

members

ts

nts.

To

expenn

nt alo
to the "realizatic
of the most
to carry on their v

carryto

To

aid experiideas by the

lines.

mentors

)f

essary

which

:.

far as
fields of

in

courage inventors

provision
as

feet high, and

gearing 1,040 pounds.

Ne

practical pursuit of the pr^

ifight by
Its objects w
as folic

In

and

Burrldge, President

S.

tic

New York

of

their

facilities

with

To bring

together,
the

possible, those
aeronautic ende

orde

individual may have the advi(

of others.
And that these objects have largely been obtained is shown by the record of performances of
the many machines which have been built, and
some of them operated, at the Society's aviation

grounds

at

Many interesting lectures have been given at

the weekly meetings. Hudson Maxim has several
times honored the Societv with such.
FJmer A
Sperry described the uses of the ne
:tive form
of gyroscope and its possible appl
on to an
aeroplane for giving equilibriuir. an
xhibited a
multiple instrument of his own des
Professor Herschel C. Park
spoke of the pos
bilities of the aeroplane in
ing and exploration.
R. B. Whitmai
twice on the explosive engine, first tell
development of ignition, and later desc
action and balance of four-cycle engine
C. Gibson also lectured on internal clombustion
engines.

A. C. Triaca told the secrets of balloona subsequent occasion F. W. White

remarkable displav of photog aphs and
moving pictures, which formed one of the con
pletest lessons possible in ballooning.
Octav
Chanute, who, with the brothers Wright, is numbered among the Society's honorary members,
honored the members at a meeting with remarks
based on the results of his long experience, the
value of which is best realized from the cognomen
applied to O. Chanute by the French, "The

and on

ing,

gave

mechanics, who devote their time to deand as a result of their co-operation some
have evolved biplanes, monoplanes, dirigibles and
aerial propellers that are of superior design and
great efficiency, while others have studied engine
problems and invented many devices of great utiltail,

By Denys

lution of many new ideas in designs for aeroplanes, some of which show great promise and
will certainly be heard of before the year is
throiigh.
This work has resulted in several instances in
bringing together inventors and capitalists to their

mutual

interest.
Handsome silver cups and other prizes were
awarded to the successful competitors, and the
field of competition was made more interesting by

mtroducmg such features as marks for stability,

origmality and neatness of construction in addition to the usual ones for length of flight.
The cup presented by Leo Stevens for the first
machine built by a member, carrying a passenger,
was won by Dr. William Greene, with his biplane,
with which he made many flights, taking two and
even three passengers, and many members were
able to have their first ride in the air.
Dr. Greene used a British-American 26 horse-

P.

Club's pla

months ago.
Five members, Leo Stevens, E
Dr. Greene, Mr. Kimball and
made the New England balloon
miles in

hours

59

ind while many

at private work'ier-than-air
:en built at

e opened
-.

J.

.Ir.

:lg

P.

mathe

twelve

Thomas,

A. Meixner,
record of 175

minutes.

On June 21, 1910, an order \ as placed for a

Curtiss aeroplane, and I believe this commission
constituted the first purchase of n aeroplane ever
made by an aeronautical society. It was the first
"al transaction of the sort
;r made in
;

An

On
the

26th Curti"
Ju
Society's machine,

at Morri
Park with
after which t le machine
to Mr. Cu tiss for the
flights on Hempstead
preparatory to h
itering
great:urtiss
fle

was loaned by the Society

purposeof practising long

Plains
th.

St

ntests at
pie

had no othe
While the

members
to
C.

of

handle it.
F. Willa

Rhe

for th

year

putti ^?

nto
a third bal
cubic feet capacity, th projection
meet
Boston an
the gene
aernrnautic interest.
uch other work is being done along aeronauti
in New England.
;
Several Maine resident
taking keen interest in aeronautics, and Ne\
pshire,

and people

Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode

ton papers a
parts of the
land
experi
chinery.
E.

lace

Isl

keeping pace with them. The Bos

perhaps fuller than those in mos
f

nters

The whole

ry

Tilli

it

have made
Boston in ai

'ith

he

of

New Eng

--than-i

now knows

story of Wal-

Worceste

mile flight to New York and

Dplane of his own construction,
liles an hour, stopping his ma-

for forty minutes to have his

pas
chanics repair some parts.
An
investigator" of th<
Club of New England
~
'
Tillinghast reticent as to hii.
proof of his assertion thus being lacking, disstory; but Mr. Tillinghast, who, it
applied for aeroplane patents,
bears an excellent reputation as a trustworthy
citizen in Worcester, sticks to his story, and has
promised to produce the machine in his own time.
If half of his claims are substantiated, he has
everything else in the aeroplane line surpassed.
Beginning late this month an aeronautic exhibition
At it very
able
of ballo
irigible aerostat
practical
e, mono- and hi-, will be showr
Be
the
quota of freak machines will b
n space.
Thi
"ihibition will bring to ligb
ral new freaks a:
ime known.
One of the most ambiti'ous"of

"

'

wby p
epitome of
tive

to

egotiations for the

haps half-a-dozen persons.
of laun

New

aerial

the
activities relaportion of the

England's present

flight.

No

other

country of equal area the five New England

States contain less than 65,000 square miles can
exhibit so

much

activity.

There are, however, good reasons for this. Unhke practically all the rest of the country. New
not adapted to agriculture, and so its
ufactu ng population is naturally interested in

^'

'

'

'

Many

advances.
in

fortune,
sports.

and

new

And New England

is

an

uitics.

Aero Club

of

New

been able to tell him why it cannot fly. He himself does not claim that it ever has.
Another is a
Jllapsible monoplane which, according to theory,
ill
fold its wings up and serve as an automobile
at the desire of its inventors,
The popula rizing of aeronautics
in
n November at the " 1915

England, the foster par-

organizations,

is

now

in its fourth

'

struction to would-be sky pilots.

of the
school is H. Helm Clayton, who las acquired a
reputation as a balloonist and who is in particular

an expert on air currents. As a rarker at Blue

Hill Observatory, situated a few
Ith of
Boston, for ten years, he and the owning director
of the observatory. Professor A. Lawrence Rotch,
studied the phenomena of the upper air by means
of kites with recording apparatus attached.
The
knowledge thus gained was first put to use in
aeronautics when as a passenger in the balloon
Pommern, October 17, 1907, his acquaintance with
aerial habits enabled Oscar Erbsloeh to pilot the
aerostat 872 miles to Asbury, N. J., winning the
James Gordon Bennett Cup.
Much of New England's recent ballooning activity has centered around Mr. Clayton, who at the
dinner of the Aero Club, on the night of January
24 last, was presented with the Boston Herald and
Fitchburg trophies, both being awarded for a landing nearest to Boston Common.
Mr. Clayton
promptly put them up for further competition, the
terms being that a balloonist start from Fitchburg
learest Boston Common.
At the same
serted the possibility of a flight from

No

began

New England
Boston Expo-

vhere the Curtiss machine

dels of all other aeroplane:

of its citizens are intherefore have leisure

educational center, so that technical aeronautic

study recei ves a great deal of attention.
While
none of the se elements is in any way exclusive to
ew iingiand, their unusual combination there is
rtainly favorable to a practical interest in aeront of the

e latter is a double-decked proposition capable

arrying twenty persons, according to the claims
iventor, who points out that no one has yet

of its

ere shown.
steadily,

in

Charle
ton Y.

J.

Educationa
by

efforts

chiefly

Glidden, Albert A. Merrill of the Bos.C. A. aviation school, and Professor A

Lawrenc Rotch of the Blue Hill Observatory

have been the most indefatigable lecturers, but
college professors and others have also appeared
on the platform. The Harvard Aeronautical Society IS perhaps most active in this work, although
\ale, Amherst, Technology and Dartmouth are
not far behind the Crimson. The Harvard Society
was organized in November with nearly 300 members.
Since then it has given an exhibition of
models and photographs, and is at present holding weekly meetings, many of which ar
publii
id which consist usually of a lecture ui
scientific problem in connectit
ith
Aside from the Tillinghast
vhich, if

yea
t it was projected as much as seven years
power engine weighing 320 pounds. Subsequently ago.
in Massachusetts there are aero clubs at
he installed the Kimball motor, which was half Pittsfield, Springfield and Worcester and societies
the weight. The machine flew much better then, at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute
and on the Doctor's
Doct
leaving for Middletown, O., of Technology and Amherst College. All of these
to take up the manufacture of aeroplanes, the are independent organizations, although the memapparatus was bo ught by Mr. Kimball, and taken
hip of the Aero Club of New England includes
to Rahway, N. J ., where experiments were con(filiated with th.
tinued with it in conjunction with F. E. Boland.
3ne of the few aeronautic school
the
luntry the claims ma
Nearly one-four th of the members are patentees
at Boston, where the Y. M. C.

or actual builders c
have put their ideas into practisf
places, twenty-four full-sized he;
chines and one dirigible have
Society's workshops since they w

!S

Myers

dozen aeronautic
of experimenters w
a

building aids.

Several model contests have been carried out

under the management of a special committee,
chosen by the members, which has led to the evo-

New England

Aeronautics in

men and

The Aero

1-athe

Morris Park.

The Society is composed of enthusiastic workers,

bound together with one great object, the advancement of aerial flight.
Among the members are scientists, professional

ity as

March, igio

weighted with engine and

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

33
The Club will have workshops whe
may make their initial
members may house tht r machines rent free, and
grounds where member may learn the art of flyThe Club will h; ve weekly meetings, lecing.

An offer of a $500 prize

lUirrv -Mahool presiding.
the lialtimore Su/i was quickly followed by
l>v
similar offers, most of which have since been nicrcased to $1,000. and the campaign for funds was
started by the Aero Club of lialtimore, of which
i. FreM.UColonel .lern.ne TI.
lation to W^i-lnnul

and an

library,

tures,

sperimental fund; and in

neet that will be

the near future a local
in the nature of a flying contest, and not merely
an exhibition
The Southe n Aero Club are now constructing
a monoplane 3n entirely new lines, and hope to
produce a flyi r that will do credit to their efforts,
The South /ill, from actual climatic conditions,
be the Mecca of flying in America.

for th<

.-.liate

bv theAero Club to .Mr. Curtiss. at which the

llaltimore-Washington delegation were also guests
honor.
.\lthongh at that time the national organization
to give a definite reply to the twin
the heartiest encouragement was extended.
About twelve miles from Washington and
twenty-eight miles from Baltimore, College Park
lines,
is easy oi access by steam roads and trolley
with capital roads for automobile and carriage
Bevond this, however, it is described by
travel
aviators as 'ideally situated for aviation, while Professor \\'illis L. Moore, Chief of the United States
Bureau, has prepared statistics showing that the
The
climatic conditions cannot be surpassed.
average velocity of the wind is about eight miles
,an hour, the field is level and of ample proportions, and the ground is familiar to many leading
aviators, who have sailed their aeroplanes in that
of

was unable
aspirants,

Club Notes
/^ORTLANDT FIELD BISHOP, President
^
America, has
Aero Club
meeting

of
notified the
of
of the organizathat a special
tion will be held next month.
The purpose of this meeting is to consider and
act upon the report of a special committee which
was appointed at the meeting of the club on November 1st last, with instructions to make recomniendations upon the subject of amending the
club's certificate of incorporation, constitution atid
by-laws.
The Committee, in its report filed with the
president, urges that the name of the present corporation, "Aero Club of America," be changed to
" Aero Corporation, Limited," and that an incor-

the

members

section.

In anticipation of the meet being held at College

Park, the promoters in Baltimore and Washington
bave been assured of the support of the United
States Government, which will do all in its power

porated club be formed under the

corporation law of this State with the

Club

of stock of the corporation are to be

transferred to the club as its propcorporation stock is to be voted purdirection of the board of governors
of the club, who shall select the directors for the

COL.

JEROME

For foreigners College Park offers especial attractions, being accessible through the port of
Baltimore from all parts of the world. The monster steam-ships now plying betw^een Baltimore
and the leading ports of Europe will be reinforced
bv a great fleet of similar vessels, permitting the
shipment of aeroplanes and paraphernalia and the
transportation of
very gates of the

passengers

practically

the

to

field.

from

all

mum

CLUB

OF BALTIMORE

By

THE
to

Dr. L. L. Lavadan, Secretary

New Orleans, La.,

is the first aero club organized in the South
practically develop the art of aerial science.
The officers are:
Dr.

Southern Aero Club, of

Thomas

President
Vice-President
Secretary-Treasurer

\V. Carey, Jr

Freije
Dr. L. L. Lavadan

F.

Pennsylvania Railroad, the Baltimore

Ohio. The Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line, the
Chesapeake & Ohio, the Louisville & Nashville,

The

H. JOYCE, PRESIDENT AERO

The Southern Aero Club

parts of the United States will

also be transported to the two cities with a maxispeed and a minimum of discomfort bv
the great railroads running into Baltimore and
\\'ashington from all points of the compass.
^'isitors

membership
" Aero

name

America."

The shares
assigned and
erty, and the
suant to the

Troops

to contribute to the success of the affair.

will be furnished to police the ground and protect

both aviators and spectators, and to guard the
College Park is the
roads and guide the traffic.
government aviation field, and the Federal authorities are prepared to meet all the requirements
of even such a monster meet.

of

corporation.
All the members of the present Aero Club who
have paid their dues for the year ending November 1st next are to have the privilege of becoming
members of the new club without the payment of
initiation fees and annual dues for the current
year.
Any member not in favor of this plan is to
have the privilege of withdrawing from membership in the existing club, and in that event his
initiation fee and proportion of dues paid covering
the unexpired portion of the year are to be re-

turned to him.

The special committee, whose report will be

acted on at the meeting next month, consisted of
W. Miller, Chairman, Cortlandt Field Bishop,
Philip T. Dodge, W. W. Niles and Dave H. Morris, Secretary.

,!i:

The Michigan Aero Club has been formally

launched at Detroit. Among the members of the
committee are Messrs. R. D. Chapin, H. B. Joy,
Russel A. Alger and Frederick Wadsworth.

the Western Maryland are

railroads entering the two cities,

Queen & Crescent, and

a few of the
while lines of steamers connect Baltimore with
the great coast cities of the Atlantic and the Gulf
of Mexico.
Millions of persons reside within an area of a
few hundred miles, and a large proportion of this
immense population will undoubtedly attend the

Mr. Glenn Curtiss was recently elected honorary

president of the Oakland Aero Club, which has a

membership

of

one hundred and seventy-five.

The South Side Aero

Club, St. Louis, is buildballoon, which Captain John Berry is to

pilot.
The club has been notified that the Laclede
Gas Co. will reduce the price of gas owing to
ing

numerous ascensions planned

Harvard Aeronautical Society

By James V.

Martin, Director

?Iarvard Aeronautical Society,

THE
perhaps the largest
bridge, Mass.,
is

of

Cam

and most

It was
active Society of this kind in the world.
organized November 11, iQog, by James V. Martin, and has already three hundred members ensubject
of
on
the
.-\
lectures
of
ten
course
rolled.
aeronautics was arranged for the winter, and they

the

Society

in

various

contests

in

the

future, has been named the " Harvard I," and will
excel in workmanship and design anything that

The weight, with engine

oil. 275 pounds; 250 pounds thrust, excess of
strength five times that required; speed 45 miles,
excellent sustaining curve, 240 square feet of sur-

has yet been attempted.

and

face.

universities are following the Harvard

example, so in the near future the public may expect to hear of intercollegiate flight contests which
will doubtless prove keen rivals of all other athletic sports.

Other

summer.

was organized recently

of Southern California. It is the intention

of the members to systematically take up the study
of the aircraft subject.

of attention and enthusiasm among the aeronautically inclined in

Cambridge. One of these lectures was illustrated
and showed the various types of aeroplanes in
motion.
A library has been established with seventy-two
books relating to aerial navigation and its various
Working models of the Wright and
problems.
Bleriot machines bave been secured, and a fullsized aeroplane is now in the course of construction which will represent the Society in various
contests ne.xt summer, and various steps are beinK
taken to have a flight exhibit near Boston during'
the month of May. Professor A. Lawrence Rotch,
founder of the Blue Hill Observatory, is President

resent

first

women

have attracted a great deal

and Professors W. W. Pickering, F. L. Kennedy,

and L. S. Marks are on the Advisory Board.
The aeroplane now being constructed for the
Harvard Aeronautical Society, and which will rep-

for next

Women's

Aviation Club in the United

at Los Angeles.
The officers of the Women's Aviation Club are:
Mrs. John Reavis, President; Mrs. Dick Ferris,
First Vice-President; Mrs. Sydney Lee Grover,
Second Vice-President; Miss Jessie M. Flint, Secretary; Mrs. G. H. McGinnis, Treasurer. Already
the membership includes a number of enthusiastic

The

States

The Aero Club of Buffalo will hold a model

aeroplane contest on March ist. The winner will
receive a silver cup, donated bv Tohn M. SatterThe club has recently
field. president of the club.
Mr.
forty-six members.
chairman of the Model Contest.

elected

James

How

is

has an active aero club, the

members of which are small boys, the oldest member being only fourteen years of age.
Bakersfield,

DR.

THOMAS

W. C.\REy, JR., PRESIDENT .SOUTH-

ERN AERO CLUE

objects and purposes of the Southern Aero
Club are to promote interest in and develop the
aeroplane in every particular for the professional
and the amateur aeronaut; to encourage the study
of aerial science, and to hold exhibitions and contests of apparatus designed for the purpose of

The

aerial

locomotion.

The organizing of the Southern .\ero Club is

the initial step in the direct line to bring about
conditions that will produce flying apparatus in
the South.
The Club will also have all the facilities for
members to build and construct their own planes,
and develop their own ideas into practical fliers.

Cal.,

The Aero Club of America has leased from the

Garden City Co., a large real estate concern, an
acre of ground near Garden City, L. I., at the
edge of the Hempstead Plains, with the privilege
of flving over all the other property controlled by
the Garden City Co.
Paterson, N. J., there has been
club, with a membership of over
are resolved to have an aerial
weeks, and to be held during the
months of May and Tune this year. Prices aggregating about a hundred thousand dollars will be
offered by this club to the great aviators of the

In the city of
formed an aero
sixty men, who
meet to last two

world.

It is believed by those heading the movement :n

Paterson that a full membership of a thousand
persons will be easy to secure.
The President is V. L. Ochoa; its Secretary,
William S. Martin, and its Treasurer, Thomas W.

McAndrews.

AIRCRAFT

34

March, igio

PERSONAL NOTES
By Ada Gibson
A

was recently accomplished by A. D. Fowler

and John Fowler, brothers, at Springfield, Mo.

machine has arrived at Provid(

R. I., for Leo Samuels.
John Shepard, Jr
Providence, R. J., has ordered a Wright
Bleriot

Professor F. W. Smith, of the N. N. T. S., is

building an aeroplane at Aberdeen, S. D., similar
to the Curtiss machine.

By introducing small single planes within large

planes a man named i\IcCarthy, of San Leandro,
claims to secure a perfect equilibrium for hie aeroplane
Mr. W. S. Globe, of Fresno, Cal., has built a
flying machine which has attracted considerable
attention on the Pacific Coast.

patent on an " Automatic Air-Cushion Balfor aeroplanes has been applied for at

ance "

Washington by Mrs. Ida M. Von Claussen.

Mr. Victor W. Page, M.E., of Providence, R. I.,
the inventor of the aeroplane, and Mr. Oliver
Light of the same city is the inventor of the
of the machine, to be manufactured by the
L. A. M. Motor Co.

Miss Lillian Todd, a lady inventor of New York,

hopes to have her new aeroplane in shape to fiy

some time

in

May.

another purchaser of

is

Leo Stevens,

flying machine.

The

of the most persistent inventors along aeronautic lines in this country is Professor H. La V.
Twining, member of the Aero Club of California.
His latest experiment is on the ornithopter type.

Mr. Merrifield Martling, of Kansas, is workitig

secretly on an airship which he says will be different from anything yet produced.

A new record for the Wright biplane type of

model was made by Morel Sage of New York at
the Y. M. C. A. Model Contest, the distance made

aeronautic alumni association to be

this country has been organized by the
graduates of the aeronautic class, established last
October by the West Side Y. M. C. A. The officers of the Alumni are Dr. Rex. C. Worthwood,
President, and Francis C. Willson, Secretary and

being

95 feet 4 inches.

A. P. Warner, of Beloit, Wis., has invented an

aerometer for registering the speed of aeroplanes.
He is also working on a device for checking air

Treasurer.

The Boston Aero Club have placed an order

with Leo Stevens for a new balloon of 38,000 cubic
feet, which is to be delivered by March the first.
The Harvard University Aeronautical

Society, of
Director, is about to build
Plans for the
a full-sized, two passenger biplane.
machine are completed, and the manufacturing of
the parts and assembling of same will be in charge
of the undergraduates of the engineering and scientific department of the university.

which

J.

V. Martin

is

a conference of the Ae
Louis recently, a resolution v
Congress to determine the v;

Club, held at

committee from the aero clubs is to

call on President Taft to ask him to undertake
steps to insure the development of aerial craft.
The conference, which was presided over by Mr.
Cortlandt F. Bishop, President. of the Aero Club
of America, represented aero clubs from thirteen
cities and States.
warfare.

have a company for the inanufacture of aeroplanes, to be known as the Aero

jMotion Co. of America, .\mong the incorporators
are H, Brussel, M. Sequin. and J. P. Walsh. The
nominal capitalization is $2,000.

Louis

is

to

In a speech^ at a recent dinner in New York

Philander C. Knox, Secretary of State, prophesied
would bring nations much closer to-

that airships
gether, and

J. F. Scott, of Lawrenceburg, Ind., is the inventor of a triplane. It is said he is negotiating

with the United States Government for the sale

agencies toward international unity.

it.

A. L. Pfitzner, of Hammondsport, N. Y., is

meeting with considerable success in experimenting with a new balancing device which he is utilizing in connection with the monoplane which he
recently constructed.

Cal.

An

aeroplane that can be packed in specially

made trunks and transported as personal luggage
is the latest invention of Howard W. Gill, Balti-

Mr. Emile Berliner. Rexford M. Smith and W.

H. Beck were exhibitors of flying machines of
their own invention at the Washington Automobile Sho^v.
O.

.L

Pruitt, of St. Joseph, Miss., has

the construction work of a

to install the engine.

completed
is about

among

them

enumerated

the

first

Interest in aviation was put to a test recently in

Carnegie Hall, and by no means found wanting,
when Burton Holmes, in his talk on " Sicily,"
featured the aviator at Rheims_, showing the pilots
of the air steering their machines over the heads
of the spectators.

company

is

aeroplanes

being formed

in

the

to

L^nited

plane."

reported that Mr. C. W. Parker, the

showman r.f Abilene. Kansas, has
a Farman biplane for $7,500.

It

Mr. Chas. S. Clark. General :Xranager of the

Second Annual Motor Show of Milwaukee, Wis.,
has arranged to add an aeroplane exhibit to the
show which takes place on February 22d to February 27th.

Two aeroplanes will be exhibited at the Portland. Ore,. .Automobile Show. .K Curtiss machine,
lust Durchased bv Mr. E. Henry Wemme, who
has the honor of being the first person in Portland to own an aeroplane. The other machine to
be exhibited is Mr. T. C. Burkharfs biplane,
his

own

hVi

the

in

accordance with

ideas.

aviators

and balloonists who took part

in

Los Ansreles meet were awarded handsome

medals, bea'-ing their names, date and

The oresentations were made bv D. .\.
Harfurger, Chairman of the Aviation Committee.

bronze

Hugo C. Gibson, the well-known

York gas
eng-'ne authority, intends to make his debut as an
aeronaut with a
monoplane, installed with

New

Romme

a Reaua-Gibson motor, of which he

is

W. Jforre" Sage, designer and

joined Leo Stevens in connection with the
astruction of aeroplanes: so it is expected that
mething reallv interesting will be on the market
s

West Park
mnounced to
top

all

section of Ced
)Z
th t public that he will

flying

m achines

from passing

the inven-

Mr. Gibson hopes to fly from New York

Albany some time during the spring.
tor.

Aircraft Events

ings to be held throughout the world this year.

jMore than $500,000 in prize money will be offered
in 1910 for events held under the auspices of the
federation.

meets

Fourteen

between April
which the total sum of

scheduled

are

loth and November 2d, for

$416,000 has already been

promised.
This does
not include the meets at Berlin, St. Petersburg,
Milan, in England and in the United States.
.According to the rules of the Internationale
Aeronautique Federation, no city may be granted
exclusive dates for an aviation meet unless at
least $40,000 in prize money is offered.
No amount
so far has been guaranteed for the American and

two English meets, but it is certain that more

than $40,000 will be offered at each of these, as
exclusive dates have been granted the clubs behind
the meets. The Berlin. St. Petersburg and Milan
dates are not exclusive, therefore it is probable
that the amount of monev that will be offered in
these three cities will not reach the limit.
The longest dates awarded are those secured bv
the Aero Club of America.
This meeting will
close the series of official flights, the week being
devoted to competition for the Gordon-Bennett
Cup. The -American dates are from October iSth
to November 2d.
Several cities have bid for the
aviation meets awarded to the L^nited States, but
no selection will be made until all the bids are in.

AMERICAN EVENTS
October

iSth to 25th.

.International Balloon Race.

Place not yet decided upon.
to

November

2d. .International .Aviation meet.

Place not yet decided upon.

FOREIGN EVENTS
jMarch nth to 19th
April 3d to loth
April loth to 25th

Olympia, England.
Cannes.
Nice;

$46,000.

Verona;

$42,000.

May

loth to i6th
Jlay 14th to 22d
jMav 20th to 30th
June 5th to 12th
Tune sth to 15th
June iSth to 24th
Tune 26th to Tulv :oth
July nth to 17th
Tuly 14th to 24th

Berlin.

Lvons.
Vichy.

Budapest:
St.

$120,000.

Petersburg.

Rheims;

$40,000.

England.

Rheims

to Brussels: cross-

country event.
Belgium; $40,000.
England.

July 24th to .August loth

August 6th to 1.3th

August 25th to September 4th. .Deauxville: $48,000.
September Sth to i8th
Bordeaux; $40,000.
September 24th to October 3d
Milan.

ONE DOLLAR
will

pay

for a Year's Subscription to

event.

tfr.

Mr. Wilcox. President of the Columbia University Aero Club, is building some extremely fine
propellers at Leo Stevens' workshop.
Great results are expected from the many specially de;igned
odels

Coming

Internationale .Aeronautique Federation reTHE

cently awarded the dates for the aviation meet-

further the use

especially

Southern California. The company contemplates

purchasing two Farman machines and demonstrating them in the small towns of the West. Among
the men who are to aiifiliate themselves with the
company are H. L. Cornish. John Nightingale,
G. E. Nagle, George Cline. Edward Helms, Dr.
N. . Hirtz, Al Levy and Dick Ferris.

which he has been building

Mr. Sydney B. Bowman, of both bicycle and

automobile fame, is presenting a handsome cup
for the best constructed aeroplane model during
the season of 191C. Any club within the jurisdiction of New York has the privilege of competing
at the regular contests held bv clubs and colleges
of New York.

The sign is fastened to the flagstaft' of the

Squire's house.
He intends to run a string of lanterns around
the sign so that it can be seen at night.
Squire Kammelhor insists that he owns to the
heavens above his premises and to the center of
the earth the other way.

States,

monoplane and

Frank Steffan. of Los Angeles, Cal.. claims to

have originated a device that will prevent a flying
machine from taking a quick drop when the motor
power fails. His new invention he calls a " Kita-

MORRIS KAMMELHOR.

October 25th
of

Mr. .T. Loose is the inventor of a new biplane

the wings of which are curved similar to those of
He is practising with it at San Francisco,
a bird.

St.

passed to petition

skids.

of

NOTICE!
All Aviators Are Hereby Warned Not to Fl
Their Machines Over This House Under Pei
ally of Imprisonment.

first

formed in

St.

pleted a monoplane which he intended to try in

the vicinity of the Kammelhor home. The Justice
donned his fur overcoat and visited a sign-painter
Paterson, who prepared a sign ten feet long
and five
vhich reads

the

At

One

o-

Columbus,

of

celebrated balloon manufacturer, has offered a cup for the longest flight made
by a model aeroplane during the season 1910.
Designs for Mr. Stevens' cup are being prepared
by Diejes & Clust of New York.

is

motor

e,

of

and JoMiinW. Kaufman,

plane,

to
;;:

Aircraft
And one

year's reading of this

magazine

-ii

Will Set

mechanical

flight.

you

l^^

rignt

on

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

35

^ JVew York """^^

^fTHE
AUir FURE-f'ROOP

PATENTS

NAVARRE

15 cents a^ line

FLY! THAFS THE THING!

BENNETT S. JONES

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Insertions all credited sixth insertion

Soventb Ai^e.

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PATENT ATTORNEY
611 rth Street, Washington, D.C.
Can secure you a Patent tliatwill PROTECT
your invention on a flying: machine, for a

have designed a flying machine wliich combines

This machine will
an aeroplane and helicopter.
rise straight up in the air without a running start
the planes being turned edgewise offer little resistraising
and
when the desired
ance in the air when
I

moderate

Advice

fee.

Fi-ee.

Printed copies of Airsliip patents lOc. eacli

WRITE TO-DAY

iieight is reached they are hitched forward, thus

The prosustaining the weight of the machine.
pellers are thus pitched forward and used excluFrom results
sively for driving the machine ahead.
obtained from several small models I think it will
make a great success. I would like to communicate

PATPNTQ
rM Cn O

with a gentleman of money who would like to

Address
Hnance the building of a large one.
1. W. B., care of Aircraft, 37 E. 28th Street, New
York.

Advice and Boohs Free.

THAT PROTECT
AND PAY

Rates Reasonable,

nighest References

Best Services

\VrANTED.

Practical Aviator

One who

of experience.

WATSON

is

154

ANOTHER

Nassau

St.,

can

in

J.

for

They

New York

full

INC.

if

motor stops over 20 miles

and

gliding

prevents

Blue

For terms apply

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p. h.,

By Aeroplane

built,

thousands of

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made

to

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and Aeronautic Supplies

BUILT FOR THE JOB

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k.

is

designed especially for the

not an automobile

From

first

to last

'.

it is

modified

;onstructed

view to the peculia requirements of an aerial machineefficiency, and consistent

unning unde full load.
id continuous
;

Carburetor embodi.

:iple

irelv

existence by the requirements of av

to

form the Green engine

PvU

The GREEN'S

New York

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

is

It

fulfil,

special

AERO MOTORS
1020 E. irsthSt,

Green AeH

intended to

to do duty for aeroplane wt

which go

for

Street, Boston, Massachusetts

GREEN'S ENGINE
Green's Aerial

York Agent

thrown upon "ads" suspended

feet in the skv.

NEW YORK

tightness,

New

Kites and Balloons

SrECiAL Attention is called to the Spectacular Night Advertising in which enormotis beams or brilliantly colored search-

or

FRED SHNEIDER

PERKINS

F.

light rays {visible for five miles) are

to

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS,
MODELS, PROPELLERS
Giiciers, Parts

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanborn

Aerial Advertising

Any

prints for aeroplanes

Designed and

where two persoDS occupy one room

$1.00 extra win be added to above prices.

SAMUEL

DRESSLER

R.

CONEY ISLAND

with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

patent rights, maintaining automatic equilibrium,

also furnished.

A Room
A Larger

Telephone 5565 Spring

increase the speed to nearly double the motor

height can safely be attained.

with

.EUROPEAN PLAN

^our Aeroplane or Glider

which permits

in the City
Electric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

Order, Jlttachahle

to

power, push machine

ACCESSIBLE QUIET New Dutch Grill Rooms. Larg-e.-it

NEW YORK

SOARING BLADES
to

D. C.

Aeroplanes

DELTOUR,

49 SIXTH AVE.,

Address: The Lawson Publishing Co.

Made

lawyer

ALL SIZES IN STOCK

writing.

37 E. 28th Street.

Patent

WASHINGTON,

Specially Selected

be

tbe Editorial Department of

Applicant
for
position
must
AIRCRAFT.
understand the aeronautical subject thoroughly
and give full information and references when

used

COLEMAN,

BAMBOO

New York

WRITER

first-class

E.

612 F St. N. W.,

thoroughly acquainted with everything pertaining to mechanical

Address at once:
flight.
Aerial Demonstration Company,

55y,

Makers

for

made

it

parts

so great a success.

particulars sent on application.

MOTOR PATENTS SYNDICATE,

BERNERS STREET, LONDON. W.

the Patentees:

The Aster Engineering Co., Ltd.

Ltd.

A I R C R A FT

36

March, igio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

Leading Balloon and Airship Constructor

of the

World

REPRESENTING THE

CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO.

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

MAKERS OF THE FINEST AND STRONGEST BALLOON AND

AEROPLANE MATERIAL IN THE WORLD

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MODELS DEVELOPED

CONTRACTOR TO THE
AND

U. S.

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NINETY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE CLUBS IN THIS COUNTRY

Also Representing the Santos Dumont Aeroplane

The Wilcox Propeller

AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE

CARTON & LA CHAMBRE

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

ADDRESS

Box

181, IVIadison

New

York

Square

AIR

March, njio

('

RAFT

PROPELLERS
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IN
6

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$50

Weight (i%

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SMALL ONES FOR MODELS

$5

to

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REQUA GIBSON

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225 West 49th Street

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PHONE

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Weight 12

lbs.

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COLUMBUS

lbs.

AIRCRAFT

38

March, igio

INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS
FOUNDED

1908

The First Private School Established in the World

The Only Aero Institute in U. S. A. Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

FOUNDER-DIRECTOR

ALBERT

C.

TRIACA

Aero Clubs of America, France, Italy

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department New York School of Automobile Engineers
Pilot

THE AERODROME OF THE

A

private

I.

S. A.

With Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model Hall, Ladies' and Juniors' Rooms.
mile track for experiments is located at Garden City, L. L, adjacent to Hempstead Plains, where flights of lo
(Take 34th Street Ferry or Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, L. I. R.R.)
in straight line can be made.

miles

On April 3rd, Mr. A. C. Triaca, assisted by a competent staff, will begin the first 8 weeks' practical
course in aviation, limited to 10 students.
Home Study Courses in Aerostats, Dirigibles and Aviation, prepared by Lieut.-Colonel G. Espitallier
of the French Balloon Corps.
Private lessons in all branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen.
Juniors' Class with contests for Kites and Models.
S.

I.

Sole Agents

U.

S.

A. and Canada

HUE

CHAUVIERE INTEQRALE PROPELLERS, holders of the records

Aeronautical Instruments.
LEO STEVENS, Aeronaut, manufacturer COM=
all

the

(Paris)
and Aeroplanes.
LINE of Imported and Domestic Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and

for Dirigibles

PLETE

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

A.

for

Models and

full size

apparatus made.

Estimates and consultations given.

parts.

Illustrated lectures arranged.

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines

I.

NEW YORK

S.

A. Aerodrome, Garden City, L.

OFFICE: ^Tf

H.

DUCASSE

PARIS OFFICE

52

I.

(near the Garage)

CO., 735 Seventh Avenue

Rue Servan,

Paris

PHONE
[ ,84.

bryant 1

AIRCRAFT

March, igio

Henry
Are the best
the safest,

39

FARMAN

Biplanes

A FEW RECENT RECORDS

Prix de Champagne (H. Farman).
Passenger Prize (two passengers and aviator) (H. Farman).
Grand Prize of Blackpool (H. Farman).

Grand

most rehable

Speed Prize (H. Farman).

Distance and Speed Prize, Doncaster (Sommer).
Height Record by Paulhan (300 yards).

and easiest

WORLD'S
WORLD'S
WORLD'S

to

drive

record distance (234 kms.) (H. Farman),

record time (4 hrs. 18 mins.) (H. Farman).
record for Height (4,165 feet) (Paulhan).

Longest town to town record, Mourmelon Chalons and back (Paulhan).

At the Los Angeles meet Paulhan won the First Prizes for Height,
Endurance and Passenger-Carrying Contests with a Henry
Farman Biplane.
IVIICHEUN CUP (H. rARMAN)

Works: Camp de Chalons, Marne.

Offices: 22,

Contractors to the French

A v.

War

de la Grande Armee, Paris

Office

What Kind of a Motor Do You Want?

Let us answer:
1st,

A
A

motor

reliable

powerful motor
3rd, An enduring motor

2nd,

Curtiss Motors
Have
You Do
1st,
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2nd, A motor
3rd, A motor

ind

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these Qualities

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of "freak" construction
of extremely light construction
of unproven merit

CURTISS MOTORS ARE NOT IN THESE CLASSES

Built in All Sizes.

New

Models

Type and Greatest

of Highest

Send for Catalosue 4

Efficiency

XX

CURTISS MOTORS HAVE MADE GOOD

HERRING-CURTISS

CO.,

Hammondsport, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

40

]> <>
daily exhibitions of their

'

SHOW,
ington

February

Show

T I o e:

AEROPLANE

'-piIE CIIl'RCH

lOth-23rd.

models

The

CO.. of Brooklyn, X.
in

actual

bigg^est

Catalog" ready soon

March, igio

free

"hit"

Y., will g^ive

flight at the

at the

on request.

BOSTON

January \\'ashOftice and sales-

room, 15 M\-rtlc A\'enuc, Brooklyn, N. Y.

THE HALL'S SAFE COMPANY

p. O.

BOX 8A6

Salesroom

393 BROADWAY
Between White and

Principal Office and Factory

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NEW YORK
Makers of

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grade of Screw Door and Square
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HALL PATENT April

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use the Royal exclusivelv.

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Bm

more

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Building

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Rotary Motor

GNOME
The "Wizard

of Aviation"

USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

All Other Leading Foreign Aviators

Holds World's Records

DISTANCE DURATION HEIGHT SPEED

PRICES

50 H.

$2600

P.

Terms

100 H.

P.

$4800

One-third cash with order, balance on delivery

SEGUIN &

CO., General Agents

1610 Wright

Building, St. Louis,

Mo.

Anticipating a big inquirj" for our Motors after the Los Angeles Meet, we have made special arrangements with the factoryand are holding a few of our Motors subject to immediate deliver>'

BOOKS
We

have compiled a list of the very best aeronautical books w^ritten in the English
language and offer them for sale to our readers.
Earnest students
of Aerial Flight should read every book in this list.
Make

all

Drafts, Express or Post Office Orders payable to

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

CO., 37-39 East 28th Street,

and Natural Flight, by Sir

S. Maxim.
Being a de.scription of
own experimental work and the devel-

Hiram

opment

of flying

machines generally

York, U.

S.

A.

Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory,

Artificial
his

New

A popular work on
almost everything pertaining to the everyday life of the mechanic. 370 illustrations
and two chapters relating to flying
$2.00
by A. Russel Bond.

$1.75

POCKETBOOK OF AERONAUTICS, by H. W. L.
Moedebeck.
aerial travel

Containing

many

features of

and a splendid text-book

Conquest of the Air, by Alphonse

for

the beginner or the aeronautical engineer.

3.25

book covering the

Berget.

and

history, theory

practice of the science of aeronautics, with

explanatory diagram and photographs.

2.50

Vehicles of the Air, by Victor Lougheed.

One

of the very latest aeronautical books,

covering almost every detail of the science
of Aviation

The Conquest of the Air,

Rotch.
A subject treated
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by A. Lawrence

by an accepted
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Aerial Navigation, by A. F. Zahm. A book

written by one of the world's great scientists

who has made an

extensive study of

the aeronautical subject for the past 20 years

3.00

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Airships Past and Present, by A. Hildebrandt.

A general sketch of the past and
present state of the art, together with its
problems, presented in a way that can be

Airships in Peace and War, by R. P.

Hearne, with an introduction by Sir Hiram
Maxim. A popular account of the progress
made by the different countries of the
world in Aircraft

understood by everybody

3.50

Aerial Navigation To-Dat, by Chas. C.

Turner. A finely illustrated work on the

3.50

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1.50

The Problem of Flight, by Herbert Chatley.

most

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Aerodonetics, by F. W. Lanchester. Constituting the second volume of a complete

work on aerial flight, with appendices on
the theory and application of the gyroscope,
on the flight of projectiles, etc

6.00

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All the World's Airships, by By Fred T.

The Force of the Wind by Herbert Chatley.

A scientific treatise, dealing with the subject
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My

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in relation to engineering

By Santos-Dumont.

thrilling story of

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by Alfred W. Lawson. Has nothing to do
with the science of aerial flight. The ninth

The

intrepid Brazilian's

wonderful success in aerial navigation, told

in an entertaining way, free from techniWith 55 full-page pictures from
cality.
12mo, 400 pages
photographs.

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taining photographs of almost every flying

1.50

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AH<U

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BALDWIN'S
VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697 Miles.

New York"

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Harmon and

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BALDWIN^S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

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IN

from

THE

U. S.

five to six

GOV. DIRIGIBLE

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

times as long as a varnished balloon.

The weight

is

always the

same, as it does not require further treatment. Heat and cold have no effect on it, and
ascensions can be made as well at zero weather as in the summer time. The chemical action of
oxygen has not the same detrimental effect on it as it has on a varnished material. Silk doublewalled

man

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

PROOF balloon, as

can take care of his

has ten times the strength of varnished material.

it

requires

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Will not crack. Waterproof No talcum powder. No revarnishing.

width, or color.

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and which, through its superior qualities and being an absolute gas holder, is
bound to take the place of varnished material. The man that wants to have the up-to-date balloon
must use VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL. Specified by the U. S. SIGNAL CORPS.
balloon material,

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

and Samples on application

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

THE KHEDIVE OF EGYPT WATCHING THE FLYERS FROM THE GRAND- STAND AT HELIOK UJ ^.

CONTENTS APR.il.

1910

Cover Drawing

Summary

How

of

G. A. Coffin

Human

Flight

jNIrs.

Herbert Sinclair

J.

Ada Gibson

Stevens Builds a Balloon

Editorial

The Wright-Curtiss-Paulhan

Law and
Foreign
Big

Men

Campbell

G. F.

Conflict

Are the Wrights Pirates?

Denys

the Air

News

Wood
Ochoa

Victor L.

IMyers

P.

Albert C. Triaca

of the jMovement

The New Maxim Aeroplane

Club

News

News

in

Sir

Hiram Maxim

Compiled by Ada Gibson

Mrs.

General

Rapid Development of Aviation as Shown by

J.

Herbert Sinclair

G. F. Campbell

Statistics

Wood

A. Holland Forbes, Yachtsman and Aeronaut

Louis Paulhan

The Wrights' Contentions Groundless

Criticism of the Court's Decision in Wright-Paulhan Suit

The

Internal

Work

of the

Wind

Israel
S.

P.

Ludlow
Langlev

AIRCR.AFT
Published Monthly by

37-39

The Lawson

EAST 28TH STREET,

Company

YORK,

U. S. A.

WHEN YOUR

TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS
In the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine Islands,
Hawaiian Islands, Cuba (including Postage), One Dollar per year.
Ten Cents the Copy, of All News Dealers.
Foreign Subscriptions, Two Dollars per year.
In changing order give old as well as new address.
Advertising copy must be in band by the 10th of month previous to
date of publication.

Only high-grade advertisements of thoroughly reliable firms are

solicited.

Publishing

NEW

SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRES

One month before a subscription expires we enclose a renewal blank

on which you will write your order for the renewal.
When first notified that your subscription will expire, you should
send your renewal at once, in order not to miss a number. New subscriptions which are received by us on or before the 15th of any month
will begin with the issue of that month. If received after that date they
will begin with the following month's issue. We cannot enter subscripOne month's notice is necessary
tions to begin with back numbers.
before a change of address can be made.

[Copyright, 1910, iy The Laivson Publishing Co.]

AIRCRAFT

42

Afril, igio

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

CIE.

1777 BROADWAY
NEW YORK CITY
OFFICE 316

AEROPLANES
MOTORS
PROPELLERS

OF CONSEQUENCE
This Company, having long since passed the experimental stage, proposes to give its patrons, at the lowest price, the
benefits achieved by its experts who have for years been profound students of Aerial Navigation.

POSITIVELY NO INFRINGEMENTS
DESIGN

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

RIGHT

MONOPLANES, BIPLANES -WITH MOTORS, PROPELLERS, COMPLETE FOR ASSEMBLING AND FLIGHT

FIRST PRIZE AT FIRST TRIAL

IN AMERICA FOR FLIGHT
First to Make Monoplanes, Biplanes, and Aeronautic Motors
Employing Only the Best Designers and Experts of Aerodynamics
Our Product is therefore Scientifically, Mathematically and
Mechanically Correct
For excellence of worlcmanship, construction and durability, we stand without a peer. Our up-to-date method of lieeping
in touch with each new improvement and embodying it in our product, stamps us as being without competition.

WE own
the

our own AERODROME, which is

EXCLUSIVE OUTPUT and RIGHTS

equipped to meet the demands of the PUBLIC. We control

PATENTS OF THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AERONAUTIC

fully

in

MOTORS
COMPLETED AEROPLANES
Delivery

30

days.

Prices from

25

50

h. p.
K. p.

STOCK.
BRAINS IN BUILDING.

IN

$1,200

to

GOODS TO DELIVER

93,000 complete. Terms on

application

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

1777 Broadway,

New

York, U.

S.

A.

CIE.

AIRCR.AFT
Vol.

No.

I.

NEW

2.

YORK, APRIL,

1910

SUMMARY OF HUMAN FLIGHT

By

Mrs. J- Herbert Sinclair

General Meusnier played a prominent part

Continued from March Aircraft

(HE growth

of ballooning during

its

early history

mercy

men have

ance, he adopted a boat-shaped car to run horizontally beneath the

loon.

ways

least resistance to

to direct or at least deviate its course, in-

stead of permitting
tlie

to be entirely at the

it

winds, and, like

all

other strides

taken during the past towards progress, met with

innumerable failures and set-backs so many in

fact, that it is remarkable that the tenacity of endeavor along this line was not abandoned as being
ahogetlHT

And

in

all

laborious

ridicule

and

steps
satire

taken by man in his eternal

were the rewards of his efforts

in this direction.

This public derision was naturally increased by the many senseideas and suggestions, given out by that class of impractical
inventors who never take the trouble to investigate the efforts of
their predecessors, to avoid perpetuating their mistakes with
less

the really reliable searchers.

It

were

might here be said that they are

in

the eighteenth century

in

as

fact

numerous now as they

at no time were there

more weird and impossible suggestions being made

in

connection

with aerostatics and aerodynamics, than at the present time.

It is the intention of this article, however, to mention the
names of those who had either a direct, or, in some instances, an
indirect connection with the general
It

must be acknowledged that the progress made

advocate the necessity of an absobetween the car and the gas-bag of a dirig-

first to

But while his plans for the construction of a

were very carefully arranged they were never carried
owing to the great cost required to do so. He was
killed in 1793 at Mayence, fighting against the Prussians, and
from that time until the middle of the Nineteenth Century little
or nothing was done to advance the art.
In 1851 Giffard succeeded in constructing" a small steam engine
of 5 H.P., which weighed but 100 pounds, and then set to work
balloon.

ible

dirigible

immediately to test its usefulness in connection with a balloon.

He therefore constructed a cigar-shaped bag 144 feet long and
40 feet diameter at the centre, and having a capacity of 88,000
cubic feet.
heavy pole 66 feet long was attached to the net

covering the envelope by means of ropes, at the end of which was

placed a triangular sail-like rudder.
The car containing the

motor and propellers was carried 20 feet below the pole.

three-bladed propeller was 11 feet in diameter and driven
rate of

tons,

move was

a slight improvement,

still

experimenta-

of the spherical, or nearly spherical balloon, and resulted in a

in

the length and decrease in the diameter of

the gas-bag of dirigibles.

The

revolutions per minute.

total

The
at the

weight of the

air-

was VA

and had a carrying capacity of one-fourth of a ton of coal

and water. With this and a subsequent balloon (built longer and
narrower) Giffard did much valuable experimental work, but
after designing a

mammoth

dirigible of

1,750,000 cubic feet, to

two engines and which would have cost

$250,000 to construct, he became blind and died in 1882.
In 1872 Dupuy de Lome built for the French Government a
dirigible with a cigar-shaped body iiS feet long, 49 feet diamIt
eter at the centre, and with a capacity of 122,000 cubic feet.
which was to be

fitted

men and attained a speed of 9 feet per second.

In 1873 Paul Haenlein built a dirigible in Germany, which atIt was 164 feet long, 30
tained a speed of 15 feet per second.
carried 14

and had a capacity of 85,000 cubic feet. The car

located close to the body, and a 6 horse-power Lenoir gas

feet in diameter,

was

engine with four horizontal cylinders was used. The gas for the
engine was taken from the balloon as needed, and its loss over-

come by

filling

out the air-bags.

It

The envelope was

gas per hour.

consumed 250 cubic

lined

feet of

on the inside with a

and a thinner one on the outside, thus makCoal gas was used and trials were usually made

thick rubber coating

ing

tion along this line but served to demonstrate the unwieldy shape

no

including a 3SO-pound boiler and one passenger,

in aerostatics

sides of the car.

gradual increase

the

lutely rigid connection

ship,

this

He was

gas-bag.

flight.

advancement of actual

during the past 120 years was slow and tedious, and that only
during the last few years was the progress sufficient to warrant
the general public taking more than a passing interest in it.
The first ideas advanced to guide a balloon were taken from
water-craft, sails, oars and rudders being utilized for the purpose. This did not accomplish what was expected, owing to the
fact that the sails and the balloon being immersed in the same
fluid there was no chance of leverage, and the sails fell limp and
useless, onh' acting as an extra weight for the balloon to carry.
Guyot constructed the first elongated balloon. Its long axis
was horizontal and its shape that of an egg the broader end was
supposed to face the wind and sails were counted on for propulsion, a radical mistake in principle, as explained.
The air offers an immense resistance to the proper motion of
a balloon and nothing short of propellers driven at high speed
have enabled one to overcome it, even in calm weather.
From the system attempting propulsion by oars evolved that of
paddle wheels mounted upon a shaft and projecting over the

While

works

into effect,

fruitless.

like

march onward,

the progress of

Meusnier was a thorough scientist who carefully studied all

relating to the air and the shapes of bodies offering the
it.
He discovered that an elliptical shape was
the most suitable, and in order to attain the least possible resist-

having spread to almost every quarter of the globe,

the inventive genius of man set to work to devise

I'i

in

aerostatics by introducing the use of air-bags inside of the bal-

it

airtight.

close to the

ground and for short distances

only.

Insufficient

funds to pay the cost of experimentation made it necessary to

discontinue the trials and for ten years afterwards no progress
at all

was made

in the

construction of airships.

To be continued

in

May Aircraft

AIRCRAFT

44

April, igio

VAUVC

CORO

PASSlNCj

XHROUGiH INTCRtOR

or BAUUOON
RIPPINGi PANEL

niPPiNQ

C0(?0

APPENDIX
SUSPENSION LINES

VALVC CO HO

^TOQLCS

,--AN&HOR ROPC
BAGS or BALLAST

_.

A.(NCHOR

DRAG, ROPE

Figure
descriptive diagram showiftg

the construction of a spherical balloon

Drawing by

the

Rcqua-Gibson Co.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

HOW STEVENS

45

BUILDS A BALLOON

By Ada Gibson
T

it

now

not too

much

fine

among

art

the leading

Prominent among these

Leo Stevens, who

of balloons as he

balloon-making has

to say that

gotten to be a

manufacturers.

A.

as celebrated a manufacturer

is
is

is

a pilot of them.

Elsewliere in this numl)er of Aircraft occurs a

liiographical sketch of Stevens's aeronautic career
;ik1

lion

concerning

information

following

the

the

manufacture of balloons in his New York and

Hoboken, N. J., shops affords an exact explanaof how a modern balloon is made, and as such mav come

The exammade by drawing the material over rollers which are

window in the same manner as an ordinary window shade, the room being dark, except for what light comes
it

pervious and render the whole envelope useless.

ination

is

fixed close to a

through the material and the thin spots or flaws being detected
b}' the extra light coming through them.
After it has gone
through this examination the next process is to pass it through a
set of I'ollers which are attached to one side of a vat, or tank,
containing

size.

It

is

put through these rollers, passed through

is taken up by, and wound around a

on the opposite side of the tank. By this means it
is impossible to get any crinkles or creases in the material, as
it is kept perfectly straight throughout the whole operation.
This
is another case,
where, if the process were defective the material would become useless, as it would be impossible to produce a perfectly shaped balloon without perfectly flat material.

the size in the tank and

roller fixed

After the material

is

quite dry,

it

is

laid out in

on the floor preparatory to being cut

The envelope

very long lengths

out.

is built up of a number of circular

sewn together, each circle being made
up of a number of wedge-shaped pieces, according to the size
cf the circle necessary to form the shape required, and as there
are from 12,000 to 25,000 of these pieces in one balloon, it requires great care and ingenuity in laying out the templets or
patterns b}- which the material is cut.
To entirely prevent the
l"j5sibility of an error each piece in each circle is numbered and

of a balloon

sections of different sizes

Figure
YAW'S SEAT
HINGE POST
HALF VALVE CLOSED
G. STRAPS FOR

A.
B.
C.

HALF VALVE OPEN

HINGE
OPERATIVE CORDS

NETTING

as a revelation to man}' on the care and ingenuity displayed

this very

The

modern

in

industry.

which Mr. Stevens makes his balloons is a

mixture of cotton and linen. This cloth is woven out of specially long thick fibers which gives it greater strength and durability than if made from short fibers, the linen also adding to
fabric with

the strength.
Silk

is

now

ered that
tricitj-

used

is

is

it

which

very seldom used, as it has recently been discovrather dangerous, on account of the static elec-

is

found

in

the air.

Another material sometimes

the imported Continental cloth.

number of

laj'ers

This

is

made up

of a

of cloth vulcanized together and rubbered out-

side.
It may consist of one or more layers of material, the number varying with the strength required for the purpose to whicii
it is to be put.

The
its

first

process that the unfinished cloth

arrival at the factory,

is

is

put through after

This operation shows the amount of time which is of necessity expended on every small part used in the construction of
a balloon, as just the minutest defect in the weaving would make
flaws.

Figure 3

that of a thorough examination for

clamping ring

SPRING ANCHOR.ACE

valve doors

SPRING
E.

STRAPS FOR NETTING

AIRCRAFT

46
has to be joined to

manner each
responding

its

circle is

circle,

numbering of the

pieces

up of the balloon, as

hands working on

corresponding number, and

all

the

same

it

to be joined to its cordeveloping the shape desired.

The

and

circles also facilitates the building-

renders

it

possible to have a

number

of

parts at once, without the slightest chance

mixed and wrongly

of a mistake occurring by getting the pieces

The sewing together is done by a

known as a double stitcher and v.'hich

placed.
is

in

numbered and has

thereby

special
is

machine which

a very interesting

it does two rows of stitching

and turns in the edges all at the same time. The machine is
driven by an electric motor and the parts to be stitched are fed

piece of machinery, inasmuch as

into

it

by

made and

girls,

as

shown

in figure 4.

After the circles are

all

most important,
that of finishing off, which consists in the setting out and working with heavy silk, of a number of holes around the top of
the envelope through which the bolts iitted in the valve ring
have to pass, and by so doing attaching the envelope to the valve.
It is

stitched together the ne.xt operation

is

imperative that the holes should exactly correspond in posi-

tion with that of the bolts, because should they be the slightest

"

April, igio

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
ing trouble by sticking the envelope together wherever

it

happen to touch.

it

After

it

has been varnished

over

all

should
is kept

with air, which is continually pumped into it for three

days, then deflated, and the same process of varnishing and iniiillated

flating

repeated

is

five

render

absolutely

it

While

times.

time a coat of varnish

is

still

impervious,

the

air

for the

inflated

put on the inside

this

tending to

varnish through the fabric to the outside and

fifth

done

is

drive

to

the

up the pores.

fill

After the last coat of varnish is put on, all seams are pencilled,
or, in other words, varnished again with a small brush
it is
then allowed to stand inflated for three days to make quite sure
;

that there

envelope

is

no

After it has been proved

rubbed down with French chalk and

is

whole

tight, the

leak.

ready for use.

is

47

the suspension lines.

strain

When

on every thread, and

the net
it

is

finished there

is

an equal

the envelope perfectly tight.

fits

The cords are attached to the suspension lines through small

wooden eyes, grooved around the outer edge, in which grooves
the cords run, thus allowing the balloon to

sway about as carThese

cumbersome

ried by the wind, while the car remains perfectly level.

eyes are a great improvement on the old-fashioned,

wooden

pulleys which were used in days gone by.

Mr. Stevens has introduced a special system in the knitting
of his nets which facilitates keeping the balloon in its correct
shape, as the gas expands it during the process of inflating. To
do this, it is necessary that the sand-bags which hold the bal-

down

(see figure 6), be attached to the netting in the same

around, and as there are hundreds of circles and meshes,
would be quite easy to miscount them. To do away with

loon

circle all
it

this

difficulty,

Mr.

Stevens

colored

and

easier to trace the

mesh

ternately,

conceived

natural

cord,

the

idea

which

pi

makes

using

al-

much

it

required, and rather adds than otherwise

appearance of the balloon.

the rope ring at the top of the netting has been fixed
to the valve by means of the straps provided on the valve for
the purpose, the balloon becomes a whole (as the envelope has
lo the

When

.ilready been attached to the valve),

flated

fits

and

is

-now ready

to be in-

for use.

Before

inflating

the

balloon,

the

around the top of the appendix

is

concentrating

ring,

which

slipped on, and the balloon

is carefully spread out, with the valve laying exactly over the
entrance to the envelope at the top of the appendix (see figure 5).
It is then ready to be filled with hydrogen gas, which is made

by the action of sulphuric acid on

iron,

water being added for

diluting purposes.
;IluV\l.\i,

iu.-iIHu.X

ul

.-.\.\U-l;.-\GS

AND NET AFTER

E.ALLOON IS

INFLATED

At

the very top of the balloon

is

in

a large valve,

conjunction with the ballast,

of control.

The

is

generated in vats or tanks, about

which

one

is

it

is

means

the pilot's only

intention being that no gas shall escape from

the

man

in

balloon, except when intended by the pilot, the valve is

made so as to remain closed by the pressure of the upward
tendency of the gas against it, and in addition, springs are used,
acting in the same direction, so that, in order to open the valve,
it is necessary to exert considerable force
This valve is really
a double valve, and each semi-circular half is arranged as a

swinging door, both being hinged on a common post, which is

diameter of a circle, so that the valve acts much like
when the wings are lying
close together (see figure 2). A cord is attached to each door or
set as the

a butterfly's wings, the valve being open

wing of the valve and taken down

to the car,

rolled

up and

placed in a pocket fixed on the inside of the car for that purpose.

The

circle, or rim referred to forms the frame of the whole valve

and consists of two rings with bolts and fly-nuts for fastening
them together. In assembling the valve to the envelope, the
nuts and one ring are removed, the buttonholes in the envelope
accommodating the bolts, and the loose ring is placed on and
tightened down by the nuts, so as to make a gas-tight joint between the envelope and the ring.
The netting which encases the balloon is also made on the
premises. It is made of cord of small dimension, no larger than
ordinary wrapping cord, which Mr. Stevens imports from Italj-.
The netting is made on a frame with an iron needle. First of
all a strong rope ring is woven, and from this starts all tin-

The cords are placed over pegs fixed

wound over the netting block, which is jusl
wood cut to the size of the mesh requircil

cords used in the netting.

the frame, then

an ordinary piece of
in

any particular part of the

net,

and with the needle it is knit

This kind of knot is used,

into an ordinary sailor, or reef knot.

because the greater weight

comes.

The

netting

is

it

is

made

started with

to bear, the tighter

from ninety

to

it

be-

three hun-

dred cords, according to the size of net required to cover the

balloon, and

is

worked down

feet

charge of the plant as to the quantity actually ob-

tained.

the

in

si-x

and six feet in diameter. It requires about two hundred

and fifty pounds of iron, and the same quantity of sulphuric
acid, with one hundred and fifty gallons of water, to generate
one thousand cubic feet of gas, but a great deal depends upon
in height

of the most important components of a balloon (see figure 3), for,

used

Hydrogen gas

to eighteen cords,

where

it

joins

FlGI"EE 7

TYING UP THE APPENDIX

AIRCRAFT
Three covered tanks placed side by
erating hydrogen (see figure 9).

April, iQio

side are necessary for gen-

The

iron is put into the first

one and it is then half filled with water. Through a hole in the
cover of this tank a lead pipe is inserted and reaches nearly

down

bottom of it. Connected to the top of

is a lead funnel, through which
poured into the tank. On the opposite side is another
pipe, which only passes just through the cover, and as the gas
generates, it rises and passes through this pipe into the next
tank which is about one-third full of water. The second tank
is called the washer, as the gas onl)' passes through the water
on its way to the third tank, where it passes through lime, after
which it is carried along a pipe or tubing, the other end of
which is attached to the appendi.x, into the balloon.
to the iron in the

this pipe,

the acid

but outside the cover,

is

When

balloon

the

fully

is

inflated,

the

gas

pipe

discon-

is

nected, and the appendix is tied up with a narrow strip of cotton material to which a string is attached (see figure 7)
this is
to prevent loss of gas while making further preparations for
;

the

The

trip.

string

carried

is

down

into the car

and when the

proper time comes, which is as soon as the balloon gets away,

a sudden jerk on the string will break the material with which
the appendix is tied, leaving it open. After the appendix is tied
the balloon

is

allowed to

low the load-ring

rise several feet

from the ground to aland the

to be attached to the suspension lines,

car to the load-ring.

Figure 8 shows the method of attaching the

load-ring and the car to the balloon. Twenty-eight short lengihs
of rope are spliced on to the ring and at the loose end of each
is fastened.
The suspension lines, of which there are
eighteen, are each finished off with a loop which is slipped over

a toggle

The

the toggle.

car of the balloon has ten ropes by

which it
These ropes are passed down one
side of the car, under the bottom and up the opposite side, becoming a part of the car, by being woven with the wicker of
which the car is made. The end of each car rope is spliced in
a loop (which makes it an endless rope) and is slipped over one
of the ten remaining toggles, in the same manner as the suspension lines. This method of attachment is the simplest one
imaginable, and as safe as it is simple.
After attachment all
is

attached to the load-ring.

is

ready for the

start,

as the car has previously

been

with everything necessary for the journey.

A balloon equipment consists of the following:

fitted

up

anchor rope a drag-rope, which is fastened to the concenfating ring and is always hanging down from the outside of the
being one means of equilibrium; a statoscope, which indicates whether the balloon is rising or falling a barometer, with
:

the balloon
ballast

is

rugs

which indicates which way

travelling seventy-five to a hundred sand-bags, as
lunch basket a cover to fit the car and a cover for
;

to balloon

anchor and

car, this

a self-registering chart; a compass,

Figure 8

showing method of attaching load-ring and car

the deflated envelope,

making two convenient packages

pressing to any desired point.

Everything appertaining

for exto a bal-

loon, with the exception of the envelope, will pack into the car,

which makes transportation quite easy.

The balloon being built and now ready to start, all that is
desirable for a delightful day of exhilarating, lung-filling sport,
are clear weather, congenial companions and a favorable breeze.

MANHOLE TO CLEAN
TANK OUT
LC^O PIPE THROUCiH
WHICH ACID PASSE

Figure 9

hydrogen gas generating plant

Drawing by

the

Rcqua-Cibson Co.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

A SPECIALIST

THE OLDEN DAYS,

IN

when our

industrial

consists of exceptional intelligence, untiring energy,

plenty of enthusiasm and a considerable knov/ledge of

mechanical flight he has also sufficient means to back

him up in his undertakings.
;

was not quite so complex as at present, the

barber was qualified to pull teeth, preach a

life

village

sermon, administer to the lame, shoe horses and do

many

He

other things as his daily avocation.

also

Burridge, that calm, considerate logician, was

Vice-President and the indefatigable Hugo
Gibson, a Director which simply means that the Aeronautic Society has a triumvirate of very brainy men,
who, when once they get working harmoniously to-

Lee

S.

elected

talked about flying machines on rare occasions but

he never became an expert on anything. He was a
;

general all-round botch, and his information on any

subject

was

ridiculously faulty.

In these days

men

gether, will produce results beneficial to the entire

aeronautical fraternity.

are trained along certain special

which enable them to become experts. One

man will devote his whole time and attention to the
study of one subject, while another man will give all
No
of his time to the study of another, and so on.
one ever thinks of going to the barber nowadays to
have his teeth repaired or his automobile shod. These
are the days of the specialists, and they are patronized
because by giving all of their time to one little branch
of human endeavor they acquire greater knowledge
and skill than they would if trying to learn a dozen

o o o

lines,

vocations at once.

AIRCRAFT

It is interested in

a specialist.

is

you can expect

But upon this subject

that

who

is all

to find in
it

noth-

and
any time.
an expert, and anyone

ing else but balloons, flying machines, kites,

is

it

etc.,

at

anxious to secure absolutely reliable information concerning the science of aeronautics or the aeronautical movement generally, must read this magazine.
is

We

employ only expert Editors, and publish

written only by

men who

aeronautical writers.

There are some people foolish enough to think they

can acquire a general knowledge of aerial flight from
the newspapers or nonsensical articles appearing in

know

these

men

as soon as they begin to discuss their subject.

worth knowing at all it is

and we advise everyone intersubscribe for a magazine that makes

If this great subject is

worth knowing
ested in

it

to

right,

o o o
The Aeronautic Society

of

New York

selection of

human

being live ten miles up in the

March number

Editorial in the
"

of

AIRCRAFT

on

High Flying."

How DOES

a human being live in a submarine boat

under the water? is a question we might ask
of the inquirer and his answer to our question would
probably answer his own.
Take a supply of oxygen along for the purpose.
The drawback of flying at high altitudes is not the
lack of oxygen, which can be taken up for the purpose,
but the lack of air pressure. Man's ingenuity to overcome OBSTACLES will, however, find ways and
means to overcome this difficulty just as he has found
ways and means to overcome every other drawback
met with in his path towards progress during the past.

fifty feet

o o o

Thomas

Baldwin, builder of the only war

dirigible the United States Government owns, and
whose name will always shine forth as one of the
greatest pioneers of aerial transportation, has entered
the field of aviation and constructed a biplane.
Baldwin's long experience as an aeronaut and his
superior knowledge of everything pertaining to airCaptain

S.

craft generally, will aid materially

mate success with

toward

his ulti-

a heavier-than-air machine.

o o o
any good article rewhether partisan or otherwise, as
genuine information tending to throw

are always ready to publish

lating to air-craft,
is

to

be con-

Hudson Maxim as
President for the coming year. A more capable leader
could not be found anywhere. The make-up of Maxim
its

could a

atmosphere, where there is little or no oxygen to

breathe? " inquires an anxious reader, referring to our

We

aerial flight its specialty.

gratulated upon

How

articles

are in the front ranks of

general magazines, but you always

"

long as

it

offers

upon any question or controversy. Publishing

the articles, however, does not always mean that we
light

accept the opinions expressed therein.

AIRCRAFT

so

April, igio

THE WRIGHT-CURTISS-PAULHAN CONFLICT

By George
5AD

occurred

it

but

three

short

years

F.

ago,

it

doubtful whether the legal conflict now beingwaged over the Wright Brothers' patent of 1906

IS

\\ou!d have caused

ijutside of those

As

it

is,

more than a

flicker of interest

directly concerned.

the struggle over the question, whether

the Wrights' emulators in the field of mechanical

flight are also their imitators,

has elicited a show

of interest which would be surprising were not

Its

of the last

very

causes

the

lightning-like

two years and the strange

any but the least creative of imaginations

to

more

developments

possibilities they

not

suggest

themselves far

Campbell Wood
XI increase the air-pressure on one side and diminon the other by a deformation or warping of the main
surfaces or wings
a very simple system of wires and pulleys
acts on the rear-edge of the extremities of the wings in such a
way that when one side is pulled down the other side is pulled
up the angle made by the planes with the direction of flight
the Bleriot
ish

it

usualh' referred to as angle of incidence or of attack

made larger on one side (increasing

and downward motion) and smaller,
other

side

null

(diminishing the resistance

ward motion).

Thus

is

thus

forward
or negative on the
forward and down-

to

in straightaway flight,

leaning to the right, a greater angle

the resistance to

if

the aeroplane

is

given to that side of

is

surprising.

truism that the most complex and intricate questions and

difficult of a solution equitable to all concerned are
also those of which the most opinionated views are held
the
Wright-Curtiss and Wright-Paulhan suits are no exception to the
It is a

those most

rule aiid

the depth of conviction of the Wrights' partisans as

to what should be the outcome of the litigation is only equalled

by that of the anti- Wrights.
When the many-sided aspects of the case, together with the

intricacies

and delicacies of
and also the obvious sin-

of the patent-laws, the ambiguities

interpretation to be contended with,

and the far-reaching consequence a decision

one wa}' or the other may have, are considered, it seems more
hesitancy should be shown in jumping at conclusions, in either
cerity of the litigants

direction.

Broadly speaking, the Wrights claim that anyone who makes

out of an aeroplane in which the lateral stability or equilibrium is maintained through the simultaneous action of a rear
vertical rudder and of any contrivance to increase or diminish
the wind-resistance or air-pressure on one side of the main
planes, is infringing one of their patents.
profit

fioin " Aiisliips in

Photo

the

main

planes, to

side to lower

it

make

and

varieties

now

being turned out, has a vertical rudder, in

same way that every boat or ship has, although it

batable point whether it acts in just the same manner.
the

is

a de-

the Voisin biplanes are

also have means to increase

Alost aeroplanes of the present dav

a signal exception in this regard

the wind-resistance or air-pressure on either side of the

planes, and some have the means to diminish it on one side
it

is

main

when

increased on the other, with the idea of adding to the ef-

fectiveness of the operation.

Of

the

four machines

concerned in the present law-suits

the Wright, Herring-Curtiss, and Farman biplanes, and the Bleriot monoplane of the " Cross-Channel " type
the Wright and

Hcarne.

rise,

it

and a smaller one

to the left

In the Wrights' machine and, they claim, in the Bleriot

also,

the difference of resistances produced on either side will

and

many

R P

the aeroplane will quickly assume an even

a turning tendency

towards the side made to offer a

greater resist.ance to forward motion

Every aeroplane, be it a Wright or a Bleriot, a Voisin or an

Antoinette, a Herring-Curtiss or a Farman, or any other of the

by

keel.

create

HERRING-CUETISS BIPLANE, SHOWING INTERMEDIATE PLANES FOR

LATERAL CONTROL

War"

Peace and

HENRY FARM AN BIPLANE. SHOWING HOW THE " AILERONS" HANG

DOWN WHEN NOT IN FLIGHT

remedy

the

right side in this case

rudder will be turned

in the opposite direction
When making a turn it is
to the left.
necessary to tilt the machine down, towards the inside of the
curve, like with a fast-moving land-vehicle.
The outside edge
being warped to obtain this lift will create a retarding effect
tending to turn the machine the opposite way to that it is desired to go, but the tilt of the machine, for reasons unnecessary to analyze here, will itself create a stronger turning effect
in the proper direction, and it is this conflict of forces at the
outset of a turn which makes the exact operation of wing-tips
and rudder, while turning, a subject of such ardent controversy.
In the Herring-Curtiss machine the main planes are rigid and
their shape cannot be changed by the operator; on either side
of the biplane and between the rriain planes are two small auxiliary surfaces hinged on their forward edge and so connected
that one will turn up and the other turn down, when the operaThe added resistance of the
tor leans one way, and vice-versa.
one turned down will create a lifting effect on that side of the
it

is

to

this that the rear

aeroplane, but Curtiss contends that in his machine no retarding

on one side and accelerating on the other in other words,

no turning movement is brought about these small planes, he
argues, do not normally make any angle with the line of flight,
effect

when

being parallel with

it

the one turned up

makes just

neutral

right the

machine

to the speed.

as

desired

thus,

when

they are operated

as great a retarding angle as the

one turned down, and the only

manoeuver are to
and to offer a very slight check
effects of the

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
Tlic

Wriglits answered that this supposed the angle of inci-

main planes to he rigorously constant (for

one fore-and-aft tilt of the machine in
which the auxiliary planes would be both absolutely parallel to
the line of flight), and that this did not occur in practice, for
tlie slightest change in the power produced by the engine or n\
the weight carried such as a loss of weight through consumption of fuel and oil
would cause a machine to move at a
changed angle with the line of flight, when flying horizontally;
dence of

Ciirtiss's

could

there

only be

would be materially changed, when seeking different levels, and it was doubtful if the small surfaces ever
exactly counter-balanced each other, when acted on, for their
use in itself would change the general angle of incidence, through
the slight check in the speed of the aeroplane which their comalso, the angle

51

vane on a horizontal

axis,

and remain

parallel

to

the

line

of

flight, following horizontally in the wake of the planes like

a flag does vertically on the stern of a swift steamer, on a calm
day.
Paulhan could not therefore claim that they counterbal-

anced their retarding influences, as Curtiss does for his machine.

He does claim, however, that when not acted on, they are both
perfectly free to flap in the wind and, because they support nothing, cannot be considered as part and parcel of the main sup-

Whether they would become part of them,

ground or when going up a grade like in

porting surfaces.

when

starting

ofif

the

great flight at Los Angeles, for instance, where, for over

forty minutes, he kept climbing at an average vertical rate of

his

hundred

feet a

minute

would

slack in the controlling ropes

bined resistance to forward motion brought about.

the longer the rope

When in Los Angeles, and more recently, at Hammondsport,

N. Y.. Curtiss made flights with his rudder tied up, to prove that
the use of the auxiliary surfaces had no turning effect on liis ma-

planes.

fly

freely in the line of flight

The wording

of

the

seem

depend on the

to rather

the greater the angle of incidence

would have

at

to be to enable the ailerons to

a corresponding angle with the

Wright patent

is

as

follows:

"...

S HENKY F.\rOI.J.X BIPLANE WITH WHICH HE BEAT THE WORLD S HEIGHT RECORD L.AST .T.\XU.\RV, SHOWING THE POSITION
" AILERONS " WHEN IN FLIGHT. THE PROPER SPEED OF THE AEROPLANE BEING
FORTY-FIVE JULES AN HOUR, IT IS CONSTANTLY MEETING A " WIND " OR CURRENT OF AIR OF THAT SPEED WHICH SUPPORTS IT LIKE A NATURAL WIND SUPPORTS A KITE.
THIS FORTY'-FIVE MILE " WIND " TENDS TO PUSH THE AILERONS UP IN THE LINE OF FLIGHT AND KEEP THEM THERE.

P.\ULH.\X

OF THE HINGED

chines.

The

was that any tendency to turn would have been

for no rudder would have been available to
but Curtiss would, no doubt, be required to make
idea

clearly noticeable,

correct

it.

several

official

and grade of
pufifs to call

tests

flight,

under
and in

diff^erent

wind

conditions of load, power,

sufficiently perceptible for its

for the use of the auxiliary planes, for

them

to be

accepted as refuting evidence of the Wrights' contention.

The Farman biplane, which is the machine in which Paulhan has been breaking American and World's records in the
West, has neither warping wings, nor auxiliary surfaces between
the main planes it has, however, four such surfaces hinged on
the rear and extreme part of either plane
they are referred
to by the Wrights as a hinged portion of the main surface and by
Paulhan as a " flap," added to the main planes. In France, they
;

are

called

The

" ailerons,"

contention was

little

made

wings.
that

when Paulhan

pulled the right

"

causing that side of the main

"

greater angles of incidence

supporting planes to

assume

but Paulhan's counsel did not

feel he could build his case on the argument that the Frenchman used auxiliary non-supporting planes to get his lifting efifect.
.

."

The argument returned would have

been,

no doubt, that the

lowering of the ailerons did give an increased angle of attack to

that side of the main planes and that the distinction in the cause

made no

difference in the result.

more importance was not

given by Paulhan's representatives to this side of the question,
It

and

is,

nevertheless, surprising that

much more

made

uf

it

Practically the whole history of man's attempt to

fly

from the

it

seems

likely that

will be

at the

re-hearing of the case.

legend of Daedalus and Icarus to the present day was gone over

by both sides

in

the recent hearing before Judge

Hand, where

ailerons down, to increase the resistance on that side, the left ones

the Wrights successfully battled to obtain a temporary injiuiction

were pulled up, but it would appear that only the ailerons of
one side are worked at a time and no negative angle is made
by the others these are then totally uncontrolled, like a weather

against Paulhan.

This was done, either to show how the Wrights had succeeded
where hundreds had failed before them, or to show that nianv

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

their immediate predecessors had formulated the principles

and conceived the ideas embodied in their flj'er.
The Wrights conceded that the vertical rudder had been
known and used long before them, but they claimed the first
practical conception of warping wings.

of

made

some deand by Mouilforces, who showed

lard were fairly easily
how vague, unsatisfactory, inconclusive, and, in some cases, untried, had been their conceptions to increase the air-resistance
The very ingenious, but
on one side of a winged machine.
terribh' complicated, steam-driven flying machine of Ader, the
French electrical engineer and telephone inventor, was then
brought up. Like Mouillard, .Ader had journeyed to many wild
climes for the express purpose of watching the great soaring birds
of the tropics on the wing, and had even gone so far as to import from India, some large vampire-like bats, which he let
loose in his laboratory, in Paris, and tirelessly watched, in his
efforts to wrest from nature the secret of flight.
He discarded

The

relation of the

cades ago, by the

flapping-wing

mained

efforts

Comte

in

this

Le
met by the Wright
d'Esterno, by

machines, but

his

direction

Bris,

conceptions,

nevertheless,

re-

would apthan the want of a

far too close to nature to be practical,

pear to be more their lack of simplicity

and

it

motor, which prevented his realizing his life dream.

His machine of 1890 had warping wings, and, like those of
the Wright machines, they were so arranged that when one was
suitable

warped down the other was automaticalh' warped up, but this
faculty was complicated with many others, as ingenious as they
were superfluous.
This machine is now generally admitted to have skimmed a few
inches above the ground for fifty or sixty yards on the afternoon of October the ninth, 1890, and thus to have been the first
mechanically propelled machine to have ever lifted itself clear of
the earth, but nothing shows that the problem of equilibrium
was in any way solved, nor was it in his later machine, the
" Avion," which is credited with having covered a thousand feet
in continuous flight, in

The famous

opposite).

Man "

of American aeronautics, who was later to be for the

Wrights, a collaborator, a counselor, and an adviser.
But none of these had solved the problem and the two first
had perished in their attempts to do so.

The balancing ideas of Mattulah, as exposed in an affidavit

Zahm, of Washington, and the patent of Boswell

of Professor

for an " airship-rudder,"

in which vertical and horizontal surwere actually connected for steering purposes, were also
brought up to quash the Wrights' claim to priority, but the
Court was of the opinion that where conceptions had not been
executed, some proof should be shown, in the light of later experiments, that, if executed, they would have been capable of
fulfilling the purpose for which they were designed.
It was then contended that Ader, Maxim, and Langley would
ha\e flown had they had the modem gasolene engine at their
disposal, but the Wrights objected that the engine of their flyer
of lOOj weighed far more to the horse-power than the steamengmes of these famous scientists, and that much of the four
bundled thousand dollars spent on the problem by these three
was represented by the remarkable engines they turned out
enguies which were recognized as marvels of compactness, lightness, and ingenuity.
In the case of filaxim's huge machine it would not have been

faces

1897.

gliding experiments

INDEPENDENT CONTROL OF RUDDER AND WING-WARPING ON WRIGHT

BIPLANE USED IN FRANCE IN I908 BY WILBUR WRIGHT (THE
FIRST FLYING MACHINE TO EVER MAKE A CONTINUOUS FLIGHT
OF TWO HOURS) AND EMBODIED IN ALL WEIGHT MACHINES BUILT
SINCE THEN.
THE SINGLE LEVER IN MR. WRIGHT's RIGHT HAND CONTROLS THE
vertical rudder when moved backwards and forwards and
the wings when moved from side to side. (see diagram

made

in

Germany and Eng-

land by Lilienthal (1891-96) and by his disciple Pilcher (189799) were then broached, as well as those carried out by Herring
and Avery, at about the same time, on the shores of Lake Mich-

igan and under the direction of Octave Chanute, the

"

Grand Old

possible to obtain such a ratio of efficiency per horse-power in

a small engine, and the smaller the flying-machine the greater

its chances of success, but with Ader and Langley, the objection
appeared to be well founded.

was

model had a gasowas expressed as to the

cause of the final plunge of his machine into the Potomac; but
w ith Judge Hand unsatisfied that priority had been proven by
It

also pointed out that Langley's last

lene engine, and a difference of views

Paulhan, either in a successful conception of increasing the inalthough the priority of the
was admitted or in the use of such appliances in conjunc-

cidence of flying-machines' wings

idea

SEMI-INDEPENDENT CONTROL OF RUDDER AND WING- WARPING ON

WRIGHT BIPLANE USED AT FORT MYER IN igoS BY ORVILLE
WRIGHT (the first FLYING MACHINE TO EVER MAKE A CONTINUOUS FLIGHT OF ONE HOUr).
THE TWIN LEVERS TO BE CONTROLLED BY THE AVIATOR's RIGHT HAND
AND STANDING AT AN ACUTE ANGLE TO EACH OTHER IN THE
PHOTOGRAPH ARE THOSE WHICH ACTED ON THE RUDDER AND
wings; they could only move in a FORE AND AFT DIRECTION
AND MOVED TOGETHER, BUT THE AVIATOR COULD SLIGHTLY ALTER
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE RUDDER's DEFLECTION TO THE WINGWARPING BY BRINGING THE LEVERS TOGETHER WITH HIS FINGERS.

a vertical rudder, the whole question resolved itself

whether Paulhan's machines operated as the aeroplane described in the Wright patent of 1906 and whether the presentday Wright flyer itself did so.
The latter part of the question came up first.
The Paulhan legal forces had failed to convince the Court
that anyone had designed a practical steering device or combithey had argued in vain that any
nation before the Wrights
such device was, after all, only an adaptation of the principles

tion with
in

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
of nalure, observed for hundreds of years in birds

and

lish,

that

their disposal and in

and operators had prevented the predecessors of the famous brothers from doing as
well as they did, and that as principles of nature and personal
skill could not be made the bases of an operative patent, no
claim of infringement could be sustained; they had failed thus

only

tlie

difference

the

in

engines

at

their personal skill as aeroplane-drivers

them an argument

chanical flight bade fair to afford

some
simul-

should be made), did not embody an impracticability of manoeuvring?

"Even if the machine attacked and the present

of

legal potency.

As mentioned

above, the Wright patent calls

for the

Wrights' aeroplane was practicable for turning purcould it be asserted that this patent (made out
more than two years before this discovery as to how turns

but the history of the Wrights' progress in the art of me-

far,

S3

and nothing short of a lack of fuel or an over-heating of the

engine would stop them.
They were thus able to announce to the world in October,
1905 that they had evolved a practical flying-machine.
How could it be asserted, Paulhan's counsel demanded, that,
previous to the discovery they themselves claimed to have made

taneous use of a rear vertical rudder and of a contrivance en-

in 1905, the

And how

poses?

"

Wright machine did act similarly, argued Paulhan, there could

be no infringement as they ncitlicr of them came under the old
Wright patent."
As to why the Wrights did not or could not obtain further
patents relating to their improvements of 1905, no opinions were
vouchsafed certain it is that the brothers ask no leniency from
"
"

Angle lever
connection

the

Courts

sufficient

this

in

in

regard

ties

maintain that their patent

they

that

respects,

all

manoeuvring and that the

is

no impracticability of

entails

it

later

developments

in

steering-facili-

are not indispensable.

believed by

It is

many

improvement of 1905 consisted

that the

rendering the rudder-control and that of the wing-tips partially

or totally independent of each other as they now are in the
in

Wright machines.
hard to construe the wording of the patent as indicating
anything but a direct connection between rudder-control and
warping, so that the rudder would act as it actually did in the
glider or in the model-glider shown in Court.
It is

But Judge Hand seemed inclined to give

pretation,

if

it

this

a broad inter-

could be shown that the present-day disconnected

rudder would, by force of necessity, always be turned to the

side indicated in the patent.

Steerind ruAder

An argument ensued as to the comparative effects of an aeroplane-rudder and that of a boat or ship the Wright Brothers'

cofftrol.

representatives expressed the opinion that they acted in a radi-

^^r-

cally different fashion, but the

-.'It'"'"'"!

tinction

more apparent than

a power-propelled boat
craft,

From

"

The Conquest

through

its

is

Court seemed to consider the

real

dis-

certainly the rudder-action of

from that of an airbut who would say that the

totally different

very simplicity,

of the Air." by .-Uthonse Berget.

HOW IN THE PRESENT-DAY WRIGHT BIPLANE A

SINGLE LEVER IS MADE TO INDEPENDENTLY CONTROL THE WARPING WING-TIPS AND THE VERTICAL RUDDER.

DIAGRAM SHOWING

abling the operator to create a difference in the incidence of the

wing-tips,

when

the occasion so requires, for balancing or turn-

ing purposes, but

it

also qualifies the

manoeuvre by calling for

"

means whereby the said vertical rudder is made to present to

" the wind that side nearest the side of the main planes having
" the smaller angle of incidence."

must be borne in mind that this patent, although granted

in igo6 was filed early in 1903, at a time when the Wrights
had practically solved, on their gliders, the problem of lateral
equilibrium in a straightaway flight, but eight months before
their first, and epoch-making flight in a motor-driven aeroplane,
eighteen months before they succeeded in making their first turn
(September 15, 1904) and two and a half years before they
were able to make turns with any reasonable degree of certainty.
In the glider or motorless aeroplane they were operating at the
It

only

time the patent was applied

entirely dependent

for,

the turning of the rudder

on the warping of the wings

the

was

controlling

being purposely so connected that when the incidence

was increased on the right side, for instance, the rudder turned
wires

to the

left.

The Wrights have since stated over their signature * that it

was in September, 1905, that they suddenly made the final discovery which enabled them to henceforth undertake turns with
safety.

From

exceeded

five

then on, their

minutes
*

in

flights,

which had previously never

duration, rapidly

Century Magazine, September,

PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL SKETCH MADE IN

COURT, FEBRUARY lOTH, BY WILBUR WRIGHT, TO EXPLAIN TO
JUDGE HAND HOW, IN A TURN. THE RUDDER MAY PRESENT TO

THE WIND THE OPPOSITE

MEETS

SIDE TO

THAT WHICH NORMALLY

IT.

THE MAIN BODY OF THE AEROPLANE AND THE SIMILARLY-SHAPED

FORWARD RUDDER ARE EASILY RECOGNIZED.
THE AEROPLANE IS MOVING FROM RIGHT TO LEFT AS THE LOWER ARROW SHOWS THE DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT OF AIR STRIKING
THE REAR RUDDER IS SHOWN BY THE OTHER ARROW.
AS C.-kN BE SEEN, THIS CIRCULAR CURRENT STRIKES THE RIGHT SIDE
OF THE RUDDER, EVEN WHEN THE LATTER IS PERCEPTIBLY TURNED
TO THE LEFT.
;

warped wings and

rudder are not only comparable, bat

combined, helpful, corrective or
counteracting cooperation of rudder and sails in a sailing boat

increased in length

or vessel

1908.

in two,

tilted

suggestive

positively

The

it

is

flver

of

the

moves

true, but the

in three dimensions and the boat

forward horizontal rudder is there to


AIRCRAFT

54

take care of one dimension and it is doubtful, furthermore, if

an aeroplane ever tilts as much as a sailing-boat. The differences are, of course, obvious enough, for the aeroplane makes
its own wind and its control is all exercised in one element
being analogous, on this point, to a submarine but a rudder is

a rudder for

may

and has the same general effect, whatever

which it is propelled and however tenuous and

that,

all

be the fluid in

may

elastic that fluid

ensued

in the

" Is there not some moment when making a turn "

the Court
wanted to know " in which the rudder is turned on the side
"of greatest incidence?" but the oft-repeated query received no
elucidation until Wilbur Wright himself, who had so far refrained from interrupting his counsel, quietly stepped forward,
pencil in hand, and drawing the Court's attention to the words

in the patent
" the

" is

made

to present to the ivind that side nearest

main planes having the smaller angle of inciand to the fact that the " wind " referred to is, of
course, the artificial flow of air made by and met by the aeroplane a flow, which is, of necessity, exactly opposed to the
direction of flight made a rough sketch, in which the circular
course of the machine, when turning, and the exactly opposite
circular course of the " wind " were shown by curved and paralside of the

" dence,"

arrows.

He went on

to explain that the aeroplane being rigid

in

its

assume any curve and that,

because of this, the rudder, when in what would ordinarily be a
neutral position, would nevertheless, in a turn, be undergoing a
certain pressure on one of its sides and might even be doing
so when slightly turned towards the other side. Thus, with the
rudder turned toward the side of the main planes presenting the
greater incidence, it would still be "presenting to the wind" that
face nearest the side of smaller incidence, and only when this
occurred would the rudder ever be turned to the side of greater
longitudinal

axis

could not

itself

The Judge's puzzled expression changed

to

one of compre-

hension, on Wright's explanation, and from this moment it appeared that only a challenge of its accuracy or an acquiescence
to it as regards the Wright machine coupled with an assertion
that Paulhan's machine acted in a contrary manner, could save

the Frenchman's case.

The Court was on the verge of ordering an attachment of

now won by Paulhan, pending its decision
on the injunction, when, in the same dramatic manner that
Wright had stepped in to turn the scales in his favor, the opposing expert, Mr. Israel Ludlow, came forward with a pertinent question concerning the exact turning manceuvres of a
Wright aeroplane-driver and on Wiibur Wright's answer de-

the prize-money being

clared that Paulhan's affidavit

showed

that he acted in quite a

different manner.

He
of

on the difference in the mode of construction

Wright and the Farman, asserting the latter had far

also dwelt

the

is

reasonable to suppose that the turning influence of warp-

and
change of incidence of the planes
is a greater factor in the Wright machine than the handling of
in fact, the first Wright gliders had no vertithe rear rudder
In the Farman, on the other hand, the main
cal rudder at all.
factor might well be the rudder and the ailerons merely the
ing the wings
it

is

far greater than that of operating ailerons,

is

likely that, in turning, the

assistants.

As was

on

in

to be feared for Paulhan,

however. Judge

Hand

con-

Farman machine,

the

the one Paulhan has been doing nearly

is

America and the one, be

it

his

all

noted, which at this writ-

all world's records of height, duration, and distance,

with and without passengers.

ing holds

But the
It is

riot is

country

fate of the Bleriot in this

also at issue.

is

the impression of the writer that, as far as Paulhan's Ble-

concerned,

the argumentative eloquence indulged in

all

some months

sadly wasted, as he has been for

was

in possession

of

information convincing him that the warping devices of these

were removed before they were delivered to

December, and that the wings were thus
fixed and immovable.
Whether because of this change, or for any other reason, Paulhan cannot count on making a good showing with the Bleriots,
except in perfectly calm weather, which is perhaps the reason
his counsel here were never informed that there could be no
question about the right of the Bleriots to make whatever flights
they were capable of.
The arguments adduced against the Wrights, however, are of
particular Bleriots

Paulhan, at Pau,

interest, in case

last

it

the standard type.

" riot is a direct
"

sought to use here unmodified Bleriots of

is

They were

of the

" of

is

is

" in

The Ble-

ve-rtical

have been taken.

and the horizontal rudders

of the well-known

obviousty
in

" whilst the

"

monoplane ever conceived, that of Henson in 1S42

Penaud type (1871). Ader's Hole

first

1890

all its faculties

has the surfaces, the

"its tail

succinctly as follows

descendant and derivative of the early types of

monoplanes, from which

" It

'"

its

ancestor

single surface, single tractive

the prow, the Bleriot

Wrights'

and Eole have

in

common,

a biplane, with twin propulsive propellers.

is

the rear.

" It

is
true that like the Wright machine, the Bleriot lias
"warping wings and a vertical rudder, but Ader's conception cer" tainly numbered the former among its attributes, and drawings
" representing its profile appearance show a vertical rudder (let
it

"

who

be said in parentheses, however, that Ader,

away from nature,

" Thus the best

did not
ideas

deem

hated to get

a rudder a necessity).

unsuccessful

of the

Ader were taken

up by the successful Bleriot."

Bleriot himself,

recent interview, expressed the opinion

in a

and rudder was not

was in
other words, that the Wrights could only claim a patent on the
means used by them and not on the principle involved.
Bleriot added that he would be willing to pay a royalty for

that

the

simultaneous

use

patentable, but that the

of

wing-tips

single lever for the purpose,

it a desirable
improvement.
Crossing also held that, in his machines, most of the balancing was done automatically by the
long tail with which they are fitted, and that this is why, if

the single lever, as he

The hero of

greater natural stability.

It

tha.t

" propeller

incidence.

waged over

discussion has chiefly

because
flying

proceedings.

igio

sacrifice.

The
a certain deadlock

April,

Certainly if Paulhan discards his ailerons, the Wright brothers

would have little to say, but the most enthusiastic partisans of
the famous French bird-man cannot but think of such a wingclipping operation, without some misgiving; in fact, there is
every reason to believe that had Paulhan the choice of discarding either ailerons or rudder, it would be the latter he would

be.

So thought Judge Hand, and

lel

considered

the Channel

necessary, the warping

the monoplane

would

mechanism could be done away with and

still

be capable of

flight.

Paulhan made several short flights at Los Angeles with his

Bleriot, the wings of which were thus paralyzed, as explained
above, but like Curtiss's contention, Bleriot's would have to be
proved by actual experiment in disturbed air. The reference to
the tail, however, is significant.

The present

sidered this a distinction without a difference, and, being satis-

litigation has divided the flying-machines

now

in

both ailerons and rudder are brought into play, rendered

a decision against him, and granted the Wrights a temporary
injunction, even as Judge Hazel had decided against Curtiss.
The use of the ailerons may be far more casual and un-

America into just two classes: the non- Wrights and the Wrights,
and it is curious that this distinction coincides with one of the
main bases of classification of aeroplanes those with tails and

usual than the continual, bird-like warping of the Wrights' wings,

cal

fied that

but, thought the Court, it is the principle itself which is involved and not the frequency of its use or its mode of appliance.

those without

word

" tail "

meaning of a iixed horizontal surface

With
is

(taking the

the exception of the

Cody

at

its

usual aeronauti-

in the rear).

biplane, in England, the

Wright

the only successful machine normally built without some fixed

"

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
surface in the rear; and

horizontal

as,

when

tilted,

horizontal

surfaces develop vertical resistances, the assertion that a " tail

a certain effect, as regards lateral balance, seems a
fairly plausible one.

exercises

The Wright

would probably meet any such

brothers, however,

(lank mo\-cnicnt on their positions with the statement that they

adapted a
:.nd

tail

to

the machine they sold to the

saw no reason

modify

to

their

manreuvres

Army

recently

to obtain latc-al

consequence of the change.

iMiitrol, in

Whether

the Wrights themselves realize just what the forces

which they have to contend with when changing the equilibrium or course of their flyer, was another point brought up, although its relevancy was not very clear.
It is to be hoped a decision in the matter will not be deemed
are

necessary: aeronautical experts are agreed on the broad lines

of the question, but their testimony on the finer points raised

would be

liable to differ as

handwriting

much

as that of their confreres in

and side-slip, center of

pressure, inertia, and centrifugal force would wax heated indeed and the difficulty of deducting absolute facts from a maze
of learned hypotheses would be the onlv obvious point in the
:

the debate over

drift,

tilt,

controversy.

55

When

and done it would seem as if the views of

Wilbur and Orville Wright were at present being sustained
Curtiss and Paulhan have obtained rehearings, however, and the
tight will, no doubt, continue from Court to Court for many
months to come.
all

is

said

Whether

the Wrights will ultimately gain their point, it is

time hard to say, but if it is for a moment admitted that
they will do so, there is still room for ample discussion on what
at this

might variously be called the social, moral, and sentimental aspect of the case
whether their attitude and action would not
:

retard the progress of their country in the

whether they would be

new

justified in bringing

art,

and,

if

so,

about such a state

of affairs.

This side of the question

legal aspects

which

is

is

just

as

open

saying anything but

debate

to

little

but

it

as

its

would

be beyond the scope of an article which merely aims at opposing,

in

the

simplest

manner compatible with

questions at issue, the claims

made on

the complexity of the

what promCause " in the annals of Aeronautics,

as the Bell and Selden lawsuits were in those of two other of
ises to

be as " Celebre " a

either side in

"

the greatest inventions of

modern

times.

ARE THE WRIGHTS PIRATES?

By
[OW

V. L.

Ochoa

that the " mysterious " \\'right Brothers have

sessed

all

unveiled themselves and are attempting to appro-

which,

it

the glory attached to the building of

power.

priate

all

living machines,

and

all

money

the

resulting

from

tlie manufacture of them, now that they are attempting to enjoin other inventors from reaping
the just reward of their hard work, it may be

well to consider one or

two

which
i,2j were constructed many years before the Wrights
^^ produced anything worthy of notice, and to ask
flying machines,

the essentials

must be

said,

of the
fly

at

now famous

Bleriot machines,

a loss of 60 per cent,

of their

About the same time (i8gi to i8g6) Lilienthal, the German

engineer, was keeping Europe thrilled with his daily flights with
gliders.

And

time the most stupendous experiments and work

carried on by the one who may
rightly be called the father of the aeroplane as it is made to-day.
yet

all this

made by man were being

This m.an was Sir Hiram S. Maxim his machine may be said
have embodied in all essentials the very features employed
by the men now flying.
;

to

In 1894, after years of protracted

the most painstaking kind

and searching experiments of

experiments

%vhich cost the relatively

enormous sum of nearly half a million dollars Sir Hiram S.

JNIaxim constructed at Baldwyn Park, Kent, England, an aeroplane of remarkable design and marvelous workmanship, a machine, the dimensions of which were 104 feet from tip to tip of
the main planes, a machine possessing a vertical front rudder
similar to that now used by Paulhan and by the monoplanebuilders, Bleriot, Antoinette, Santos-Dumont, and other flyers.
This great machine also had the main planes superposed just as
the Wrights, Farman, and others have theirs to-day.
It was
also mounted on wheels as are those of Farman, Curtiss, Bleriot,
Dumont, and others.

SIR HIR,\M

S.

MAXIM

these brothers of mystery just

ated from the long

Among

list

IN HIS LABORATORY

how many

ideas they appropri-

of inventions which preceded theirs.

the earlier of the

more

serious attempts

made

to con-

machine that could fly, were those of the great Peter

Fenimore Cooper, who suffered the loss of one eye in seeking
to find an explosive suitable to an engine that would propel a
machine of the helicopter type.
In i8go. Ader. a French electrical engineer, in France, made
the first mechanically propelled flight.
The Ader machine posstruct a

MODEL OF MAXIM

S MACHINE, SHOWING FORE AND AFT HORIZONTAL

RUDDERS AND THE SUPERPOSED PLANES

AIRCRAFT

56

April, igio

The Maxim aeroplane, the largest ever constructed, had two

huge propellers nearly i8 feet in diameter, between and to the
rear of the main planes, and placed much as are now located
These
the well-known twin propellers of the Wright Brothers,
propellers were also connected to the shaft of the engine just as
Wrights' are on their flyer.
The wheels of the machine ran on two rails, while the Wrights
run theirs on trucks and wheels and one rail, leaving their wheeltrucks on the ground after starting; only in this respect does
their running-gear differ from Maxim's machine, which left the
ground nine years

earlier.

lifting surfaces of this great aeroplane had a spread of

To
6,000 square feet and were capable of lifting several tons.
understand its enormous size one has only to understand that
the Wright aeroplane has but one-tenth of the lifting surface

The

employed by the Maxim machine. Maxim's steam engines developed power enough to propel his great machine at tremendous
speed, and could have kept it aloft for many hours this power
amounted to 360 H. P., and the propellers gave a direct thrust
of 2,164 pounds, whereas the engines of the Wrights, which are
only about 25 H. P., could not possibly impart to their twin
propellers a thrust of more than 230 pounds, and perhaps not
;

as

much as that.
By careful comparison

Wright
Brothers succeeded in most ingeniously reproducing the main
features of Sir Hiram S. Maxim's ill-fated machine, though
somewhat on a miniature scale, copying most faithfully his apwill

it

easily be seen that the

pliances, even as far as the starting rail

used for the purpose of

launching the machine at the requisite speed for sustentation.

On pages 148 to 158 of McClure's Magazine for January, 1894,

American of

as well as in the Scientific

detailed

account

Damund.

It

is

which actually

is

April, 1894, a full

published over the signature of H.

replete with illustrations of

flew, only to

wreck

itself at

J.

machine is also provided with a fore and an

the same general plan as the main aeroplane.

into possession

the very threshold

of the facts.

It

was nine

December, 1903), that they made their

a miniature imitation of Maxim's machine, to which
(in

were added their own ideas.

Here is Sir Hiram Maxim's own account of his experiments
with his large machine and here are all the tell-tale photographs
which will convincingly show just where the Wrights may have
got their forward rudder, their superposed planes, their twin
wooden screw propellers to the rear, their shaft connections, their
starting rail device. It is taken from pages 134 to 138 of " Artificial and Natural Flight "
" When fully equipped, my large machine had five long and
narrow aeroplanes projecting from each side. Those that are
attached to the sides of the main aeroplanes are 27 feet long, thus
:

.\EHOPLAXE

0.\

THE

is

all

the aero-

brought up to

about 6,000 square feet. I have, however, never run, the machine with all the planes in position. My late experiments were
conducted with the main aeroplane, the fore and aft rudders, and
being 4,000 square feet. With the machine thus equipped, with
600 pounds of water in the tank and boiler and with the naphtha

Maxim's machine,

Octave Chanute, who made and experimented several

in the closing decade of the last century, and who is
credited with having furnished the Wrights with suggestions and
data, was, no doubt, thoroughly conversant with Maxim's work
and machine, and there is little doubt that the Wrights through
him, if not through the direct reading of daily reports and mag-

came

The

the top and bottom side planes in position, the total area then

Mr.

Maxim

feet.

rudder made on

When

planes are in position, the total lifting surface

and three men on board, the

total weight was a little less than

run under these conditions was made
with a steam pressure of 150 pounds to the square inch, in a
dead calm, and all four of the lower wheels remained constantly on the rails, none of the wheels on the outriggers touching the upper track. The second run was made with 240 pounds
steam pressure to the square inch.
On this occa'sion the machine seemed to vibrate between the upper and lower tracks.
About three of the top wheels were engaged at the same time,
the weight on the lower steel rails being practically nil. Prepara-

8.000 pounds.

azine articles,

aft

W.

gliders

first flight in

PRECIATED.

bringing the total width of the machine up to 104

and

of success.

years after

THIS PICTURE SHOWS THE TWIN PROPELLERS AT THE REAR OF THE

MAIN PLANES. THEIR ENORMOUS SIZE CAN BE READILY AP-

TU.\CK READY TO ST.\RT

The

first

were then made for a third run with nearly the full power
The machine was tied up to a dynamometer, and
the engines were started with a pressure of about 200 pounds to
tions

of the engines.

the square inch.

The gas supply was then gradually turned

on,

with the throttle valves wide open the pressure soon increased,
and when 310 pounds was reached the dynamometer showed a
;

screw

thrust

of

2,100

pounds,*

the incline of the track, which

The

actual

thrust was,

keep the thrust of

tlie

but to this must be added

amounted to about 64 pounds.

In order to
2,164 pounds.
screws as nearly constant as possible, I
therefore,

had placed a small safety valve

inches in the steam pipe

This valve was adjusted in such
a manner that it gave a slight puff of steam at each stroke of
the engine, with a pressure of 310 pounds to the square inch, and
a steady blast at 320 pounds to the square inch. As the valves
and steam passages of these engines were made very large, and
as the piston speed was not excessive, I believed if the steam
pressure was kept constant that the screw thrust would also
remain nearly constant, because, as the machine advances and
the screws commence to run slightly faster, an additional quantity of steam will be called for and this would be supplied b}^
turning on more gas. When everything was ready, with careful observers stationed on each side of the track, the order was
given to let go. The enormous screw thrust started the machine
so quickly that it nearly threw the engineers off their feet, and
the machine bounded over the track at a great rate. Upon no-

leading to one of the engines.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

THE MAXIM AEEOPLVNE

(IN

TIIL TR >LK TIED i P TO

steam pressure, I turned on

more gas, when almost instantly the steam commenced to blow
a steady blast from the small safety valve, showing that the
pressure was at least 320 pounds in the pipes supplying the engines with steam.
Before starting on this run, the wheels that
were to engage the upper track were painted and it was the
duty of one of my assistants to observe these wheels during the
run, while another assistant watched the pressure-gauges and
dynagraphs. The first part" of the track was up a slight incline,
but the machine was lifted clear of the lower rails and all of
the top wheels fully engaged on the upper track when about
600 feet had been covered.
The speed rapidly increased, and
when 900 feet had been covered, one of the rear-axle trees,
which were of two-inch steel tubing, doubled up and set the
rear end of the machine completely free.
The pencils ran completely across the cylinders of the dynagraphs and caught on the
underneath end. The rear end of the machine being set free,
raised considerably above the track and swayed. At about 1,000
feet, the left forward wheel also got clear of the upper track
and shortly afterwards, the right forward wheel tore up about
100 feet of the upper track. Steam was at once shut off and the
machine sank directly to the earth, imbedding the wheels in the
soft turf without leaving any other marks, showing most conclusively that the machine was completely suspended in the air
before it settled to the eaith. In this accident, one of the pine
timbers forming the upper track went completely through the
lower framework of the machine and broke a number of the
tubes, but no damage was done to the machinery, except a slight
injury to one of the screws.
In my experiments with the small apparatus lor ascertaining
t.cing a

slight

diminution

in

57

the

THE DYNAMOMETER

the power required to perform

artificial flight, I found that the

most advantageous angle for my aeroplane was i in 14, but
when I came to make my large machine, I placed my aeroplanes
at an angle of i in 8 so as to be able to get a greater lifting
effect at a moderate speed with a short run.
In the experiments which led to the accident above referred to, the total
lifting effect upon the machine must have been at least 10,000
pounds. All the wheels which had been previously painted and
which engaged the upper track were completely cleaned of their
paint and had made an impression on the wood, which clearly
indicated that the load which they had been lifting was consid-

erable,

^loreover, the strain necessary to double up the axle-

was

fully 1,000 pounds each, without considering the lift

on the forward axle-trees which did not give wa}' but broke
the upper track."

trees

In the Cosmopolitan magazine of October, 1892 (on page 202),

Hiram S. Maxim wrote a very lucid description of his aeroplane and in the Cosmopolitan of November, 1892 (on page 89),
Sir

Holland also published a fully illustrated article of his

of an aeroplane, which also had superposed
and a vertical rudder such as the Wrights

John

F.

own

conception

planes, rear propellers,

now

use.

1896, Professor Langley flew his steam-driven aeroplane

models, which also had two propellers on the rear of the planes,

In

as well as a vertical rudder.

About

the same time Pierre Mouillard, of France,

credited

years before the " mysteri-

These events all took place many

ous " Wright Brothers built an aeroplane that could

LAW ByAND THE

Denys

is

with inventing warping wings.

P.

fly.

AIR.

Myers

CmUiiiucd from March Aircraft

HE

regime of

air

usage will make necessary the

recognition of aircraft in various

a previous article

it

functions.

was pointed out

In

that to fol-

low the analogy of the sea and to suppose the

atmosphere as divided into a territorial and
" high " air seems to be the most satisfactory
legal solution of that problem.
This makes the
air " free," no state having in it any more rights
than are required for
point of view, then,

it

its

will

ference what sort of machine you travel

own or engaged in public service.

Commonly we do not think of
they imply

whether

now

your

is

such distinctions, or of what

shipping, and, by analogy, in respect to aircraft.

law

it

yet they are of the utmost importance in respect to

considers ships under

International

five distinct categories, viz

Do-

mestic and foreign private ships belonging to individual citizens,

auxiliaries,

owned, are fitted for conpublic vessels devoted to peaceful purposes

Separate sets of rules and privileges gov-

which, while privately

From

this

version to public uses,

make considerable

dif-

and public warships.

protection.

in,

AIRCRAFT

S8

when

ern the action of each kind of vessel, modified

home

in

ports and

more

when they

stringent

they are

are in foreign ports

or territorial waters.

These regulations depend upon the right of a state to preserve

entity, and commercial necessity has rendered it obligatory
that as much freedom as is consonant with the sovereignty of a
its

state shall be granted all foreign shipping within its jurisdiction.

large

number

of regulations have been internationally agreed

upon, such as the use of the Plimsoll mark to indicate loading

capacity, the general signal code,

such matters as clearance and

and the sanitary

specific

rules, while

port rules are left to a

April, igio

According to the idea of a " free " air, no state or property

owner will have any right in the atmosphere beyond what is
necessary for his preservation and the conservation of his property.
In common law this would mean that no genuine law of
trespass could exist for an aeronaut, so long as he was flying
and did no injury to habitations, crops, or other property.
Actual damage, of course, would be actionable, however committed and wherever its origin.
But the proposition precludes
the setting up of a sign " NO AERIAL TRESPASS " and maintaining the validity of the prohibition in any such sense as one
could place upon a similar sign on his lawn and prosecute one

great extent to the individual states.

who

such a system that aircraft will doubtless have to be

assimilated, when they take their place formally in the category of traffic vehicles.

may sound far-fetched, but it seems to be a

ownership of the air is impossible. The old
dictum about owning the land up to the heavens seems to refer
not to dc facto ownership, but to the right of usage. Two analogous developments in law illustrate the point. One is the doctrine of the hinterland, by which Germany acquired its Southwest Africa colon}'. According to this contention a nation that

It is to

Legal theory as regards aerial jurisdiction is even now widely

all writers agree on this point.
M. Paul Fau-

divergent, but

a report to the Institute of International

chille in

on the

juridical

may be quoted

alterations to include aeroplanes.

"Art.
lic

and

I.

Aerostats

He

in

1902

says

fact

(and aeroplanes) are of two kinds: pub-

the service of the state, are military or

sidered as military which are under the

army or navy commissioned by

to say,

civil.

engaged

in

Those are con-

command

of an officer

the military authority and

that

actual

where some other

is

doctrine

sesses a vein outcropping

cases, and,

the

determination

of

whether balloons are free or captive, that

is,

little

for

character

their

attached to the

earth by a cable.

Their form and the number of individuals composing the crew are likewise without influence."
"

Art.

2.

All

public or private aerostats should bear constantly

attached to the middle of their envelope the national

flag.
Puband civil aerostats shall bear their respective pennants, the first upon the side of their baskets, and the second
upon their envelope, beneath the national flag."

military,

lic,

This

on

through to the

it

when

all

is

said, the proposition set forth

pation.

Each state of the Union will probably indulge in legislation to

vex the souls of the sky pilots and their case ought to be within
the purview of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
The demand for federal legislation bearing upon automobile traffic
should hasten the day when aircraft also will have certain rights
guaranteed to them by the nation. Any such statutes, as relating
to private aircraft, will lay down what rules it pleases, but as
such laws will doubtless be inspired by interested aeronauts in
all cases they will probably be liberal enough to render the air
fairly satisfactory

as a

medium

of

traffic.

tesy entitled to ex-territorial treatment.

a demonstrated fact that even the best of eyesight

It is

pool

for colors at a distance;

and national

flags

is

very

are based on

The best unaided eye

can distinguish color only at a distance of some thousand yard.s
but it can distinguish form many times that far.
M. Fauchille
puts the limit at over 10,000 yards. Moreover, aircraft will move
color schemes, generally of

swiftly,

little

variet\'.

He

condition unfavorable for observing colors.

cordingly proposes a choice of flags in respect to form.

suggestion appears good, since they would

fly

and be readily observable, whereas the ordmary

ac-

The

against the air

flag

would be

When
will

aircraft venture

come more sharply

abroad their status as public or private

A public machine is bj' cour-

into view.

state,

the aircraft, public or private, will be within

its

own

state,

which

is

exclusive for

all

pur-

poses.

Here again enters the

difficulty

due

to

diverging

theories.

constructively

is

therefore regarded as superior to any local or state laws and

regulations.

At

and that

the

such is the practice regarding public ships,

adopted here for forecasting the legal
control of aircraft.
So strict is the law that (Schooner Exchange vs. McFadden, 7 Cranch, 116) when Napoleon captured
an American vessel, which later returned to its home American
waters on public French service, its libel was barred to the
original owners because of its status as a public foreign waris

least,

basis

ship.

Private vessels in foreign waters are subject to what jurisinto general use.

own

is,

is

This much proposed, we have a method for telling what manner of aircraft is in the air.
What duties and privileges will
the various kinds have while in territorial air or in respect ,to
landing? The auxiliaries, built so as to be convertible to public uses, need not be separately considered, since they are at am^
particular time either public or private.
.For public and private vessels the flag is the outward and
visible sign of its status.
In the " high " air and above the soil
its

That

considered as a portion of a foreign sovereign state and

it

diction pleases the affected state.

of

Public airships and

aeroplanes, to a large extent, will be independent of state laws,

indistinguishable at anj' height.

the jurisdiction of

above ap-

pears the most just and satisfactory in regard to aerial occu-

being engaged in state business

floats,

Both

apex within his boundaries.

doctrines arose out of the body of logical law to meet special

must be under the jurisdiction of some state.

This can only be indicated by the outward sign of a flag, which,
be it noted, will undergo modification for aerial uses.
thing that

it

Only an arrangement

his estate.

can readily be seen, is adaptable to aeroplanes.

The provisions regarding the flag are based upon the
fundamental necessity that everything that flies, just as everylast article,

The other
owner pos-

with him will allow a miner to work the vein at that apex, but
he must be working it himself to prevent an adjacent owner fol-

crew named by the state, or its representatives are considered

civilBoth kinds bear a flag having the form of a pennant, but
at different points determined by Art. 2.
Air other aerostats (and aeroplanes) are private.
matters

inchoate until fixed by occupation,

is

that of mining law, by which a property

is

lowing

It

territory inland

nevertheless valid as against any other state.

provided with a military crew. All balloons (and aeroplanes) in

command of a civil functionary of the state and provided with
a

all

state has established or shall establish pos-

The sovereignty

session.

but
is

it.

occupies a foreshore has a preferred claim to

to

private.

Public aerostats (and aeroplanes), that

of the

Law

regime of aerostats submitted a code which

of this discu.ssion, with necessary

at the outset

disregarded

This statement

It

is,

The French

practice

is

coming

to assume no jurisdiction over foreign

merchantmen within her ports save

where the

act affects

soine person other than those belonging to the ship,

where the

in cases

local authorities are expressly called

upon

to interfere, or

when

is disturbed.
Aeronauts certainly could not
no greater restrictions upon their liberty in foreign
aerial territory were enforced.
This freedom would come as
the result of the theory adopted here, that the air is free like
the sea and the nations shall assume only that amount of control over it and its craft as is necessary to protect their own
paramount interests.
To be continued in Aircraft for May

the order of the port

complain

if

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

59

FOREIGN NEWS
By Albert

C. Triaca

in the

while

end's

racing
fire,

machine,

ing to
,

hit

tree,

Pau

a 120 h.p.

turned over, caught

and burnt poor Johannssen

work extends below the body for about threefourths of its length. The propellers are attached
to its sides,

to death.

The

ILngland
The British army appears at last to have secured a workable airship.
It IS 170 feet in length with pointed ends.
Finlike projections are on either side.
The frame-

first

British naval airship will be launched

The crew will consist of officers

in a short time.

and men from the warship Vernon, and they are

now undergoing a course of instructions. The airship was designed by Mr. Spencer for the purpose of patroling the North Sea. It will be of the
rigid type, and will be the largest of its kind in
the world except the Zeppelins.

THE NEW ENGLISH ARMY DIRIGIBLE, SHOWING

THE REM.-\RK.\BLE SH.^PE OF THE PLANES

ANB

RUDDERS.

Argentine Republic
Large
Bregi
Ayres,

m
o.

Austria
Herr Wiesenbach made an extended trial
Wright biplane, flying for 56 minutes,

his

covering
kiloms.

up on

in that time a distance of about

In the afternoon Herr Wachalowski v
Henry Farman machine and flew

his

mins. 20 sees.; while later he flew for

this time taking a passenger with him.
15

11

Belgium
M. Georges Erichant, a well-known Be
sportsman, has just founded four prizes of
each. The first will be used to provide a cup for
a balloon contest, while the others will be awarded
by the Belgian Aero Club to the Belgian aviators
who fly and carry on an aeroplane the greatest
load in a given time.

Canada
Mr. J. A. N. McCurdy has recently been lengthening his flights on the aeroplane Baddeck No. 2,
over the ice of Baddeck Bay, Nova Scotia.

:e of the first Danish aviators,

February loth in a motor accident

MODERN ELECTIONEERING METHODS AS EXEMPLIFIED BY

J. T. C.

MOORE-BRAEAZON OF ENGLAND.

Many

automobiles were used prior to the recent

Parliamentary elections, spreading electoral literature and placarded with electoral posters.
Mr. Moore-Brabazon, the eclectic English sportsman, used his biplane for the same purpose. On
the radiators, on either side of him, appeared the
slogan, " Any peer is better than Napier, so we'll
err if we don't vote for Wheeler."
This is the aeroplane which last winter won the
large prize offered for the first mile flight oi a
British-built aeroplane bv a British subject.
It is
also the machine on which Mr. Moore-Brabazon
facetiously took up as a passenger a small pig,
with the label, " I am the first pig to fly," thereby
holding myriads of his countrymen to their agreements to do certain things '* when the little pigs
begin to fly," the equivalent of the American
" when the hens have teeth."

The

first

flight ever

H. G. Fergus
in flying on
Lord Downshii

credit of

succeeded
self,

in

Tiade in Ireland is to the

n, of Belfast, who recently
i
monoplane built by him:'s

Park, at Lisburn,

The number of flying machines at present being

built in England is variously estimated at between
five hundred and one thousand.
At the time of the recent elections, the Aerial
League of the United Kingdom seized the occa-

If THE REMAEK.\BLY APPROPRIATE MONUMENT WHICH NOW MARKS THE PRETHE NORTF.VLL MEADOW, NEAR DOVER, WHERE THE IMMORT.\L BLERIOT
LANDED ON THAT HISTORICAL MORNING LAST SUMMER, AFTER FLYING ACROSS THE ENGLISH CHANNEL THE EXACT LOCATION AND SHAPE OF THE FAMOUS LITTLE MONOPLANE
AS IT LAY AFTER LANDING AT SEVEN MINUTES PAST FIVE JULY 2STHj WERE EASILY
DETERMINED BY THE DOWN-TRODDEN GRASS AND WORN-OFF PATCHES MADE BY THE EAGER
CROWDS DRAWN TO THE SPOT THAT DAY.
THERE IS A QUESTION OF ERECTING A MONUMENT ON THE SPOT ON THE FRENCH COAST
FROM WHICH THE BLERIOT ROSE^ THIRTY-SEVEN MINUTES BEFORE IT ALIGHTED ON THE

THE ABOVE

CISE SPOT IN

E.XGLISH TURF.

IN STRANGE CONTRAST TO THIS SPIRIT OF COMMEMORATING GREAT .\ERONAUTIC ACHIEVEMENTS, WAS THE DECISION OF THE PARISIAN MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES NOT TO ALLOW
THE ERECTION OF A MEMORIAL STONE AT BAGATELLE OPPOSITE THE SPOT WHERE SANTOSDUMONt's LITTLE FLYER LIFTED HIM IN THE AIR ON AUGUST 22D. I906.

sion to send out a letter to all candidates for

Parliament, asking them their opinions on aerial
defense, and further asking whether they were prepared, if elected, to vote an adequate aerial navy
for Great Britain, for, as a matter of fact, people
who have reallv studied the question are more
than a little upset at the enormous lead which

Germany has obtained in forming her air-fleet.

As a result of these letters 316 Parliamentary candidates replied that they were
formation of an adequate aerial
that they were doubtful about
they did not believe in it at all.

favorable to the
nine replied
and four said

fleet,
it,

England will be to the fore next summer in

Already four flying weeks are in prepaaviation.
Two of them will be international, with
ration.
$40,000 in prize monev at each.
At all four
representation

it

is

hoped there

J.

T. C.

Moore-Brabazon

will

be

worthy

aviators, among whom

practical flying men
(winner of the' Daily Mail

of English

may now be mentioned as

AIRCRAFT

6o

April, igio

Hon. C. S. Rolls,
Mortimer Singer, Claude Graham-White and S. F.
The localities and dates of the meetings
Cody.
are appended: Bournemouth, July nth to i6th
SoLithport, August 6th to nth; Edinburgh, in
June; Wolverhampton, date not fixed.
Bournemouth and Southport will be the two in$5,000 prize for the mile flight)

ternational fixtures.

looking
aeroplane

'ith

some

price

curiosity at

list,

which has

France
The French War
Corps

Offic

ntw
Aerona

will direct the

as the

" Service

:ided that the

al

department kn

tique.

d'Arntouial at the Ecole Superie

d'Aeronautique has made the statement that p
hydrogen can be obtained from coal-gas by lowering its temperature to the point of liquefaction;
evaporation can be used instead of heat to change
the liquid hydrogen into gas.
Profess.

THE

Eoulo !:ne-Sur-Mer, Captain Sa

remarkable man-liftinj
ily five large kites, con

Egypt

Syrians, Arabs, Bedo

hand, and on the oth.

THE HELIOPOLIS MEET

Th

first great concourse of aviators of rgio took

ce in Southern California, which one of the
vest civilizations in the world is turning into
earth's garden spot; the second took place in
ypt, where the gigantic mementoes of one of
most ancient of civilizations afforded a weird
:kground to the evolutions of the latest creans of n"
ing did the two " aviation weeks
present an analogy: the climate of the sites chosen
for them, for Egypt and Southern California are
precisely similar in this, and no other country
entirely shares the similarity.
1 hose who triumphed in the dry, bracing air
of the land of the Pharaohs were Rougier and
Metrot on Voisin biplanes, Le Blon and Balsan
on lacing Bleriots.
1 hose
who graduated from the fledgling class
and gave promise of becoming great flyers were
Hans Grade, the German inventor who drove his
tLmarkable little monoplane (a cross between a
Sdutos-Dumont " Demoiselle " and a Bleriot of
the
Channel " type) with unerring skill; Riemswho piloted the Herring-Curtiss biplane
c'\ Lk
IK came over here to get last winter; Duray, who
>mises to be as great an aviator as he was a
ing motor driver; Sands, an American pupil of
itham
Hauvette-JMichelin, another Antoinette
and the Baroness Raymonde de Laroche,
ho =:howed the gaping thousands that aviation
not destined to be solely a man's game.
Madame de Laroche made a continuous flight of
cr twelve miles in her Voisin, thereby securing
11
title and license of aviation-pilot of the Aero
:

with

Madame

Sacouney.

BLKRIOT
;

The Technical Committee of Aerial Locomotion

has decided on the suggestions of Commandant
Bouttieaux to turn over to the War Office the plans
of the dirigible of the rigid type, which Mr. Spies
has offered to the Government, and which will be
the longest air-cruiser ever built in France. Two
motors of 120 h.p, each will drive its two pairs of
large diameter wooden propellers.
At Alpreck,

1910

ALSO AS THE BLERIOT XI BIS, IS SIXTEEN INCHES SHORTER THAN THE " CHANNEL "
type; its fuselage or main body is ENTIRELY COVERED OVER WTH CLOTH THE SHAPE
AND SURFACE OF THE RUDDERS ARE QUITE DIFFERENT AND THE FIXED PORTION OF THE
TAIL STARTS FROM THE OUTSIDE OF THE HORIZONTAL RUDDERS AND TAPERS TO THfi
MAIN PLANES.

KNOWN

Sudanese, on the onethe ultra-fashionable gathering of Europeans a

Americans who come to
Cairo at thit
d who motored
out to the a
great numbers,
the
Cairo hoteh
more distant Ghezir
Palace and
The only
ddent occurred
days
before the m
when Mortimer Singe

Engl
sportsman.
when flying near the ground and sustained
broke
the fall.
propos of the Heliopolis meet, a contemporary
wrote " it was of course the first flying ever seen
in Egypt "; one feels inclined to echo: " of
course," but it only goes to show that in aviation news probability should never be taken for
Gertaintv, and Aircraft for one will never do so.
ust

The first flying seen in Egypt was last Decemwhen the Belgian sportsman, Baron Pierre de
Caters, made some remarkable flights over the
desert in his Voisin.
Below is a summary of results of the HeliopoHs
ber,

meet:

Grand Prize of Egvpt for total distance in week:

Rougi<
(Voisin), '95* miles, $5,000; 2 Le Blon
(Bleriot), 38i miles, $2,000; 3 Balsan (Bleriot), 86^
m; 4 Metrot (Voisin), 86 miles,
is Prize for height: i Rougier (Voisin),
Rougier (Voisin), 719 feet; Rou(Voisin), 633 feet; 2 Latham (Antoinette),
feet.

Empain

Prize for greatest distance

flight: I Metrot (Voisin), 53^- mile

Rougier (Voisin) 40A miles, $2,000:

Bleriot),

31^ miles, $1,000;

4 Balsan

Club

France.
1 he only unlucky one was the great Latham,
of w horn so much had been expected and who
smi--hed two of his machines.
Gieat crowds turned out every day to cheer the
a picturesque array of Cairoans
fl} erb
Copts,
of

Speed
riot),

Balsan

S'

Pri2

7"
(Ble

on ten kilometers: i Le Blon (Ble2 Rougier (Voisin), 9' 30"; 3,

50" 2-5; 4 Grade (Grade),
ot), 9'
^-5;

e kilometers: i Balsan (Bleriot).

)n (Bleriot) 4' 2" 3-5: 3 Duray (F;
5; 4 Sands (Antoinette), 4' 22".

THE OFFICIAL

POSTER OF THE HELIOPOLIS

AVIATION MEET. WHAT ARE THE IMPRESSIONS OF THE BEDOUIN, MASTER OF THE
DESERT^ OBSERVING THE KINGS OF THE AIR?

Henry Farman has been

with his_new aeroplane, which
some points usually associated
construction. In his first trial he
sengers for sixteen minutes at r
an hour; this was followed up by

i;

two minutes under sim"

5th.
This is the first three-man
exceeding an hour in duration.

flight

Mr. Sommer, one of the first pupils of H

Farman, and now a manufacturer of aeropl;
r^rrJpH nr. a " tiseful load " of 210 kil
cently; he will cc ntinue his experiment
carrying.

Lazare-Weiller has presented tl'

chine with which Wilbur Wright
flights at Le ManIS to the Ministry
aeroplane has flowvn almost 4.0C0 mi!

Santos-Dumont'j
plane building ha
constructor.

monoplane

biplane
yet buil

and has
face.

M.
that

the

'

li|

he will be able to
lew monoplane.
jhtest machine,

fly

Ready

for flight, it weighs 7,

spread of 45 square yards of

FLYING ABOVE THE SANDS OF EGYPT

AN ANTOINETTE

IN ACTION AT HELIOPOLIS

AIRCRAFT

April, iQio

6i
1

dirigible

:hat the

or an aeroplane

Empress regarded

The Deutscher

Luftschiffer

Majesty added

r-craft as

danger-

Verband has decided

o furnish every aerostat, dirigible, or heavierban-air apparatus with a log-book containing all
the
information about their construction and

power.

The

dirigible

of

Professor

being built at Reinau; th<

be 13S meters long and i;
Like the Zeppelin, it will c
small balloons, but whereas
sixteen or seventeen such ba
to have eleven.
is

will

The Clouth

.\CCIDENT IN EGYPT.

THE

CHILDREN OF THE DESERT

The Italian dirigible " Leonardo da Vinci " recentlv made several flights around the Cathedral
of M'ilan: its crew were, no doubt, jealous of the
made by the military dirigible " I Bis "
around St. Peter's. The Leonardo da Vinci subsequently met with an accident, which, ho
entailed no injury to the

evolutions

The committee
/iation
ded to

th

in charge of organizing the great

in September has dedevote $60,000 to the prizes; $10,000 of
ofltered by the municipality of Milan.

meet near Milan

is

Among

the

Aerodrome
under,

mont

of

aeroplanes
Bovolenta,

now
near

quartered at th
Padua (which
'

the auspices of H.R.H. the Prince of

are one Voisin biplane, two Santos-D
" Dragon Flies " and three Bleriots.

Udine)

COZING

Germany

Italy

.\T

THE WRECK.

dii

AIRCRAFT

62

April, igio

CUDINC IN japan: the first heavier-than-aie machine to soar in the land of the rising sun.

THE JAPANESE INSCRIPTION BENEATH THE PICTURE READS AS FOLLOWS

"snapshot OF THE FLIGHT OF THE FRENCH NAVAL OFFICER LE PRIEUR NEAR THE SHINOBADZU POND^ THE 26tH DAY OF THE
I2TH MONTH OF THE 42D YEAR OF THE MEJL"
:

IN THE CORNER

ommodations a..
from

nd sailed
Voisin.

And

this

is

M. LE PRIEUR POSING FOR

that he gave up the idea

ith his unappreciated

id

_.

Pi

the land

THE ORIENTAL CAMERA-FIENDS

of

Daedalus and Icarus;

but a few months will change this apathy for enthusiasm, as it has everywhere else.

Japan
a French naval officer made
successful flights some weeks ago with a
He was assisted by
glider of the Voisin type.
two members of the Aviation Committee of Tokio.
Watch the Japs when once they get started.

Near Shmobazzu,

two

Monaco
Since his return from Egypt Rougier has been

He

recently made several sensational flights about jMonte Carlo, at one time
flying a couple of miles out to sea.

on the Riviera.

At the Motorboat Meet of Monaco (ist to 14th

of April) we will find the hydroplane Ricochet
XXII, the famous gliding boat, the Brasier Despujols; the Due II, a semi-hydroplane, and others.

Norway
An Aero Club
is

to

become

has been formed

It
at Christiania.
the International .'Verothe meteorelected President.
affiliated

nautique Federation.
ologist,

It recE

was

to

M. H. Mohn,

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

63
the Voisin system was o
nixlicHiv on the machine bull
IMh.i
to the date of the pa
I .in^i.|uently
this was held
lication, and the verdict was

favor of

i\I.

briel

sident of the Societe

n Aerienne, and a pio'.

th

San

to a newspaper
scientists such as Ga-

tly said

certainlv a

Voii

Far

1908.

pub-

Clement.

Mr. Capazza, Vic

Frangaise de la Nav
neer in aeronautics,

man: "I

on by

Dun

Wright
,vho

folio

mg_

work, but
use for the armchair experts who loudly
prophesy that aeroplanes will this year be flying
at two hundred miles an hour on the strength of
their precious formulas and calculations."
al

little

Seen

in

an English magazine:

Lost An Aeroplane
Sir: I wish to inform the readers of your magazine that I lost a self-propelled aero model. Any
reasonable expenses will be paid to finder of the

THE TEI-LOEATED SPANISH

DIRIGIBLE TORRES OUEVADO,

FRANCE

BOOKS
This is a volume by Commandant
Paul Renard, brother of the famous Colonel ReL'Aviation.

It contains his six lectures on aviation

" Societe d'Encouragement
in 1909 at the
pour I'Industrie Nationale." Le Navire Aerien.
Mr. L. Marchis, the author, who was nominated
to the aviation chair at the Sorbonne in Paris, has
here brought together, in a substantial volume, his
This book,
lessons in aerostatics and aviation.
which is in itself, a very complete review of aerial
navigation in both the theoretical and practical
field, will be a genuine help to manufacturers, scientists and inventors.

nard.

made

MISCELLANEOUS
Shortly afle
nps ope

Republique "
iptK

the
public

disaster, the
'ith

Altogether 312,000 francs

were contributed, and 40,000 francs were spent in
providing for the widows of the two adjutants. A
committee asked the various principal constructors
to name the lowest price at which they would
supply their dirigibles or aeroplanes. In consequence of their patriotic action in giving very low
prices, it has been possible to order two dirigibles
and four aeroplanes, which with the dirigible
which Messrs. Lebaudy are presenting to replace
the ill-fated " Republique," will give the French
Government a very imposing aerial fleet. The
largest dirigible, of 7,000 to 8.000 cubic meters,
will be built by the Astra Company, while the
be a Zodiac of 1,400 cubic
other airship will
to replacing the airship.

meters.

The aeroplanes will be of the Henry Farman,

Maurice Farman, Bleriot and Wright types.

To what are English inventors turning their

minds to-day? The records at the Patent Office
show that the branches of invention which received the most increased attention during 1909
were aeronautics, motors for road vehicles and
advertising schemes.
A few years ago the individual who entered the
Patent Office with an application relating to a fly-

ing

WHICH

We will repeat the "

out charge, on the chanc
IS

NOW" AT SARTROUVILLE,

drifted into this hemispht

AIRCRA FT

64

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

BIG
JAMES GORDON BENNETT
AMES GORDON BENNETT was born

was organized

in igo6, Mr. Bennett presented it,

for annual competition, with the handsome silver

Gordon Bennett International Balloon Trophy

which has since been so hard fought for by the
most skilful pilots in the world. For the first three
years Mr. Bennett gave with the trophy each year
the sum of $2,500 in cash, and as a result the sport
progressed rapidly.
It was first held in Pans, and won by Lieutenant Lahm, the sole representative of the donor's country; held at St. Louis in 1907, the Cup
recrossed the Atlantic, being won by Germany
Switzerland then came to the fore in 1908 and
now once more America has " lifted " the famous

Coupe Internationale."
the heavier-than-air

machine had been

de-

veloped to the stage where several aviators had

succeeded in actually flying, Mr. Bennett donated
another trophy to the International Aeronautic
Federation, this time for annual competition by
-than-air machines, and to this magnificent
trophy
cash were added, $5,000 to go each
_
year to the wini ler of the trophy.
In each case
the trophy becor les the property of the Club represented by the vinning pilot until the next competition takes pi; ice. As all the world knows both
prizes were
last year by Americans, and th
both will be fought
this cou ntry du
th
auspices Df the Ae
Club of
,

Is it necessary to mention Mr. Bennett's further

claims to the gratitude of his countrymen? Whoever has read the story of the cruise of the " Jeannette " will have realized in what esteem and admiration the members of that famous expedition
held its organizer.
The first land that Commander de Long trod in
two years was a hitherto unknown island lost in
the arctic wilderness of ice, north of Siberia.
After effecting a landing on It he did two things:

one was

to

sportsman.

seem as if the mere name of Gordon

Bennett Cup implied of itself the blue ribbon of
the particular sport referred to.
For many years the Gordon Bennett Cup was
the annual international automobile race par excellence, the race for which months in time and
thousands of dollars in money were spent in preparation.
Then motorboating received its share of
attention from Mr. Bennett, and finally he turned
his attention to air-craft.
When the International Aeronautic Federation

When

(de la MUERTHE)
ir
to give the very briefest
be impossible
biography of Mr, Henry Deutsch in
few lines, as his work in the promotion of
extensive,
aerial flight is very
so that what we
are offering herewith are but a few impressions
of this intelligent business man and courteous

New IT would
sort of

sport.
It would

raise

the Stars and

COLGATE HOYT

HENRY DEUTSCH

in

York, May i, 1841. It would be hard to say

whether he is better known by his position in the
newspaper world as the proprietor of the New
York Herald or by his untiring efforts to promote international competition in every kind of

*'

April, igio

Stripes and

the

name the new land Bennett Island.

Another famous expedition promoted by James
Gordon Bennett was Stanley's famous search for

other to

Livingstone " through darkest Africa."

Mr. Bennett was also instrumental in establishing a new line of transatlantic cable.

Henry Deutsch (de la Meurthe) was born in

Paris on September 26. 1864. and at the present
is associated with his brother as the head
of the firm of " The Sons of A. Deutsch."
Mr. Deutsch is best known in the world of science and sport for his generous encouragement
toward the advancement of both automobiles and
air-craft, although he also enjoys the distinction

pOLGATE HOYT,

man

of

prominence in

every field of endeavor in which he has devoted his energies, a patron of progress, in every
sense of the expression, was born in Cleveland
sixty-one years ago.
The son of Hon. James M. Hoyt, an eminent
*^-^

practitioner at the bar, Mr. Hoyt may have thought

of following in his father's footsteps and duplicat,n
eye-injury compelled

time he

patron of art and artists.

He was one of the founders of the Automobile
Club of France, and also of the Aero Club of
France, and he has not only devoted large sums
of money towards the encouragement of aeronautics, but he personally takes an active part in
demonstrations of aerial flight as well. He conceived the idea of using motors in air-craft even
before they were used in automobiles, and during
the early stages of the automobile industry he
made suggestions along this line in an address
delivered at the Paris Exposition of 1900. A few
months afterwards he founded the famous Deutsch
prize, offering one hundred thousand francs to the
aeronaut who would make a voyage in the air
of

being

from the ground of the Aero Club of France at

St. Cloud and. traveling around the Eiffel Tower,
arrive back at the starting point within half an
This prize was won by Santos-Dumont,
hour.
October 17. igoo.
A little later, together with Mr. Ernest Archdeacon, he founded another prize of fifty thousand
francs to be awarded to the aviator who would fly
in a heavier-than-air machine within a closed
circuit of at least one kilometer, without touching
This prize was won by Henry Farthe ground.
roplane on January 13, 1908,
at Is

Moulii

(Fr;

itsch also expended nearly two hundred

thousand dollars in building, altering and experimenting with his large dirigible, " La Ville de
Paris." which later he generously offered to the
French Government when the ill-fated war dirigible "Patrie" was lost near Verdun.
Realizing that the rapid development of aerial
locomotion required specially trained men with
both theoretical and practical knowledge in the
construction and operation of the different kinds
of air-craft, he took the first steps toward the
foundation of an Institute of Aeronautics in St.
Cyr-L'Ecole, France, giving the sum of one hun-

hardv

store of Colwells

&

Binghj

of Cleve-

land.

He
later a partner of his father in buying and selling real estate, and has continued to
this day to have substantial real estate interests
and holdings in Cleveland.
Removing to New York in 1881. he became a
partner in the staunch Wall Street firm of James
B. Colgate & Co.
In 1SS2 President Arthur appointed him Government director of the Union Pacific Railway,
and in 1B84, backed by a large stock interest, he
was elected a regular director.
After several years he and his colleagues transferred their interests to the Northern Pacific Railroad, and Mr. Hoyt was elected a member of the
Executive and Financial Committees of the Board
of Directors of that road, and Vice-President of
some of its principal branch lines. In 1S84 he became actively identified with the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and pushed the continuation of this
line west to St. Paul and south to Chicago, at
which latter point he helped organize and finance
the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railway, owning

large terminals in the center of the city. In 1889

he became Vice-President of the Oregon & Transcontinental Company. Organized and financed the

noted Spanish-American Iron Mines of Cuba, now

a part of the Pennsylvania Steel Co.'s properties.
In 1889 became identified with the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company, and for twenty
years served on the board and as Vice-President.
Mr. Hoyt's name is a familiar one to all those
interested in the newer forms of locomotion.
There is little need to dwell on his position in
the automobile world; his administration as President of the Automobile Club of America, the
representative national body of motordom, comes
instantly to mind. It was during this administration that the A. C. A.'s beautiful club house in
New York was financed and built.
Mr. Colgate Hoyt is only one more of the many
prominent and conservative men in the country

April, igio

6S

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

BIG
J.

JIcCOY

C.

New

McCOY

another emi^ nent sportsman, a man of prominence, wealth

and high social standing who has taken up aeronautics from both sporting and scientific standI

C.

of

York: here

is

^In business Mr. JVIcCoy is a banker, being President of the Perth Amboy Trust Company of that
city, as well as a director in several other banking institutions in New York and Providence, R. I.
Aeronautically Mr. McCoy enjoys an international reputation, being known wherever ballooning as a sport is indulged in.
Thousands of men are nowadays interested in
aeronautics, and hundreds are actively going in for
it and " getting olif the ground," but such was not
the case only a very short while ago.
In ballooning as a gentleman's pastime, Mr.
JIcCov mav be said to be something of a pioneer.
' One " i's the number of his license as an Aero
Club pilot, he being the first man to qualify as
such.
In the second holding for the Gordon Bennett
Cup balloon race, that of St. Louis in 1907, he
He
finished fourth, with a distance of 736 miles.
was forty hours in the air, and beat all records for
pilots of the Aero Club of America for distance
and duration.
He again had the distinction of representing his
country in the following race for the Cup, that
held at Berlin in 1908.
This year fog spoilt Mr. McCoy's chances of
finishing " in the money." Last year Mr. McCoy
did not take part in the Gordon Bennett Cup
Race; he was nevertheless indirectly responsible
for his country and club's victory in the event.
None of the usual Aero Club pilots were able
to go to Switzerland to represent the Club, but

Mr. Mi.x. an American and Club member residing in Paris, undertook, at Mr. Cortlandt Field
Bishop's suggestion, to carry the American colors
at Zurich, if that very necessary adjunct a balloon were available for the purpose.
It is here that Mr. J. C. McCoy stepped in and
offered to the Club the use of his full-sized racing
balloon, the ultimate victor in the race, " Amer-

ica II."
It is Just

A. LEO STEVENS
LEO STEVENS, America's

foremost bal loonist,

was born in Cleveland in 1873. It
was scarcely twelve years later that he made his
first ascension, and by the time he was fourteen
he had achieved sufficient fame to be known far
and wide as the Boy Aeronaut.
Stevens was just fifteen years of age when he
built his first balloon; at eighteen his career came
near to being suddenly and dramatically ended; he
" landed " in Lake Erie, and was not rescued until
the following day, having spent the entire night
in the frigid waters of the great inland sea.
When little more than a lad he became proficient as a parachute-jumper, and when stdl in his
teens an air-trip from the shores of Lake Ontario
to South Carolina added a further stock to his
accumulated laurels; this was at the time one of
the longest balloon voyages ever made.
It was in 1893 that he started manufacturing balloons in New York. Eight years later he built the
first dirigible to float in American air and stem
an American breeze; his engine was a De DionBouton, imported from Paris, and with the exception of Santos-Dumont's, the only one used on
Certainly only light
an air-craft at that time.
breezes could be successfully cofjed with by this
early type of airship, but as a pioneer it has its

place in the history of American aeronautics.

In the middle of the last century ballooning had
many adepts in this country, chief among whom
was the immortal Wise, but for many years the
sport had more or less fallen in disrepute.
Among the men to whom a debt of gratitude is
due for re-establishing the art of ballooning and
placing it before the world as one of the grandest
and safest of sports and pastimes perhaps none
is more deserving of it than Leo Stevens.
An early member of the Aero Club of America,
he did much to promote the sport, and when the
Count de la Vaulx the holder of the world's distance recordand Charles L^vee, came over from
Paris, Stevens was closely associated with them in
their endeavors to encourage American ballooning.
Ballooning had long been looked upon as a dan-

gerous sport, but when Mrs. C.

such acts of sportsmanship and

dis-

interestedness as this which make the Aero Club

proud of its governing board.
Being one of the founders of the Aero Club of
America. ^Ir. McCoy has been repeatedly elected
director of that organization from its very inception.

During 1907 and 190S he acted as First VicePresident, and in the fall of the latter year was
elected President of the Club, serving in that capacity until January. 1909, when he resigned in
order to go around the world.
Mr. McCoy, who is a great devotee of traveling,
is at present engaged on a second circuit of the
planet; let it be hoped for the still greater enjoyment of the trip, that his third " circular " voyage will be accomplished without the aid of either
railway or steamboat, or any other mere land or
water vehicle!

J.

S.

Milli

Franklin, Pa., rose in Stevens' basket on August n, 1906. that era may be said to have been
ended; since then an appreciable minority of
Stevens' passengers has belonged to the fair sex.
Besides being a member and pilot of the Aero
Club of America, the Aeronautic Society, the Aero
Clubs of Ohio, Pittsfield, of North Adams and of
New England count Stevens among their members, and he is honorary member of the Columbia
University Aero Club.
Three years ago he was appointed instructor to
the LInited States Balloon Corps, and trained the
Signal Corps in the handling and care of aerostats.
The International Race at St. Louis was run
under his guidance, and those connected with
ballooning will appreciate his ability in this direction, when it is said that the great gas-bags soared
aloft at their allotted time, with the regularity and
punctuality of trains leaving a terminal station.

COUNT VON ZEPPELIN

/"OUNT FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN,

the

'^ designer

of the greatest and in some respects

the most remarkable and most successful aircraft
ever built, was born July 7, 1S38, at Constance,
on the shores of the lake, over which his genius
was, half a century later, to reveal itself to an
astonished world. Count von Zeppelin has probably devoted more time to the study of aeronau-

problems than any man living; in fact, they

said to have occupied the major portion
long life.
It was only after these years of patient study
that von Zeppelin, then a general in the German
Army and adjutant to the King of Wurtemburg,
after deciding on the lighter-than-air type, conceived the idea of constructing a large and rigid
airship which should preserve its shape under all
tical

may be

of his already

conditions.

This idea was not favorably received by the

Prussian Ministry of War, and the Count accord-

company to build the largest of

A site was given by the King of
airships.
Wurtemburg, at Manzell, on the shore of Lake
Constance, and in i8g8. a great floating shed was
anchored off the shore; it was secured at its front
ingly organized a
all

In the
end, which thus always faced the wind.
shed a strong aluminum frame, having 16 sides,
but of generally cylindrical appearance. 420 feet
long, and 39 feet in diameter, with bomb-shaped
ends, was put together. The interior was divided
in 17 compartments, each holding an ordinary
balloon; they had a combined volume of 390,000
The metal frame was covered with
cubic feet.
cloth, and this mode of construction was followed
In fact, so. reout in all the latter Zeppelins.
markably did practice confirm the earnestly
thought-out theories of the great inventor, that
except in motor power, the present Zeppelins
The latter
differ but in detail from the first one.
had the separate compartments, four propellers
and two engines which have afforded ever since
such a high guarantee of safety to this type of
The first
airship whenever it is in its element.
engines used were two 16 h.p. Daimlers; those
destined for the latest Zeppelins are expected to
sh them with 500 h.p. and propel them at

hou

40
It

is

vellous

not too much to say that the most marair-voyages ever made by any type of

machines are to the credit of Zeppelm's

It would be beyond the scope of a
great craft.
succinct biography to relate the many journeys
the giant ships have made over Germany and
Suffice it to .say that they hold all
Switzerland.
records for dirigible balloons for distance covered
and duration of flight.
-As an instance of how safe a trip in a Zeppelin
Germany, it may be said that
is considered in
such precious human freight as the King of Wurtemburg. Prince Henry of Prussia and the Crown
Prince of Germany have traveled in these mighty
dirigibles, which more than any contrivance yet
built by man deserve the much-abused appellation
of airship, for ships of the air they certainly are.
aerial

AIRCRAFT

66

April,

iQio

THE NEW MAXIM AEROPLANE

By

Sir Hiran\ S.
(From London

SIX

years ago I commenced making drawings

with a view to building a flying machine with
a petrol motor, but I did not finish it at that time,
as I had a lot of other work on hand.
All the flying machines which have been built
origiin recent years do not differ much from
nal Baldwyn's Park machine, except as regards
size and the kind of motive power employed.
About eighteen months ago, in making a careful study of the whole subject, it appeared to me
that the Baldwyn's Park type of machine, with
slight modifications, was still the best that could
be devised. I therefore decided to make another
machine, on practically the same lines, but very
much smaller, and to drive it with a petrol engine.

my

the drawings, and about twelve months

to make a new light engine and a recarburettor, in fact, everything relating to
present flying machine.
The engine which I designed has four cylinders,
each 5 ins. in diameter, with a common stroke of
The cylinders, pistons, connecting-rods,
5 1 ins.
I

made

ago started
liable

my

and the crank-shaft, are made of a special brand

of "'Vickers" steel, which perhaps is the strongest
and toughest steel that has ever been produced,
in fact, I have never seen anything to compare
with it. It has a tensile strength of 57 tons, with
an elongation of 14 per cent. This is remarkable,
and it enabled me to make all the parts of extreme lightness and still have a reasonable factor
of safety, moreover, the great lightness of the
moving parts enables the engine to run faster if
required than it would if the parts were heavy.
In order to get a high speed if required, I made
the passage ways and valves of the engine
all
very large and free. I had noticed at the various
places on the Continent where I had seen flying
machine engines in action that they worked very
badly and unsteadily, the exhaust being very irregular.
A study of this question demonstrated
only too clearly that the great trouble was with
the carburettor; the explosive charge was not
thoroughly mixed, or perhaps not mixed at all,
and never of a uniform density.
I therefore experimented on a carburettor and
made one that would produce gas of a uniform
density, and it was found that when the air and
the gas were thoroughly mixed before they entered the cylinder at all, the petrol engine behaved exactly as a gas engine does. The exhaust
was perfectly regular, and, as a well-known steam
engineer said in witnessing the running of my
engine, " It runs as steady as any steam engine
I have ever seen, and altogether different from
any other petrol engine."
This engine has a forced circulation, and everything about the engine, including the spindles of
the exhaust valves, is cooled, so there is never
any overheating.
A new system of oiling is also used. A small
pump, having a bore of li in., and a stroke of i*
in., is so arranged and driven by a train of gears
and " clockwork," that the piston is raised against
the resistance of a spring, and liberated four times
in a minute, and the spring is of sufficient strength
to produce a pressure of 120 lbs. per sq. in. on
the oil, the result being that every part of the

engine, including the gudgeon-pins, is thoro;ighly

lubricated four times a minute, and it has been
found that no excess of oil gets past the piston
into the explosion-chamber.
The screw propellers are three in number. One
is placed directly on the screw shaft, and runs, of
course, the same speed as the engine, and takes
the place of a fly-wheel; the others are very much
larger, and revolve at a much slower rate.
Two of the screws, the small one, and one of
the large ones, rotate in a right-hand direction,
and the other one in a left-hand direction, but the
left-hand screw has a finer pitch than its mate,
and revolves at a higher velocity, just high enough
so that its gyroscopic action is equal to the gyroscopic action of the other two screws, and the
rotating parts of the engine; therefore there is no
gyroscopic action at all when the screws are considered ensemble^ as the left-hand screw exactly
neutralizes the gyroscopic action of all the other
rotating parts.

The framework of tlie machine has been made of

American yellow pine of a very fine quality. Although it is not quite so strong as spruce per
square inch, it is really stronger than spruce when
considered in terms of its own weight.
Moreover, spruce was difficult to obtain.
The machine has fore and aft rudders fbalanced)
and one horizontal rudder also balanced.

The main part of the machine is made up of six

aeroplanes; the central section carries the machinery and the driver, and the two side sections
are simply superposed wings, but they are not
level.
The outside ends are raised very much
above the central section, and their surfaces are
curved in such a manner that when the machine
is in the air whichever side is the lower will lift
the most.
This ensures lateral stability, without
the necessity of any machinery.
I know that some mathematicians might dispute
this, as they believe, or think they believe, that

Maxim

Flight)

the
ssure on the aeroplane is always perpenaicuiar to its surface, but if they would give the
moment's .careful consideration they
would know that such is not the case.
It would be the case, I will admit, if the whole
machine was mounted on a shaft, and could rotate

matter one

manner of a windmill, but the

not mounted on a shaft, it is suspended

in the air after the

machine

is

and resting on the air, and falling

air at the rate of 6 or 7 miles an hour.
True, it is going ahead at the same time, but
nevertheless it is falling as relates to the air,
therefore its downward motion through the air,
while traveling, has the same effect as it would
if the machine was not traveling at all, but simply
falling through the air. Therefore, the side that is
lowest and presents the best angle to the wind,
and also presents a lifting effect farthest from the
center of gravity, must lift the most, and have a
strong tendency to keep the machine on an even
in

the

air

through the

The

center of gravity, however, is very low,

ery much below the center of lifting effect.
Th
tends to keep the machine
ght side up.
I have also applied a device which I invented
and patented many years ago, which enables the
pilot to vary the pitch of the wings while the
machine is still in flight; but instead of doing it
after the manner of the Wright Brothers, I strictly
adhere to my original patent, the wings being
moved in one direction by hand, and in the reverse direction by a spring. But this device I do
not think will be absolutely necessary on account
of the shape of the wings and the arrangement of
the weights.
I

have sought to group

the parts together, as near as I can. in line

(tandem) in order to reduce the atmospheric resistance as much as possible, and to have what
there is of it in the path of the screw, that is, the
motor, the driver, the densest part of the framework, the magneto, steering-gear, and the petrol
tank are all placed in line very low down, and all
in the path of the small screw, so that if it should
take, we will say, lo-h.p. to overcome the resistance of these parts, the lo-h.p., having been expended on the air itself, would draw the air forward in the direction of flight, so that the screw
all

would be running in air which was already advancing, and fully 80 per cent, of the energy would
be recovered by the screw.
It is the same also with the two large screws.
All the parts that offer considerable resistance are
forward of the screw, so that as much as possible
of the energy lost in atmospheric resistance will

be recovered.
The width of the aeroplanes fore and aft is 6
ft. 6 ins., and they are 6 ft. 6 ins. apart.
I have not given so much curvature to the aeroplanes as one would find on most of the machines
of the present day, because in my early experiments I found that, when we consider the liftmg
effect of an aeroplane in terms of the drift, the
thin aeroplanes, which are only slightly curved,
do the best. Quite true, they do not lift so much
per square foot, but they lift more per h.p., and I
have preserved the shape which was found best
at Baldwyn's Park.
Both the top and the bottom sides of the aeroplanes are covered with very thin and extremely
altogether the
It
is
strong waterproof silk.
strongest and lightest I have ever seen, weighing
only about 2 ozs. to the square yard.
with a
aeroplanes
This silk is laced on to the
great deal of care, and the whole of
a

machine through the air would be less, because

everything is much sharper and smoother than
in any other machine I have ever seen, but unfortunately a large and level field is not obtainatile
near the Crayford Gun Works at the present moment. True. land can be obtained, but it costs

it

as tight as

drumhead.

The stays
flat steel, and the
partly of oval steel tubing and partly of
pine.
American
The total width of the machine is 44 ft.
One of the novel features of the machine which
makes it look so much neater and simpler than
other forms is the manner of constructing the
frame and mounting the screws. Instead of having a lattice-work frame running round the screws
to support the aft rudders, the screws are not
mounted on a rotating shaft, but rotate themselves
on a part of the framework of the machine.
In fact, the real foundation of the machine consists of two steel tubes, to which everything else
suspended or attached, and it is these steel
is
The aeroplanes are thin and
are of two kinds oval steel and

sharp.

struts

tubes on which the screw-propellers rotate.

This enables the principal member of the framework of the machine to pass directly through the
center of the screws, as an extension of these steel
tubes carries all the rudders fore, aft and vertical.
The screws being of very large size over 11 ft.
in diameter of necessity have to be made very
thin, in order to be light, and also in order to
They are of
cut the air with little resistance.
pine, of the Baldwyn's Park type, which is common to nearly all machines at present, but a new
feature has been introduced.
As these screws are not strong enough by themselves to stand the thrust without being distorted
and broken, they are held back by strong steel
strips 2^2 in. thick, and about li in. wide.

it and to level it off and protect it, so

have devised a new system of testing one that
is quite different from anything suggested

a lot to get
I
I

keel.

In making this machine

These strips, having the same pitch as the blades

themselves, also act as a screw propeller, cutting
the air keenly, and being very efficient.
The
screws are therefore held in position, their blades
can neither be twisted nor deformed, and there is
nothing to prevent their cutting through the air
with the least possible resistance. By this means
a very large amount of air can be engaged a great
deal more than has ever been engaged before per
h.p. therefore there would be less slip than with
any other system so far invented.
Moreover, the resistance required for driving the

think

before.

have constructed a tarred sand circular track,

having a circumference of 2,200 ft. This track is
25 ft. wide, and in the center I have erected a
steel mast, to which I propose to attach a steel
wire rope about 35 ft. from the ground, and to
hold this rope up by very fine wires from another support over 100 ft. high.
The steel wire
will have attached to it three branches, which will
take hold of the machine in three places, and in
this way the machine will be held on an even keel,
as far as relates to " port " and " starboard,", but
will be free to move forward, to ascend and descend; and will also be free to depress, or elevate
the forward end, that is, every movement which
I

is necessary to make when testing a- machine is

obtained, while the machine is prevented from flying off at a tangent.
It will therefore be possible not only to try
the working of the engine, the cooling effect of
the air, the propulsion of the screws, the lifting
effect of the aeroplanes, the balancing of the
weights, and. in fact, everything connected with
the working of the machine, without any danger
whatsoever of injury to the pilot or breakage,
while it affords a unique opportunity for the pilot
to learn to manipulate all the necessary steeringgear, and so forth, and it is very evident that after
this has been done for a certain length of time,
the machine may be connected with a single wire,
so as to find out if all the other movements are

completely under control, and after this free flight

ought to be quite simple and safe.
At any rate, a circular track will always afford a
very simple manner of teaching men to fly, because they can do it without danger to themselves
or to the machine.

WINGS
By Charlton La.wrence Edholm
npHE

hand of man, emerging from the mist

A
Of primal ages, was a hairy fist.
All blood-bedabbled; for the hand had killed
Before it learned to sow and reap and build.
So each new tool was but a weapon fit
To add new terrors to the blow of it;
The first rude ax was formed for bloody
Split skulls before

it

And

deed.
served the builder's need.

thus through ages runs the tale; by worst

Of uses is the new-found tool accurst.
Yet we believe what prophet's words record.
That into plowshares men shall beat the sword.

For centuries we stood upon the edge

Of space and yearned, while sparrows from the
hedge
"
flight and taunted us. " That I had wings!
'Mid stormy music, thus the Psalmist sings,
" Then would I fly away and be at rest."
And lo, the wings are ours, a gift, the best

Took

The genius

of our race has forged; a tool

Fit for our eager age.
What says the fool.
" This is minCy for brawls

The War-brute?
strife.

As hawk-wings
Well,

da

are the hawk's

the

for

War- god

and

taking

life!

the

till

"
the

What narrow space

kill for you no more.
Holds man to-day apart from brother man,
Will

A range of rock, a river or a span

Of channel; and our wings shall overleap
These dwarfish landmarks. Then what king
keep
His folk from merging with humanity
As waters intermingle

shall

in the sea?

Sail forth, winged Argonauts of trackless ai^,

as upon your homeward course you fare

And

Bring heav'niy treasure. Neither gold nor steel,

Nor gross and earthly wealth weight your light
keel;
as Golden Fleece
sun-blest wings, bright harbingers of peace.

Man's Brotherhood, bring that

On

Popular

Mechanics.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

67

CLUB NEWS
Compiled by Ada Gibson
Aero Club
By

of

Cha.rles H.

America

The

February
ONAmerica
became

the original Aero Club of

In its
a thing of the past.
place there sprung into life a new Aero Club of
America well worthy of the name.
Its headquarters, now being luxuriantly furnished, are located in the United Engineering Societies Building, and it was fortunate in securing for its head
Cortlandt Field Bishop, formerly President of the
old Aero Club of America. Under Mr. Bishop's
17th

guidance

much work

plished.
All the

has

already

officers

of the

Club

Eire:

rrcsitlcnt.

Arthur

Atherholt; First Vice-President. R. H. Beaumont; Second Vice-President, Louis J. Bergdoll;

Treasurer, Laurence Maresch; Secretary, Jack
Hiscock; Assistant Secretary, Carl H. Carson;
Directors, Kev. Cieorge S. Gassner, Robert D.
Carson, Clarence 1^. Wynne and Thomas T.
T.

Heltman

Curtiss machine, and

course of construction.

Tuttle.

re in

been accom-

first

is

aeroplanes are in
expected that there

Hartford Aero Club

By Hiram Percy Maxim, President
ONAUTICAL matters are taking a hold
Connecticut.

We

have the Aero Club

T-tford, of which the writer

liich is composed of the

is

the President,

most progressive
Regular meetings are
id plans are already under way for a series
ng contests during the coming summer. I
lly have purchased a VVittemann glider,
angements have been made for the control
Lviation field on the very extensive meadIhe eastern bank of the Connecticut River.
modious hangar or garage for housing
has been established by the Connecticut
Company, convenient to these grounds.
pany has been recently formed by Mr.
icas of Hartford, and active steps have
en to secure the agency of different

Aero

vitation to deliver addresses.

When entries closed on February

It

cal entries for the

Clubs throughout the

country have affiliated with it. its membership is
growing rapidly, and it is arranging dates for
Aviation meets for all parts of the United States.
Preparations are being rapidly completed for both
the International Aviation and Balloon Races to
be held this year.
On March 24th the Annual Banquet of the Club
will be held at the Hotel St. Regis, and but few
seats in the banquet hall still remain unreserved.
Prominent speakers have accepted the Club's inleading

other

men

for the

International Balloon Race twelve challenges had

been received as follows: Germany, 3; France, 3;
Denmark, i; Italy, 2; England, :; Switzerland, 2.
The Aero Club of America will have three teams
defend the cup, making fifteen competitors alto-

in this locality.

:al
apparati.
Instructions in soaring
ding will be given by Mr. Lucas during
ning summer. This is our first publicity

gether.

Entries closed on March ist for the InternaRace, and seven challenges have
been received as follows: England, 3; Italy, i;
The Aero Club of America will also
France, 3.
defend this trophy with three teams, making ten

The University of Pennsylvania

Aero Club
By George Atwell Richardson, Secretary

tional Aviation

competitors altogether.
The places where both these contests are to be
held have not yet been decided upon, for while
the place for the balloon race must be named
March ist, it was impossible to do so because
the cup. and the

official decision of the International Aeronautic Federation had not been received.
So many applications have been received
to represent America that elimination races will
have to be held.
The amount of coal gas consumed during the
year 1909 was 255.281.79 cubic meters which entitles the Club to eleven votes at meetings of the

1 N
making the first aeroplane to be constructed
1
by students of a university, the Aero Club of
the University of Pennsylvania is following precedent in taking a leading part in aeronautics.
Two scholars connected with the University of

HENRY

M. NEELY, CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS, AERO CLUB OF PENNSYLVANIA.

of

aero

Federation.
officers and directors of the new Aero Club
America are as follows: President, Cortlandt
Field Bishop; First Vice-President, Samuel H.
Valentine; Second Vice-President, Dave H. Mor-

The

of

B. Harmon;
ris; Third Vice-President. Clifford
Treasurer, Chas. Jerome Edwards, Secretary, William Hawlev. Governors: Cortlandt Field Bishop,
James A. Blair, Jr.. Philip T. Dodge, Chas. Jerome Edwards, A. Holland Forbes, L. L. Gillespie, Allan R. Hawley, J. C. McCoy, William W.
Miller, Dave H. Morris, Charles A. Munn, Samuel
H. Valentine.
The following dates have been officially decided
upon for the National and International meets by
the Committee of Meets, consisting of A. B. Lambert, Carl G. Fisher, Allan R. Hawley and CortThe International Balloon
landt Field Bishop.
Race will take place at St. Louis on October 17th,
and the National Championship Balloon Race
elimination
race for the Interna(which is the
tional) will be held at Indianapolis. September
17th.
The date of the International Aviation Meet
has been fixed for October 25th to November 2d
The
but the place has not vet been decided upon
Indianapolis Balloon Race will be held on \uzu^t

and

result has started a moveneet in Philadelphia. Henry

of the committee in charge
of the arrangements, and already various traders
bodies of Philadelphi have pledged their support,
Joseph F. Rhodes, C il Engineer'of the Club, is

clubs,

as

ment to hold a large

M. Neely is chairmai

month

later, November i, 1909, the first meeting

what is now known as the University of Pennsylvania Aero Club, was held.
Fourteen men,
constitute the charter members of the organization, were present at this meeting. Various
plans were discussed and officers elected as follows: President, F. H. Dechant: Vice-President,
E. E. Wright; Secretary, G. A. Richardson; Treas-

of

who

urer, T. F. Rhodes;
tion. Carl H. Carson.

a considerable number of associate members.

One of the first things done once tlie Club was
on a firm basis, was to make active preparations
to build a full-sized aeroplane.
number of
members guaranteed a certain amount of money
to start construction.
Mr. Lawrence Lesh, a protege of Octave Chanute, and considered one of the best informed
aeronauts in the countrv, offered his services,
With his aid
which the Club gladly a'ccepted.
plans were drawn up and actual construction
started on a biplane during the Christmas vacation.
The progress since that time has been very
satisfactory, but has been delayed owing to the
lack of a suitable engine and several other causes.
It is hoped, however, to have the machine ready
for trial flights by the time good weather comes.
.Ml the work done, so far, has been done bv student members of the Club.
Besides the aeroplane and a new type of glider,
which are under construction, the Club is the
owner of a bi-plane glider, which was presented to
through the efltorts of Mr. Geo. Brooks, an
it
alumnus of the University. Gliding practice will
commence as soon as the weather permits.
On February 26th the University of Pennsylvania Aero Club, acting in unison with the .\ero
Clubs of Cornell and Columbia I'nivcrsities. sent
out invitations to an Intercollegiate -Aero Con-

Aero Club of Pennsylvania

By T. T. Tuttle

LTHOUGH

A
only a little more than two
rt months old. the Aero Club of Pennsylvania
has already established comfortable headquarters
in the Betz Building. Philadelphia, has averaged
more than one new member for every day of its
existence, and is now actively engaged in preparation for an aeronautic meet during July or August, having petitioned the National Committee
on Meets for ten days during this period.
The Club was organized at a meeting held on
December 17. igog. and in one session elected officers to
serve until the first annual meeting,
April I, igio, adopted a constitution and by-laws,
appointed committees on headquarters, grounds,
etc.. and on the following day the committee on
incorporation prepared the application for charter.
The Club will apply to the Aero Club of America
for affiliation as soon as the charter is granted.

Superintendent of Construc-

At a meeting held a few days later Mr. H. L.

Willoughby, Class of 1877, and a well-known member of the Aero Club of America, was elected
Ilonorary President.
After the first meeting the membership rapidly
increased, and there are now about seventy names
of active members on the rolls, besides those of

i2th and the Illinois Meet will take place on Tuh

5th and 6th. There will be a prize for balloons of
capacity of 600 m. to 1,200 m. ; and another prize
for
to
hite
Augustus Post of
York. George P
of Indianapolis and E. Percy Noll of St Louis
have been appointed to act as official
of balloons in all contests.

New

Pennsylvania, Rittenhouse and Hopkinson. were

instrumental in bringing about the first aerial voyage made by man, on this side of the Atlantic.
The first ascension ever made was in Paris on
November 21, 1783, in a Montgolfiere or hot-air
balloon, and it was just seven days later that the
Philadelphia ascension took place.
It was thus
the second ascension ever made in the history of
the world, but it was the Jirst made bv the aid
of a gas lighter than air (the several balloons or
gas-bags used in this first American aerostat
being filled with hydrogen instead of hot air, as
in the Paris ascension).
The matter of forming an aero club at the
University of Pennsylvania was considered at the
beginning of the college year 1909-10. and one

ADOLF

BRODBECK, PH.D., PRESIDENT OF THE

UT.\H AERO CLUB.

of the regulation three and a

is
quarter miles length, and is entirely within the
It is also within easy trolley distance
city limits.
of any part of the city and is reached by a suburban line of cars, and by all the steam roads
entering Philadelphia via the belt line. The Club
claims for the course that it is the most convenient for spectators of any course in the world.
Members of the Club now own a BIcriot and a

mapping out

to be held in Philadelphia on .\pril ist

The invitations were sent to every col2d.
lege in the United States having more than two

vention

and

AIRCRAFT

68

exhibit at the Buffalo F

Show, which takes plat
the 30th March.

We

April, igio

Boat and Sportsman's

from 21st to

this city

propose to hold on April

in the Sixtyof a series of

ist,

Regiment Armory, the first

model aeroplane contests.
The most important event we anticipate arranging for this year is a real aviation meet of possibly
a week's duration, and it is the present intention
to have this take place some time in June.
We are communicating with aviators of more or
less fame, with the idea of finding out whether or
not they can participate in our contests, and as
soon as we are assured of a satisfactory entry, it
is our intention to " jump right in " and endeavor
fifth

give

to

rth

The

the

officers

sport

'

of the Club are as follows: PresiSatterfield; First Vice-President, H.

John M.
Meldrum; Second Vice-President, Howard A.

lent.
v.

people

Robert K Root;
George P. Urban; Secretary, Dal H.
Board of Directors: John M. Satterfield,
Meldrum, Howa
K. Root, E. R. Thoi
,^ Robert
Ja
George Bleistein, Ralph Sidway.
,

Third Vice-President,

er,

Atlantic City
Atlantic

Aero

March

Aero Club

Club

loth by a body of promii

of Atl; ntic City, N. J.
The n
Club
to generally assist in
of the art of flying

CHARLES

G.

at

organized on
business men

n object of the
le advancement

GARFIELD. DIRECTOR OF AERO CLUB

OF ROCHESTER

hundred students, and also to a number of the

and universities in Canada and

leading colleges
jMexico.

This convention will be the first one of its kind

ever held, and it is hoped that it will be a big sucIt is planned to form an Intercollegiate
Aero Association which will become affiliated with
the Aero Club of Ainerica, a thing which will put
flying on a par with every other form of univer-

Aero Club
By Dal
-THE

of Buffalo

H. Le^vis, Secretary

Aero Club of Buffalo is doing everything

t^ it possibly can to promote the sport of flying.
M'e are now getting as many models of aeroplanes
as it is possible, and these, together with two or
three complete flying machines, we are going to

of Washingtorv

Aero Club of Washington was formally organized at a meeting held in the office of the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army, on January 23.

igop, by
sembled

a committee of tvventy-si.x members asfor that purpose on the invitation of a

preliminary committee, who had prepared suitable

articles of incorporation and tentative constitution

and by-laws.

The articles of incorporation were signed by

twenty-six members, after which a Board of Management for the current year was elected, all of
its offices being filled except the presidency, which
remained vacant temporarily. The previously prepared constitution and by-laws were read and
adopted substantially as read.
At a meeting of the Board of Management, held
at the residence of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell
in

May, Mr. Thomas

F.

Walsh was unanimously

elected as the first President of the Aero Club of

Washington, thus completing its organization.
During the year igog one hundred charter members were enrolled, comprising persons prominent
in the official and social life in Washington.
In
addition to these, nine honorary members were
chosen as follows:
The President of the United States, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Louis Bleriot, Octave Chanute, Glenn H. Curtiss, A. Santos-Dumont, LawHargrave, Orville Wright, and Wilbur

researches,

writings,

lectures,

physical

and practical experiments, ascensions, demonstrailloon and aeroplane practice,

governmental tests, etc., but these not being done officially for the Club are not detaile
lere.
Of particular interest to the Club are th
by
chine
s, and to find suitable aeronautic grou
to the Capital, which may serve
ascensions, flights, exhibits and original ex
ments, thus contributing to the entertainment
struction and active life of the Club.
At the annual meeting of the Club on Ja nuary
loth all of the oiificers for igio were elected for
ensuing year by a single unanimous vote. They
are as follows:
appli:

convenient

THE

The Aero Club

THE

\\i ght.

Aero Club of Rochester

By Arthur E. Pa.rtrldge, Secretary

cal men will attempt flights with machines of

their own invention.
Several members are much
interested in the dirigible, and the Club may rent
one or two balloons to add to purchases in that
line which have been or are about to be made.

Traymori

scientific

sity activities.

The aeronautic work of the Charter members

has been considerable and important, embracing

cess.

Aero Club of Rochester, which was

'
ganized in November and incorporated un
the laws of the State of New York, December
igog, promises to become a flourishing organ
tion, as it is composed of sixty-five active members drawn from the best professional and business men of that city.
It was organized almost
spontaneously after the Board of Park Commissioners had granted the Elbridge Engine Company permission to use Reservoir Park, a new
public property given to the city by George Eastman, the kodak millionaire, for experimental purposes by local men interested in air-craft. As soon
as it became evident that the mayor was inclined
to take the application from the viewpoint of a
serious proposition and to regard the question of
aeronautics as a serious and progressive study,
many enthusiasts who had been disinclined to
uncover their ideas for fear of ridicule " hopped
on the band wagon " and backed up the application.
At a preliminary meeting nearly forty came
to the front, and, when formal organization was
completed, the charter list was sixty-five, and it
was decided to close the roll with that number,
and put further applicants on the waiting list.
This now numbers a score.
The officers of the Rochester Club are: President. Charles H. Ocumpaugh; Vice-Presidents,
Harry G. Strong, Walter W. Powers and N. R.
Potter; Treasurer, William J. Trimble; Secretary,
Clarence W. McKay; Assistant Secretary, Arthur
E. Partridge; Board of Directors, S. R. Clarke;
Charles F. Garfield, Clarence W. McKay,
H.
~
Ocumpaugh, T. H. j\lcl
Ernest B. Millard, Lyma
Searle
The policy of the Club fill be sane, and no attempt will be made to do more at present than to
assist the general movei ent and participate in
anything tending toward; the progress of aeronautics and its propt
egulation.
Experimental
flights with gliders have bt
and wheij the weather becomes milder several lo-

President of the United Paving Co.; Harry B.

Cook, of the Hotel Seaside; Robert E. Delaney, of
the Hotel Dunlop; William F. Hanstein, of the
Royal Palace Hotel; Henry W. Leeds, of the
Haddon Hall; Warren Somers, President of the
Somers Lumber Co. Dr. J. B. Thompson, of the
Hotel Chelsea and President of the Chelsea National Bank; Allan K. White, of the MarlboroughBlenheim; Charles D. White, of the Marlboron?liBlenhein
ad Daniel S. White, of the Hotel

President
Thomas F Walsh.
1st Vice President
Robert Shaw Oliver
2d Vice Piesident ..Ihomas Nelson Page
3d Vice President
Butler Ames
Con espondmg Secretary Allerton Cushman
Recording Secretary
Albert F Zahm
Treasuier
Charles J. Bell
.

CLARENCE W. M KAY, SECRETARY OF

AERO CLUB OF ROCHESTER

Til

the
itention of the Club to
National Aviatio
June
$100,000 in prizes will be
also another bidder for the International
Aviation Meet which takes place October 2sth to
November 2d. The many natural advantages of
Atlantic City, together with its great hotel accommodations, railway facilities and perfect aviation grounds, should be of material assistance
in the securing of this great event for that city.
A Committee of Meets has been formed, with
C. W. Bennett, a man of great experience and
exceptional organizing abilities, as general manIt

which

It is

ager.

As an

earnest of the faith and enthusiasm of

charter members of the Club the sum ^if
was subscribed on the spot. The oflio r^
include the leading men of the resmi.
financially, socially and in every way, as the fol-

the

$30,000

elected

lowing

list

will

testify:

President, John T. White, of the MarlboroughFirst Vice-President, Louis Kuehri^le,

President of the Marine Trust Co.; Second VicePresident, Walter J. Buzby, proprietor of the
Hotel Denis; Third Vice-President, Carlton Godfrey, President of the Guarantee Trust Co.
Treasurer. J. Haines Lippincott, of the Hotel Chal-

Blenheim;

fonte; Secretary, Col. Walter E. Edge, proprietor of the Daily Press and Evening Union, and
of the Dorland Advertising Co.
Directors: Isaac
Bacharach, President of the Atlantic Lumber Co.
Albert T. Bell of the Hotel Chalfonte; C. W.
Bennett, formerly of the Bennett Circuit of Theaters

and Amusement Enterprises; W.

J.

Cherry,

BENNETT, DIRECTOR OF ATLANTIC AERO

CLUB OF ATLANTIC CITY

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

National Model Aero Club

By F. S. Crocker

DIRECTORS

of the National Model Aero Club

arc: President. \V. H. Crocker; First ViceVrcsidcnt. W. M. Sage; Second Vice-President. P.
W. Wilcox; Secretary F. S. Crocker; Treasurer,

M. W Talmage, Leo Stevens, Edward Durant, A,

Armstrong, L. W. Houck.
The object o this Club is to promote the study
of the problems of aeronautics as demonstrated
by the model, to regulate and control all competitions throughout the United States, and to
promote exhibitions and contests and to secure
the dissemination of the latest ideas and discoveries in the problem of flight as presented by
models of either heavier or lighter than air types.
It is proposed to offer medals and cups for
longest flights, best designs and originality of construction, and to generally control the study of
aeronautics as applied to machines less than six
feet in their greatest dimensions.

CLUB NOTES
WILMINGTOX,
Club,

Del.,

is

to

have

an

Aero

plans for which are being perfected

this city will take its place among
the world encouraging experiments in

and shortly
these

of

David' Snellenburg of Wilmington is the prinpromoter of the new Club, and he with
Robie Seidelinger, the inventor of several models
of aeroplanes, has succeeded in interesting several
wealthy residents, who have become enthusiastic
over the project.
cipal

69

which will do experimental

work in the school gymnasium. Several of the society's
members have been prominent in the
model contests held by the Y. M. C. A. in New
the

student

body,

York.

the

School

Page

is

77.

sixth

New

annual indoor meet of Public

York, of which Mr. Edward A.

the principal, and which will be held at

Regiment

Armory, Ninety-fourth
Street. New York, on .\pril 9th. there will be an
aeroplane contest open to pupils of elementary
schools and another open to members of the
Aeronautic Society.
the

Eighth

The election of new officers of the Aeronautic

Society of New York took place at the third annual meeting, held at the headquarters of the Society, 1999

Broadway,

New

York, on February

24,

Among other business, judges for model

1909.
contests were appointed, and a series of elimination trials for the Octave Chanute Cup (flying
models) were arranged to be held at the Sixtyninth Regt. Armory, New York. The first of these
.took place on March 3d, when F. M. VVatkins, L.
J. Lesh and R. S. Barnaby made several very spectacular flights.
The new officers elected are as
follows: President, Hudson Maxim; First VicePresident, Lee S. Burridge; Second Vice-President, William T. Hammer; Third Vice-President,
Louis R. Adams; Secretary, Wilbur R. Kimball;
.\ssistant
Secretary, Alva D. Lee;
Treasurer.
Clarence F. Blackmore.
Directors:
Thomas H.
Hill,
Lee \V. de Forest, Dr. Dwight Tracy,
Charles

Westley

Howell,

Jr.,

Carlos

de

Forest

Before his departure from the scene of his

triumph in San Francisco, Mr. Louis Paulhan, the famous aviator, was made the recipient
of a token of regard by the members of the Ligue
Nationale Frangaise in the shape of a solid silver
loving cup. The presentation was made by President Raas, who, in a neat speech, expressed the
appreciation which the league had for tlie aviator, and complimented him upon the honors he
had won in the field of aerial navigation. The

HARUERT, PRESIDENT OF THE ILLINOIS

aerial

AEROPLANE CLUE, OK CHICAGO

which membersh
dollars per annu
mobile Club, an

dolla
The
object of this s :iety
be the
n of
aviation in gen
fostering of
nautic meets ana otner matters connected with
the sport. The Aeronautic Society of New Jersey
will be a regularly incorporated body, and' have
complete internal management of its own affairs.
The officials and directors will be elected from its
membership.
The committee appoint:
the
include C. E. Fishe
A. B. Le Mas

'*
Hommage de la Ligue Nais inscribed,
Frangaise de San Francisco a M. Louis
Paulhan."

cup

tionale

The Aero Club of Rochester has recently purchased a Franco-American dirigible balloon for
racing purposes.
It is of the cylindrical type,
and has a capacity of eighty thousand cubic feet.
It will be fitted with an Eldridge engine, and if it
shows speed it will be entered in the Gordon-Bennett race next fall. The President of the Club, Jfr.
Ocumpaugh, has announced a trophy for the first
Rochester-built aeroplane that will start from
Cobbs Hill and fly to some designated point in
Monroe County and back. Charles F. Garfield, of
the Board of Directors, has made an offer of
two hundred and fifty dollars to the first aeronaut to ffy from Rochester to Mr. Garfield's
country home in Eagle Island.

he Pasadena Aero Club

negoti;
onal aviation meet, and S
Mved a letter from George B Ha
that he will help to promote th
ors of the Club have decided upi
ta course as the ideal place, and
negotiate with the Baldwin estati
n lease.
Several important annou:

The Cleveland Ae
that arrangements were being made with prominent aviators to lecture before the Club. The first
these lectures will be given by M. Sauliner,
Chief Engineer for the Bleriot Monoplane.

An aviation society has been formed among the

students of Stuyvesant High School, East FifMr. Ernest R. Von
teenth Street, New York.
Xardroof, the principal, has given his consent to

of

The Aero Club of the Y. M. C. A. of White

Plains, N. Y.. has been organized with the folofficers: President, Harold T. Carpenter;
Secretary, C. Guernsey; Treasurer. Bertram Hendrickson. Jfembers are busy building gliders and
model aeroplanes.
lowing

POTTER, VICE-PRESIDENT OF
CLUE OF ROCHESTER

THE AERO

and Hugo

C. Gibson.
Membership Committee:
Dr. Dwight Tracy, Hugo C. Gibson and William
Hammer. Judges on Model Contest: Hugo G.
Gibson, A. G. Boucher and Carlos de Forest.

.T.

The -Aero Club of Illinois has been organized by

one hundred prominent men of Chicago, ;lie object of which is to advance the art of flying.
The organization of tlie Club was preliminary to
the securing of a charter from the State of Illinois
and affiliation of the Association with the Aero
Club of America. When organization finally is
completed, and active participation by members
in aerial flight is under way, closer relation with
foreign clubs will be promoted.
The oflicers of the Club are as follows: President. Octave Chanute; First Vice-President, Tames
E, Plew; Second Vice-President, Harold McCormick; Secretary. Robert M. Cutting; Treasurer.
Charles E. Hartley; Consulting Engineer, Victor
Lougheed.
Committee on Membership. David
Beecroft. Edward Wilder and Tames E. Plew;
Committee on Exhibitions and Contests, Victor
Lougheed. Robert it. Cutting and Harold McCormick; .Auditing Committee, fudge Charles S. Cutting. Charles S. Castle and Joseph H. Defrees.
.\ monster aeroplane meet next summer is now
under consideration, and the Club hopes to_ stage
weekly meetings of the members with visiting
notables. Several members have already purchased
aeroplanes.

0?C.\R NEVVSTROM, VICE-Pr<ESIDENT OF THE

ILLINOIS ,\EROrL.\NE (LrE. OF CHIC.XCO

It is proposed to form an aviation section of

the New Jersey Automobile Club, to be known
as the Aeronautic Society of New Jersey, to

The Aero Club of New England has purchased

new balloon of 1,600 cubic meters capacity, to
be called the " Boston 11," from Leo Stevens.
a

A meeting of committees representing the Aero

Club of Illinois and the Illinois Aeroplane Club
was recently held for the purpose of discussing
the possible coalition of the two organizations.
The Aero Club' of Illinois was represented by
Vice-President Tames E. I^Iew and Victor Lougheed consulting engineer to the Club. The Illinois Aeroplane Club was represented bv Horace
B. Wild, one of the most widely known 'inventors
and enthusiastic aeronauts of 'the West; President, Edward S. Ilarbert; Vice-President. V. A.
Lamare; and Tohn A. Montgomery. Consulting

Engineer. As
committees it

a result of the meeting of the two

is expected that the clubs .,'ill consolidate in the near future. The members of the
Illinois .-\eroplane Club are mostly practical mechanics and specialists in aeronautics, and a majority of them are working on heavier-than-air

machines.
Out of a membership of thirty-five, eleven have
aeroplanes under construction. Carl S. Bates and
Horace B. Wild are both building monoplanes.

The Aero Club

as

its

President

of
a

LUah

man

is

of

knowledge and experience

fortunate in having
vast scientific
A. Brodbeck.

such
D.

as

who has made a deep study of aeronautics for

many years past. He was at one time Professor
of Esthetics in a German university, where he
made a special study of the esthetic features of
aeronautics.

AIRCRAFT

70

NEWS
By
Asthethe

March number
first

of Aircraft went to press

American aeronautical show opened

When

doors in Boston.

its

first

on

looking back at this

effort to exhibit the products of the

this side of the Atlantic, it must not

new

art

be

for-

organization for
which the initiative and energy of Mr. Chester I.
Campbell are more especially responsible.
The actual exhibits were highly satisfactory, if
the new-born state of the art is taken into account.
Perhaps the conception of VV. Starling Burgess, of
Marblehead, a biplane presenting many novel features of great ingenuity, was as fine an exhibit
Unless we are wholly mistaken,
as any made.
Burgess is a name with which aeroplane builders
will have to count before many moons, just as
yacht builders have had to for some years past.

gotten to

point

out

its

perfect

If this promising newcomer had any rivals in

workmanship they were the Wittemann brothers

of

Staten Island,

young an industry

who

are old hands even in so

as glider and aeroplane build-

ing.

Others deservirng of
were Schneider,
he is a practica
racy-looking moj
with
kites;

their

great

Leo Stevei

without whose e>;

be complete.
The Junior Aero Club's models and the L. A.
W. rotary engine were also stands about which
the crowd was wont to cluster. Another popular
rendezvous was the miniature aviation ground in
the basement, where the Church Company had toy
aeroplanes constantly experimented.
The International School of Aeronautics had an S-ft. Chaupropeller and different models of aircraft
to show, including a scale model of Captain Bald-

vifere

IN

GENERAL

Mrs. J. Herbert Sinclair

April, jgio

AIRCRAFT

April, ipio
jcct.
to be

71

and are making copies of their best models

used in other schools for instructing classes.

recently from two New \ ork
schools, from a school in Raleigh, N. C, and
Interest
from the high school in Adrian, Minn
proposed to found
is growing so rapidly that it is
a national organization with interstate meets.

The boys took orders

Army men in the South are very proud of the

that two of their number stationed at Fort
llarrancas. Fla., have built a flying machme which
This sucessful flyer is
has worked successfully.
the Rhoads-Grosman aeroplane.
fact

Walter Wellman, the noted balloonist, sailed for

Paris recently with the avowed purpose of preparing a balloon flight across the Atlantic, starting either from France or England. The trip is to
be made in Mr. Wellman's arctic airship, which
is to be equipped with new propellers and engines.

W. Starling Burgess has taken an order for the

racing aeroplane to be used by Albert C. Triaca
in the Gordon Bennett cup-race, in which he will
carry the colors of his native Italy.
The latter received Cortlandt Field Bishop.
President of the Aero Club of America, and several other officers of the Club at his International
School of Aeronautics, at Garden City, N. Y., the
other dav, and showed them around the interesting
establishment.
for the Signal Corps of the
Army at Fort Omaha, Neb., is a
building S4 x 200 ft. and about 81 ft. high
is
intended to shelter a full-sized
all;
it
dirigible balloon, thus protecting it and enabling
remain inflated when not in service, and
it to
avoiding the delay and expense of deflating it
whenever it is to be used. The framework is of
iron; the end of the building is provided with a
two-leaf sliding door of very unusual dimensions,
providing as it does an unobstructed opening of
42 X 65 ft., sufficient for the passage of a full-sized
The doors are supported on grooved
balloon.
wheels reposing on a bottom rail, and are guided
by horizontal friction-rollers interlocked with
transverse upper and intermediate tracks when the
doors are closed; the principal bearings are on

The balloon house

United States

steel

over

the roof truss and on the back rails, and when

the doors open they bear against a special construction in the end panel of the building made
to support them and provide a suitable framework
for their guide tracks.

The Wilmington (Del.) Aero Co. has been incorporated to manufacture, buy, sell and deal in
and devices for
dirigibles, aeroplanes, engines
navigating the air. The incorporators are RobieSeidelinger, the inventor of a heavier-than-air
machine, David Snellenburg, of Snellenburg &
Co.'s Wilmington branch, Geo. W. Crowe and J.
A. Montgomery. The capital stock is $100,000.
Mr. Seidelinger's conception has some original
features, and has attracted considerable attention.
Its most radical departure from the construction
of other flying machines now in use is the manner of support; practically everything is suspended by wires from a central Rollon mask, only
what framework is absolutely necessary for rigidity is used, and the mask and wires support and
hold the machine firm. Another new feature of the
construction of this machine is the two movable
horizontal planes, just behind the two stationary
These are shifted to various angles to
planes.
the stationary planes when it is desired to raise
or lower the machine's position in the air. The
biplane is steered by means of a large vertically
set rudder which, besides being capable of turning from side to side like the rudder of a ship,
may also be dipped to either side in order to re-

gain lateral stability in

Dr. Hall, of Portland, Ore., has made final tests

model of his aeroplane; he built it with
C. Whitaker and Z. A.
Jarvis.
This model is 10 ft. long and has 60 sq.
The sailft. of canvas for a weight of 7 pounds.
ing surface of the plane is made up of two sections of shellacked muslin; each section is divided
three
parts;
the
front
into
section is movable.
and is used, instead of a special guiding plane, to
direct the flying machine up or down.
Work will
begin immediately on a full-sized craft to be about
the assistance of Dr. G.

25 sq. ft. and have 600 sq. ft. of sailing surface; it

will weigh about 200 pounds.

W. Wilcox,

working on

of

Requa-Gibso

facturers. an

Co., the
a

Columbia University,

biplane to

be ready for

is

quietly

trials

on

Hempstead Plains in April or May; it will be of

Farman type. Parts are now being made and

the

Charles E. Bartley. of Chicago, 111., has t

building a biplane for some time, and expect;

motor and propelle

owneu
d bv
uv a

biplane

an engine n mufactured by Mr.

it early in the summer.

It follows the
lines of successful biplanes, but has
of novel and original features.

complete

Bol,

general
of the Detroit-Cadillac Motor Car
Co., presented a beautiful silver cup to the designers and makers of the model showing the best
workmanship and the most practical ideas. The
cup was won by Messrs. F. Carisi and M. Piceller,
of
York. Mr. Fisher, who had charge of the
aviation department, deserves great credit for the

Mr. Fisher,

New

if

Capt. John Berry, of St. Louis, Mo., proposes to

negotiate the summit of Mt. McKinley in a balloon steered by a mechanism of his own designing, consisting of a 4-h.p. engine and four propellers with a pull of 80 pounds each.
Bob Scanlon, of St. Louis, Mo., will accompany
Captain Berry on his trip; they expect to start
some time in May. The mechanism differs from
any that has been tried on dirigibles; it is designed to give the pilot control of a balloon of the
On an upright
ordinary spherical construction.
shaft 12 ft. in height are set propeller blades and
rudder blades controlled by levers. The power is
transmitted from a motor at the base of the shaft,
This motor is set
w^hich is to rest in the basket.
on a circular track, and by shifting its position a
shifting of the blades is also brought about and

consequently

change

of

direction.

The rudder

blades set below the propellers are intended

used mostly for regulating the rise and fall
The blades are of aluminum and
balloon.
by 18 ins. in size. The weight of the entire

anism

is

pounds.

150

An

vho

balloon ascensions during the past is A. F. Thurston, of Meadville, Pa.

216 flights without an accident is his record to date. His son, A. F. Thurs;

made

ton, Jr.,

15 flights

during

1909.

Mr. A. A. Lyker, proprietor of the Empire Hotel

the enterprise.

to be
of the

are 8

of Gloversvllle, N. Y.,
and begs to say that

make
for

aviators

is

quite interested in flying,

he is not only prepared to

comfortable, but has ample room
aerial conveyances.

housing their

The Aero Club of the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology has finished its first aeroplane glider,
and is now designing a power machine from the
best suggestions offered as the result of recent txperiments.

The membership includes students who have

worked during the summer with the Wright army
aeroplane at W'ashington, others who were connected with Dr. Bell's aeronautical experiments
and some who have studied aviation abroad. In
the spring the machine will be tried out to ascertain its flying qualities.
With such good talent
back of it its performance will no doubt be worth
watching.

The Editor of Aircraft is Indebted to Henry H.

Cummings, of Boston, for the following contribu-

mech-

tion to the folklore of human flight:

" Doubtless most people have believed

first
Darius who was interested
but the enclosed copy of the seal of
of Persia, B.C. 521, would indicate
that the later Darius simply responded to
the

its
Captain Berry is satisfied that it will,
present form, do the work it is intended to do,
but he plans to substitute a lo-h.p. motor for the
The balloon
2-h.p. motor at present attached.
he expects to use will be of 17.000 cubic feet ca-

pacity.

Green was the

in

'

that

'

flying,

King

Darius

I,

call of

the blood.'

Below

is

"

the seal in question:

Variable pitch-propellers of
various blade length will be tried. Mr. Wilcox is
a strong believer in variable pitch, as he showed
in the course of his talk before the Aeronautic So-

Mr. Heath, of Charlottesville. Va., is at work

on an aeroplane for the L^niversity of Virginia
Aero Club. As soon as Mr. Heath removes the
aeroplane to his shed he will test it scrupulously
for all imperfections, and expects to be ready to
fly in a short time.
y. A. Hacker, of Chicago, 111., has been very
much interested in flying machines for a great
many years he is at present working on one
which he hopes to have completed by June.
:

hotel and business men of Atlantic

City are quite anxious to have an aviation meet
there in June.
Efforts are being made to secui-e
the services of several aviators of prominence.
Geo. Harmon, of New York City, who originated
the idea has received pledges for more than $50,000
towards backing the scheme.

The

local

tested for suitability.

Some

of the ideas embodied In this machine are of a most remarkable character and far

ciety.

PORTRAIT OF INVENTOR IN UPPER

PAULSON^ OF NOKTllWOOD, N.
CORNER

A. 0.

an emergency.

of the

P.

AEROCVCLE OF

above average conceptions. They were communicated In private to Mr. Israel Ludlow, who
thought very highly of them.

An aviation department was introduced at the

Automobile Show in Newark, N. J., which at-

tracted considerable attention.

Among the many
aeronautical exhibitors were the firm of C. & A.
Wlttemann, the celebrated glider builders; the

Mr. E. Plew. of Chicago, III., is erecting a

building at Twenty-seventh Street and Wabash
Avenue, in which he will devote 1,200 sq. ft. of
floor space to aeroplane building on its completion.
This space will be increased as the business
grows. Chicago's first aeroplane factory is located
at 240 Michigan Avenue.
The machinery of an
aeroplane is being constructed there and the bodv
of the machine is at 2920 South Clark Street. It is
a double monoplane designed and patented bv

Montgomerv, the Los Angeles aviator. Mr. Plew

owns the manufacturer's rights under the patent.
Within a short time a company will be incorporated to carry on the business.

Impression of a Seal of Darius.

"I am Dar

The trilingual inscription reads

great king."

Recognition has been given biplanes and monoplanes in the freight schedules of transcontinental
lines.
The Railroads Western Classification Committee placed the freight rate on flying machines
at $6.00 per 100 pounds from points west of the
Missouri to the Coast.

Mr. S. S. Peirce. a well-known young motorist

of Colorado Springs, is having an aeroplane built
The machine is a monoplane
at Strange's garage.
with several features suggesting the Antoinette
and Blerlot types of single-plane craft.

AIRCRAFT
' Anything- to forward aviation: it is the greatest
sport in the world," that is the way enthusiastic
Clifford B. Harmon expresses it; he has secured
the use of soo acres near New Brunswick. N. T-,
for use as flying grounds, and will erect a workshop and aeroplane sheds.

The Speedway Motor

Co.. of

Dayton. O..

is

now

completing its first plant for the construction of

The plant will have a capacity of
aeroplanes.
four aeroplanes a week. Only Wright machines
will be turned out.
The company now has orders
for 1/5

Wright machines.

Aerial science has worked

its

way

into the pub-

class in aeronautics has been established for some time in Public School 77. Alanhattan: 3.000 boys all over the United States are
studying the subject.

He schools.

Application was made some time ago for a

charter for the Philadelphia Aeroplane Co., for
the purpose of building, buying, selling, developing and dealing in machines for navigatins: the
The President of the
air and their a^ccessories.
company is Clarence P. Wynne; the Treasurer,
Lawrence Maresch. Their first aeroplane is now
being built, and C. M. Aldrich will drive it. The

machine

is

monoplane

of

entirelv

designed by Lawrence J. Lesh. It

speed, and will carry but one man.
Pittsfield.

Mass..

is

more or

new model
is

built

less of an aeronaut's

heaven; its location, its distance from the sea and

the lakes, its meteorological conditions, and last,
least, its great facilities for providing skypiiots with both quantity and quality in illuminating gas, all contribute to this. Among the more
enthusiastic of the Pittsfield sportsmen practicing
Dr. Sidney Stowell. who has many
an air-journey to his credit. He expects to indulge
e.xtensively in his favorite sport in the coming

summer.
Mr. H.
and it is

is

Crafts

is

April, igio

Buck Creek, Wis., has invented

foimd anywhere.
Ballooning among the

sex is also in honor

in the heart of the Berkshires, and will no doubt
receive a further boom this year.
fair

course rise vertically upward when starting. Outcalt says his machine is built for safety and not
for speed.

looking over

Chas. A. Chayne, of Harrisburg. Pa., twelve

years of age, has completed a miniature model of
a Wright aeroplane; it is an exact reproduction,
and is four feet in length by three feet wide; it
only lacks a motor.

Mr. L. C. Ericka, of Springfield, Mass., has a

biplane which has a triangular three-propeller
gear; the single propeller is in front. The planes
are 20 x 7 ft., very flat, and are fitted with rocking
auxiliary planes for lateral control.
These are
actuated by the sidewise movement of the back
of the operator's seat, following the swaying of
There is a double horizontal rudder in
his body.
front and a vertical rudder in the rear in connection with a rigid tail-plane for longitudinal
stability.

The framework

is

made

of

bamboo and

metal tubing.
:\rr.
J. V. Mueller, of Wichita. Kan., has invented a flving machine which he has picturesquelv
christened'" Prairie Eagle.''
The wings of the
Prairie Eagle are constructed of poplar, soft pine,
Oregon spruce and bamboo, and are covered with
silk on both sides.
The dimensions of the machine are 2y ft. across the wings bv 25 ft. fore

aft.
The total area of the wings is 160 sq.
At the rear edge on the outer ends of the
wings are attached two extension wings which can
be used to brake, to steer or to balance. The
control of the machine in both the vertical and
horizontal planes is ensured by appropriate rud-

and
ft.

The

planes have not been communicated, unless

the Wrights themselves.

On March

Kimball has recently made several flights

near Rahway. X. T.. on the aeroplane recently
pui chased from Dr. Greene.
\A'ilbnr

W. Chas. Smith, of Elmira. X. Y.. is interested

a new tvpe of aeroplane.
The machine comprises a svstem of large T^lanes similar to those
of the Wright and Curtiss machines, together
with moving spheres, rudders and steering gear;
the aeroplane is expected to carry more than one
person, and \rill be propelled by a gasolene mote".
.-\s soon as the weather permits the machine
will be given a thorough test.
At the .Xeronautic Show recently held in Boston,
^l^^. Smith secured orders for two complete aeroplanes and a number of engines, both of the 4
and S-cylinder types.
Over 100 inquiries have
been received by him for engimes from all parts
of the country and even from Mexico.
in

Aircraft has not had the opportunity to confirm or deny before going to press the news from
Dayton, to "the effect that the Wright brothers are
to engage on an extensive exhibition tour this

Sth

Wilbur Wright was

in

it

be

Xewport,

sites for an aerodrome, where, in the

initiate to the pleasures
of flying the wealthy purchasers of his machines
among the Cottage Colony.

coming summer he could

is going to press we learn

about to make flights at Jamaica Park,
Watch for the ilay num.ber of
full
description of the Frenchman's debut in the East.

as

Just

Paulhan

Aircraft

is

Long

Island.
AiRCR.\FT for a

The

Fran<;aise-Americaine
Aeroplane
Comr
of 1777 Broadway, New York, reports
from the West, the Middle \\"est and the

pagnie,
saies

South.

The Church Aeroplane Company, of Brookh-n,

is preparing to move into larger quarters where,
with materially increased factory equipment, it
will be able to treble its present capacity.
In
addition to turning out an immense line of flying
models, and working models built to scale, orders
are now being received for full-size man-carrying
machines ready for installation of motor, and Mr.
Church promises that with these added facilities
every order will be delivered in schedule time.
The record which Mr. Church has made in this
novel enterprise is not only highly creditable to
himself and his energetic methods, but also gives
at a glance some idea of the rapidity with which
public interest in aeronautics is increasing.
He
started the business last fall on a modest working capital, and has continuously since then been
tendered more business than he could take care
of. in spite of the fact that he has augmented
equipment as rapidly as possible. The
has grown with the business, and

his factory

company
is

engine.

R.APID

It is said Mr. Roy Knabenshue will have

of the exhibitions.
names of those who are to pilot the bi-

charge

Dr. G. R. Bro^\Tifield, of Lincoln. Neb., claims

to have invented a machine that will carrv six to
eight passengers besides the operator, and with
a balancing apparatus so effective that a weight
of 200 or 300 pounds placed at the extremitv of one
of the planes will not disturb the equilibrium. The
body of the machine consists of two V-shaped
planes: this, the inventor explains, will permit a
greater speed and will place the balance of the
aeroplane behind the machinery. The planes are
Frederick Rugg. of Oakland. Cal.. has neariy
40 ft. long and 6 to 7 ft. wide.
Beneath them is completed an aeroplane that measures nearlv 32
a pair of wings S ft. in length and a propeller 6
in breadth bv 30 ft. in length.
The two-bladed
ft. in diameter.
The steering apparatus is at the- ft.
propeller has a pitch of S ft.
Mr. Rugg will
front. The power is furnished by a 5-h.p. gasolene
r-perate the machine.

Judge Charles O. Prowse. of Hopkinsville, Ky..

is building a monoplane which he expects to have
finished soon.

year.

combination aircraft in which a gas-bag supports the machine, and silk wings operated by an
engine are the main propelling power.
It is expected to bear its load easily from any
spot or place wliere its powerful wings have room
to operate, and because of the gas bag will of
a

also an

ardent enthusiast,
him Pittsfield aeronauts are indebted
for the remarkable facilities offered for filling the
great gas bags. Fifty thousand dollars were spent
on the equipment of this gas plant, which has a
special receiver for balloons: the new tank can
actually hold three-quarters of a million cubic feet
of gas. and this gas is of the best lifting power
C.
to

S. Outcalt, of

for

but not

ballooning

A.

itself

now incorporated, with a capital

Work will shortly be started on

of S600.000.

the Langleyis to be entered in the

Aviation Contests in Xovember,
and also on a modified form of the Santos-Dumont type. The latter is to be built under contract for Mr. Frederick Pearson, of Boston.
It is learned that the Church Company is soon
to place on the market a monoplane designed to
carry one aviator and sufficient gasolene for a
continuous voyage of 100 miles. The price of this

Church machine, which

International

machine
and the

will

be in the neighborhood of

company guarantees

delivery

?4.ooo,
two
in

months.

model of this machine has been tested

sorts of conditions, and the manufacthat perfection in an automatic
has at last been attained.
of construction have not yet been made

flying

under

all

claim

turers

lateral stabilizing device

Details
public.

The Church Companv's consulting

engineer
tion

it

devices
s

aeronautical

is Mr. A. C. triaca, and under his direcbuilding a number of models and special
for the International School of Aeroat Garden City.

is

According to Professor Kimball, of the Ogden

Hotel, Council Bluffs, his city is to be one of the
official aircraft stations on the trans-continental
route to be established this year: the matter has
so far progressed, he says, that the roof of the
Ogden Hotel has been selected as the depot in
that city.

DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION
AS SHOWN BY STATISTICS
The table? here submitted show better than any
startling progress being made in
the art of flight at the present day.
The first table shows the progression of the
world's record for duration of flight.
In 1S90. 1S91 and 1S97, Ader is said to have torn
himself free from the earth for a few seconds in
his steam-driven bat-shaped monoplanes, and in
1S94, Maxim's giant machine apparently lifted itself for some moments clear of the rails it was
words could the

ships,

but

don't see

many around."

Xor

did

one see many automobiles around fifteen years

ago. and now it keeps one busy to get out of their
way. There is nothing more convincing in the
way of argument than statistics: the only way in
which figures can lie is when they are of doubtful
or questionable

Such is not the case for those here presented by

these statistics are the first of the kind
ever published in so comprehensive or accurate
manner: they were not compiled from other lists
and tables published elsewhere^ but have been
prepared with special care for this publication.
and have been checked and confirmed from evenpossible source.
It will be noticed that some of
the flights were timed to the fiftK of a second,
whilst others, among the long ones, were timed
merely with an approximation of s minute or so.
but in every case the most reliable figures are
given and any doubtful performance has been rigidly excluded.

Aircraft:

Figiires are dry reading to the majoritj'. but

their eloquence to those appreciative of their im-

port

is irresistible.

If they are not on the record-list it is because

no time was taken of these earliest hops of artificial birds and because there is no proof that they
were under control at the time. We cannot share,
however, the disbelief manifested by many, in
these early results obtained by steam-driven machines. The eWdence either direct or circumstantial is too clear, and. without wishing to detract
from the merit of late experimenters. Aircraft

takes the opportunity to offer this tribute to those

great pioneers, Clement Ader and Sir Hiram S.

Maxim.
The other
1909

over

tables deal only

190S.

\\'ith

the progress of
the fifit also

The second one juxtaposes

made in either year;

teen longest flights

list of ever?* other flight made in iqoQ exceeding an hour in duration. Altogether fifty-six
such flights were made in 1900. compared with
eleven in 190S. and nt>ne previous to 190S. The
third table shows the various countries in which
the better known a\-iators have fiown prior to
December 31st last, spreading the doctrine of
man's emancipation from the shackles of gravity.
Since January- ist many of these men have flown
in other countries, and new men have acquired

gives a

international reputations. The fourth table show-s

the five men who had made flights exceeding ten
minutes in duration in 190S, and the thirty-four
who had flown for over half an hour at a stretch
prior to 1910.
ist many names could be added
Yan den Bom, Efimoff, Olieslaegers,

Since January
to this list:

Gaudart, preWously almost, or

abators, have recently made
an hour. Glenn H. Curtiss
also passed the hour mark at the recent meet at
Los Angeles.
Scores of men are fl>-ing daily in Europe, scores
are preparing to fly here, and it does not require
a particularly keen prophet to foresee that aeroplanes will soon be " seen around " by those who
so far are only acquainted \Wih them 1
Metrot.

Chavez,

totallv, unkno^\n as
flights of more than

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

73

RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION AS SHOWN BY STATISTICS

Progression of World's Record for Duration of Flight of Heavier-than-Alr Machir
.W. Wright. Kitty Hawk, N. C.

I.

.0. Wright.
.0. Wright.
W. or O. Wright, near Dayton, Ohio.
.

.O. Wright.

.W. W^ right,
.

O. "VVright. Fort Myer, Virgii

December
August

R. Sommer, M'

rmelon, France.
Rheims, France.
near Rheims, France.
Mourmelon, France.

.L. Paulhan, ne
.

*Officially timed.

II.

Increase in Length of Best Flights

fOfficially

timed up to

Made

H. Paulhan
H. Rougier

W.Wright
W.Wright
W. Wright

54' 53" 2-5

O.
O.

"

52"
26" 1-5
15"

O.

W.
O.
O.

31"
37" 3-5
03" 1-5
32"

W.
O.

30

"
"

Wright
Wright

W. Wright
W. Wright

3-5

09 45

18

September

12
II

October
September

10
6
9
9

H. Farman
H. Farman

Where the Various

III.

U.S.A.

W^right

1903-04-05-08-09
O. Wright

U.
1

Curtiss

S.

Bleriot

H. Farman
P. de Caters

Legagneux
Moore- Brabazon
Zipfel

1909

1908

1906-07-08-09

McCurdy
F. J.

IV. Increase

Aviators

j>

th<

who made
;

Aviators

flights

of

11'

Denmark

1909

1909

1909

27' is"
17' 21" 2-5

October

December
September
August
October

December

Belgium, Germany, England.

Germany, England, Belgii

England

Germany, England, Belgian

Russia
1909

Bregi.
Le Blon.
.

Germany,

England.

Denmark, Sweden.
Lefebvre

Holland, France.

Fernandez

England,

Willard
Metrot

U.
Fr

S.

A., Canada.
Algeria
,

Russia
Belgiu
Englai

Gaudart
Shreck

England.

Lambert
von Engelhardt.

Denmark, Germany, England.

J.

O. Wright

de Lesseps

P. de Caters
L. Bleriot
S. F. Cody

Mortimer-Singer.

Le Blon
..

Lieut, Humphreys.
E. Chateau
T-

Balsan

Lahm

M. Farman

Hon.

C. Rolls

Frey
Lieut. Calderara.
E. Bunau-Varilla

41'
36'
35'
35'

34'
33' 03" 4-5
30'
" 4-5

Others who in 1909 have made flights of over ten

minutes in duration are: de Eaeder, Graham White,
McCurdy, F. J. Baldwin. Willard, Hamilton. SantosDumont. Ruchonnet. Demanest, Metrot. Koechlin,
Kinet, Shreck, Guvot, Cockburn, Moore-Brabazon,
Zipfel, Gaudart, Osmont, Molon, Cagno, Payelli,
Bibesco, Hanriot. Richet. the late Captain Ferber,
Dufour, Sanchez Besa. Valleton, Pequet, etc., etc.,
etc.

G. H. Curtiss
(1908)

Gobron

E. Lefebvre
G. Legagneux
A. Leblanc
H. Bregi

P. Tissandier
:

France, Germany, Austria.

"
Switzerland.

H. Fournier

C. de

Hans Grade

2o'2i"i-5

Sommer
Balsan

December

Denmark.

Lieut.

"

August
.

Italy.

Prevoteau
Dufour
Speckner

49' 20"
41' 36"
32'

"

Germany.

Paulhan
H. Rougier
L. Delagrange

"

Italy.

J.

May

Portugal
1909

flights exceeding thirty minutes

duration prior to January 1st, 1910.
H. Farman
4 hrs. 17' 53" 2-S

O. Wright
P. Tissandier

R.

Sommer.

Sweden

i-

2
2

September
October
September

J.

Molon.

Belgium

Those who made

Sommer
W. Wright
H. Latham

Cody
H. Farman
H. Latham

L. Paulhan
L. Paulhan

October

1909
1909
1909
Austria Hungary Roumania Turkey
1909
1909
1909
1909
1909
England
Germany
U. S. A.
1909
1908
1909
Turkey
Egypt
Russian Poland
Russia
1909
1909
1909
1909

in

July

Lieut. Humphreys
E. Chateau
L. Paulhan

"

July

1909

Competent

L. Bleriot

Sommer

H. Latham
M. Singer

September

Latham
Germany

Belgium

1909

44*32"
30*27"

R.

Paulhan
Rougier
Leblanc

1909

hrs. 20' 23"

hr. i4"2o"

"
"
"

1908

H. Farman
L. Delagrange

July

Germany

exceeding ten minutes

O. Weight

R.

1909

Denmark

prior to January ist, 1909.

2

December

Italy

Canada

Number

July

September
August
H. Latham ..,,... June
L. Paulhan
July
von Engelhardt
October
R. Sommer
August
L. BltSriot
October

Have Flown

France
1908-09

Single Year of 1909

W. Wright

L.

de Lesseps

R. Sommer
H. Farman
H. Latham
O. Wright
H. Farman

Canada

U. S. A.
1908
U. S. A.
190S

Baldwin

October

L. Paulhan

Germany

Denmark

Ellehammer

November

H. Latham

August
October

90 ^-04-05-08-09
1 909
Italy
France
U. S. A.
1908-09
1909
1909

France
Italy
1907-08-09
1908
France England Italy
1907-08-09 1909 1909
France
Belgium
1907-08-09
1908
Belgium Germany
1908-09
1909
France
Austria
1908-09
1909
England
France
1908-09
1909
France
Germany

Delagrange

October

O. Wright

One Hour

Germany.

A.

December

L. Bleriot

August
September

Paulhan

L.

J.

November

H. Latham
P. de Caters

H. Farman
H. Rougier

O. Wright

29

H. Farman

in darkness.

August
October
December

September

H. Latham
H. Rougier

Fifteen Longest Flights.

W.

ended

F. S.

1909
53" 2-5

T.

October
3
September
24
"

H. Farman

O. Wright

October
i o
September
28
"

Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright

flight

R. Sommer
August
H. Latham
R. Sommer
Ch. de Lambert ...
Capt. von Engelhardt,
November
R. Sommer
August
P. Tissandier

Fifteen Longest Flights.

23" 1--S
December
31
W. Wright
"

hr.

hr. 3.04' 56" 2-5;

L. Delagrange

1908

H. Farma:

..

Women who flew in 1909: Mme. de Laroche. Mile.

Dutrieu: others learning: Miles. Marvingt, Aboukaia.
Misses Spencer- Kavanagh, D. Leavitt.

AIRCRAFT

74

A.

April, igio

HOLLAND FORBES
YACHTSMAN AND AERONAUT

^rt^HERE

^tS
^!^
^^^^

not a more enthusiastic balloonist in the United

perhaps in the entire world, than A. Holland

is

States, or

New York, who, on account of his many trips

skyward, has been dubbed by newspaper and magazine

Forbes, of

writers the ''Cow-boy of the Air."

Mr. Forbes has made numerous ascensions both in this country

and Europe. On October 12, ipog, he won the Lahm Cup by

covering a distance of 697.17 miles in nineteen hours, starting
from St. Louis and finishing twenty

dirigibles and aeroplanes is resulting the

Ballooning in the United States is in
air.
Mr.
Forbes, and as a sport it is unapproachits
able, and it is only a question of time when all men and women,
who can afford it, will take it up as a recreation. It is his
opinion that there is nothing to equal ballooning as a general
Mr. Forbes says that the percentage of fatalihealth restorer.
ties in ballooning during the past hundred years is far below

experimenting
concjuest

of

with

the

infancy, saj'S

the average loss

he

ing.

used but twenty bags of

an
sand, which made

ties

On

ginia.

trip

this

average loss of one bag

Conqueror

"

two

cination

at

says he,

Germany, and
world-wide

at-

balloon

Berlin,

when

tention

fall

sustaining

any

they

that

ing

crashed

Forbes, will do

is

dianapolis last June, Mr.

Mr.

aide,

his

Harmon,
staying

with

together

Forbes,

Clifford

succeeded
in

the

air

"

New

to

comes

into

direct

Nature

in

The

touch

all

her

delights

yet been adequately

He was

the donor of the

Forbes Trophies of the Perpetual Challenge Cup for a point-topoint race.

In his latest balloon " Viking," which he expects to
launch in June, Mr. Forbes hopes to set a record for distance
that will stand for years to come.
]\Ir. A. Holland Forbes is one of the Governors of the Aero
Club of America, and Vice-President of the Aero Corporation,
Ltd., which is the business end of the Aero Club of America he is.
a member of the New York Yacht Club and an expert sailor he
;

cars.
He is the
& Company, Ltd.,
He
corporations.

and owns many

President of the publishing house of Forbes

New

listen

of this sport have never

de-

H0LL.^ND FORBES

York,"

also interested in automobiles

Supreme Being than

splendor.

for

thereby winning the Endurance race.

is

to

that there

the preaching he

with

in

thirty-six hours with his

balloon

man

i\Ir.

more

may
during his
whole life, since he

all

In-

at

says

balloon,

in

International
race

The sun-

and there, are inspirations in themselves.

Twenty-four hours spent

convince a
the

very

the

rise,
the lower clouds,
moonlight flickering
through the clouds here

scent.

In

takes hold

It

from

the

through the top of a

house in the rapid de-

Endurance

a hard thing

ascension.

first

notwithstand-

injuries,

fas-

ballooning,

of
is

one

of

Forbes and his aide, Mr.

Augustus Post, to make

memorable

of

and

The

aerial trip.

about 4,000 feet above

the ground, causing Mr.

without

only

to express to those who

have never made an

at-

burst

it

JNIr.

yachting

attention,

ballooning.

en-

to
are

worthy

sports

race

tional

their

there

Interna-

in

tracted

was

the

tered

the fatali-

According
Forbes

to

be a splendid record.
In 1908, his balloon
"

travel-

of

that

water.

five miles traveled,

which is considered by
generally

life

any

taken
have
place have been caused
by men trying to pass
of
bodies
over
large

of sand to every thirty-

balloonists

means
Most of

other

low Richmond, Vir-

of

through

sustained

be-

miles

York, and a director of several large

resides in New York during the winter and

at

his

beautiful

country place, " Garden Court," Fairfield, Conn., in the summer.

When asked recently what the balloon has done toward progress, i\Ir. Forbes said that through the balloon and its development came the dirigible, and from the knowledge gained by

it is quite impossible to do so.

Mr. Forbes emphasizes the fact that no one should take a
drink of liquor of any kind, either before getting into a balloon
previous to making a flight, or while he is in the air. He says
his height record is 18,300 feet, and the only bad effects of the
air he has ever taken any notice of have been while dropping
from a high to a lower level, which would cause a snapping

scribed and

sound in his ears. He studies air-currents in a scientific way,

and hopes, through the knowledge he has already attained in
this work, to be able to win the world's balloon championship in
the International race this year.

This race takes place next October, probably from St. Louis,
The winds are
will no doubt be chosen as it was in 1907.
usually westerly at that time of the year, and should Mr. Forbes's
big gas-bag be driven before a southwestern breeze, the chances of

which

his landing near the

mouth

of the St.

Lawrence and smashing the

world's record of 1,193^ miles will be very strong indeed.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

75

THE WRIGHTS' CONTENTIONS GROUNDLESS

By Louis Paulhan
IT

is

naturally with a

learned on setting foot on

Amer-

efiforts would be
Wright Brothers to
prevent me from flying on the
ground tliat my machines were an

ican

soil,

made hy

that

straightaway

Neither

standard

before

type

my

December.

taking

Bleriots at
I

have

Pan

is

never
other-

wise secured.
I have cannot, therefore, be in question at all.
Farmans. I cannot for the life of me see how they

Bleriots

when one

In the Wright aeroplane,

brake effect

side
is

is

warped down

so pronounced on

that side that the rear rudder has to be used to prevent the

chine turning around the warped side.

flaps,

When

Why

ma-

they should think

such as mine, should do the

down an aileron to selift on that side I obtain the lift and no retarding cifcct
produced to warrant my using my rear rudder.
I never use this rudder for this purpose in straightaway flight,
never having occasion to do so.
thing, I don't

know.

pull

cure a
is

One

my

of

arises

made

to

counsel holds that the reason this occasion never

that as the ailerons fly normally perfectly freely in the

is

line of the

wind, their lifting effect commences directly they are

angle with it, and a very small angle is all that

make any

needed to secure a lift in the small angles the lifting effect is

immensel}' greater than the brake effect, the latter being wholly
is

in

conjunction with

when

my

any reason

for

it

is,

ailerons to re-

it

is

affected in

flight.

there necessity in the

Farman

for the simultaneous

use of these controls in turning.

I

can make quite wide turns by lifting up one side through the
usually

sharp turn that

is

make turns through

alone, like a ship does,

and

may make

is

it

only

started, letting the aileron

the use of the rear rudder

if I

want

to

make

a very

use of an aileron as well as the rud-

being used to secure a greater tilt.

do consider necessary, however, is to lower the forward horizontal rudder or stabilisator when about to make a turn.
I invariably do this and make the turn as the biplane dips.
That is one reason it is a good idea to fly high another is that
the air-currents are much more steady than on the surface, as the
der, the aileron

What

of the

natural or artificial asperities

earth's

sudden and dangerous gusts and whirlpools

can be considered infringements of the Wright Brothers' patent

same

rudder

use of the aileron, and once the turn

flown in an aeroplane with warp-

aeroplanes using " ailerons " or

is

my

equilibrium,

go, but

last

to reestablish equilibrium, the

well be the scientific explanation, but whatever

I had removed the usual devices

for
warping the wings which
form part of the Bleriot XI of

ing wings and prefer machines in which lateral control

of igo6.

my

establish

the

possession of

.\s to the

may

do not use

infringement of theirs.

the

The

This

good deal

of surprise and annoyance that

am

glad that

am

surface cause the

in the air.

being given a further opportunity of show-

ing America what can be done in the line of flying with high-

and aeronautic motors.

The machine I have is built by Henry Farman, whose competency in aviation matters is certainly equal to that of any man
living.
If anything is disposed in a certain way on the maclass aeroplanes

for some special purpose; the special disposition of the

and their being allowed to fly behind like flags when not
no exception to this rule.
The motor is one of the famous Gnome revolving motors designed by the Brothers Seguin in the nine or ten months I have
been flying I have never used any other on my biplanes.
The impressions I have had of my American trip have naturally

chine

it

is

ailerons

in use, is

been affected by the efforts made to stop my flights, but I still

hope that ere I return to France the removal of these restrictions will have enabled me to leave with a pleasant impression of
my journey across the Atlantic.

negligible in fact.

were normally

an angle of several degrees

had been further
lowered, the brake or retarding effect would be very noticeable
indeed, for its proportion to the lifting power would be much
greater and I might have to use my rudder just as the Wrights
If the ailerons

and no

lifting effect

was

at

available until they

use theirs.

COVRTS DECISION OF FEBRVARY

THE WRIGHT PAVLHAN SVIT

CRITICISM OF THE
IN
By

A LIMITATION
upon

Israel

imposed by

th
desire not to
it
would be
space, whic
riticism of the opinjld occupy, requires
of the
the mere enumeration ot some of the errors which
will be relied upon on appeal rather than an extended
argument.
In
the
points made,
the
Wright Company is hereafter referred to as the
complainant and Louis Paulhan as the defendant.
The Wright Brothers" patent of May 22, 1906, is
referred to as the patent-in-suit.
It was error of the Circuit Court to hold:
I'.espass

the

I. That to aggregate in
rudder and mechanism fo
yention, when both had be

many

in

II.

the

aeroplane a vertical
control was inpreviously described

side

publications.

That the patent-in-suit was not limited to

structure
illustrated
and described

exact

therein.
III. That the complainants were entitled to the
exclusive right to a " three-rudder system of con-

Ludlow, One

of

Paulhan's Counsel

such
is made to
trol." when no distinct
invention in the patent-in-suit.
IV. That the use of the old rear vertical rudder
to counteract the revolution of the aeroplane about.
its vertical axis, caused
wing of tlie aeroplane,
patentable structure.
claim

17th

AIRCRAFT

76

April, igio

THE INTERNAL WORK OF THE WIND

By

S. P.

Continued from the March Aircraft

Experiments With the Use

of

Special Apparatus

anemometer (let us supRobinson's anemometer, for il-

the ordinary use of the

pose

it

to be

kistration), the registry

as once a minute

of the United States

tration

is

made

of each mile

is

seldom taken as often

thus, in the ordinary practice

Weather Bureau, the

regis-

at the completion of the passage

wind.

of

fluctuations of the wind,

be very rapid
obviously desirable,

there

If
it

is

order to detect them, to observe the instruat very brief intervals, e. g., at least every

in

ment

second, instead of every minute or every hour, and

ob^'ious that in order to take up

it

is

equally

and indicate the changes which

Langley
The wind velocities during this period of observation ranged
from about 10 to 25 miles an hour, and the frequency of measurement was every 7 to 17 seconds. If, on the one hand, owing
to the weight and inertia of the anemometer, this is far from
doing justice

to

the actual irregularities of the wind; on the

other, it equally shows that the wind was far from being a body
of even approximate uniformity of motion, and that, even when
considered in quite small sections, the motion was found to be

irregular almost

certainly

beyond conception

tion; for this record

is

beyond anticipa-

not selected to represent an extraordi-

nary breeze, but the normal movement of an ordinary one.

By an application of these facts, to be presented later, I then
reached by these experiments the conclusion that it was theoretically possible to cause a heavy body, wholly immersed in the
wind, to be driven in the opposite direction, e. g., to move east
while the wind was blowing west, without the use of any pov/er

other than that which the wind itself furnished, and this even
by the use of plane surfaces, and without taking the advantage of
the more advantageous properties of curved ones.
This power, I further already believed myself warranted by
these experiments in saying, could be obtained by the movements
of the air in the horizontal plane alone, even without the utilization of currents having an

upward

trend.

But

was obliged

and did not resume these interesting observations until the 3'ear 1893.
Although the anemometer used at Allegheny served to illusto turn to other occupations,

occur

in

these brief

intervals,

the

instrument should have as

tending to falsify the

momentum

little

inertia

facts,

by rendering the record more uniform than would other-

as

possible,

its

wise be the case.

In 1887 I made use of the only apparatus at command, an ordinary small Robinson's anemometer, having cups 3 inches (7,5
centimeters) in diameter, the centre of the cups being 654 inches
(16^ centimeters) from the centre of rotation. This was placed
at the top of a mast 53 feet (16.2 metres) in height, which was
planted in the grounds of the Allegheny Observatory, on the
summit of a hill which rises nearly 400 feet (122 metres)

flat

above the valley of the Ohio River. It was, accordingly, in a situation exceptionally free from those irregularities of the wind

which are introduced by the presence of trees and of houses,

or of inequalities of surface.

Every twenty-fifth revolution of the cups, was registered by

an electric circuit, and the registry was made on the
chronograph of the Observatory by a suitable electric connection, and these chronograph sheets were measured, and the reclosing

sults

18S7,

tabulated.
is

portion of the record obtained on July

given on Plate

the ordinates

wind

the

I,

velocities.

abscissje representing time,

The observed

16,

and

points represent the

wind's velocities as computed from the intervals between each

successive electrical
sheets,

contact,

and for convenience

as

measured on the chronograph

in following the succession of ob-

served points they are here joined by straight lines, though it

is hardly necessary to remark that the change in velocity is in
fact, though quite sharp, yet not in general discontinuous, and the
straight lines here used for convenience do not imply that the

rate of change of velocity

is

uniform.

t,

1893, at the Smithsonian

(paper cups) registeting evety revolution.

=
Ordinates =
Abscissa;

Time*.

Wind

velocities in miles per hour.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

77

ployed one of the same size as the standard pattern, weighing

48 grammes, having a moment of inertia of 11,940 gr. cm.", and
finally I constructed one of one-half the diameter of the standard
employing cones instead of hemispheres, weighing 5
grammes, and having a moment of inertia of but 300 gr. cm.'

pattern,

In

the

especially

light instruments, the electric record was

every half-revolution, on an ordinary astronomical
chronograph, placed upon the floor of the Tower, connected with
the anemometers by an electric circuit.
Observations were made
on January 14, 1893, during a light wind having a velocity of

made

at

from g to 17 miles an hour; on January 2Sth and 26th, during

moderate wind having a velocity of from 16 to 28 miles an
liour; and February 4th and 7th, during a moderate and high
wind ranging from 14 to 36 miles an hour. Portions of these
a

observations are given on Plates

II,

III,

and IV.

tion of the record obtained with the standard

short por-

Weather Bureau

anemometer during a high northwest wind

is given on Plate V.
A prominent feature presented by these diagrams is that the
higher the absolute velocity of the wind, the greater the relative
fluctuations which occur in it.
In a high wind the air moves in
a tumultuous mass, the velocity being at one moment perhaps
40
miles an hour, then diminishing to an almost instantaneous calm,

and then resuming.*

The fact that an absolute

local calm can momentarily occur

during the prevalence of a high wind, was vividly impressed
upon me during the observations of February 4th, when chancing to look up to the light anemometer, which was revolving

so

rapidly that the cups were not separately distinguishable, I

*An example

of

a very rapid change

may

be seen on Plate IV., at

12 ^

Wind velocities recorded February

4, 1S93. at the

Smithsoniaa Institution with a light Robinson

(paper cups) registering every revolution.

= Time,
Ordinatcs = Wind vclodties in miles per hour.
AbscisKc

trate the essential

fact of the rapid and continuous fluctuations

of even the ordinary and comparatively uniform wind, yet owing
to the inertia of the arms and cups, which tended to equalize

the

rate

(the

gr. cm.'),

moment

and to the

twenty-fifth

of

inertia

was approximately 40,000

was only made at every

fact that the record

revolution,

the

internal

changes

in

the

component of the wind's motion, thus representing

work, were not adequately recorded.

its

horizontal
potential

In January, 1893, I resumed these observations at Washington

with apparatus with which I sought to remedy these defects,
using as a station the roof of the north tower of the Smitlisonian Institution building, the top of the parapet being 142 feet
(43-3 metres) above the ground, and the anemometers, which
were located above the parapet, being 153 feet (46.7 metres)

above the ground. I placed them in charge of Mr. George E.

Curtis, with instructions to take observations under the conditions of light, moderate,

was,
size,

and high winds.

The apparatus used

Weather Bureau Robinson anemometer of standard

with aluminum cups. Diameter to centre of cups,
34 centifirst,

meters

diameter of cups, 10.16 centimeters

weight of arms
approximate of inertia, 40,710 gr. cm."
second instrument was a very light anemometer, having
paper, cups of standard pattern and diameter, the weight of arms
and cups being only 74 grammes, and its moment of inertia, 8,604
;

and cups, 241 grammes

gr. cm.'

With

when

it

this

was

ceeded in

its

number of observations were taken,

in a gale.
It was sucmy own construction, which was conThis was also blown away. I afterward em-

instrument, a
lost

by being blown away

use by one of

siderably lighter.

:brua/y 4, 1893, at the Smithsonian Institution with a light Robinson

(paper cups) registering every revolution.

Abscissa:

Ordinatcs

= Time.
= Wind velocities in

miles per hour.

12.23

P.M.

AIRCRAFT

78

April, igio

saw them completely stop for an instant, and then resume their
previous high speed of rotation, the whole within the fraction

CHURCH
AEROPLANE
COMPANY
BROOKLYN,

This confirmed the suspicion that the chronographic

of a specially light anemometer, but at most imperfectly notes the sharpness of these internal changes.
Since
of a second.

record, even

measured interval between two electric contacts is the datum

computing the velocit}', an instantaneous stoppage, such as
I accidentally saw, will appear on the record simply as a slowing of the wind, and such very significant facts as that just
noted, will be necessarily slurred over, even by the most sensithe
for

tive apparatus of this kind.

However, the more frequent the contacts, the more nearly an

may be measured, and I have, as
have stated, provided that they should be made at every halfrevolution of the anemometer, that is, as a rule, several times a
exact record of the fluctuations

N. Y.

second.*
I

Heavier-Than-Air Machines
Separate Parts
Working Models
Flying Models
Aeronautic Specialties

now

the reader's attention to the actual records

invite

an

The heavy line through points A, B, and C, represents the

ordinary record of the wind's velocity as obtained from a standard Weather Bureau anemometer during the observations recording the passage of two miles of wind. The velocity, which
was, at the beginning of the interval considered, nearly 23 miles

the

wind

surface,

WHITE-WOOD,

SPRUCE,

BIRCH,

ETC.

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS
MODELS
Made

to

fell

during" the course of the first mile to a

at

one pound

to the foot diameter.

deed indicates, but with such nearly uniform movement that its
rate of advance is, during any such brief time as two or three
minutes, under ordinary circumstances, approximately uniform.
This, then,
"

wind

"

may

be called the " wind," that

practically continuous flow

turn to the record

Ready

to

is

The wind

Assemble.

the conventional
its

aspect as a

When, however,

alone considered.

made with

the specially light anemometer,

every second, of this same wind,

onds more

we

find

an entirely

dift'er-

starting with the velocity of 23

10 minutes

18 seconds, rose within

speed.

and within 10

then

rose

sec-

within

30
seconds to a velocity of 36 miles an hour, and so on, with alternate risings and fallings, at one time actually stopping; and,
as

KNOCKED DOWN FRAMES

is,

of treatises upon aerodynamics, where

10 seconds to a velocity of 23 miles an hour,

6 inches to lo feet.

over

such elevations as this (47 metres) above the earth's

it is free from the im.mediate vicinity of disturb-

miles an hour at 12 hours

from Selected Honduras Mahogany,

little

the ordinarj' anemometric record of

where

ent state of things.

Scientifically Built

is

it is popularly supposed to move

with occasional variation in direction, as the weather-cock in-

at

PR^OPELLER^S

This

ing irregularities, and where

we

Order from Working Drawings

minutes of the diagram plotted on

Plate III.

an hour,

ALUMINUM TUBING, RATTAN, BAMBOO,

5^

illustration the first

20 miles an hour.

Supplies for Model Builders

of

rapid changes that take place in the wind's velocity, selecting as

the

to

its

initial

It

reader maj' easily observe, passing" through

maxima and
a

fell

maximum

as

to

18 notable

many notable minima, the average interval from

a minimum being a little over 10 seconds, and the

average change of velocity in this time being about 10 miles an

In the lower left-hand corner of Plate III is given a

hour.

AGENTS Wanted
To

take Orders for our

Working Models and Flying Toys

Liberal

Address

all

Commissions

communications

N.

observe, that almost innumerable minor maxima and minima

presented themselves, which the drawing caimot depict.

to

CHURCH AEROPLANE COMPANY

BROOKLYN,

conventional representation of these fluctuations, in which this

average period and amplitude is used as a type. The above are
facts, the counterpart of which may be noted by anyone adopting
It is hardly necessary to
the means the writer has employed.

Y.

in

In order to insure clearness of perception, the reader will bear

mind that the diagram does not represent the velocities which

obtained coincidentallv, along the length of two miles of wind

we may note the

error of the

EVERETT V. CHURCH
ALBERT C. TRIACA
H. S.

RENTON,

49

Wabash

President and Manager

Aeronautical

Ave., Chicago

Engineer
.

Agent

will,

if

that the or-

frictionless,

rate at which this inertia is overcome, and this velocity changed, is plainly
a function of the density of the fluid, which density, we also see reason to
Though it is
suppose, itself varies incessantly and with great rapidity.
probable that no form of barometer n use does justice to the degree of
change of this density, owing to thi s rapidity, we cannot, nevertheless,
sappose it to exceed certain limits, ai d we may treat the present records,
made with an anemometer of such xceptional lightness, as being comparatively unaffected by these changes in density, though they exist.
i

CATALOG FREE ON REQUEST

common assumption

correctly measure
the
:ity of the wind, for the existence of " vis inertiae," it is now seen.
is not indifferent, but plays a most ir iportant part where the velocity suffers such great and frequent changes a s we here see it does, and where the

nemometer, however heavy,

"

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
represented, nor the changes

velocity experienced

by a

79

single

moving particle during the given interval, but that it is a picture

of the velocities which were in this wind at the successive instants of its passing the fixed anemometer, which velocities, in-

THE

deed, were probably nearly the same for a few seconds before and
after registry, but which incessantly passed into, and were re-

ROBERTSON

placed by others, in a continuous flow of change. But although

the observations do not show the actual changes of velocity

any given

v/hich

particle

experiences in any assigned interval,

these fluctuations cannot be materially difl'erent in character from

those which are observed at a fixed point, and are shown in the

AERONAUTIC

diagram. It may perhaps still further aid us in fixing our ideas,

to consider two material particles as starting at the same time
the one moving with the uniform
o\-er this two-mile course

SCHOOL

hour (a feet per second), which is the

average velocity of this wind as observed for the interval between 12 hours 10 minutes iS seconds, and 12 hours 15 minutes
45 seconds, on February 4th the other, during the same interval,
having the continuously changing velocities actually indicated by
the light anemometer as shown on Plate III. Their positions at
any time may, if desired, be conveniently represented in a diagram, w-here the abscissa of any point represents the elapsed
time in seconds, and the ordinates show the distance, in feet,
The path of
of the material particle from the starting-point.
the first particle will thus be represented by a straight line, while
irregularly
curved line,
particle
will
be
an
path
of
the
second
the
at one time above, and at another time below, the mean straight
velocity of 22.6 miles an

line

described,

just

but terminating in coincidence with

the end of the interval.

now,

as this second particle, that

inelastic fluid,

Reconstructors
Repairers

at

the particles in two miles

all

Builders

Conductors of Experimental

Work

simultaneously accelerated and retarded in the

of wind were

same way

If,

it

THE ROBERTSON AERIAL CO.

and moved

is,

if

the

wind were an

Machines

built

from your own design

like a solid cylinder, the velocities re-

corded by the anemometer would be identical with those that

But the actual cirobtained along the whole region specified.
jtcumstances must evidently be far different from

an

'air is

elastic

and nearly perfect

fluid,

this,

since the

and rarefaction. Hence the successive velocities of any given

particle (which are in reality the resultant of incessant changes
in all directions), must be conceived as evanescent, taking on
something like the sequence recorded by these curves, a very brief
time before this air reached the anemometer, and losing it as
soon after.
It has not been my purpose in this paper to enter upon any inquiry as to the cause of this non-homogeneity of the wind. The
irregularities of the surface topography (including buildings, and
every other surface obstruction) are commonly adduced as a
sufficient

wind

We

can furnish you with

parts

all

to

build any

type of flying machine from a tack to an Aviator.

AERONAUTIC SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT

explanation of the chief irregularities of the surface

yet I believe that, a considerable distance above the earth'?

one mile), the wind may not even be appro.ximately homogeneous, nor have an even flow for while, if we
consider air as an absolutely ela.stic and frictionless fluid, any
motion impressed upon it would be preserved forever, and the
actual irregularities of the wind would be the results of changes
made at any past time, however remote; so long as we admit
that the wind, without being absolutely elastic and frictionless,
is nearl}' so, it seems to me that we may consider that the incessant alterations, which it here appears make the " wind," are
due to past impulses and changes which are preserved in it, and
which die away with very considerable slowness. If this be the
case, it is less difficult to see how even in the upper air, and at
every altitude, we might expect to find local variations, or pulsations, not unlike those which we certainly observe at minor altitudes above the ground.*
surface

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

subject to condensation

(c.

Our

school

g.

vision of

is

conducted directly under the super-

Mr. D.

W.

Robertson,

founder of the

In this connection reference

of Helmholtz,

may be made

on Atmospheric Movements,

to the notable investigations

SitzuTiysbericfUej

Berlin,

i883-

largest

Automobile school

school

is

course of

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its

in

Philadelphia.

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equipped to give the most complete

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

AIRCRAFT

8o

April, igio

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AIRCRAFT

April, igio

8i

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AIRCRAFT

April, igio

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Trial

United States of

also building Air Ships, Gliders

Flying Models of other types, and

signs.

in the

who

wish to furnish their

I.H.MacALMAN
Agent

for

W.

Starling Burgess Co., Ltd.

Showrooms, 96 Massachusetts Ave,

BOSTON, MASS.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
10 cents

^ JVew York ^,^

^finn
NEW FIRE-l^ROOF

PATENTS

line

ai.

Seven Words to Line

Nothing Less than 6 Lines Accepted

FLY! THAT'S THE THING!

BENNETT S. JONES

CASH WITH ORDER

10 per cent. Discount for Six Consecutive
Insertions all credited sixth insertion

size,

witli

or without motor splendid workmanship.

dress J. A., care Ajkckait.

Ad-

up-to-date business managrer for

Printed copies of Airship patents lOc. each

full

WANTED. An

aeroplane company.

Seventh Ave.

BUSINESS

* Stlx Street

.>1EN.
FAMlLrES.
TOURISTS
ilaximum of I^uxury at Minimum of Cost

PATENT ATTORNEY
Victor Building:, Washington, D.C.
Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT
your invention on a Hying; machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice Free.

CURTISS-TVPE AEROPLANE,

NAVARRE

WRITE TO-DAY!

Cash bond required. Ap-

ply B. F. M., care Aircraft.

OR SALE. One
Aerial Engine

40 h. p. Eight Cylinder Curtiss

in good running order.
Price,

Address Box

$735.00.

iSS,

Monett. iMo.

HAVE designed a flying

machine which combines

I an aeroplane and helicopter. This machine will
rise straipfht up in the air without a running start

PATENTS

the planes being turned edgewise offer little resistance in the air when raising and when the desired
height is reached they are pitched forward, thus
sustaining the weight of the machine.
The propellers are thus pitched forward and used exclusively for driving the machine ahead.
From results
obtained from several small models I think it will
make a great success. I would like to communicate

with a gentleman

money who would

of

like

Advice and Books free.

THAT PROTECT
AND PAY

Rales Reasonable.

Highest References

Best Services

WATSON

E.

COLEMAN,

612 F St. N.W.,

10

lawyer

Patent

WASHINGTON, D.C.

the building of a large one.

Address
B., care of Aircraft, 37 E. jSth Street, New

finance
J.

W.

York.

DISCOVERED

something which has a greater

lifting power than hydrogen, the lightest known
Will divulge the long-looked-for knowledge to party with capital, interested in U. S. Patent 939,651, which has directly opposed aeroplanes
united together and having a body mounted for
tilting movement between said planes, a propeller at the forward end of the body, adjustable for
steering purpose, propellers arranged centrally within the planes for rendering momentum, means operating the said propeller in unison a tail piece for
steering if the motor gives out, means of forming a
ball and socket connection between the tail piece and
the rear end of the body.

ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT

New Dutch Grill Rooms. Larprest in the City

element.

Electric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

EUROPEAN PLAN

A Room with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

A Larger Room with a Bath for $2. 00 and $2. 50

where two persons occupy one room

$1.00 extra will

"World Famed." South Bend.

Ind,

SOARING BLADES
Made
to

They

if

motor stops over 20 miles

prevents

Blue

accidents.

p. h.,

For terms apply

to

By Aeroplane

thousands of

or

made

to your

feet in the sky.

110 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts

GREEN'S ENGINE
BUILT FOR THE JOB
EVERY part of

the Green Aerial Engine is designed especially for the

intended to fulfil.
It is not an automobile engine modified
do duty for aeroplane work
last it
with a special view to the peculiar
ents of
lightness, efficiency, and consistent and continuous running under full load.
Green's Aerial Carburetor embodies an entirely new principle called into
existence by the requirements of aviation.
It is one of many special parts
which go to form the Green engine, and have made it so great

purpose

or
built,

own

made

it is

to

>

Full particiilnrs sent on npplicntion.

AERO MOTORS

The GREEN'S
New

York Agent

for

1020

E.

design

Gliders, Parts anci Aeronautic Supplies in Stock

FRED SHNEIDER

Kites and Balloons

NEW YORK

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS,
MODELS, PROPELLERS
Designed and

PERKINS

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night Advertising in which enormous beams or brilliantly colored searchlight rays (visible for five miles) are thrown upon "ads " suspended

DRESSLER

R.

CONEY ISLAND

F.

Aerial Advertising

Any

prints for aeroplanes

patent rights, maintaining automatic equilibrium,

also furnished.

above prices.

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

increase the speed to nearly double the motor

which permits ghding and

full

SAMUEL

vour Aeroplane or Glider

height can safely be attained.

with

to

Order, Jlttachahle

to

power, push machine

be added

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanborn

SAMUEL WADE APPLEGATE.

irsth

St.,

New York

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

55y,

Makers

MOTOR PATENTS SYNDICATE,

BERNERS STREET, LONDON, W.

for the

Patentees: The Aster Engineering Co., Ltd.

Ltd.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

Leading Balloon and Airship Constructor

of the

World

REPRESENTING THE

CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO.

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

MAKERS OF THE FINEST AND STRONGEST BALLOON AND

AEROPLANE MATERIAL IN THE WORLD

ONE TO

FIFTY PASSENGERS
MODELS DEVELOPED

CONTRACTOR TO THE
AND

U. S.

GOVERNMENT

NINETY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE CLUBS IN THIS COUNTRY

Also Representing the Santos Dumont Aeroplane

The Wilcox Propeller

AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE

CARTON & LA CHAMBRE

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

ADDRESS

Box

181, IVIadison

New

York

Square

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

8S

PROPELLERS
"PERFECT

STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

IN
6

Ft.,

Weight

LAMINATED WOOD

SCREW

$50

b%

ANY

OUR

Ft.,

Ft.

8 Ft, $70

$60

Weight 9

lbs.

Weight 12

lbs.

TO ORDER

SIZE

PROPELLER GIVES

THRUST AT

200 Lbs.

200 R.

%. a. im. iWotors Co.

PROVIDENCE,

R.

I.

March

I,

I9IO

THE REQUA-GIBSON CO..

225 West 49th Street,
Neiu York, N.

Dear

Y.

Sirs:-

The propellers your company are manufacturing ]mfill every c.aim you make,
in fact, the

6 ft.

dia.

We

will

ft.

pitch propeller delivered to us did even better

work

than

you

need more very soon.

Respectfully

L. A.

MOTORS

W.

CO.,

Per OLIVER LIGHT.

P. S.

The

PULL we

obtained was about

210

lbs. at

1.000

to

1,050 R.

P.

M.

OLIVER LIGHT.

REQUA GIBSON CO
225

West 49th

NEW YORK
./

PHONE

7200

Street

CITY
COLUMBUS

P.

M.

lbs.

AIRCRAFT

86

April, igio

INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS
FOUNDED

1908

The First Private School Established In the World

The Only Aero Institute in U. S. A, Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

FOUNDER-DIRECTOR

ALBERT

C.

TRIACA

Aero Clubs of America, France, Italy

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department New York School ot Automobile Engineers
Pilot

THE AERODROME OF THE

With Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model

private mile track for experiments

in straight line

is

located at

Garden City, L.

(Take 34th

can be made.

I.

S. A.

Rooms.
Hempstead Plains, where flights of lo miles
Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, L. I. R.R.)
Hall, Ladies' and Juniors'

I., adjacent to

Street Ferry or

On April 3rd, Mr. A. C. Triaca, assisted by a competent

course in aviation, limited to 10 students.

staff, will

begin the

first

8 weeks' practical

Home

Study Courses in Aerostats, Dirigibles and Aviation, prepared by Lieut.-Colonel G. Espitallier

of the French Balloon Corps.
Private lessons in all branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen.
Juniors' Class with contests for Kites and Models.
S.

I.

Sole Agents

U.

S.

A. and Canada

HUE

CHAUVIERE INTEQRALE PROPELLERS, holders of the records

Aeronautical Instruments.
LEO STEVENS, Aeronaut, manufacturer COM-

the

all

(Paris)
and Aeroplanes.
LINE of Imported and Domestic Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and

for Dirigibles

PLETE

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

A.

for

Models and

full

size apparatus

made.

Estimates and consultations given.

parts.

Illustrated lectures arranged.

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines

I.

S.

A. Aerodrome, Garden City, L.

I.

(near the Garage)

PARIS OFFICE

52 Rue Scrvan, Paris

AIRCRAFT

April, igio

Henry
Are the best
the safest,

most

reliable

and easiest

FARMAN

Biplanes

FEW RECENT RECORDS

Prix de Champagne (H. Farman).

Passenger Prize (two passengers and aviator) (H. Farman).

Grand
Grand

Prize of Blackpool (H. Farman).

Speed Prize (H. Farman).

Distance and Speed Prize, Doncaster (Sommer).
Height Record by Paulhan (300 yards).
WORLD'S record distance (234 kms.) (H. Farman).
WORLD'S record time (4 hrs. 18 mins.) (H. Farman).

WORLD'S
to drive

record for Height (4,165 feet) (Paulhan).

Longest town to town record, Mourmelon Chalons and back (Paulhan).
At the Los Angeles meet Paulhan won the First Prizes for Height,
Endurance and Passenger-Carrying Contests with a Henry

Farman

Biplane.

MICHELIN CUP

Works: Camp de Chalons, Marne.

(H.

FARMAN)

Offices: 22, Av. de la

Contractors to the French

War

Grande Armee, Paris

Office

What Kind of a Motor Do You Want?

Let us answer:
2nd,

A
A

3rd,

An

1st,

reliable

motor

powerful motor

enduring motor

Curtiss Motors
Have
The Kind You Do
1st,
A motor
2nd,
3rd,

A
A

NOT

these Qualities

Want:

of "freak" construction
motor of extremely light construction
motor of unproven merit

CURTISS MOTORS ARE NOT IN THESE CLASSES

Built in All Sizes.

New

Models

Type and

of Highest

Send for Catalogue 4

Greatest Efficiency

XX

CURTISS MOTORS HAVE MADE GOOD

HERRING-CURTISS

CO.,

Hammondsport, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

April, igio
_

J5he

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH
For Balloons, Dirigibles,
Aeroplanes and Tents

Latest and

or

any other

for silk, linen, musfabric used in the manufacture of

weight per horse power.

air-craft.

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon

Sheeting.

Send for Free Sample

Ave.

cash with order.

As represented

as the best.

money

Delivery 60 days from date.

returned.

or

Orders received, 1019 Binnej^ Street, Baltimore,

From 100 pounds up; from 100 h. p. up.

Md.

A. F. P.

New York

50%

Motor guaranteed

to

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383 Third

Positively

^ero iHotor

Most Reliable
guaranteed to
run at two thousand revolutions a minute at 50%
less gasolene day in and day out.
One pound

An elastic, non-porous varnish

lin

STENZY

STENZY

THE HALL'S SAFE COMPANY

p. O.

BOX 846

Salesroom

393 BROADWAY
Between White and Walker Streets

Principal Office and Factory

CINCINNATI, OHIO

NEW YORK

Manufacturers of the HIGHEST

grade of Screw Door and Square
Door Bankers' Safes and Vaults

H. C.

Makers of

HALL PATENT (April

FIRE PROOF SAFES

Modern Aeroplanes

in all

THE GREATEST STRENGTH FOR

THE LIGHTEST POSSIBLE WEIGHT
Write us for

and Samples

Prices

Mail Orders Promptly Attended

741

BOYLSTON

I906)

hollow SPARS

Strahons
Used

3,

To

BOSTON, MASS.

ST.

New York Agent

FREDERICK

P.

SHNEIDER

1020 East 178th

Street

Rotary Motor

GNOME
The "Wizard

of Aviation"

USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

All Other Leading Foreign Aviators

Holds World's Records

DISTANCE DURATION HEIGHT SPEED

50 H.

$2600

P.

Terms

100 H.

P.

$4800

One-third cash with order, balance on delivery

SEGUIN &

CO., General Agents

1610 Wright

Building, St. Louis,

Mo.

Anticipating a big inquiry for our Motors after the Los Angeles Meet, we have made special arrangements with the factory
and are holding a few^ of our Motors subject to immediate delivery

\Y^

BOOKS
We have compiled a

list of the very best aeronautical books written in the English

Earnest students
language and offer them for sale to our readers.
of Aerial Flight should read every book in this list.

Make all Drafts, Express or Post Office Orders payable to

LA'VWSON PUBLISHING CO., 3T-39 East 28th Street, New York, U.

THE

and Natural Flight, by

Artificial,

Hiram

A.

Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory,

Sir

Maxim.

Being a description of
liis own experimental work and the devel$1.75
opment of flying machines generally
S.

S.

A popular work on
almost everything pertaining to the everyday life of the mechanic. 370 illustrations
and two chapters relating to flying
$2.00

by A. Russel Bond.

POCKETBOOK OF AERONAUTICS, by H. W. L.
Moedebeck.
aerial travel

Containing

many

Conquest of the Air, by Alphonse

features of

and a splendid text-book

for

the beginner or the aeronautical engineer.

3.25

book covering the

Berget.

history, theory

and

practice of the science of aeronautics, with

explanatory diagram and photographs.

2.50

Vehicles of the Air, by Victor Lougheed.

One

of the very latest aeronautical books,

covering almost every detail of the science
of Aviation

The Conquest of the

Rotch.
2.50

Air, by A. Lawrence

subject treated by an accepted

authority in a manner appreciated by a

popular, as well as a scientific audience.
.

Aerial Navigation, by A. F. Zahm. A book

written by one of the world's great scientists who has made an extensive study of
the aeronautical subject for the past 20 years

Airships in Peace and War, by R. P.

Hearne, with an introduction by Sir Hiram
Maxim. A popular account of the progress
made by the different countries of the
world in Aircraft

3.50

1.50

The Problem of Flight, by Herbert Chatley.

most

instructive

work written

A general sketch of the past and

present state of the art, together with its
problems, presented in a way that can be
brandt.

understood by everybody

principles of Ballooning, Aviation, Aerial

Law, Military Aeronautics, tK^aerial ocean
industrial side of flight

1.00

Airships Past and Present, by A. Hilde3.00

Aerial Navigation To-Day, by Chas. C.

Turner. A finely illustrated work on the

and the

principally

3.50

Aerodynamics, by F. W. Lanchester. Constituting the first volume of a complete

work on aerial flight, with appendices on
the velocity and momentum of sound waves,
on the theory of soaring, flight, etc

6.00

Aerodonetics, by F. W. Lanchester. Constituting the second volume of a complete

work on aerial flight, with appendices on
the theory and application of the gyroscope,
on the flight of projectiles, etc

6.00

3.50

for aerial engineers

All the World's Airships, by By Fred T.

Being the first annual issue, conJane.
taining photographs of almost every flying

The Force of the Wind, by Herbert Chatley.

A scientific treatise, dealing with the subject

of

My

wind pressure

Air Ships.

in relation to engineering

By Santos-Dumont.

thrilling story of this intrepid

1.25

built

up

to 1909

10.00

"Born Again." A philosophic novel written

by Alfred W. Lawson. Has nothing to do
with the science of aerial flight. The ninth

The

Brazilian's

wonderful success in aerial navigation, told

in an entertaining way, free from techniWith 55 full-page pictures from
cality.
12mo, 400 pages
photographs.

machine

of cloth bound copies being exhausted, a few paper cover books being
in stock can be had for fifty cents each ...

edition

1.50

.50

OUADRI-eOLOR CO., NEW YORK

\.T_

BALDWIN'S
VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

WINS
LAHM BALLOON

CUP-697MUes.

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

New

"

York"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon

35 Hrs., 12 Mins.

U.

S.

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

U.

S.

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

48 Hrs., 26 Mins.

24,200 Ft.

Harmon and
Harmon and

Post, Balloon

New

"

York''

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon "

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION PRIZE

AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
GRAND PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES
QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA
SPEED PRIZE
AEROPLANE
10-KILOM.
2nd
2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H. Curtiss
30-KILOM.

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED
"ILL

last

IN

from

THE

U.

five to six

S.

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

GOV. DIRIGIBLE

times as long as a varnished balloon.

The weight

is

always the

same, as it does not require further treatment. Heat and cold have no effect on it, and
ascensions can be made as well at zero weather as in the summer time. The chemical action of
oxygen has not the same detrimental effect on it as it has on a varnished material. Silk dcutlewalled VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL has ten times the strength of varnished material. A

man

can take care of his

spontaneous combustion.

PROOF

balloon, as

it

Breaking strain 100

requires
lbs.

little

or no care, and

per inch width.

Very

is

NOT

elastic.

subject to

Any

weight,

powder. No revarnishing. The coming

balloon material, and which, through its superior qualities and being an absolute gas holder, is
bound to take the place of varnished material. The man that wants to have the up-to-date balloon
must use VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL. Specified by the U. S. SIGNAL CORPS.
width, or color.

'Will not crack.

Waterproof

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AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

and Samples on

BALDWIN, Box

application

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

J/tjy,

AIRCRAFT

igio

RUUGIKR AT MONTE CARLO.

THE BIPLANE

IS

SEEN ABOUT TU LAND ON THE NARROW QUAY AT THE FOOT OF THE ROCK OF MONACO.

CONTENTS MAY

THE PRINCES PALACE

ABOVE.

go

AIRCRAFT

May,

^5=>|s

igio

'

ill 1^

Ctg*Sgi*8-<

is

|m|ioj|

S2

^6&mb'6o<<&^S

5Md^&<Cod

Hs&

feSOglOoSoigOi

Kb
j<fapKiB;w^fc;0,

5cO0fc<mStldo'^-^

Wol

At

Bat
Bald

Hoyt

Be Be
Beckett

Batche

T.

Y.

Beckwl

A.

Barrows

Wentworth

Evarts

S.

Towar

Rennold

Colgate

a.

Arthur

Stanley

P. C.

Thos.

Ira

A. T.

E. A. W.

Samuel

"

AIR.CR.AFT
Vol.

No.

I.

NEW

3.

YORK, MAY,

1910.

SUMMARY OF HUMAN FLIGHT

By Mrs.

Herbert Sinclair

J.

Conliinu'd from
It

perhaps

is

that

pity

Haenlein's
o

Paul
ideas

circle

thirty-seven

ago

years

as

were

power

to

motor-

dirigible

not

It

remained, however, for the second elec" La France," built by Captain Paul

airship

Renard, Captain Charles Renard and Captain Krebs of the military aeronautical establishment of Chalais
air-craft of

any description,

in

indicated

by

was

to

him.

It

many

be

years be-

airship's

nearest successors, the Tissandier brothers' dirigible of 1S83-84,

and the Renard & Krebs dirigible of 1884-85, were its superiors.
Francis Hopkinson, Blanchard, the Roberts, General Meusnier, Leppig, Rufus Porter, the Earl of Lennox, Hugh Bell, and
later Dupuy de Lome had conceived or built craft propelled by
man-force. Giffard, recognizing the utter inadequacy of such
the first motor
a motor power, had used steam in his dirigibles
balloons ever built, Haenlein had tried the crude gas engine of
Lenoir, and in every case the power had been entirely too low

accomplished on September

it

12,

its

to be the first

make

starting point.

and a year later

September 22 and 23,

1S84,
:

188s.

This cigar-shaped balloon with its larger end in front was

larger than its immediate predecessor and of twice as
a shape
167 feet in length, 27^ feet in ma.xi-

much

elongated

mum

to

Meudon,

the history of the world, to

a closed circuit, in other words to return to

repeated the feat on two consecutive davs

any kind of a gas engine for propulsion.

In practically every respect, however, the Haenlein
return

described.

propelled

This

fore airships were

to

was

trically

searches along th6

lines

RETURN TO ITS
FRANCE " OVER

in

by experiments and refollowed

THE FIRST EALLOUN TO

" LA
STARTING
POINT.
PARIS, SEPTEMBER 22, 1885.

Airckaft.

.-Ipril

October. 1S83, and in September, 1884, a flight of two hours

and a half was made from Grenelle, during which a wide semi-

cubic feet gas capacity.

The motor
developed nine horse-power for a weight of 212 pounds
the

breadth

65,000

was 23 feet in diameter, of 28 feet pitch, weighed 88

pounds and made fifty revolutions per minute.
The electrical generator comprised a " chromium chloride
battery invented by Captain Renard and was of extreme lightness.
Each element was formed of a glass tube in which was a very
thin platinum-silver electrode, in the centre of which was a zinc
The total weight of this accumulator was about 580 pounds,
rod.
propeller

which represented 97 pounds per horse-power.

The speed

of this airship of over a quarter a century ago

was

to achieve appreciable results.

actually twelve to fifteen miles an hour.

The period of 1873-1883 had been a decade filled with many

remarkable discoveries in the realm of electricity and with many
wonderful applications of the mysterious power. It was therefore somewhat natural that the well-known aeronauts Albert

time that Gottlieb Daimler and some other

pioneers were experimenting with the first gasoline explosion
engines, the ancestors of the present automobile motors.

and Gaston Tissandier,

the

latter

survivor

of

the

famous

Zenith height ascension catastrophe should have thought an electrically

propelled

elongated

gas-bag

might

afTord

much

the

sought key to the problem of the dirigibility of balloons.

The
rical

brothers designed a comparatively small fusiform symmet-

bag with pointed ends, of 92

shorter than the present U.

S.

feet in length

Army

dirigible)

(just four feet

and 30

feet in

Siemens dynamo of

121

pounds

in

weight

giving from one and a third to one and a half horse-power.

Four pile batteries, weighing about 500 pounds, supplied the
energy, each battery comprising six compartments, each of which

formed a

pile

element.

was about

The

system of pulleys enabled one to raise

this

circular flight of "

La France " over Paris was not two

Henry Deutsch (de la INIeurthe), whose

years old before Mr.

biography figured in

month's Aircraft, conceived the idea

last

of using the gasoline motor for aeronautical purposes.

In 1889
he had one of the first gasoline driven automobiles ever built
and urged inventors to take up the study of the explosion motor
as the solution of aerial navigation.
It

was not

dirigibles

breadth, containing say 37,000 cubic feet of gas.

The motor was

It

in France,

appeared.

As

however, that the first gasoline-driven

German had been the first to use

a gas-engine of any description to propel an airship, so

German who

it

was

used for the purpose the gasoline engine

invented by his countryman Daimler.
It was in June, 1897, that Dr. Wolfert and a companion, Herr
Knabe, rose from the neighborhood of Berlin in a cigar-shaped

also a

first

motor and a twowere made,

or lower the reservoirs at will, thus connecting or disconnecting

balloon, ninety feet long, fitted with a Daimler

the liquid exciter, an acid solution of bichromate of potash.

bladed

The propeller of this dirigible weighed but fifteen pounds and

was set 33 feet from the balloon. The actual speed obtained
was seven to nine miles an hour; a preliminary trip was made

but on the last the gas became ignited from the gasoline of the
engine, the balloon, of course, exploding instantly and Wolfert

aluminum

propeller.

and Knabe being killed

in the

Four moderate

ensuing

fall.

trials

AIRCRAFT

92
Although Wolfert was the

first

use

to

gasoline engine

May, igio

it

appears probable that David Schwartz, an Austrian engineer, had

the idea before he did.

Schwartz was a remarkable inventor, but, like many such, his

was a pitiful tragedy, one of the most pitiful in the history

-(Left

h^i) stgJ

life

rudder

of aeronautics.
ElevitinJ

The solution of the problem proposed by Schwartz was an

aluminum balloon propelled by a motor. As far back as 1842,
Marey-Monge, the Frenchman, had proposed the idea of using
a metal gas-receptacle and fifty years later, when aluminum could
be provided cheaply, the idea was revived by the Austrian engineer.

In 1893 he undertook the construction of the first rigid balloon

ever attempted, but it collapsed during inflation, and for the
Frojii "

The CmtQnest of the Air," by Alpkonse Berget.

DIAGRAMS SHOWING CONSTRUCTION AND DIMENSIONS OF A ZEPPELIN

DIRIGIBLE.

The annexed diagram shows

clearly the principle of construe]

and it is to Zeppelin's undying fame as a scientist that the

present models differ but in detail from his original conception.
A certain lack of stability was apparent in the earliest Zeppelin,
but as early as October, 1900, a speed of from 16 to 19 miles an
tion

THE TISSANDIER AIRSHIP OF

PROPELLED AlK-CRAFT.

1883-S4.

THE FIRST ELECTRICALLY

three years which preceded his death he vainly

strove to

get

funds to complete his work.

His widow carried on his task, in Germany, and late in 1897

posthumous work was completed, and the metal balloon,
driven by a twelve horse-power Daimler motor, rose into the air,

the

at Berlin.

The

thin sheets of

stand the strain and

it

aluminum were, however, unable to withcollapsed and fell, a mass of twisted metal,

the occupant of the car having a miraculous escape.

it

Notwithstanding the failure which attended these experiments,

is possible that the lighter-than-air craft of the future
and it

now

looks as

if

lighter-than-air craft

discovery of dynamic flight

was destined

to survive the

will be built after Schwartz's ideas,

Metals of greater tensile strength to the pound and larger balloons already render a metal airship a feasible construction.
The next man to dare to attack the problem was one from
this hemisphere.
Alberto Santos-Dumont, a young and wealthy Brazilian, residing in Paris, started the building of the first of his remarkable
This was a small cigar-shaped gasseries of air-craft in 1898.

bag, fitted with a gasoline

motor;

it

was

first

experimented

in

1899 and was to be followed by a dozen new or modified dirigibles which were in turn to be followed by various aeroplanes a "cl

composite machines embodying both types.

About the same time as Santos-Dumont was preparing to taki

up the problem, a famous German soldier and adjutant to tin

King of Wurtemburg, General Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,
undertook to put into concrete form the result of a life-time's
study of the question of navigating the

He

air.

did not receive encouragement from the military authori-

and accordingly organized a company. The construction of

the first Zeppelin dirigible was undertaken in 1898 in a floating
shed off Manzell, on the Lake of Constance, but it was not until
a few months before the close of the nineteenth century, in
that the preliminary trials were made.
July, 1900,
As is well known the Zeppelins are huge rigid airships having an aluminvmi frame with sixteen sides, and containing sixties

teen or seventeen separate gas-bags.

THE FIRST ZEPPELIN UNDER CllNSTKUCTlON IN ITS FLOATING SHED

ON THE LAKE OF CONSTANCE (1899). ITS SIZE WILL BE BETTER APPRECIATED IF THAT OF THE WORKMEN BENEATH IT BE NOTED.
hour was obtained, the greatest hitherto attained by any motorballoon, and when it is remembered that this airship equaled in
size many ocean steamships and exceeded most of them in speed,
although possessing engines of only 32 horse-power, the result

must appear extraordinary.

To he continued

in

June Aircraft.

]\[ay,

AIRCRAFT

igio

93

ATTACKS ON THE WRIGHT BROTHERS WHOLLY UNJUSTIFIED

their Counsel. H.

By
As

for

counsel

brothers,

am

the

Wright

glad of the op-

portunity afforded by the columns of Aircraft to give a

statement concerning the legal

and equitable situation growing out of the pending flying

machine litigation and of the
of these inventors. I
understand there is a division

attitude

in

sentiment concerning their

and that those inter-

attitude,

ested

in

drifted

aeronautics

into

anti-Wright
pro-Wright.

two
and

camps
the

have

one
other

I am surprised that there

could be any such division of
sentiment among the countrymen of the Wright brothers, or among those having a sincere
That a few who are in
interest in the progress of aviation.
haste to commercialize aeronautics and to make money as showmenas distinguished from giving scientific study and under-

H. A.

TOULMIN.

taking practical experiments to the advancement of the artshould clamor against the injunctions the United States courts
have solemnly issued in favor of the Wrights, and against that
class

of aviators,

is

But that there should be

not surprising.

any genuine opposition to the attitude of the Wrights, or to the

judgments of the counts, seems incredible.
The patent which embodies the Wright flying machine was

By

issued J\Iay 22, 1906.

from that date:

statute

Ic

has seventeen years to run

practically four years

have already expired, and

but thirteen years of exclusive use of this machine now remain.

Who can say, with justice or honesty of purpose, that the Wright
brothers or their assignees should not have the exclusive use

and control of this marvelous invention for this brief period, after
which it passes to the public by operation of law?
As a reward for their years of labor and toil, for their expenditures in money gathered from savings (expenditures made
almost to the exhaustion of their resources), and for the risks
they repeatedly took with their lives and for their patient endeavors, the Constitution of the United States and the statutes
enacted in conformity therewith promise and grant to them the
exclusive right to make, use and sell this invention for the brief
period of the patent. As stated, but thirteen years remain
period approximating the time they occupied in achieving their
discovery: will any just man say that they are not entitled to enjoy what the Constitution and the statutes so provide, namely, the
exclusive right for the limited period?
Again, when men who are now opposed to the decisions of
the courts in maintaining this right of property to these inventors,

and who are

criticising the attitude of the

Wrights

in

seeking the aid of the courts, were expending no money, were

giving no time and, indeed, no thought to the production and
development of a flying machine, these inventors were sacrificing
everything to that end when these would-be critics were pursu;

other occupations and

Wrights were working with

profiting,

ing

presumably, thereby, the

and without moral

loss, in obscurity,

Now

that these inventors have succeeded,

contributed nothing to the great

why should those

end now accom-

to
plished, criticise the attitude of the Wrights in endeavoring
maintain through the courts the exclusive use of their invention
Do these opponents, be they few or
for the brief period allowed?

many,

realize that,

when

all

is

said

an
is not against the Wrights merely, that it is
attack on property and is opposition to the statutes and to the
provisions of the Constitution?
of their attack

Indeed, such an attitude of opposition is, in its final analysis,

opposition to the judgments that have been pronounced by the
courts in support of the ownership of the Wrights in this patent.
When the. Wright brothers were carrying, in silence and patience,
for purthe burdens of criticism, if not ridicule and laughter,
suing the phantom of human flight, these present critics were
are
they
occupation;
critics then; they have not changed their

like the tories in the Colonial

days

who were
made

destroying every advancement

down and

bent upon tearmg

for freedom.

Throughout all ages, prior to the opening of the era of human

by the Wright brothers in a man-carrying and man-controlled, heavier-than-air flying machine, the world was without
such a machine. Throughout that vast period mankind sought
and longed for such a machine. Now that it has been brought
world
into birth, is it not just that those who delivered it to the
flight

of seventeen
it and control it for the brief period
which but thirteen remain?

should have
years, of

And

this

is

all

that the

Wright brothers are

asking.

can devise a different principle of human flight

If any one can bring forth a differit is open to them to do so.
ent machine, different in principle and in fact, and not a colorable
variation, or merely the Wright machine decorated with the outward appearance or clothes, as it were, supplied by a copyist, he
welcomed by
is at liberty to do so, and his achievement will be
If other

all

men

men, including, absolutely including Wilbur and Orville

just

Wright.
Indeed, these gentlemen have, to my knowledge, extended a
helping hand again and again to other experimenters: they have
supplied others with valuable data, discovered and worked out
by themselves, that others might produce other and different machines

if

opinion

they could.
of

Judge

This very fact is alluded to in the learned

Hazel, in the suit by the Wright Company

against the Herring-Curtiss

The Wrights have gone

Company and Mr. Glenn H.

Curtiss.

so far as to publicly announce, and the

press has published the fact, that even though an experimenter

were using the Wright machine or an infringing machine, he
would not be molested, so long as he confined his work to ex-

perimentation and did not seek to get

money

returns, as by public

no suit by the
and speaking as their counsel I know, has been
the art,
promote
to
pursuits
brought against any one engaged in
but solely against domestic and foreign persons engaged either
in personally operating what the courts have since held to be

flights.

And

Wright

brothers,

it

is

the

indisputable

fact

that

infringing machines, in public exhibition flights, for gate money

and other emoluments, or in conducting such enterprises as

managers.
Is there a man of spirit and sound sense who, having produced
a great invention and having procured a patent covering it, would
not sue another who entered upon such a course as that just indicated? Not one of the now so-called critics woifld have done
It must be remembered that the Wrights are taking
nothing from others while maintaining their rights, and nothing
from the public, because neither such others nor the public had
machines which could fly prior to their production by the Wrights.

otherwise.

are not seeking to take from others what others had bebut merely to retain that which they, themselves, were first
The reverse, however, on the part of these critics
to produce.
and their allies, is now apparent, according to the solemn judgments of two United States Circuit Courts: others are seeking

They
fore,

or financial aid or encouragement.

who have

A. Toulmin

and done, the

real essence

from the Wrights that which is theirs, rather than are

Wrights seeking to arrest the progress of the Art. If the
parties who have been sued had given their time to the developto take

the

AIRCRAFT

94

ment of another type of flying machine, instead of giving exhibiwould have been no litigation.
Nor is this all. The Wright brothers have repeatedly announced their willingness to license not only individuals who wish
to fly with the Wright type of machine, but also to license exhibition-managers, committees promoting exhibition meets and, in
fact, anyone who wishes to use for any purpose a Wright machine or an infringing machine. But no, these parties and their
allies, while declining to properly pay the Wrights some share
of these very handsome proceeds thus obtained, have started
tion flights, there

So too aeronautical societies in America, Great Britain and

France have made similar awards of medals numerous societies
have accorded them honorary membership and institutions of
learning, both in America and Europe, have conferred upon
them honorary degrees.
:

Judge Hazel,

navigating the

in

"

this

" It

appears that machines embodying the invention in

have made notably successful fli.ghts in France, Germany and the United States.
" The first aerial flight to which the attention of the
public was attracted was made at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in December, 1903, when the Wright machine, using
a twelve horse-power motor weighing two hundred pounds,
demonstrated its abilitjr to maintain its balance, readily
turn to the right or left and ascend or descend. The
newspapers of the country heralded as marvelous the success of the patentees, and published far and wide that
human flight had been made possible and that the patentees
were the first in the annals of the world to achieve suc-

For their success

made

opinion in the Curtiss case,

suit

cry of monopolization of the air by the Wrights.

Perhaps the old saying that " Stop thief " is often cried out to
divert attention from one's self, has some application here.
But while a few adversely interested persons are thus clamoring
against the Wrights and against their patent and against the judgments of the courts in upholding the latter and the charge of infringement, the great body of American citizens and of the aeronautical world, here and abroad, recognize these inventors as the
first to open the era of human flight in heavier-than-air machines, and believe, out of pure justice, that the Wright brothers
should be allowed to control their invention and to profit therefrom during the brief period the patent has to run.
The American people, through their Congress assembled, sent
this greeting to the Wrights

The French Academy of Sports made

in his able

finding

this senseless

"

May, igio

cess with a heavier-than-air flying machine.

nition of their success

Public reco.e-

was subsequently made by

scientific

and academies of high repute in this country

and abroad. Medals were presented to the inventors by
Congress, by the Republic of France and by various aeronautical societies of Europe and America."
institutions

air."

this recognition

Judge Hand, through his thorough and analytical deliverance

Paulhan case, said

To

the Conquerors of the Air, Messrs. Wilbur and OrWright, the first to fly with a heavier-than-air machine
driven by a motor."

in the

ville

" I

cannot find that anyone prior to their patent has

flown with the patented system, and that the changes from

The Smithsonian

Institution

sent this

message

the

"

For their successful demonstrations of the

of mechanical flight by man."
Within the
awarded them

ored them.

literal truth, as briefly exposed above, I leave it

calm judgment of just men (not to aeronautical acrobats
flying for money, and in no way sacrificing time
and means for the development of the art), whether Wilbur and
Orville Wright are doing more than common justice to themselves in calling upon the courts to maintain their patent inviolate for the brief period yet remaining, within which they are to
reap that reward which the Constitution of the United States
wisely ordains and the statutes are intended to carry into eff'ect..

In view of the

to the

who have been

A MENACE TO THE DEVELOPMENT

OF AVIATION

THE WRIGHT COMPANY

)HAT

which the defendant has made are no

which do not relieve him from in-

equivalents,

fringement."

few weeks this latter institution publicly

in Washington, a suitable medal conforming to
the spirit of this resolution, and during the pendency of these
suits the French Academy of Sciences has awarded gold medals
Congress and
to the Wright brothers for their achievements.
the State of Ohio have also awarded gold medals to them so has
the City of Dayton.
The Legion of Honor of the French Republic has likewise honlast

By

specifications

more than

practicability

IS

Israel Ludlo\v,

one

of the

Counsel

for

Louis Paulhan

might threaten the very life of aviation, stifle

development in this country and bar out the

in mind, however, the fact that they made every effort

keep the construction of their aeroplane a secret.
The great expenditures of money (easily approximating seven
hundred thousand dollars) which resulted in the development of
the Curtiss, Farman and Bleriot aeroplanes, are prima facie

fruits of foreign progress.

proof that these aeroplanes are not slavish copies, but are the

is

the

Wright patent?

It

is

a legal instru-

ment, a power of injunction, a possible monopoly,

which, owned by a covetous and rich corporation,

not

Is

the

attitude

of

the

Wright Company,

which has bought the Wright brothers' patents,

" there is not enough profit in aerial navithat
gation for all, but just enough for the Wright
:

Company "?

to

result of independent development.

They were brought out before

The

of the reward to which the Wrights are entitled

is

true measure

therefore the

value to the public of the temporary precedence of the

first flights.

the Wrights lifted the veil of

secrecy they had thrown about the construction of their

plane.

The time was

ripe,

own

the attention of the world

motor was

aero-

was

at-

and almost simultaneously the correct conception of the aeroplane had been born
in the minds of many men in many countries it is idle to assume
that if the Wrights had not flown we would not have had metracted,

It cannot be said that the Wright brothers are the sole inventors of the aeroplane, and that but for them the device would
have been unknown. The aeroplane was the result of the in-

ventive genius of the present mechanical age.

keeping

the

gasoline

created,

chanical flight within the last decade.

Notwithstanding the protestations of the officers of the Wright

that they are willing to license users of all aeroplanes.

Company

AIRCRAFT

May, iQio
them

absolutely no statement can be obtained from

as to their

95

may produce an unexpected

of aeroplane,

when

for

result,

the

terms for any hcense for individual owners. Unsuccessful efforts

in this direction have been made by Mr. Clifford B. Harmon

exact limitations of the Wright patent become known, undoubt-

and others, who have purchased Farman and Bleriot aeroplanes.

I challenge the Wright Company to make public their terms
to individual owners, for I doubt if anyone can get from them
a permission to use an aeroplane on any terms whatever.
It is possible that the preparation for the coming show and
fair season, for which an ambitious program has been planned

which

result

patent,

probably rendering

give

by the Wright Exhibition Company, (a subsidiary corporation

to the Wright Company), accounts for this lack of interest in

The Wright patent fundamentally is a combination claim between the rear vertical rudder and the side control, by which the

However, there

on individual aeroplanes.

royalties

possible

one gratification about the matter, and that

a

rest

little

from

no longer

after can

many

charge of

we

is

will get

showmen," for they are now

Montgomery. many understudies

near

and

art of flying,

that

" acrobatic

instructing in Alabama,

the Wrights here-

with good grace, in newspaper inter-

call

views, their opponents

in the

is

their diffident superiority;

will,

it

is

understood, personally take

of the exhibitions this summer.

Wright brothers made

edly

American ingenuity
will

of

will find a different

course

affect

worthless,

it

method of

value

the

of

for at

control,

Wright

the

the

present

all

records for speed, distance, height, duration and passenger carry-

ing are held by aeroplanes other than the Wright model.

Three such devices have already been

tested,

and seemingly

very satisfactory results.

rear vertical rudder is always turned to the side of the aeroplane

having the least angle of incidence and offering the least resistance to the atmosphere. If one element of the combination is
missing there can be no infringement under the present interpretation of the Courts as to the scope of the

fore there

is

resistfcce

is

no

side control, or

Wright

patent.

If there-

no rear vertical rudder, or

if

the

equal on either side of the aeroplane, so that no

corrective action of the rear vertical rudder

is

necessary, either

Wright Company succeed by legal methods in stopping all

others from flying, that the step of progress will mark time to
the tune which the Wright Company plays.
There is also considerable distrust of this new Wright Company, capitalized at one million dollars. The present stock-

no claim of infringement.
have been purposely avoided in
this article
but the evils and abuses of the Wright Company's
attempt to place a prohibitive embargo upon the flying of others
except under the Wright's tutelage and in a Wright machine are
dwelt upon. The moral and equitable aspect of the Wright
Company's efforts to take from the public that which now belongs to it, through the labor, experiments and expenditures of
Clement Ader, Louis Bleriot, Henry Farman, Robert EsnaultPelterie,
Santos-Dumont, Octave Chanute, Samuel Pierpont
Langley, Alexander Graham Bell, Glenn H. Curtiss, and others,
is set forth and attention is called to the point that the Wright
brothers apparently never intended to make public their patent

holders of the company,

if

In December, 1903, the

motor-driven

in

their first flight

Since that time

aeroplane.

changed their machine, except to disconnect the

the warping rope, and to give the aviator a seat,
nally lay face

Seven years

downward

they have

not

tiller-rope

and

where he

in a horizontal position.

The work

a long period in aeroplane history.

is

origi-

come out

of others forced the Wrights to

into the open,

and the

well-wishers of the development of aerial navigation feel afraid,

the

if

it

will be noted, are almost without ex-

men who have held control of the street railways

New York City to those who have known by personal ex-

ception the
of

perience the results of the local transit monopoly, enough has

been said

but to others

it

should be stated, that by issue and

forming of holding and

of stocks and bonds, by the

re-issue

subsidiary corporations, the

insiders

grew

rich,

and the public

suffered accordingly, with a final wind-up in a receivership and

quoted in a newspaper interview

as saying that they will not bring suit against those who experiment this statement is interesting, but of no particular value so
long as they sue those who build or purchase an aeroplane for
their own pleasure, or sue those who seek to make a profit by
brothers

are

exhibiting.

The Wright Company's modest demand in the Curtiss and

Paulhan suits was that their opponents' machines be delivered
over to them that they might destroy them and that all profits
and three-fold damages in addition be paid to it.
The Wright Company should not be heard complaining of
others who are building aeroplanes, as the Wrights gave the
French War Department an option on their aeroplane, and
agreed to keep their invention a secret. This option ran for
six months, and though the French never exercised their right
of purchase, this act of the Wrights should be an estoppel of a
right to

their aeroplanes

public property.

a court of equity

his

sell

the secret of their invention to a foreign

is,

" that

he

who comes

invention on

the

into Court,

must come

ground that the inventor after seventeen

his invention the property of all for the public

the invention to a foreign

War

which would enable a

chanic to construct a practical aeroplane.

the

tiller

skilled

me-

In those specifications

rope and the warping rope are rigidly connected, the

supposed to lay face downward in a cradle which he

side to side, the supporting surfaces are flat except
when curved under air pressure, and the whole specifications
were for a glider with no motive power shown. If the aeroplane were fitted with a motor and propeller and an attempt were
aviator

is

moves from

made

Wright Patent speciwould be one which was characterized by

to operate the glider described in the

fications,

the

result

Louis Paulhan and other experts as suicidal.

the Courts sustain the Wright

Company

If the decisions of

in its claims,

it

will se-

riously abridge the rights of others, and will give the

Wright

Company power far beyond that which justice and public interest demand.
The Wright Company is not fairly entitled to what
they claim, for the Wright patent specifications did not give to
the public knowledge of the discovery which they had made.

an inventor is willing to sell

Department, he forfeit the proif

tection of the Patent laws of this country.

The taunt made in Court by their counsel that the Wrights

have no objection to other inventors producing another type

when these others have made

new million-dollar Wright Com-

true invention a secret, and now,

public a practical aeroplane, the

pany seeks

and Equity demands that

War

The Wright Company is attempting to impose an exorbitant

tax upon the community for the use of aeroplanes, and is claiming a monopoly for selling, making, working, using or exhibiting
aeroplanes, under the pretense that such monopoly is the reward
due the Wright brothers for making public, through their patent
specifications a practical aeroplane, when in truth their patent

Others, by vast expenditures of money, labor and time, reached

States give a right of property to an inventor in

make

they could

Department.

the result they were striving for, while the Wrights kept their

with clean hands."

benefit,

inventors

Courts are courts of equity and one of the cardinal principles of

years will

legal aspects of the case

The Federal

appeal to the laws of this country against

who may make

The United

The

specifications contain nothing

foreclosure sale.

The Wright

theoretically or practically, there can be

It is

to take

away from them

the reward of their efforts.

not an excuse that the Wrights could not disclose their in-

was held by the French Government.

A patent is a bargain with the public, and is to be construed
on the same principles of good faith by which all other contracts
are controlled, and where there is double-dealing, secrecy, and
intention to deceive by not making a fair disclosure of the invention, the patent must be construed as other bargains, and by
it the patentee must stand or fall.
vention, because an option

AIRCRAFT

AERIAL CHAUFFEURS
)ERCHED

upon the

ligent of professional drivers of motorcars will have

taken to the air as naturally as the hansom-cab driver

seat of a horse-drawn

vehicle, there is yet to be seen occasion-

some of the rural districts, the antiquated equestrian driver moping along
the public highways behind his nag, like

ally in

a pair of thoughtless donkeys, neither the

driver nor the horse having sufficient intelligence to

how far behind the procession of progress

they have actually fallen.
realize

The wide-awake chauffeur has now become the

prince of the roadway and, with the aid of the modern automobile, he moves along from place to place
with speed and precision and a look of magnificent
contempt for the superannuated horseman.

The chauffeur

at present is contented

with his

lot,

and, like the horseman of old, feels that his position

is secure from any further mechanical advance.
If

you

told

him

that the automobile

is

merely a step

and that it would

eventually be superseded by the frying machine, he

in the progress of transportation,

would laugh

at

you

just as the horse used to laugh

at the automobile.

The ordinary mortal can always

directly in front of his nose,

May, igio

see things that are

and to-day he

is

just able

took to the taxicab, while the dull-minded Boeotian

looks backwards for his inspirations will be left
in the rear with the other debris of drifting humanity,
and will join there the coachman and the mule-driver,
through laboring until it is too late, under the blinding hallucination that the flying machine can never replace the earth-ridden hierarchy of crawling landvehicles
our automobiles and horse-drawn conveyances, the donkey-carts of Sicily, the ox-wagons of
India, or the goat teams which can still be seen in
Sardinia in the year of our Lord, igio.

who

o o o
The demand for skillful aviators has already become enormous throughout the civilized world, in
fact, there are one hundred times more machines and
wanted than can be supplied.
Chauffeurs should make the best drivers of air-craft,
and we advise the brainy ones to get into the business
at once and avoid the great rush into the new field
of human industry, that is bound to follow in the near
aviators

future.

Begin by thoroughly studying the subject from its

standpoints and above all get information
from a reliable source.
various

to see the automobile.

The extraordinary mortal, however, is looking into

the future, and we find here and there men who are
taking up the study of air-craft very seriously.
Over in France, where the people are a few years

ahead of the rest

world

almost every line of

progress, the leading chauffeurs are beginning to learn
that their positions are not so secure after all.
It is an actual fact that owing to the remarkable advance made in flying lately an automobile race cannot be held in France with any chance of success, as
the people there do not care to see races of land vehicles

For

of the

when they can

this reason

in

see races of air-craft.

most

of the great

automobile race

o o o

AIRCRAFT

intends to cover, from time to time,

every conceivable phase of the aeronautical move-

ment, so that by making a collection of the different

issues, our readers will possess a complete encyclopedia on the subject.

One cannot afford to miss any number any more

than one can do without a select chapter of an important book.
To be on the safe side, we advise every one of our
readers to subscribe to us directly for AIRCRAFT,
and not take the chances of always being able to get
it

from the news

and their names may be seen as contestants in all

the European aviation meets.
It will come to that in America soon, and in not
many years from now the far-seeing and more intelair,

dealers.

o o o

drivers abroad are being driven from the road to the

A. B. Lambert, Carl Fisher, Dick Ferris, George B.

Harrison and Clifford B. Harmon are a few names of
men beginning to loom up big upon the aeronautical

horizon lately.

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

97

UNCLE SAM MUST LOOK SKYWARD

By George
N

most

F.

Campbell Wood

political issues, the merits of either side

from
selection and

are siilficiently open to debate to necessitate

their upholders a

most painstaking"

careful arraignment of arguments

both forceful
and subtle before any hope of carrying conviction can be entertained, by orator or writer.
Such can hardly be said to be the case when
it
comes to discussing the advisability of encouraging military aeronautics in this country
and, notwithstanding the recent failure of Congress to appropriate funds for the purpose, this statement fears
no contradiction from anyone with genuine foresight or even

with a suspicion of what

is

being done in other countries.

who have made any

study
However obvious
may
of the question, it is nevertheless well to state the fact simply
and emphatically, that in the development of aeronautics as a
it

military asset and

fleet,

the United

more

be to those

particularly in the formation of an aerial

States are

letting themselves

be distanced by

every power worth considering from a martial standpoint, to say

nothing of other nations which see in an air-fleet the possibility

Progress can only be achieved, perfection can only be approached, by evolutionary construction and the deep and full
experience of years of trials and also years of what in the future

may

appear, by comparison, as failure.

imagine that the Germans believe, and the Germans are

here referred to because in this line of air-craft they, without the
slightest question, lead the world, to imagine that they believe

To

improvement
magnitude than
devoid of any prac-

their dirigibles to be without flaw or possibility of

to entertain a misapprehension of even greater

is

to consider these dirigibles, such as they are,

tical

value.

Autumn four large military dirigibles were engaged in

war-manceuvres in the valley of the Rhine, and put through
evolutions in all weathers and at all hours of the day or night,
Last

which simply paralyzed with amazement those who witnessed

them.
Details

were carefully awaited setting forth the exact

obtained, and calling for the international praise which

results
is

ever

showered on startling performances in any novel and untrodden

field of

endeavor.

little

The " details " never made their appearance and any enquiry
concerning them was met with bland smiles and evasive replies
of great politeness and little information.
In thus making the results of these manoeuvres a military

the

secret,

of overcoming their weakness and inferiority on land or sea.

It is small wonder, under the circumstances, that, if one excepts the

Club's recent victories in the realm of Aerial Sport,

was touched on in the post-prandial orations for which

Aero Club of America's annual banquet was made the occa-

Germany may be said

weapon of war.

sion, outside of this question of Military Aeronautics.

dirigible as a

It is likely, it is even probable, that the knowledge entertained

by a large majority of the general public on the adaptation of

aging, to say the least,

have definitely established the

That these results were encourinay be gathered from the feverish activity

now

aerial

aerial navigation to purposes of

ited to

war

in foreign countries, is lim-

an occasional newspaper-despatch relating the

aerial raid

some continental dirigible, and laying especial stress upon the

mishap which may have terminated or interrupted it.
If a broken propeller brings to an end a six hundred mile jourof

ney of one of Zeppelins colossal air-cruisers, is it the stupendous

triumph of mind over matter represented by such a feat which is
considered, or is it the stupid and benign mechanical accident
which ended it? Nine times out of ten it will be the latter, al-

will

the next propeller used will be one capable of withstanding the

units in the

hour after hour at a speed of fifty feet a second,

and under absolute control of the human mites carried along
with

grasped and appreciated a very significant fact

becomes apparent that it is not necessary to peer dimly into
the future and prophesy and forecast, to have a workable warship of the air before one's eyes, for such craft exist at this very
hour, and any one who considers such aerial clippers as the present Parseval IV or Zeppelin III as harmless in war is making

a mistake of

Fatherland

in

feet;

has a gas capacity exceeding two hundred thousand cubic

in some respects the Parsevals are the most successful

The

fleet.

semi-rigid type as represented by the " Gross " balloons

has also shown to advantage above German

soil.

There are besides these, several other airships of various makes

being built in Germany; in the construction of the skeletons of
the rigid ones, steel, wood and aluminum are being used indiscriminately.
at the Aero Club banquet, made
announcement that there was soon to be built
in Germany a rigid dirigible three hundred metres in length,
to be propelled by eight motors, of which four were to be generally used and four to be used in emergencies.
On January 19th a Berlin despatch to this eflfect was brought
to the attention of the very-much-amazed writer, but two days

General Allen, when speaking

it.*

If this is fully

no mean

three-deckers of Trafalgar are to the super-Dreadnoughts

now

stocks, but had the Clermont and her contemporary pioneers not existed, the Mauretania and her sister-leviathans would
of
still be a dream of the future, and are not the men-of-war
the past connected with those of to-day by a long line of an-

on the

cestry, a lineage in the upbuilding of

which hundreds of millions

money were expended?

* Illustrations showing construction

pages 92 and 106.

the

startling

later the

proportions..

True, compared to the air-cruisers of the future they are as

the Clermont is to the Mauretania or the Titanic, and as the

in

ing.

is

the clouds for

of the

be capable of staying three days in the air without landThe Parseval IV which is the largest of non-rigid dirigi-

bles,

but the merest detail in the great conception but

it is not obvious, until so proven, that a contrivance built by man,
embodying thirteen tons of marvellous mechanism can be so
"wondrously wrought" as to propel itself with safety through

dock-yards

months the Teutonic air-fleet will comprise nearly a

score of the most powerful units yet devised. All these are not
warships but they are all at the disposal of the Imperial Government in case of emergency. The Zeppelin IV which is at
present being built for the passenger trade, and is to be the
greatest air-craft the world has yet seen, will be upheld in its
element by more than half a million cubic feet of hydrogen gas.
She will carry fifty passengers at about forty miles an hour, and
six or eight

though from the standpoint of the actual results obtained, of the

vindication of a principle, of the proof of a theory, it is absolutely
negligible.
It must be obvious that, as a result of the mishap
strain it

the

reigning in

to

Such a

ship,

if

as a " canard."

constructed,

would be the most monumental

construction for transportation ever attempted by man, and if

successful would make the absolute Conquest of the Air an accomplished fact, capable as it would be of carrying from three to

four hundred passengers at fifty miles an hour. It is earnestly

to be hoped for the sake of the world at large that General Allen's
statement will be shortly confirmed by the news that such a craft
is

actually being built.

reit is not only in Germany that military aeronautics are

ceiving the attention and support of the Government; Austria,

But

and dimensions of a Zeppelin occur on

news was denied

AIRCRAFT
Russia, Italy, Belgium, and even Spain, have each one or

more

and England are at last making a

deliberate effort to overcome Germany's lead.
Nor is this activity confined to European nations, and those
for whom the Yellow Peril is more than a mere expression may
find food for reflection in the news from Japan and China, pubdirigibles,

France

while

lished elsewhere in this magazine.

France has but two government

dirigibles at present,

but be-

of the year she will have greatly strengthened

her position, thanks to the public subscription of " Le Temps"
fore the close

which followed the disaster to the " Republique."

The new French airships are to have their gas-bags divided
into separate compartments, to avoid a repetition of the catastrophe of last September, and are to carry two motors each, another safeguard which might have been copied from Zeppelin's
first

dirigible of 1900.

The
eral

re-constructed " Colonel Renard " has already

trial

and the

trips,

" Liberte "

will

made

soon be ready

sev-

to take

That the lone American

Clement-Bayard " airship destined for England

is ready to start for Farnborough, and the news of this first
Channel crossing by a manned dirigible will no doubt create quite
a

stir

when

dirigible,

now

less

it

arrives.

Another English air-craft of which much may be expected is

the huge rigid naval dirigible being constructed at Barrow
it
is
after the Zeppelin type and will carry six-cjdinder Wolseley-Siddeley engines, developing several hundred horse-power.
England also has two other small dirigibles for scouting pur;

which

about thirty

is

building and thirty times

powerful than the English naval dirigible in course of conattained a speed of close on twenty miles an hour and

struction,

made

good flight of two hours in duration, in its trials, shows

clearly what might be expected of the collaboration of such men
as Captain Thomas A. Baldwin and Glenn H. Curtiss should they
be given the chance to build a warship of the air worthy of flying
the Stars and Stripes.
The two hour flight of the Signal Corps Dirigible No. i is
a

probably just as meritorious a performance as the Zeppelin

continuous air-trip of thirty-eight hours.

The

talent

is

not lacking

but

the wherewithal

II's

devote

to

it

good purpose, is most conspicuous by its absence.

The whole question being one of cost it is of interest to note
what a comparatively trivial amount it would be necessary to
appropriate to give the United States the position it should hold
to

in

military aeronautics.

Should one submarine more or

"

large

Army

times smaller than the Zeppelin

the air again.

The

May, igio

be asked for of Congress

less

would pass

by the
seems only sensible that it should, for after all
the cost of a submarine does not represent the seventieth part
of that of a modern battleship, and is a small item in the budget
of such a power as the United States.
Yet for the single price
of one of these little craft, which by the way are almost, if not
naval estimates,

in the

majority, and

it

practically unnoticed

it

much in the experimental stage as the best dirigibles,

magnificent "Parsevals " could be built, ships capable of sail-

quite as
fii'o

ing a mile high, at well over thirty miles an hour, and of carry-

more experts. The comparison with

one which immediately suggests itself because, being both immersed in the fluid they travel in, the dirigible and the submarine present great analogies of principle and are
ing up a crew of a dozen or

poses.
If reference

is

only

made

in the

foregoing to lighter-than-air

it
is because a deficiency in military aeroplanes can be
remedied with comparative rapidity, especially in a country which
produces such machines as Wright and Curtiss biplanes.
The point which it is necessary to make clear is that the country which establishes a lead in military dirigibles, will have a very
real advantage over others, and one which it will take considerWhy it is that this is not generally
able time to overcome.
recognized in Washington and that the usefulness of the dirigible of the latest type as an engine of war, is either not known or
appreciated, is not obvious, but it is probably because all dirigibles are judged by those seen in this country.
If this is so, it is a very natural thing that Congress should
not wish to spend money in acquiring any.
It cannot be asserted too vehemently that to compare the
little
one-man or two-man " dirigibles," as the lemon-shaped
gas-bags seen here at fairs and festivals are called, to such ships
of the air as those designed by Count von Zeppelin or Major von
Parseval, is like comparing a little harbor-tug to an ocean liner;
one cannot expect the former to be of any military use, any
more than one can expect the tug to cross the Atlantic.
For a dirigible to be of any utility it has got to be large, and
the reason for this cannot be set forth more clearly than it was
recently by Mr. Carl Dienstbach, whose competency in the matter,
He said recently in an article
it is presumed, no one will dem^.
which should have received considerably more notice than it did
"Airships are subject to a natural law that exacts gigantic sizes in return for the advantages which make them
factors in fighting. The law is fundamental and asserts
that the surface of a body grows as the square of its
length by width and the space it oclinear dimensions
cupies as their cube length by width by depth. As the
weight of an airship is represented by surface, while its
lifting power depends on its cubic dimensions, the latter's
preponderance over the weight grows constantly with any

craft,

increase in
"

there

has

been a steady growth of

dimensions in the construction of airships. The same fact

is even more significantly emphasized by the most modern
ships on the water, the law holding good in that element
exactly as

it

submarine

is

the

in fact, the exact counterpart of

does in the

air."

each other in relation to air and

water.

Zeppelin (the most expensive of

all

air-craft)

for the price of a torpedo-boat-destroyer

mosquito

fleet

and

could be built
unit of the

single

for that of an ordinary cruiser a

whole fleet
which as

of ships could be put into the air, ships the utility of

scouts has already been proven, and the

of destruction

An

is

full

power

of which as agents

of the most pregnant possibilities.

time seems more appropriated to land warfare and there seems no immediate likelihood of its being caair-fleet at this

pable of destroying a naval one, but should such a capability de-

velop in the future,

cost

initial

it

is

interesting to note the difference in the

between the destroyed and the destroyer as judged

by the cost of construction prevailing to-day.

For the

price of a single battleship of the " fourteen inch

gun

"

super-Dreadnought class now proposed, and taking the generally quoted figure of sixteen million dollars, it would be possible
to purchase either sixty Zeppelins, one hundred and ninety-five
Parsevals, two hundred and sixty " Libertes " and, if aeroplanes
are considered, considerably over two thousand Wright biplanes,
or ten thousand Santos-Dumont " Dragon-flies "
Of course, hangars or sheds for dirigibles are extremely expensive constructions, but they are permanent acquisitions in the
same way as naval dry-docks are and it is not proven that it will
be always considered necessary to " house " the big gas-bags any
more than it is to put ships under cover.
There is just one more point which way be worth touching on.
Both regret and indignation have often been expressed that
whenever a new triumph of science has opened up to man virgin
!

fields

of action or endeavor,

its

first

human

application to

uses

has invariably been a test as to its efficiency to help, facilitate

It would be very
and further the butchering of man by man
:

specious to argue along this

size.

In consequence,

line

as

regards

aeronautics,

only too obvious that the deadlier its uses

proved to be, the quicker it would be availed
it

is

opportunity

may

well be chosen to point out that

become more deadly that war becomes

gestion

that

its

absolute

impossibility

it

in

of,
is

less possible,

may

and

war were
but

the

weapons
and a sug-

as

be brought

about

AIRCRAFT

May. igio

comparative rapidity through the frightful potency and de-

witli

not so far-fetched and Utopian as

appear to those who have not given thought to the

struction of aerial warfare,

it

would

is

matter.

That man will only stop " playing at soldiers " when it has betoo dangerous for him, is perhaps not the way one would

99

adoption of peace by him, but the childis indulging in in

its
youth will, without doubt, receive an earlier termination
through the stern veto of appalling destruction than through the
like to think of the final

ishly illogical

"grown up"

game

logic of disarmament.

In the meanwhile, "

come

war which humanity

of

si

pacem, para bcllum."

vis

BALANCING
By Edward
SALANCING

the art of keeping an

is

linrizontal as to its axis

in the direction it is

This involves the consideration

ired to take.

two equilibriums

cif

and

aeroplane

the fore-and-aft and the side-

Let us go back to nature for

and take as our example the pigeon,
.'stretch its wings out straight from side to side
,1^ though the bird were in flight, and then draw
.[U imaginary line through the wings from tip-totip.
This shows the side-to-side balancing axis
of the pigeon while in flight. If a gust of wind should hit one
wing, it throws the front edge of that wing downward and the
front edge of the opposite wing upward, thus preserving the sideto-side balance.
These wings also act in the same capacity as
do the front rudders on the Wright Brothers' aeroplane, that is,
tii-side

as elevating rudders.
air,

it

throws

balances.

its

When

the

wing-tips a

bird wishes to

little

to the

effect of

the head portion of the pigeon's body lighter than the

tail

that

is,

to

come down.

carefully observed,

the ground,

If a

takes a glide, rapid at

it

then slower, as the

ground is reached, until just before the stop is made, it beats

its wings rapidly two or three times (with the wing-tips a little
in front of the side axis), so that it stops short, with its body
at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the ground before
a careful observation be made,

it

will

be seen that the

pigeon's wings are absolutely horizontal to the body,

landing glide
swift motion.

back, forming

is

when

the

while the pigeon is still in

lessened, the wings are thrown

commenced, that

is,

As the speed is
more and more a dihedral

angle, the bird thereby

obtaining an automatic equilibrium device (for

it

is

well-known

that dihedral angles at slow speeds tend to give automatic equi-

librium).

might be noticed, if watched carefully, that the

pigeon's tail acts in a double capacity as a rudder or as an assistant to the body and wings in compressing the \'olume of air
underneath. Contrary to general opinion the tail is more often
That
tised to help compress the air than it is used as a rudder.
is, if the pigeon desires to rise, the tail is thrown underneath,
so as to act as a counter-check to too great a forward rise of the

Again

it

body of the bird. If the bird desires to diminish its altitude,

the tail is thrown above the line of the body. There is one exception to this rule, and that is when the bird desires to alight,
The wings by their shape and their ability
as aforementioned.
to flap, play a two-fold part in the flight of the pigeon.

By

their

curved shape they are enabled to compress the air under them

and thus sustain the pigeon, while making gliding flights, and
by their ability to flap they are enabled to compress the air under
them to give the pigeon an upward momentum. Then, before
the momentum is lost, the wings recover, obtain a new grip on
fresh

air,

and the operation

Summing

up,

we

is

find that the

repeated.

wings of the pigeon play a three-

and as balancers, while the tail

plays a two-fold part, as air-compressor and as rudder. These
two appendages must, therefore, act in an inter-relational part.
fold part as carriers, as rudders,

when

the

the wings are

acting as rudders.

Thus we

see that

rear

carrying

rudders,

the

man

has been able to

means of four parts, front

and warping wing-

surfaces,

made independently and only

all

operation of the aviator.

in

in con-

compressers, rudders, and

to get these four results by

is

rudders,
tips,

and wings) acting

(tail

carriers,

In an aeroplane the best that

balancers.

devise

two things

four-fold result

cert, give a

make-up of

his

When man

acting in concert by the

can come abreast of nature

aeroplane parts, then will the present-

day aeroplane be only a matter of history.

level, the turning of the vertical rudders to the right or left

so that a turn can be made in flight, and the warping of the
carrying surfaces at their ends or lowering of supplementary
wing-tips, if these are used, so as to maintain the side-to-side

balance of the machine, while in

flight.

These four operations have to be brought about by the aviator,

each by independent means so far only one inter-relational act
has been achieved and this is the warping of the ends of the
;

carrying

surfaces

or

turning

of

the

wing-tips

to

the

proper

angle, in conjunction with the turning of the rear rudders.

is

for the purpose of " banking " the

desired from the line of

finally landing.

If

also be said to act as a balancer,

lower

pigeon on the point of

it nears

first,

may

tail

making

the
true

will be seen that, as

it

portion,

its

causing the axis of the body of the bird to slope slightly into
The
the wind and thus allowing the bird to rise into the air.
reverse of this takes place when the pigeon desires to diminish its

landmg be

the wings are acting as carriers, that is, compressing the

under them, the tail is acting as a rudder when the tail is

acting as a compresser, the wings are acting as balancers

In the best made-up aeroplanes of to-day the following operations are necessary to go through with to keep a proper balance.
The curving of the carrying surfaces so as to lift, the raising
or lowering of the horizontal rudders so as to go to a higher or

into

rise

forward of

This has the

axis of side-to-side equilibrium.

altitude,

air

base

:i

Young

H.

When

flight,

machine,

when

This

a turn

is

thus keeping the machine to the

proper angle of balance.

Expressed

in concrete

form, the prospective aeroplane inven-

tor has three balances to watch out for and provide for by
three operations, the fore-and-aft balance of the entire machine;
the side-to-side balance of the entire machine and the centrifugal
;

(or the angle balance), which the aeroplane must of

necessity assume when making a curve, or when a sudden gust

balance

of wind hits one side of the machine.

The object of the aeroplane of the future will be to obtain

all

some of the rudders or levers.

This will probably be done by some invention whereby the carrying surfaces can be flexed the same as are the wings of a bird.
of these results and yet to cut out

When

done the front horizontal rudder can be placed in

same capacity as a bird's tail and the rear
vertical rudder and wing-tipping devices can be done away with.
All of the axes of the balances must cross at some point. At
this point must be placed the engine and operator, the weights
this

is

the rear to act in the

of which

must be balanced against each other

as to the true

This has the effect of

keeping the dead weight of the aeroplane always as a true base
the
machine
by its balances.
from which to gauge the working of
If the machine which you are building has no provision for
taking care of these three lines or axes of balance, you can rest
centre of the aeroplane while in

flight.

make a successful
Then you will have a

assured that your machine will never

until this vital defect

is

corrected.

flight

prac-

invent a device or devices, which

control these balances by a smaller number of levers or parts
then have made a decided imwill
used,
you
heretofore
than

tical

machine, and

when you

provement and have benefited both yourself and the

very substantial degree.

art

in

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

A LETTER FROM CLEMENT ADER

E

correspondence by Mr. Israel

Ludlow, Associate Counsel for Louis Paulhan in
the

following

III. "

need hardly dwell on the superlative inwhich a communication from that almost
mythical figure, Clement Ader, presents at this

in the

first

timid

applies to publications

in

Ader's

own

'

IV. "
tail is

of page

rudder,

it

'
:

is fixed,' etc.,

paratus

ipro.

It

When

paragraph

the aeroplane has a vertical

I conclude that the author
an essential part of the ap-

therefore
tail

is

said to have

is

made

short flights at a subsequent

period, but I state that in 1906, an officer officially repre-

senting the French Government, in a negotiation with

my

brother and myself, personally told us that he had been

present in his

paratus,

Mr. Wilbur Wright makes the following statements in his

introduced in the suit of the Wright Company vs. Louis
Paulhan, now on trial in the United States Courts for infringement of patents

ground

affidavit,

Mr. Ader, after expending about $100,000, which was

advanced by the French Government, discontinued experimenting in 1897 because the French Government, after a
practical trial of the machine, pronounced its equilibrium
hopeless, and refused further to advance funds.
It has
been claimed by the defense that this machine made short
flights but one of the officers, who was present in his official capacity at the trial of this machine, stated to me that
tried to leave the ground,

and was broken without any appreciable

it

rolled over

flight."

official

and that
it

capacity at the later trial of the ap-

at the instant

lost its equilibrium

it

attempted to leave the

and was broken without hav-

ing attained any appreciable flight."

" In

conclusion

state that the illustrations

tions are too incomplete to enable

"

it

in the third line of the last

said

4,

the features which are asserted

nowhere disclosed that lateral equilibrium

could be controlled by setting the right wing tip at a different angle from the left and correcting differences in
horizontal resistance between them when so adjusted by
turning to the wind that side of a vertical tail which is
toward the wing having the smaller angle of incidence.
It has been asserted in some of the aflSdavits that this ap-

Esq.,

at the instant

and

is

it

among

did not consider a vertical

Paris, France.

further noted that on page 6 paragraph

is

7,

paratus.

Aero Club of France,

Sir

It

not included

to be essential,

country

not represent a myth or a legend, but a vital individuality.

Dear

'

ferent angles of incidence."

Aircraft is glad to offer to its readers this first communicafrom the pen of the great Frenchman whose dignified and
somewhat pathetic figure has so far loomed dimly mysterious to
students of aeronautics, but who now comes forward with some
of his old fire to reveal to the world that the name of Ader does

Clement Ader,

'

'

or in an}' other country as well as in this one.

2688 Broadway,
York, February 21,

Ader

to

'

tion

New

me

'

this

translation of the

'

Art of Mechanical Flight,

such attempts.

article offered by the

convey a correct idea in
some respects and particularly in describing the bending
upward and downward of the fore-arms, the translation
is
very much at fault. The French word
is
gauchir
translated on page 10 line 5 by the expression to warp,'
and again on page II line 7 it is translated 'warping,' although so far as the construction of the machine is apparent, the word bend or bending would seem to better
express the idea in the detailed drawing representing the
mechanism for producing this result. The forearms seem
to be joined to the arm by gimbel joints so as to bend forward and backward or up and down. The tendons T and
auxiliary muscle m prevent the arms from bending upward
under the sudden strain, while the tendon e which is
above the elbow keeps them from bending down. As the
forearms, right and left, are interconnected, when one goes
up the other goes down but this does not give them dif-

two men will stand out above their fellows as giant forerunners
on the path of Progress their names are Wilbur Wright, the
first man to fly (if by fly is meant to pilot and control a heavierthan-air craft in the atmosphere) and Clement Ader, the man
who, thirteen years before and many years before the perfection
of the gasoline engine, tore himself free from the ground for
a few brief moments, in a steam-driven, bat-shaped machine of
his own design.
These two men who will later be put side by
side on the pedestals of Fame are at present in conflict over the
degree of priority which should be attributed to each.
For some years past, Ader has been urged to let the world
know what he thought of the " coming true " of his dream of
many years before a dream of his so often derided. But until
this time he has kept" silent, and it is the simple statement of an
actual fact that this is the first communication from Clement
Ader to appear in print since dynamic flight has been proved to
be possible

The

defense does not seem to

time.

man

in

carried on at
demonstrated the inoperability of the machine."

We

future historians write of the

$100,000

practical demonstrations

terest

When

about

spent

the Wright-Paulhan lawsuit.

successes of

Government
Most thorough,
enormous expense

resulted in utter failure, although the French

were, on April the second, placed in possession

of

a machine,

anyone

and descrip-

to construct such

and no explanations of the purposes and plans

of operation of various parts are set forth in such a form

any man to understand how to control

rium with the device described."

as to enable

equilib-

to have a statement from you on the subcannot believe that Mr. Wright has correctly stated the
situation.
Your statement would be very valuable to a clear
understanding of the situation, and might be of considerable aid
to Mr. Paulhan.
Very respectfully yours,
Israel Ludlow.
I

ject.

would be pleased
I

French Illustrated Quarterly Publication

1'
Aeronautique theorique et appliquee" of October,
Mr. Wright stated:

Referring to the

"Revue de
2893,

II. "

The

examination

description
of

the

is

Chateau of Ribonnet,
Beaumont on Leze (Haute Garonne).

not complete and only a trifling

description

is

needed

to

show

April

that

while scores of different parts are to be moved, no means

is described by which an operator could obtain so many

Mr. Israel Ludlow, Attorney,

2688 Broadway, New York, U.

independent movements. The description does not furnish

sufficient data for the construction and operation of the
machine and, as already stated, all attempts to operate it

Dear Sir
Here

is

S.

2,

1910.

A.

my

reply,

paragraph by paragraph, on the subject conme in your letter of February 21, 1910.

cerning which you wrote

AIRCRAFT

May. igio

trials in 1S97, is

that he

is

of ]Mr. Wilbur Wright concerning the

government towards my military aviation
of the most fanciful kind what is certain,

The testimony

I.

attitude of our

knows nothing about it. The Minister of War

condemn my work on the contrary

did not at am' time

at that time,

must be

I only find dissertations of no importance,

based on some subtilities of translation and badly interpreted descriptions, touching in no waj' on the question of

its full

It is

apparent from

to the deep unrest in

is

it

value.

which he has recently adopted; for jNIr. Wright came to

France with flat surfaces, flying badly and went back with
curved surfaces, flying better.

is a very discourteous one for our

It is absolutely false that the French officer
Wright
refers,
officially witnessed the trials
Mr.
to
of 1897, and therefore that he could have given him an
account of them. I cannot possibly admit that a French
officer can have unduly invested himself with a mission
with which his superiors had never entrusted him. I prefer to believe that Mr. Wright made a mistake, or that he
imagined the argument for the purposes of his case.
II. I in no way collaborated to the Rcviczii to which you
draw my attention its Editor drew from my patents all
the notes he published, and although they are not com-

whom

IV.

the descriptive article, such as

The

entirely

it

is,

appears to

defense of your

sincere

it is

ment,

in

in

constantly bringing in our govern-

a lawsuit which in no

way concerns

it,

is

French

officer

declaration

having

Continued from

THE
TATE
I
Ji

and

\<-hicle

AIR.

distinction

up as force

may

be exerted,

has been drawn between the

when owned by an

individual and

when

'k\oted to the public service. These questions

have been viewed from the standpoint of the aviator or aeronaut

Owners
corporate

but what of the

man

beneath

of property in their individual capacity,

municipalities

and

federal

states,

as

opposed to legally sovereign states or nations,

have many interests in flying men. In short, what changes
will the Conquest of the Air effect on municipal, as compared with
international law?
Here there is practically no question of an isolated zone, for
the necessity of preventing espionage does not exist. Aviators
and aeronauts traveling over their own federal states or their
'Own national territory will wish to go high or low, as fancy
demands. Aviators, particularly, will probably select a level just
high enough to avoid conflicting eddies from chimneys, trees and
will

such things. They would then be easily within the power of a

property owner's gun. Has the latter any excuse for practising
the pure cussedness of his temperament upon the flier? It seems
both safe and proper to answer

To my

No.

no doubt but that the dicturr, that " the

Scientifically, the dictum means nothing more than an attitude for approaching the subject. That is,
the law will contemplate aerial matters from the point of view
is

mind, there

is

free " will prevail.

of setting up only the restrictions necessary to preserve rights

and to meet the ends of

justice, as well as placing states in the

way of adequately protecting themselves.

From this basis of theory, then, look at
in

It is

air

This

After having carefully examined the declarations and testimony

in the suit he is waging against Paulhan,

made by Mr. Wright

the part which concerns me, m\' conclusion

in

is

that they are

stained with falsity and, consequently, should remain void.

Signed

at

Ribonnet,

C. L. Ader.

AIR.

P. Myers
.-If'ril

Aircr.\ft.

property of another, any more than he has to hold a weight above

the head of another.
potential element of trespass and injury

At any time, the aeronaut may have to

low or even land. The noise of his engine
may disturb the inhabitants beneath. Other inconveniences are
conceivable. Therefore, it seems necessary that aeronauts and
aviators shall operate only under license or franchise, emanating
from the federal state or national government, or both.
Such a document, by reason of the terms under which it is
issued, will clear up many ticklish questions.
It can define the
rights of the aerial traveler, thus protecting him from adverse
claims of private rights and it can formulate the extent of the
landowner's interest, thus indicating to how great an extent the
public authority expropriates his tangent atmosphere for the
exists

in either case.

discharge ballast,

fly

of the public.

benefit

The question

aviators and aeronauts should be the

aerial

of license or
first

franchise

to

piece of legislation on

matters considered, and the law should be very carefully

framed.

Some

progress

has

made in projecting aerial

German firm intends to give a

been

already

transportation companies, and a

regular service out of Munich this summer.

Regular trips, for

Presumably a route
are planned to Oberammergau.
through the air-space quite as definite as the lanes of ocean commerce will be followed. A number of landholders will in this
case witness the snatching away from them of the use of a portion of their freehold for which they have themselves no use, but
the periodical tenanting of which by an airship would probably
affect their peace and place their property in potential jeopardy.
The periodicity of such air travel injects another element into
instance,

the problem.

the individual's rights

and the landsman's rights as against the aeronaut.

evident that flying man has no absolute right to pass over the

the

trials.

AND THE EARTH

jurisdiction over aerial craft has been de-

fined as valid so far

air

my

INIarch 21, 1910.

By Denys

))

witnessed

more odious as it is of no utility to his case. I repeat

anew it is false. You can declare before the Court of the
United States that in the body of French officers, none
could have so forgotten himself as to outrage truth.

THE LAW OF THE

tv

officially

evidently repeated, with malicious intent, and

is

the

a lack

tact.

\\

that I complete the

For the second time your

he has received confidences from

me

makes of it is not
interests.
The persist-

onh' there to serve his

in a state of indignation

is

adversary maintains that

client.

depreciation which your adversary

ence of Mr. Wright,

of

the

for

sufficient

It

perusal of the fourth paragraph.

be

to ignore

consider that the erroneous asser-

government.

plete,

afifects

there are two things, however, pat-

ented twenty years ago which belong to me and which he

understands to perfection they are the warping, which he
has used for some years, and the curve of sustentation

France

tion of your adversarj'

to

my work;

the value of

abandonment

that the responsibility of this

attributed.

Your adversary

the principle of flight.

he constantly recognized
our correspondence that

In the third paragraph, as well as in the beginning

III.

of the fourth,

It is

certainly reasonable to conclude that the land-

owner should have some say

air-space
If,

is

as to the terms

under which his

regularly employed for traffic of a commercial nature.

however, the dirigible maintains a height

sufficient

to avoid

AIRCRAFT
becoming a nuisance and works no actual damage,
by Art. 905 of the Imperial Code of
ially intended to affect aeronautics, which says
will be protected

its

passage

1900, spec-

" The right of the owner of a piece of land extends to the

space above the surface and to the substance of the earth
beneath the surface. The owner may not, however, forbid

interference which takes place at such a height or depth

May, igio

by seizure of the machine would justify the proceeding, so long

as Congress had not acted on the matter. A federal statute
would, of course, affect voyages only from one state into another,
and could grant a remedy by attachment. In the absence of such
legislation, the redress of the landowner would often prove illusory, especially in the case where the machine descends, comes
into sudden contact with earth or buildings and then as quickly
rises.

no

that he has

interest in

The new Swiss Code,

its

prevention."

same provision,
exact the same prin-

section 667, repeats this

and France is, I understand, intending to

ciple.
Other states will doubtless follow suit.

This is only half of the question, however, for a corporation

periodically breaking the close of a freehold even so tenuously
as by traversing the air-space above it, thereby sets up a preMunicipal law must
scriptive right to the use of the atmosphere.
therefore tackle this problem, and fix the relations that will maintain between property owner and aeronaut or aviator. The sub-

one for statutory regulation, and as the passage of a railroad through an estate is the nearest analogy, the question will
doubtless be settled along the lines followed for that form of

ject

is

Such an incident and cognate occurrences might produce diffimore complicated than heretofore encountered. As menall flight is in defiance of gravity and therefore
temporary mishaps are bound to be more frequent than in the
case of the automobilist. This is reason enough for establishing
a series of flags and means of identification, but it also seems
likely that the circumstance will bring up discussion as to
whether there shall not be attached to the aeronaut's license a
form of indemnatory bond, against which minor claims, especiculties

tioned before,

difficulties.

La Touriste

Paris,

In 1904 a balloon named

street near the Bastille, in

" descended in a little

and an explosion ensued, killing one

man and

injuring

The courts held the pilot responsible. In Belgium during 1909 an aeronaut saw that his balloon was becoming
deflated; he alighted in the street of a little town just where a
citizen was striking a match to light a cigarette at the moment.
several others.

Other citizens, thinking to be serviceable, caught the drag-ropes

and hauled the balloon down; the lighted match and the escaping gas produced an explosion which killed several. " The aeronaut was held responsible," says Paul Matter in La Revue Bleue,
"on the ground that he had created a danger, but the question
was very delicate, for others had meddled with him."

Wing vs. London General Omnibus Co. (Law

XLIV, 460) is a straw which shows the probable
trend of Anglo-American decisions when machines are forced to
land in unexpected places. The owner of a taxicab was using
it with all due skill on a slippery road when it skidded and colThe

on the sidewalk. This person brought suit.

motor vehicle is liable on such a road to
become uncontrollable, and did in fact become so, and that the
owner was negligent in sending it out for use there under such
circumstances. Judgment was accordingly entered for the defendant, and a reversal was itself reversed and the original judgthat a

ment supported by the court of

J.,

to prosecute those

who contemn

his trespass

notice.

The remedy

different

Owing

to the receipt of matter of

LooKyor

more immediate

occa-

of

these

questions

also

compels

attention.

and consist of defining

his duties, rights

and

privi-

at

in

made by

a proposal

the

Aero Club

of France, doubtless

working on the suggestion of a national association of such eminent lawyers as MM. Rambaud, Malepeyre, Louis Renault, Delayen, d'Hooghe and Talamon for the purpose of establishing an
By this proposal the French Minister of Pubaerial legal code.
lic

Works
"

is

asked to recommend legislation as follows

must illuminate every 150

wires and cables more
than go feet above the ground must be provided with small
white pennons at intervals of 360 feet by day and white

Owners

of high

buildings

of their structures.

feet

lights

Electric

night."

at

The same proposal asks that no aeroplane or dirigible shall

circulate above enclosed property at less than 1,500 feet nor remain stationary at less than that height; they shall not fly over
towns except with the
The cities and the state

special

permission

itself will also

of

the

authorities.

have additional duties to

perform.

Due

to the absence

of solar radiation and of the

life sets

numerous

up, the pilot of an air-craft finds travel-

Reasonable
ing at night safer and easier than in the daytime.
safety in flight consequently will bring forth many arguments
as to

why

towns,

cities

and

states will

have

to provide systems

of lights for the benefit of the users of the air. The counterpart
of marine lighthouses will be needed, distinguishable landing

be demanded and proper indication of dangerous

as those wherein are situated numerous factories
or where the district itself makes possible landing hazardous
will be asked.
stages

will

vicinities

such

In fact, the problems that arise are only bounded by the limits
relations.
In time, practically every case that has

descends to earth

is
at law when the
and based on the common law principle quare clausum
An aviator who lit upon a
f regit (because he broke the close).
farm in Massachusetts could be sued under this principle only in
that state, whether the proceeding were in the state or Federal
His vehicle could not be seized on in rem process issucourts.
ing from either court, under existing law. However, a statute
enacted by the state authorizing such a suit to recover damages

air-craft

filed.

but some changes will be brought about on the earth by

few of these are hinted
reason of the navigation of the air.

leges

air-currents daily

appeal.

Gravity's insistent force puts the air into about the same category as a slippery road so far as uncertainty of keeping to the
So long as the air-craft remains in the attrack is concerned.
mosphere, the common law remedy against its invasion is by
a form of suit known as a trespass on the case which can be
brought wherever the defendant can be served with process.
Thus is the way made easy for Justice Morris Kammelhor of

Cedar Grove, N.

side

air-craft pilot

case of

The jury found

be

injuries

Necessarily the majority of the considerations center around the

Journal, Vol.

lided with a person

may
all

determination of a claim would accomplish the same result.

dicial

The other

Landing involves other

suit,

sioned by the use of air-craft and payable to the injured upon ju-

transportation.
"

not warranting a full-fledged

ally those

blanket policy of accident insurance covering

of civilized

come

regards land or marine transportation will be

But most of these will be easily solved
air.

to bar as

considered as of the

on the foundations
tions,

in

at

present existing; while the above considera-

some measure, involve new features peculiar

to aerial

traffic.

To

interest, the continuation of "

The

be continued in June Aircraft.

Internal

Work

of the

Wind," by

S. P.

Langley.

has been postponed until next month's issue

the June AI'RC'RAFT.

tetith

any

It

tefilt

be

cftiite

beyond comparison

pre-Viotis aeronautic literature

AIRCRAFT

May, 1910

FOILEIGN
By
Algeria

great reception was tendered Metrot on his

return to Algiers from Egypt, where he shared
the honors and prizes of the HeliopoHs meet with
Roiigier.
Except for a day or so of practice in France
^[etrot has never flown above any soil but that of
Africa.

Argentine Republic
It is expected that during the coming Exposition at Buenos-Ayres, a dirigible of the rigid
type of 4,500 cubic metres will be seen cruising
above the city; the builder is Mr. Sanchez, who
has been making extensive purchases for the purpose in Paris. The motor will be a Panhard.

NEWS

Albert C. Triaca

London voyage

of the great dirigible, after being

put off until after the elections, has been further
delayed by the damages wrought in the recent
French floods. It now appears, however, to be
imminent.

Fi

fliph

103

AIRCRAFT

104

On March 24 Rolls
a cross-countrv flight
of twenty-eight miles
Wright and reached
a height of 1,000 feet, both
records for English aviators.

France

The
Havre

g of the estuary of the Seine from

Trouville is about to be undertaken
by the well-known Havre aviator, Molon.
The
distance is about seven and a half miles and
Molon expects to cross in twelve minutes on his
Bleriot.
He has already made flights exceeding
an hour in duration.
Paul Tissandier is now trying out at Pau a new
Wright biplane, which can "lift" 300 lbs
himself say fuel and lubricant for an eh
i-hour
to

flight.

On March
with

12,

Roger Sommer made

flight

passenger of sixty-eight minutes on his

new type of biplane.

The Comte de Lambert took M.
Minister

March

the

of

Colonies,

for

Trouillot,
fine

flight

the

on

16.

!'

'.:
,

uj

HE NICE MEET.

A BLERIOT SOARING ABOVE THE RIVIERA LE

PAYS DES ROSES. A GENUINE BIRD's EYE VIEW
The

aeropla.

boat bu

The f
nonoplane turned out by hii
flight of forty
:s only five davs af
sportsman
jy the well-kn
f

Public Works, has

navigation. This

erial

nposed of state
rts

ed

fr,

establisl

the

officials

and ex-

Ae ro

Club.
Their busiAiich will govern all

aviation throughout
On the other hand, M. Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, has issued a call for an international
conference in regard to the matter. The vastness
of the heavens makes legislation difficult.
What
rules should regulate airships at the start? How
should they be made to land?
plow are tariff
These and other such
questions to be settled?
subjects will be discussed and. let us hope, settled by the international congress.
As i'rance took the lead in automobiling from an
industrial viewpoint, so she has been first in aerial
therefore highly important
navigation.
It
is
that the first international congress should be held
in Paris.
M. Pichon foresees many difficulties
with the English representatives. For, according
to the law of England, the owner of land owns
everything from the center of the earth right up
This is the English landowner's
to the heavens.
Hence, no matter how
heritage from feudalism.
high the Wrights, Bleriot or Paulhan may happen to fly, they will always be trespassers, when

over English territory.

Professor Marchis began at the end of Februulty
ary his
The
'ill
of the
seven following lessons: Balloon Sta

May, igio

AIRCRAFT

May, 1910

105

Germany
establishing a lead in the building of
-ihan-air crat, Germany is now taking up
in earnest.
Since his return from ?Teli-

AfltMll^liiti
tl\ mil:

(Irade has been making some fine flights

liork.
Hintner is also at Berk, while Keidel,
Uorner, and Thelan have been flying at Johanand Lange has been trying out a military
aeroplane near Dresden.
MiM,iis,

nt

nisthnl,

Among

the machines now quartered at Johannisthe cx-champion bicycle rider Robl's

aeroplane. Lieutenant Huth's Antoinette, which wae recently driven by Erunhuber; Xecker and Eyring's Wright biplanes, Casthal

are

Morbost-Kiel

Farman, Aller's Deutschland-Schoeneberg

nuichinc. and the personal conceptions of Trotka
and Leutner. Sagerl, Schuler, Poulain, Telchow,
.sivL-r's

Pros Tie J

Neumann, Sohn, Hanuschke, Timm, Harlon, Herforth.

All these expect to take part in the great national and international contests to be held at
Johannisthal in May.

JseO'XnCi

The efforts of German inventors are being applied towards meeting the very stringent demands
of the military authorities, who want a flying
machine which can soar for a considerable time
if the
motor breaks down, and which can raise
itself vertically from the ground.
Hamburg designer claims to have a stabilisating surface which will answer the first purpose,
while trials are at present being conducted with
gyroplanes, and an aeroplane is to be built
with two motors, one for the propeller and the
other to run a gyroplane.

THE WANDERINGS OF A HUMAN BIRD. VAN

DEN BORN FLEW OVER TO REIMS TO LUNCH
WITH SOME FRIENDS ON MARCH .2ND. ON
HIS RETURN HE GOT LOST IN THE FOG.
CHAVEZ FLEW OUT TO LOOK FOR HIM AND
THE TWO BIPLANES RETURNED TOGETHER.
VAN DEN BORN :MUST HAVE COVERED FULLY
SIXTY MILES IN FLIGHT.

Wa

The German
Office has opened two interesting national co petitions, one for aeroplane
propellers and anothi
for dirigible propellers.
At a meeting of the Zeppelin Arctic Expedition
Committee presided over by H. R. H. Prince
the 5th inst., it was resolved
the German Government for

2,tfU.t/^lcy

Henry of Prussia on
to make a request to

day of the Cannes meet saw Weissembach, the Austrian, and Rigal, the ex-motor
Others competing
racing crack, come to grief.
there are Bablot, Edmond and Molon, who are
also old motor racers; Gaubert, Baratoux, Frey,
de Virel. Braun, Sands, Crochon, Christiaens,
Jullerot, Prince Popofif and Hesne.
At Marseilles, Rougier, Metrot, Van den Born,

The

first

M. Singer, Bablot,

Serailler,

Blanc, Callas, Gabil-

Nogiies,
Dufonr, Astruc and
Michelin are showing their skill.

lan,

The

skies of

Europe
."ith

this

summer

Hauvette-

will certainly

the big birds.

With the return of fine weather the already

numerous aviation schools of France have reAviation
sumed their courses of instruction.
promises to grow more and more in favor as a
fashionable pastim.e.
All constructors of flying machines are overwhelmed with orders, and Henry Farman, Louis
Bleriot,
and other crack aviators have been
obliged to appoint special men at high salaries to
Good air
help them to teach the art of flying.
pilots quickly find employment, after graduating
at the schools, in organizing and directing local
aviation meetings and exhibitions. Every town in
Europe of any importance is eager to have one
of these in the course of the year.
The greatest number of aviators are being
trained at the Chalons camp, the military drill
ground at Issy-les-Moulineaux having proved
rather too restricted in area. Several of Bleriot's
however, with limited means, continue
s,
to

with a score of garage sheds. Other constructors

are fast developing large establishments in the
vicinity.

Trouble has arisen between some of the aviators

are using the Chalons camp as a practice
ground and the military authorities in charge of
The aviators, it is said, have hampered the
it.
soldiery in their drilling and the General commanding has lately decreed some very strict regulations regarding flying machines, among other
things forbidding excursions from the aerodrome

who

over the adjoining country.

One of the immediate consequences of this difficulty is that Henry Farman is about to move his
extensive aeroplane works and garage sheds to
the historic plains in the middle of the old Beauce
country south of Paris, and due west of FontaineThe plains are about eighty miles in
bleau.
width and are perfectly suited to aviation trials.
The village of -Mourmelon-Ie-Grand in the Chalons plains is reaping a harvest from the aviation
furor, as most of the novices are lodged and fed
It is rare to find
there.
of any one of the small

three persons of the

same

many

rich prizes for the

it.

The immense camp

at Chalons is probably the

and finest training ground for aviators in
Europe, and it is only three hours by rail, omniHenry Farman has
bus, or autocar from Paris.
a huge aeroplane factorv at the Chalons camp

largest

The Committee for a memorial to Captain Ferber has decided to erect a monument on the spot
near Boulogne-sur-Mer, where Ferber sustained
his fatal accident, and a statue in the town itself
of

Two German engineers, Herr Bracklesburg and

Flerr Seigneux, have invented a new type of airship combining the lighter-than-air and heavierthan-air systems.
The new vessel somewhat resembles a balloon of the Parseval type, but the
cage, or hull, is detachable, and is, in itself, a
complete flying machine.
The balloon portion of the vessel is two hundred feet long, with a diameter of thirty-five feet,
divided into eight air-tight cells, while the "car"

The Zeppelin now building the Zeppelin

be made of aluminum once more, as the new
metal which was to replace aluminum, and of
which so much was hoped, has not come up to
expectations after a series of most minute and
expensive tests.
will

German East

at the crowded table

hotels in the village
nationality.

Not even excepting the French, few novices

own the aeroplanes with which they practice, but
they are the jockeys of small groups of sporting
speculators who furnish the money that is necessary to launch them on their career. They are expected, in return, to win
men who finance them.

the services of the Imperial exploration steamer

"Poseidon" for ten or eleven weeks. The members of the expedition intend to start for Spitzbergen on July i and will then, by the aid of the
"Poseidon," study the conditions for airship
landing.

Africa

intends presenting a milicolony

the type decided
yet been revealed.
;

Holland
A Nimegue inventor has built an aerocycle in
which he has succeeded in lifting himself clear
lie claims
of the ground on several occasions.
one man-power is sufficient to fly if properly
applied, but does not state how long he was
capable of exerting sufficient strength to keep
himself

aloft.

Boulogne.

Hungary
Hungarian of note to take up aviaM. Adorjan, the well-known motorist.
His machine is a monoplane of his own con-

The

tion

latest

is

struction.

India
man

"

to the Calcutta

newspaper "English-

"

AIRCRAFT

io6

May, igio

Coming directly after the big races in the

United States, the field should be most representative.
\b is well known, M. Raoul-Duval recently imoried a "Channel Crossing" Bieriot, and notwithstanding the great altitude of the capital and
sded in flying in the rarefied
1

The Mexican Government has given Seiior

Frederico Cervantes, lieutenant of engineers, the
mi^bion of going to France to study the latest

^^^ii^^jt^.m^*"^*"*^'

Monaco
ROUGIER'S GREAT FLIGHTS.
interesting flights from a
THE SKELETON OF THE ZEPPELIN V. THE
practical standpoint have as yet been made anyBLACK SPECKS BENEATH IT ARE THE HUN- where than those executed by Rougier on his
DRED MEN WHO WERE CARRYING IT.
Voisin biplane during his recent stay in the

Probably no

more

principality.

To
said that D'Annunzio, the poet and
It is
He is hesiauthor, is about to take up flying.
tating between a Voisin and a Bieriot. D'Annunzio has recently written a book on the conquest of
the air and has been lecturing on the new art.

M. de Stephanis, the president of the committee of the aerial meet of Verona, is authority
for the statement that at the coming meet at
Verona the following aviators will appear LathFarman. Rougier, de Lambert, Bieriot.
am,
Balsan, Metrot. Van den Born, Chavez, de Lesseps, Tissandier, Leblanc, Kuhler, Molon, Mme.
:

de Laroche, Duray!
Truly a galaxy of

stars

comet pale in the limpid skies

to make
of Italy.

Halley's

Among

those taking part in the aviation meet

at Florence (March 28 April 7) are Rougier,
Faccioli,
Guyot,
de Zara, Cagno, Cobianchi,
Grasso, Van den Born.

A new
is
c.

military

dirigible

of 4,600

cubic metres

being built in Rome; others of 8,000 and

m. are to be built for naval use.

12,000

those

who know

the " lay of the land " at

Monte Carlo and Monaco, and the gusty landwinds which are rarely absent from the neighborhood, and which sweep down through the defiles
and ravines in the mountainous region to the
immediate north, it seems little short of marvellous that, at the present time, an aviator could
accomplish day after day successful flights there,
and only shows that the state of the art is
rather underestimated than not by the average
observer interested in it.
Every feature of these flights was fraught with
apparent peril and suggestive of disaster; the

under way in the narrow city street of

La Condamine, the run on the encumbered
quay, with the great Rock of Monaco rising on
one side and a harbor full of shipping on the
other, and especially the thirty-foot wall or breakwater running along the further end of the quay,
against which the machine would crush itself
into kindling wood were it not high enough up to
clear it, rendered the start a perilous one indeed
especially if the wind blew to the aviator's back.
Once the wall was cleared, Rougier found himself fifty or more feet above the rocky shore, and
an instant later soaring over the Mediterranean.
Several flights were made for many miles over
the sea, some as far as Cap Martin and Mentone.
On his return Rougier would turn towards
the land and, rising to a great height, go rushing
far above the great crowds cheering him from
every point of vantage in Monte Carlo.
It is little wonder that the gaming tables were
deserted at such a time and that the feverish
habitues of roulette and trente et quarante rushed
out upon the already crowded terraces to see
Kougier soaring over the famous Temple of
Chance on wings somewhat more reliable than
those of the fickle Goddess of Fortune worgetting

GLIDING IN AUSTRALIA. FLORENCE M. TAYLOR PILOTING A MOTORLESS BIPLANE AT NARRABEENj NEAR SYDNEY.

On

one occasion the Voisin was made to climb

the level of the Mont Agel over 3,000 feet

to

and steered through the lofty defile

It was only several minutes
bie.

of La
after it

Tur-

had

disappeared over the village of that name that it

once more came into view, to the unmitigated
relief of the watching thousands below, who, no
longer hearing the motor, feared it might have
stopped running and caused a landing in the
rocky and precipitous wilderness beyond La
Turbie.
When he was once more over Monte Carlo,
Rougier turned his elevator down at a sharp
angle and literally let himself drop for half a
mile, with his motor and the force of gravity
cooperating to drive him downward at terrific
speed.

Three minutes later he alighted from his machine at the entrance of his shed.
In the uncontrollable enthusiasm which ensued
both he and his machine narrowly escaped harm.
Rougier

last flight

was no

le-.b

awe mspirmg.

shipped within.

Those who saw these flights will not readily

forget them; with the lapis lazuli and sapphire
sky and sea mingling far to the south, the
frowning cliffs of the Mont Agel and the Tete
<Iu Chien towering in the background, the white
of

tropical gardens, fountains and monuof the far-famed resort nestling at their
with the no less famous " Terrasses " a
seething riot of color and animation, and above all

buildings,

ments
foot,

AVIATION

IN

UNIQUE

INDIA^

HANGAR.

Chevalier Vincenzo Florio has secured an aeroplane to compete in the Palermo aviation meet
in

May.
Cagno recently made

hour flight on his

A. V. I. S. biplane at Novara. This machine is a
Voisin, built in Italy by the Ateliers Voisin
I tali e Septentrionale, the initials of which are
utilized as the designation of the machine.
a half

Japan
It

is

rumored

mission

now

several

Wright

that

far

above all to the ceaseless clatter of its tireengine and the whirring of its propeller, the
great white bird cleaving the invisible atmosphere, with the small black figure representing
its brain, crouching between its wings and acknowledging by gesture the noisy greeting and
tribute faintly heard from below, the picture was
less

complete whole which no later impressions

could ever entirely obliterate from the minds of
onlookers.
A year ago large prizes had been offered for a
race against time from Monaco to Cap Martin
and back, over the bay.
The conditions were
easier than for Rougier's flights, as sn incHned
a

the Japanese military com-

Europe

is
about to purchase
mounted on wheels.
These were experimented before them at Johannisthal, Germany.
It is hinted, however, that the commission,
while affecting to pay all its attention to aero-

planes,

is

in

biplanes

really interested

in

the great

German

dirigibles.

Luxemburg
An
at

the

aviation

meet

is

being plrnned to take

Mondorf-les-Bains;

amount

in

prizes,

the

date,

May

15

pi

to

23;

$8,000.

It is proposed to organize at Mexico an aviation meet at the time of the celebrations of the
centenary of Mexico's independence.
M. de Landa y Escadon, Governor of the Disand M. Maurice Raoul-Duval, the welltrict,

business man,

have been

discussing the question.

One hundred thousand dollars would, it is said,

be given in prizes.
The meet would be given in November, firstly,
because of the climatic conditions, and secondly,
because the main contests in France. England
and other European countries will by then be
over and a great number of famous professionals
free to

make

the trip.

Notwithstanding the stiff western breeze blowing,

he had started out with the intention of flying
Nice ten miles to the west, along the Riviera.

to

After turning the point of Monaco, the Voisin

met the full force of the thirty-mile wind and

made but slow headway. It had' got within four
of Nice, however, and was opposite the
harbor of Villefranche, when the wind
developed into a regular gale, blowing for several
minutes at a velocity conservatively estimated at forty miles an hour. {Several aeroplane
sheds were blown down at this precise time a
few miles from there.)
Rougier was high enough up and far enough
from land to escape the worst inequalities of the
wind, which of course constitute the only danger to equilibrium, but the speed of the Voisin
being forty miles an hour, the wind exactly
counterbalanced it and he was unable to make
any headway, the astonishing spectacle being witnessed by those on the convoying torpedo-boats,
of the aeroplane tossing and rocking in the
breeze, but remaining absolutely stationary in

miles
naval

to the coast.
As far as we know this is the first time an aeroplane has flown in a wind of velocity equal to its

relation

ANOTHER SUCCESSFUL FRENCH FLYER:

Mexico

known sportsman and

OLIESLAEGERb THE DURING BELGIAN AND A

GLIMPSE OF THE FRANCO-MOORISH ALGERIAN
OF ORAN^ OVER WHICH HE RECENTLY
STEERED HIS ELERIOT.

TOWN

THE

BREGUET BIPLANE IN FULL FLIGHT.

plane had been built from far back on the quay
to the summit of the sea-wall.
Over twenty entries were received, but not one
ever attempted the feat, or even came to Monaco
for the purpose.
In the future it will seem almost unbelievable
that a single year could have made such a difference in the development of the art.
Rougier gave altogether seven of these startling
All of them were marked by astonexhibitions.
ishing control and skill and no less astonishing
daring, but one or two stand out among the
seven for their peculiarly sensational character.

Seeing the futility of persisting, Rougier turned

around and was instantly carried off like a greaty
box kite of which the string has snapped, t^^jj
ing before the gale at eighty miles an hour am
in a few seconds leaving the torpedo-boats

He

was, however, able to land safely, his shed

the east
ide of the Rock.

being to

Monaco.

Morocco
The
)n

special envoy of Morocco, Ben Asus, while

a recent trip to Europe made an ascension in

balloon

"Hildebrandt."

This

first

'

AIRCRAFT

May, igio
instance of official interest being shown by Morocco in aeronautics is no doubt attributable to
European military balloons

the line work of the

at Casabianca.

New

as well

as

winning the interest

in

the
in officially recogniz-

Commonwealth Government

of

ing the vital importance of aerial defense by ofYering the $^5,000 prize referred to in a previous issue
of Aircraft.

The

made

ever

first flight

that

it

is

entirely

in Australia is to the

credit of Mr. Colin Defries, driving a Wright

biplane.
believe this is the first flight made south
of the Equator, for it antedates by some days
those made recently in South America.

We

to inventors machines of the

type, without their motor.

advice

me

to

deliver

Channel Crossing

These people think they will improve the machine by changing its motor plant.
You will
understand, and Mr. Delagrange was in this
class, that under these conditions my responsibility cannot be at stake in any way, as it is
wholly obvious that a machine built to receive a
motor of a certain power cannot support another
of double the power.
I regret that on this point many aviators see fit to
changing, themselves (on the plea of improving
them), the machines that we deliver to them, and
this thing is deeply to be regretted.
I avail myself of this letter to warn Mr. Le
Blon against his machine, which is exactly similar to that of Mr. Delagrange.
This machine,
which Mr. Le Blon is to use at the Heliopolis
meet, and which was delivered to him by the
Gnome Society the very day of the death of
Mr. Delagrange, is exactly "in the same boat"
as that of Mr. Delagrange, that is to say that the

motor was bought and mounted on one

frames outside of my intervention.
work is a construction intended

Persia

my

outside of

consent that Mr. Delagrange placed on his

machine a 50-h. p. motor which he bought directly
from the makers and to the mounting of which

or

he attended himself.
It is an everyday occurrence for

South Wales

Australia has long been interested in aviation

(one of her sons, Lawrence Hargrave, being one
of the world's greatest pioneers), so it is with no
surprise that news is received of her activity in
the new field.
'rhe Sydney magazine "Motor" has started an
aviation section under the control of Geo. A.
Taylor, whose practical work in Australian aeronautics and enthusiasm in that sphere resulted
in the formation of the Aerial League of Australia,

manner

107

of our
This frame-

to

receive

pupils; he then flew in

caster,

mate,
the

of

Belgium and

later at

Don-

where he shared the honors with his teamDelagrange, and made the longest flight
meet.

Recently at the Heliopolis meet he did some very

work, finishing' first in the Speed Prize,
in the single lap prize, third in the longest
consecutive flight prize and second in the total
ized
distance prize
(see
last
month's
Aircraft). He was entered for several of the com
ing meets, notably those at Cannes and at Lyons,
but, like Delagrange. was not destined to reap
the fruits of bis cleverness and of his dai
His name is now to be added to the
fine

ond

MARTYRS

LIST OF

TI-IE
OF AVIATION.
1908, Wright biplane, passenger.
Lefebvre, 1909, Wright biplane, pilot.
Ferber, 1909, Voisin biplane, pilot.
Selfridge,

Fernandez, 1909, Fernandez biplane, pilot.

Delagrange, 19 10, Bleriot monoplane, pilot.
Le Blon, 1910, Bleriot monoplane, pilot.

Switzerland
Captain Engelhard continued his flights at San
Moritz last month, and on one occasion flew
thirty-two minutes around the lake.
Notwithstanding the altitude, the German Wright had
little difficulty in rising from the ice.

The
already

interest

the

of

whetted by

habitues

Mr. AulT'm

of

San

Ordt's

Moritz,
abortive

the most enthusiastic spectators of

Efimoff's recent flights at Odessa was the ex-shah
of Persia; he imported the first automobile to be
seen in Teheran and is apparently keeping just
as much up with the times as heretofore.

One

of

Peru
Great interest
exploits

latest

is

of

being shown at Lima in the

Georges Chavez, now piloting

Chavez,
Henry Farman biplane in France.
although he has lived in Paris many years, is
He seems destined to be a great
a Peruvian.
and although only a novice already ranks
fourth in the High Flyers of the world, only
Pajlhan, Latham and Rougier ranking above him
Chavez is an old football player
in this respect.
of the Racing Club de p-rance.

aviator,

Portugal
After his Spanish campaign, Edmond Poillot,
the journalist-aviator, is to fly at Lisbon.
No aviator has visited Portugal since Zipfel s
visit last vear, when he made the first flights ever

seen there.

Ro\in\aLniaL
Even since Bleriot flew at Bucharest last OctoRoumanian sportsmen have been wishing to
more of the French men-birds; Deletang is

ber,
see

the latest aviator

Bucharest.

to

sign

contract

to

fly

at

Russia
Latham

to

is

fly

Petersburg,

at

Warsaw and

Moscow in May, and Efimoflf, one of Henry

Farman's most successful pupils, is making flights
at Odessa, his native city.
Guyot is also to return to Russia; his flights
last year met with great success.

A sum of $480,000 is
on building an aerial
asked

The latest addition

two Zodiac dirigibles.
in

France

these

to

be immediately spent
and more will be

fleet,

ROUGIER AT

Government.

of the

Russia's aerial

to

There

is

navy

is

much rejoicmg

this order, as it was feared that

airships would be ordered in Ger-

at

small

MONTE

CARLO.

A VIVIDLY COLORED BACKGROUND OF SCENIC BEAUTY FOR A MASTERLY AERONAUTICAL

PROWESS. THE CASINO ON THE LEFT WITH THE FAMOUS TERRACES PACKED WITH WONDERING TERRESTEIANS.

many.

Spain

motor

The deplorable accident which resulted in the

death of Henri Le Blon during the aerial tournament at San Sebastian (where, for some obscure reason, the Bleriot was dashed to the
rocky coast below, as it was circling the historic
palace of Miramar, on April 2) brings to mind
in very vivid fashion a public correspondence car-

ried on by Le Blon and by Bleriot. through the

sporting papers of Paris early last January.
disclaimed all responsibility in the
Bleriot
which had just occurred to
fatal
accident
Leon Delagrange. asserting that the unfortunate

had risked his life and lost it through

changing the original 25-h. p. Anzani motor for
a 50-h. p. Gnome motor, to make the machine
aviator

more speedy.
Le Blon, who was associated with Delagrange,
the latter had committed no imprudence, and implied that Bleriot was agreeable to
the change made by Delagrange.
In "L'.-Xuto" of January 9 appeared Bleriot's
answer to Le Blon"'s letter. It read as follows
and its significance seems terribly apparent now:
replied that

Paris. January 8, 1910.

of L'Auto.
Sir:
I read in your estimable paper of
this date a letter from Mr. Le Blon. the associate of Mr. Delagrange, which would tend to
attribute a share of the responsibility of Mr.

The Editor
Dear

Delagrange's accident on
In consequence, and as

honor

to

assert,

my

machine.

I have already had the

declare in the most emphatic

It is true that it can resist a

Mr. Delagrange proved himbeating with this machine, at Juvisv,
all records tor monoplanes, with a flight of more
than two hours and a half, but it is certain that
under these conditions it is working with a relatively smaller guarantee of safety.
I ask nothing better than to assume the responsibility of my machines, when the clients
use them as I deliver them to them, but the
slightest modification can cause the most serious

greater

self,

of 25-h. p.
strain, as

by

and especially a change like the replacmotor by one of double the

Delagrange and Le Blon saw
fit to do, and this, however excellent may be the
motor, as is the case of the "Gnome," which has
certainly proved its worth.
Believe me, dear sir.
Yours very sincerely.
/
accidents,

ing

of

pcTO'er,

a 25-h. p.
like Messrs.

LOUIS BLERIOT.

Henri Le Blon. before taking up flying, was

an automobile race driver of international reputation.
He has driven Panhard-Levassor cars in
most of the big European races, and. with his
beard flying in the wind, was a familiar figure on
these occasions, driving with great dexterity and
using rare judgment on the curves. Pie finished
third in the Ardennes Circuit of 1905 (a race won
by de Caters, who was also to take up aviation).
He was sixth in the Targa Flono, the big Sicilian
race, in 1906.
He was also well-known on this
side of the Atlantic and drove a Thomas car in
He took up avithe \'anderbilt Cup race of 1906.
ati'on last September, being among Bleriot's first

attempts at flight over the lake last

raised to fever point by Engelhard's great flights.
It is interesting to note that Captain Engelhard
has affixed a small box-kite tail to his machine.
It is placed high up on the machine, just to the
inside of the rear vertical rudder.

The Geneva
and

Dufau.x-,

aviators, Speckner. Carfagni, Nigg,

have established their headquarters
French frontier, at Viry.

just across the

Tonquin
French Indo-China is determined not to fall behind the parent country in the development of
aviation. Both Haiphong and Hanoi already have
several adherents to the French National Aerial
League. Several machines are being built, one of
which is about to be experimented with.
An aviation club has also been formed, and
there is talk of an aviation meet!

Tunis
Aviation is interesting the authorities, and it
has already been decided to hold an important
meet in conjunction with the International Exposition to be held here next year.

Venezuela
lesirous of
The Minister of Public Wor
in Governacquiring aeroplanes for the V(
a representative to
nd h,
ch types and ascervestigate th
ditions of purch;

AIRCRAFT

loS

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

BIG
A. B.

AB.

LAMBERT,

St.

LAMBERT
to

whom

Louis owes much

of

his native
its

city

prestige

of

and

popularity as an aeronautic center, is now thirtyHe graduated from the Unifive years of age.
versity of Virginia in 1896.
It was during the three years spent in France
that he became interested in ballooning. Joining
the Aero Club of France, he made numerous ascensions around Paris, easily fulfilling the conditions required to obtain the license of pilot.
Mr. Lambert is also Pilot of the Aero Club of
America.
He was for two years the President
of the Automobile Club of St. Louis, which was,
in fact, organized bv him.
He is now the President of the Aero Club of St.
Louis, which gained international fame for its
management of the Gordon Bennett Cup Race of
1907.

This year the race has once more been allotted

to St. Louis, in which case a perfect organization
of the big event may again be counted on.
Mr. Lambert considers the balloon grounds of
the Aero Club of St. Louis the best in the
world, the gas plant is such that 440,000 cubic feet
of gas can be furnished per hour.
Under the presidency and leadership of Mr.
Lambert the Club is rapidily increasing its membership, which at present numbers six hundred.
The Aero Club of St. Louis owns three balloons
for the use of its members, of which five are
licensed balloon pilots.
Mr. Lambert is a thorough all-round sportsman
and won the Missouri State Golf Championship

He also occupies a high position in the business

St. Louis, serving one year as President
the St. Louis Paint, Oil and Drug Club, and
being at present President of the Lambert Pharmacal Company, which has offices or agencies in
world of
of

the principal countries of the world.

In 1903 Mr. Lambert was a Vice-President on

the International Jury of the St. Louis World's
Fair.

He was elected to the City Council of St.

Louis in 190S, and is a Director of the Mechanics'
American Bank.
Of all men in the near and far West interested
in the development of aeronautics and they number many thousands probably none is more de-

serving of figuring among the ''Big Men of the

Movement" than Mr. Albert Bond Lambert, of
St. Louis.
Prominence and wealth have not always at
their disposal, to further an idea, such valuable
assets as the enthusiasm of youth and a remarkable natural executive and organizing ability, fostered by early experience in positions of trust and
responsibility.
Mr. Lambert's latest big idea is to unite the
Western aero clubs into a federation. Such a conception is not one to enter into lightly and without weighty consideration; but the -onnection of
the Aero Club of St. Louis's president with the
idea shows that, if decided upon, it will be well
carried out and will accrue to the benefit of all

concerned.

May, igio

ISRAE:L LUDLOW
ISRAEL LUDLOW, a prominent attorney
1 New
York, is one of the charter members

CHARLES JEROME EDWARDS

of
of

the Aero Club of America.

He early took an active interest in aeronautical
experimental work, and during the year 1905 constructed a number of full-sized aeroplanes in order
to study the equilibrium and lifting power of
supporting surfaces in full-sized machines. These
aeroplanes he had towed as a kite by an automobile or a fast motor boat. Charles K. Hamilton, the well-known aviator, was in the aeroplane
in most of these flights, some of which reached a

height of six to seven hundred feet.

In the spring of igo6 Mr. Ludlow went to
Florida to make some experiments there, Mr.
Hamilton going also to fly in the aeroplane, in
connection with the automobile races on the
During
Florida beach, on the Atlantic Coast.
one of these experiments of towed flight Mr.
Ludlow was in the aeroplane, which was of an
exceptionally large size, when a heavy gust of
wind coming from the ocean caused it to collapse
and its supporting surfaces to turn vertically upward. A fall of about one hundred feet resulted,
and in the wreck Mr. Ludlow sustained an
injury to the lower part of his spine, affecting
the nerves of the legs.
After a serious and protracted illness, steady
improvement has taken place in his health and

/^HARLES JEROME EDWARDS'

interest

in

^aeronautics dates from a casual meeting in Egypt

some years ago with Patrick Y. Alexander, the
father of aeronautics in Great Britain, and a man.
who has probably done as much, by his devotion.
of both time and money, to the science and sport
as any other man now living.
When the Aero
Club of America was organized in 1905, Mr. Edwards was one of the charter members, joiningwith Captain Hedge, Cortland Field Bishop and
others in the organization and extension of work..
When Count De La Vaulx came to America in

the spring of 1906, to arrange for several balloon flights, and added his experience and prestige to the general interest, Mr. Edwards wasone of the first to make an ascension with him
in the famous "Centaur."
Plis interest in aeronautical subjects has never flagged since then.
In 1906 he was selected a director and treasurer of the Aero Club of America, and has continued to hold those positions ever since.
In business relations Mr. Edwards is identified
with many commercial and civic bodies, being
manager of the Equitable Life Assurance Society,
and a director in various financial and insurance
companies. He was for a ntimber of years actively
identified with automobiling as a sport, having
been Director, Treasurer and President of the
Long Island Automobile Club, and also an officer
of the New York State Automobile Association.
strength.
He is a believer in the purely sporting interests
Mr. Ludlow still continues his legal work and
He is one of the attor- of both automobiling and aeronautics as distinct
interest in aeronautics.
neys for the defendant in the suit of the Wright from the commercial and exhibition features
Brothers against Louis Paulhan, the European thereof, and has stoutly held that the two should
aviator, and represents the legal interests of other be separate and distinct, and that aviation and
other aeronautic sports should not in any way
well-known aviators.
In 1907 he was at the head of the Department be made supplemental to or dependent upon any
question of exploiting a commercial prodiict or of
of Aeronautics of the Jamestown Exposition.
There are few men as well known in aeronautic gate money receipts.
Mr. Edwards is thus just the type of man
circles in and out of New York as Israel Ludlow.
Notw.thstanding the very seriovis nature of his needed in this country to develop aeronautics
protracted infirmity, his genial, cheerful disposi- along the proper lines, and retain dignity to the
number
the
very
large
sport
and science of aerial navigation. With some
tion ever prevails, and in
others, he is devoting both time and money tO'
of people he knows, he has no acquaintances
this end; he makes no restrictions as to the paronly friends.
Very popular at the Aero Club of America, he ticular branch of the art to be encouraged: he
has been a member of the House Committee of holds that the spherical, the dirigible and the flythe Club, and is at present on the Library Com- ing machine have all their part in the Conquest
mittee, with his friends, Mr. Campbell Wood and of the Air. and there is no balloon or aviation
meeting too distant for Charles Jerome Edwards
Professor Rotch,
Mr. Ludlow was Chairman of the Publication to visit for the purpose of lending his assistanc
edit
nakh
the affaii
Committee which issued the Aero Club book,
of
ostatics
"Navigating the Air." He has contributed many to the kindred
setting dyr
articles to newspapers and periodicals,
it
hand man to Cortland Field Bishop,
forth both the technical and popular sides of
Mr. Edwards has also done sterling work in the
igatii
Ludlow has been attorney of record in a Aero Club of America; he has worked hard and
number of noted cases where large public inter- conscientiously in the club's interests and in theHe represented the coming task of organizing the big Gordon Benests have been involved.
Horseman's Association in the preparation of the nett Cup meets this Fall, it is a foregone con"Rules of the Road" Ordinances in the City of clusion that no one will do more towards making
New York, the colored people in Race Riot cases them the signal successes they deserve to be
of 1905, an association of property owners in than he. If they are not the greatest
testing certain municipal street railway franchises tical contests the world has ever seen, it is
to say that the fault will not be at the do
in the Borough of the Bronx, and has appeared as
counsel in other equally well-known legal actions. Mr. C. J. Edwards.

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

109

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

BIG
NADAR
FELIX TOURNACHOX.

by hi:
better kr
de plume, Nadar, was born
April 5, 1820; he died on ^Xarch 21 last, ninety
years of age all but two weeks.
The name of Nadar docs not suggest as much
to the present generation as it did to the last.
Nadar was, in fact, in his country, one of the

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST was born

LIEUT.-COL.
\\/ ITH

HERMANN MOEDEBECK

Lieutenant-Colonel

Hermann

Moede-

His
San Francisco on April 29, 1S63.
was United States Senator George Hearst.
He was educated in the San Francisco public
schools and at Harvard University.
At twentythree he began his newspaper career as the editor
and proprietor of the San Francisco Examiner.
It was only nine years later that Mr.
Hearst
bought the New York Journal. He subsequently
bought the Advertiser to secure a news franchise,
and then founded the New York American.
His newspaper activities have by no means
been confined to San Francisco and New York,

'* beck, whose unexpected and somewhat premature demise (he was in his fifty-third year) occurred on i\Iarch i, disappears a man who had
perhaps exercised more influence on the development of aeronautics in Germany than any other.
When he threw himself into the arena nearly
thirty years ago, his country was wholly indifferent to the new problem; the military use of
balloons, in particular, appeared quite chimerical.
He began, however, by word and pen the work of
slow initiation, which was ultimately to awake
public opinion. The first embryonic organization

however, for the following representative publiowe their existence to him: the Chicago
American, founded in 1900; the Chicago Jlorning
Examiner, in 1902; the Boston American, in 1904;
the Los Angeles Examiner, in 1904.
Mr. Hearst began his political career in 1901 ^s
a Democratic candidate for Congress from the
Eleventh District of New York; he was elected
caricaturist.
In the revolution of '4? Nadar was on the to this the Fifty-eighth Congress and also to
He later was elected President
Bonapartist side: he went to Prussia, was made the Fifty-ninth.
a prisoner of state there and linally returned to of the National League of Democratic Clubs, and
Paris and took up the new science of photography. in 1905 was candidate for mayor of New York
He conceived many improvements in this line, on the municipal ownership ticket. The following
and his name is known the world over to pho- vear found him candidate for Governor of New
tographers as one of the men who did most to York on the Independence ticket, and last year
layor of New York on the Civic
make the science what it is to-day, just as an:icke
other famous French protagonist of heavier-than- Alii;
Clement Ader, is known to those conMr. Hearst is a member of many clubs; among
air craft
nected with the telephone for his inventions in them the Manhattan, L'nion, New Y'ork Y'acht,
Columbia Yacht, Brooklyn Yacht, New York
this line.
Henson and Stringfellow in England were ex- Press, of New York, and the Pacific Union, of
perimenting at this time with flying machines, but San Francisco.
He resides at 137 Riverside
Drive, New York.
it was only in 1S60 that Nadar's attention was first
On April 2%, 1902, he married Miss Millicent
drawn to aviation. He then made the acquaintance of the theorist de la Landelle and soon Willson, daughter of George A. Willson. Their

of aerostatic troops in the German Army is certainly due in great part to his persevering insistence, although, belonging to the artillery, he
did not himself have occasion to serve in this
special branch of the service.

nom

celebrities of the Second Empire.

He was engaged in photography when that science was in its infancy, he was an aeronaut at a
time when it was practised by but a few daring
men, and lastly he was a champion of the

*'heavier-than-air" principle when the problem apto present about the same chances of sucwhich that of reaching the moon or that
of sending parcels by wireless do to-day.
man of great imagination and a talented
writer, Nadar entered the higher class of journalism and wrote for many of the best newspapers
Later he achieved celebrity as a
of France.

in

father

peared
cess

cations

became an ardent supporter

the he

of

the

principle

of

--tha

lid that one of the things which

contributed most to deciding him in this line was
the sight of a man increasing the weight of a
sponge by wetting it. so that he could throw
to a workman who had dropped it from
it up
a scaffolding.
Nadar issued a manifesto at about this time
in which he explained that the conquest of the
air could never be made by lighter-than-air craft.
"To fight the air, it is necessary to be specifically
heavier than air" was what he was ever wont to
repeat.
"It is the propeller which is going to

enable

man

to

Although he was an aged man before the first

machine left the ground, it would seem as
he refused to leave this

dream

fully

life

before seeing his

realized.

When Farman won

this

experience

the Deutsch-Archdeacon prize

two years ago, and when Bleriot crossed the
Channel last year, they hastened to telegraph the
news to Nadar. as if thev feared it might come
too late.
It is said that" the venerable old man
wept on learning of these striking vindications of
the theories he had tenaciously clung to for fifty
unsuccessful years.

last

when Louis Paulhan,

at Los Angeles,
famous French aviator,

January,
the

took him for an air trip on his Farman biplane.

Friends of Mr. Hearst in the East received
most enthusiastic telegraphic descriptions of this

"baptism of the

fly."

flying
if

three children are boys.

Mr. Hearst, who is ever ready to encourage
every line of human progress, and who is in particular an enthusiast of the newer forms of locomotion, has a well deserved place among Aircraft's "Big :Men of the Movement.^' A new
recruit among those interested in aviation, he is
one of the few big public men who have as
yet soared in a flying machine.
Mr. Hearst had

air."

The air trip lasted about a quarter of an hour;

through the unexpectedness of the event, Mr.
Hearst, was in no way prepared sartorially for
dash through the atmosphere at forty-five
miles an hour, and was consequently thoroughly
chilled on alighting; he would, however, have
gladly continued his flight for much longer, so
exhilarating did the experience strike him. and so
unexpectedly secure did he feel on the flyer.
Since that day aeronautics, and in particular
aviation, can count on William Randolph Hearst
as one of its most prominent patrons.

his

Colonel Moedebeck did not devote himself,

lit-

erally speaking, to the practise of aerial locomotion; he was a technician and especially a highly
informed and documented writer.
His first important work, a general treatise on
aeronautics, dates back over twenty-five years. At
the same time he founded the Zeitschrift fur
Luftschiffahrt (which later became the Illustrierte aeronautische Mitteillungen), which he succeeded in making a powerful agent of propaganda
of aeronautic knowledge.
His articles, his pamphlets, his lectures, and especially his excellent
Taschenbuch zum praktischen Gebrauch fur Flugtechniker und Luftschiffer, of which the first

edition

is

dated

1904.

among

Moedebeck

placed

the

Lieutenant-Colonel

greatest

authorities

on

aeronautics.

This

work was

translated in Russian and

English, and ranks with Chanute's " Flying Machines " as an aeronautic classic. Some years
previously Moedebeck
had received the gold
medal presented by the Sportsman's Show at
Munich to the best work on aeronautics.
Another popular work of his is " Die Luftshiffahrt.
ihre Vergangenheit und ihre Zukunft."
which came out four years -ago. This little book
might well be considered the vade mecuvt of
all those desirous of knowing just what led up to
the present successes in aerial navigation; the
history of dirigibles in particular is a very complete and interesting expose of the efforts of the
latter

pioneers in this field.

Colonel ^loedebeck died in his native city of
Berlin, and the news created consternation in
aeronautic circles not only in his country but
the world over.
Moedebeck came of a very old family which derived its name from the town of Medebeck. He
started in his military career at the age of twenty
in the Sixth Foot Artillery Regiment of Silesia,
and it was about five years later that aeronautics
first

began

to interest him.

He was Vice-President of the permanent international Committee of Aeronautics and President

of the German Committee of Aeronautical Maps,
to the work on which he had devoted, for the last
year, the greater part of his activity.

AIRCRAFT

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

intention of the editors of
every month original scale
iful
ihe more remarkable
the request of numerous subscribers

to present

of

At

Aircraft
drawings
machii
the Pfitz

ner monoplane and Herring-Burgess biplane are

presented this month. These drawings are possibly not the first published of these machines;
they claim originality, however, in absolute accuracy of detail, a point on which the greatest
vigilance will ever be maintained in these col-

A single glance at the annexed side elevation

and plan will convince the initiated of the remarkable originality displayed in the construction
of the single plane machine recently constructed
by Mr. A. L. Pfitzner, in the Curtiss factory at
Hammondsport, N. Y.
This machine has made several flights over
Lake Keuka and is possessed of great speed.
Each of the wings of the main plane is made in
three sections, each five feet long, which are
attached and connected by steel sockets and steel
cable, the latter forming a symmetrical double
king truss with the beams, the king posts being

at

of the detachable sections.

set at an angle of five degrees.
of the surface is of the high-speed

junction

the

The wings are

The curvature

type, with the center of pressure eighteen inches

from the front edge. The ribs have a camber of

three and three-quarters inches in a six-foot
highest part of the surface being
the front edge,
inche abo

;-half

of inciden ce is
of the monoplane
inique featu
systi
of equalize!rs at the tips of the
The main surface, as seen in the plan,
planes.
stops short thirty nches from the end ot each
space slides a panel thirty
incires wide by fifty deep, of the
ture as the main surface.
These two balancing tips are inter-connected
to the hand wheel, and normally they project
fifteen inches at each end.
The three controls vertical, horizontal and
lateral^are embodied in a single wheel, which is
pushed forwards or backwards to raise or lower
the elevating plane, twisted to right or left to
steer in a horizontal plane, and turned to ensure
lateral stability through the sliding panels referred to above.
The Pfitzner monoplane is fitted with a Curtiss
25-h. p. four-cylinder motor, driving a six-foot
spruce propeller of four feet six inches pitch at

the

le

1,200 revolutions
of 235 pounds.

per minute,

ensuring a thrust

The Herring-Burgess biplane is a result of the

cooperation of A. M. Herring, the inventor and
builder of many flying machines, and of \V.
Starling Burgess, the yacht builder of Marblehead, Mass.
It made a short flight some weeks ago, with
Herring at the wheel. Its most salient novelties are the extreme
curvature of the planes
and the six fins placed above the upper plane,
with the idea of ensuring automatic lateral stability; the machine has not been sufficiently tried
out as yet to ascertain the full efficiency of this
control.

Another novel feature is the use of foot control.

to operate the elevating planes.
The landing apparatus is also both original and
ingenious in design, the aeroplane resting on a
single skid or runner with, on each side, two
smaller slightly elevated skids, on one of which
vhe
the

RECORDS tSl STATISTICS

favorable comment has been made on
SOthemuch
records and statistics published last month
in this magazine that those interested in exact
and precise data will be glad to know that Aircraft intends from month to month to keep

much up-to-date in this line as in every other.

In April, reference was only made to performances antedating the current year.
By January i last just nineteen men had succeeded in making flights of one hour.
It is a
little startling to contemplate that this sum-total
of human effort in that direction (up to that time)
has been increased 75 per cent, in the first twelve
weeks of 1910. In other words the list now numbers thirty-four.
The order in which these master aviators accomplished the feat is given below; the times of
the first nineteen can be found in last month's
data, those of the added thirteen are here given.
(i) Orville Wright. September 9, 1908; (2) Wilbur Wright, September 21, 1908; (3) P. Tissandier,
Mav 20. 1909; (4) H. Latham, June 5; (5) L.
Paulhan. July 15; (6) H. Farman, July 19; (7) RSommer. July 22; (8) C. de Lambert. August 26;
(9) F. S. Cody, September 8;
(10) H. Rougier,
as

September

29; (11) Louis Bleriot, October i; (12)

Caters, October 10; (13) Captain EngelOctober 29; (14) Lieutenant Humphreys,
November 3; (lO E. Chateau, December 12; (16)
J. de Lesseps, iDecember 16; d;) Mortimer Sin-

P.

de

hard,

ger,

December

(19)

L.

21;

(18)

J.

Ealsan,

Delagrange, December

30.

December

26;

May, igio

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

FLYING MACHINE MODELS

By W.
the
sport of model flying and
requests, this magazine has tliought it advisable
to help end encourage those interested in this
Every month
fascinating branch of aeronautics.
will devete a page to model making
and Hying, together with news of the model
Drawings of the
clubs throughout the country.
move successful types will be published, together
with detailed descriptions and explanations of

Aircraft

the"

Mc

The

Christian

As

Matic

H. Phipps

and boys were invited to enter, and it turned out

that the first three winners were boys.
Watkins again secured first place with his crack
Lawrence J.
flyer, which this time flew 148 feet.
Lesh, the champion glider, was second with a
flight of 125 feet; his model is entirely constructed
the parts being held together with
of wood,
rubber bands. It is interesting to note that Lesh
is constructing a full-sized front-rudder monoplane
on the lines of this model. Ralph S. Barnaby
was third, with a flight of 114 feet; it is built
on the lines of the famous Santos-Dumont "Demoiselle," and was quite the most graceful glider

VII. All machines must be started from a

platform which shall not be over three
(3) feet in height frorn the floor or ground; distance of flight shall be measured from the edge
of the platform in the right direction of flight.
yilL Each contestant shall be allowed three
trials in every class for which they are entered.
No flight shall be counted as such unless the
machine covers more than twenty (20) feet. But
only one such "no start" shall be allowed.
If any machine collides with a spectator, or
suffers any interference within the lines of flight,
that flight shall not be counted against the comtable or

petitor.

there.

The

International

School

of

Aeronautics

will

May 15, a kite and model contest

at Garden City, L. I.
Lawrence Rotch and Mr. Campbell

hold on Sundav,
at its aerodrome,
Professor

Wood, who recently visited the School, have

kindly consented to act as judges.
The kite competitions will be for stability, lifting capacity and altitude.
Experiments will probably be made with mancarrying kites, similar to the trials recently made
by Captain Sacconev in France.
The model contests will be for gliding models
and motor-driven models, which must be able to
fly in a moderate wind.
These outdoor contests
should afford a fine test of their stability.
If weather conditions do not permit of flying
the models, other competitions will be organized
at

later

date.

The rules of the International Aeronautic Federation will govern the different contests.
The National Model Aero Club has been organ-

New York. The object of the Club is to

The
model contests in this country.
directors of this club have laid down a set of
rules to govern these contests and to be used by
nil
clubs competing for prizes offered by the
National Model Aero Club.
The organizers of
the club are: W. H. Crocker, President; W. M.
Sage. First Vice-President; P. W. Wilcox, Second
Vice-President; F. S. Crocker, Secretary; Mr. T.
Talmage, Treasurer. The other directors are: A.
L. Stevens, the celebrated balloonist; Edward
Durant, the energetic director of the Junior Aero
Club; A. Armstrong, and L. W. Houck.
append the rules referred to:
I. These rules shall apply to indoor and outdoor contests, and shall be enforced at all open
competitions held by the clubs or societies affiliated with the National Model Aero Club.
ized in
rtjiulate

TROPHY PRESENTED EY LEO STEVENS FOR LONG

DISTANCE MODEL CONTEST.
subject and study of aeronautics.
To encourage
the various branches are arranging nuTnerous model contests, and they are in all cases
well attended and productive of highly interesting work.
The West Side Branch has been holding regular
bi-monthly contests in the Twenty-second Regiment Armory, New York. That held on March
12 was one of the most successful; twenty odd
machines were entered, the winners in the boys'
class being:
F. M. Watkins. first, with a monoplane of his own make and design which flew
121 feet 7 inches; Percy Pierce, second, with a
Langley type which covered 113 feet 3 inches;
Ralph Earnaby, third, with 76 feet 2 inches.
The model of F. M. Watkins is deserving
of special interest, inasmuch as it has been regularly winning :n these contests for some time
past. This model is of the front rudder type and
driven by two large propellers situated in the
rear of the main plane; the latter is flat.
The Aeronautic Society recently held, at the
Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory, New York, an
elimination contest for the purpose of selecting a
team of three to represent it in the Octave Cha-

interest

nute

Challenge

model cup

contest.

OFFICIAL LANDING AREA ACCORDING TO

N. M. A. C. RULES.

We

IL No flights made by models shall be deemed

or count as points towards the winning of
any cup, medal or trophy offered by this club,
or those offered by any affiliated club or society
official

the
III. Entrance in any competition held under
the auspices of the N. M. A. C. shall he held
as an unconditional acceptance of these rules as
interpreted by the judges.
IV. Each contestant shall register his or her
name, address, age, and type of machine with the
proper person before the event for which they are
entered, and will then be assigned a number.

V.

Every

machine

competing

or designed by the competitor

must be

(No

built

toys allowed).

Every machine must be built on practical lines;

that is, in a form capable of development to a
man-carrying machine.
VI. A machine must conform to the following:
(a) Must be equipped with suitable wheels or

skids.
(b)
(c)

Motive power must be self-contained.

Must be capable of starting under its own

Both men

Any machine which

alights

turns over in the air or

improperly shall be disqualified for that

flight.

In the outdoor competitions all m.achines must

be started facing directly into the wind.
IX. Special prizes may be given for stability,
excellency of construction, originality of design

and

special contests.

X. These rules may be amended every year at

the annual meeting of the N. M. A. C.
XII. The above is the course laid out:
any machine alighting properly within these lines
will be qualified as a flight.

New

The public school boys in

York are taking up model flying in earnest.
It has come
to be a regular part of the inter-school competitions.
So far the boys have been content with
flying models, but they expect to build full-sized
machines after the designs of their most successful
models.

Seven schools have formed aero clubs. They

No. 69, No. 77. No. 78. No. 1311, No. 1611,
No. 166, and No. 173. Several meets have been
arranged and various models will be tried.
are:

CLUB NEWS
Compiled by Ada Gibson
Aero Club
By

of

Ch&.rle5 H.

the occasion
ON"Aero
Club, held

of the

America
Heltman

annual banquet of the

at the Hotel St. Regis on March

24th, the dining hall was filled to its utmost capacity.
This is the first time in the history of aeronautics that a club has been able to display the
two Gordon-Bennett Cups which stand for the
world's championships in both branches of aeronautics.
the speakers' table stood the aviation cup won by Mr. Curtiss at Rheims last

On

August, and the balloon trophy won last October bv Mr. Mix. There were also the Lahm Cup,
the Scientific American Trophy, the bronze replica of the Michelin Trophy, for 1908, the cup
presented by Mr. Bishop to the Aero Club of
New England to be awarded to the pilot making

the longest balloon flight in New England during

1910,
and a model of the new Country Life
yet completed, which is to be placed
in the custody of the Aero Club of America for
competition by heavier-than-air machines.
President Bishop rehearsed the splendid achievements of the representatives of the club during
the past year, and described in his interesting
fashion the great international contests abroad,

Trophy not

also his first trip in an aeroplane with M. Paulhan

at the Los Angeles meet a few months ago,

which, according to Mr. Bishop,

for the

made him

feel,

first time, eligible to his position as the

Club's President.
Addresses were delivered by
the Hon. J. Sloat Fassett, Wm. H. Page. Brig.Cen. James Allen, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch and
Rennold Wolf.
Also at the guest table were
seated Glenn H. Curtiss, Chas. L Glidden, President of the Aero Club of New England; Colgate

Hoyt, J. C. McCoy, Com. E. C. Benedict and

F. N. Doubleday.
On Mr. Rudolph Schroeder's
proposal lusty cheers were given by everyone
present for President Bishop for making possible
the successes of Curtiss and Mix.
Several moving pictures of the Rheims and Los Angeles
meets were shown for the first time, at the close
of the speaking.
On Sunday, April 3rd, the hangars of the Club at
Mineola, L. I., were formally opened. There are
at present two of these hangars completed, and
they have been allotted for the first month to
Mr. Walter Lowe Fairchild. who has just completed his new type monoplane, and to Mr. Clifford B. Harmon, who has purchased the machine
used by M. Paulhan. On the evening of April
13th. the club will have its house-warming at its
new quarters, and it is expected that one thousand
guests will be present.

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

?en evolved by memiiachines are in pro-

ideas of aerial craft hav

bers, and some full-sizt
cess of construction.

They have a good membership composed of

some of the best and most representative citizens
San Francisco.
The officers of the club are: J. C. Irvine,
President; H. A. Chandler, Secretary, and Joseph
Maston, Treasurer.
of

Aeronautic Society of Ne^v York

By C. F. Blackmore, Treasurer

THE

past

month has witnessed

period of un-

usual activity in the affairs of The Aeronautic

Society. The new officers and Board of Directors
have taken hold with an enthusiasm that augurs
With the exwell for another successful year.
perienced hand of Mr. Hudson Maxim at the
helm, the Society looks forward to a season of
continued advancement and prosperity.
Arrangements have been made for the erection
of an aerodrome on the Society's grounds at
Work has already been begun, and it
Mineola.
is expected that the building will be completed
and ready for occupancy about May i. The plans
call for an aerodrome 48x150, which it is hoped
will suffice for this season, although from present indications it will not be long before another
building will be required.
Dr. \Vm. Green has completed another machine
and has made several flights. By the end of the
month the Doctor will undoubtedly have some

new

records to his credit.

Messrs. W. J. Deifenbach and Louis Rosenbaum are hard at work on their machines, and
will be heard from early in May,

natural facilities exist in the shape of fine hills

particularly suitable for gliding experiments.
As a result of a series of experiments carried
out by Professor Todd and Mr. S. A. Thompson with heavier-than-air models, a very efficient
type of propeller has been determined.
What is
most needed now is an absolutely reliable motor
for full-sized

machines.

The Club has started publishing a series of

papers, the first being by Mr. Goodnow on the
best methods of generating hydrogen for balloons.
The Amherst Aero Club has taken steps toward
incorporation and has recently become affiliated
with the parent association, the Aero Club of
The officers of the Club are: President, Professor David Todd; Vice-President and Treasurer,
Mitchell; Secretary, W. W. Goodnow; Mechanical Engineer, E. A. Thompson; Auditor, W.
A.

H. Kidder.

CLUB NOTES
Members of tlie Aeronautic Alumni Association
of the West Side Young Men's Christian Association,

New

York, are building a two-passenger

biplane.
characteristics, even down to the
its
the propeller, the aeroplane embodies a
composition of the ideas of a dozen men.

In

all

pitch

of

After many consultations and discussions

minutest details, it was decided to btiild
chine of the biplane type, but which differs
from anything yet produced in aeroplanes.

on the
a mawidely

Every

member

actively interested in the building of the

made some part of it. Considerable
e and much thought has been spent on the
king out of a special steering apparatus which

chine has

As soon as the Society's aerodrome is comseveral members will at once move to

Mineola and commence work, turning their ideas

pleted,

it is the intention of the

practical form,
to furnish the aerodrome with a comworking equipment, so that members constructing machines will not only ha\'e all neces-

into

Society
J.

C.

PRESIDENT OF THE PACIFIC AERO

CLUB, SAN FRANCISCO.

IRVINE,.

Pacific

THE

Aero Club

Aero Club was organized May ii,

with twenty-five charter members, all enthusiastic and actuated by a desire to build up
a substantial organization, to foster the interests
of scientific and practical aeronautics, to lend aid,
assistance and encouragement to its members
and worthy inventors who are making an honest endeavor for the advancement of the science
They also have in view the beneficial
of aviation.
effect from a social and sporting standpoint, California being favored with the best climatic conditions of any locality in the world.
*

Pacific

1909,

They propose to have their own motordrome,

where they can give annual midwinter aviation
meets, monthly balloon races, etc. Three months
after their organization they gave a most successful indoor entertainment, filling one of the
A few months
largest halls in San Francisco.
later they promoted the most successful series of
balloon races that have taken place on the Pacific
Thev are now making elaborate preparaCoast.
tions for their first anniversary, and expect to
entertain twenty thousand people in their three
Some very promising and novel
days' session.

plete

saries, but also some "luxuries" at their disposal.

Undoubtedly, from now on, work done will be
rewarded with success. The experimental stage
has been passed, and the laws governing successful construction are now so well understood
that in future failures will be "few and far be-

tween."
The meetings during March were of special interest to the members, and the increased attendance at each meeting is a source of gratification

and encouragement

to

the

and directors

officers

of the Society.

Amherst Aero Club

By

Prof. David Todd, President

npHE Amherst

Aero

Club

was

formed

in

the

i
autumn of 190S by the professors and students
of Amherst College and townspeople interested
in the progress and development of aeronautics.
About twenty meetings have been held for the
discussion of open questions, with many illustrated and other lectures for general audiences
of town and gown.
Several famous aeronauts, including Mr. C. J.
Glidden, of Boston, Air. Augustus Post, of
York, have
York, and Mr. Leo Stevens, of
given the Club interesting addresses on their

New

New

experiences.
On one occasion Mr. Hiram
President of the Hartford Aero

ballooning

account of his

first

aerial

trip

Percy

Maxim,

gave an
demonstraremarkable

Club,

and

a
his

tion in the old College Hall of

invention, the gun silencer.
His uncle, Mr. Hudson Maxim, who was recently elected President of the Aeronautic Society of New York, also gave a lecture on the
future of aerial navigation in warfare and a
demonstration of his wonderful inventions in the
realm of explosives.
At another meeting Mr. N. H. Arnold related
his hairbreadth escape in ballooning over the
North Sea.
Further lectures in the early future will be
given by Professor Moore, Chief of the Government Weather Bureau, and Mr. Glenn H. Curtiss
who has promised to speak on foreign and American contests in which he has competed.
Several members of the Club made balloon asProfessor and Mrs. Todd,
censions last season.
with Mr. Glidden as pilot, made an ascension

from Fitchburg in August, 1909, and Mr. Mitchell,

Mr. Strauss and Mr. Tucker, of the senior
class, made an ascension from Springfield last
ith Mr. Arnold actingas pilot,
ade for
air
Pla
ng the coming season, the first
of which will probably take place from Springfield

in

April.

Mr. Cornell and Mr. Eaglefield, student

mem-

are building a full-fledged aeroplane of the

biplane type in one of the College laboratories,
bers,

PROFESSOR DAVID TODD, PRESIDENT OF THE

AMHERST AERO CLUB.

the engine for which is all ready to be installed.

A committee of students purchased a glider
last fall with which they made several successMitchell and Mr. Van Auken
ful
flights, Mr.
being especially successful in their initial glides,
and with the opening of Spring further experiments will be made in South Amherst, where

THE LEWIS ELY

CUP.

not encroach on the Wrights' patent rights

and still be practicable and safe.
Dr. Rex C. Northwood of New York is President of the Aeronautic Alumni Association and
Francis E. Wilson is Secretary and Treasurer,
both of whom, with four other members, are
taking an active part in the building of the
will

biplane.

A very handsome cup has been put up by

Mr. Lewis Ely, who is one of the directors of tlie
Aero Club of St. Louis, competition for which
The rules of the
is open to pilots of that Club.
contest are practically the same as those governing

the

Lahm

Cup.

Several

other

members

of

the Club are contributing toward an aeroplane,

which is to be used for the training of the club

members who wish

to learn to

fly.

Students of Yale have organized a club to be

Although only a
as the Yale Aero Club.
it has a membership of more than
and the building of machines has already
begun. Most of its members are students in the
They are building
Shefi^eld Scientific School.
their own machines, and if any college aero
races are held it is probable that an aeronautic
building and professional aviator will be selected

known

few weeks old

fifty

Max Hoegen, a member

an aeroplane last year
which he made some experimental flights.
of the Club are:
R. J. Carpenter,
of Winchester, Mass., President; Max Von Hoegen, Vice-President; Reuben Jeffrey, of Norwich,
N. Y.J Secretary.
to train the competitors.
of the new Club, built

with

The

officers

AIRCRAFT

Aloy, igio

"3

RECENT PATENTED INVENTIONS

Briefed by Gustave R.

XDER

the

above heading

Aircraft

will

present each month the more interesting of

latest patents granted in Washington.
pace forbids anything but the most summard review, but those interested in the latest
elopments in aeronautic ideas will find here
mdex and up-to-date guide in patent matters.

Thompson

AIRCRAFT

114
extension at the rear on which is fixed a
rigid tail of four surfaces, two vertical and two
horizontal.
It has no rudder, but lateral stabilityis maintained by two methods, one being a patent
of the inventor which he calls a retarder, and
which consists in a system of vertical sliding
panels (which operate somewhat on the principle
of a window shade), one being located on each
side of the machine, between the main planes.
The other method is that of an electrically controlled gyroscope which works in conjunction
with the radiator.
The machine is mounted on wheels and is also
equipped with two hydroplane floats to "land"
Whitehead motor of 75 h. p. is to
on water.
drive a propeller of eight feet six inches diameter
and eight feet pitch.
Mr. Lawrence has recently formed a partnership with Gustave Whitehead, who is the designer
of the Whitehead engine, for the purpose of putting it on the market.
The motor is made in two sizes, 40 h. p. and
75 h. p., the latter weighing 200 pounds and
the former 145 pounds.
Both are equipped with
thrust bearings, eliminating the danger of breaking the crank shaft, where a propeller is fixed
direct to the shaft.
No carburettors are used, a vaporizer being attached to the gas chamber of each cylinder,
which thus becomes a distinct engine in itself.
The four vertical cylinder engines are of the
two cycle type, and the disposal of the valves is
of great power.
ed to b(
The cylinders are
nickel-steel, the pistons
ngs.
of cast iron with four
Messrs. Whitehead
id Lawrence claim that
the power actually c
sloped by this motor is
much higher than the ting, and are prepared to
back their claim up
ith
guarantee.
ilar

According

to

Aviation Committee, San Jose

aerial exhibition

on

JNIay 14th

made by

Cal., is to

the

have an

d 15th during Rose

Carnival week.

make

to
is

flights.

Six aviators have been engaged

The presence of some dirigibles

also assured.

The free use of a flying field in Los Angeles,

has a perfectly level course of several
milis, has been offered the War Department for
manoeuvres with the army aeroplane. As the site
available at Los Angeles will allow flying over
Santa Monica Bay, it would be possible to carry
out experiments in cooperation with the cruisers
of the Pacific Fleet.
which

May, igio
In case the club is not
old Union Race track.
successful in getting the international flying meet,
it will, in all probability, secure the grounds for
exhibition flights.

In view of the great possibilities of the gyro

scope as an automatic balancer of flying
chines, it is interesting to note the attention
being given by inventors to this remarkable
strument, which, up till lately, was mainly looked
upon as a toy. Among those attacking the prob
lem of gyroscopic balancing is Mr. Chas. E
Dressier, whose electrically operated gyroscope;
are at present being much discussed by experts,

While flying at the Wrights' practice grounds

Montgomery,
Alabama,
recently,
Orville
Wright had to glide to the ground from a height
The following interesting letter from a famous
Both driver and his machine landed navigator of the skies was recently received ir
of 100 feet
safely.
New York:
This was the first flight made in America by
Orville Wright since his famous cross-country
Hotel, Vancouver, B, C,
flight from Fort Meyer to Alexandria on July 30th
March 29, 1910.
last, and the first he has made anywhere since
Dear Friend: I received your kind letter of
flying in Germany last Fall.
March 15 to-day. It has been quite a time reaching me, as it got to each city just after I had
The city of Tacoma, Wash., had its first glimpse left.
of a human bird when Charles K. Hamilton flew
Yes, I had quite an accident in Seattle had
around the Athletic grounds, where the exhibi- the calf of my left leg nearly torn off, struck
tion was being held.
He made several spec- my head against an ash pole, which put me in
tacular flights and reached an altitude of 1,000 the land of dreams for a couple of hours.
Since
remaining in the air from seven to ten then I have been walking around with a cane
feet,
minutes.
In his final flight, when at a height and an umbrella, but flying every day.
of about goo feet, and with his engine at top
Yesterday I made a cross-covintry flight to
speed, he dived down to within 50 feet of the New Westminster, going over the city and reearth, when suddenly, he again glided upward, turning to Vancouver.
I
ended the flight by
just missed a fence, and flew away over the heads shutting ofT the motor and making a glide of a

at

of the spectators, returning after a two-mile flight

the :ity.

The International Balloon

race in October has

been assigned to St. Louis, but the progressive
city also wishes to have the international aviation

meet, and with this end in view The Aero Club

of St. Louis has obtained an option on the

over a mile in length from a height of

From the t^me I
fifteen hundred feet.
shut off the motor until I reached the ground
the newspaper men timed it, and the glide lasted
one minute and eight seconds.
Have you seen Mr. Curtiss or Captain Baldwin
lately? And what are you and all the other birds

little

about

doing around New York?

There is one thing about aeropla
a

at
rain,
fly

Gi^E,

OF THE DCLIGHXS OF

stated

time

regardless

Sincerely

yours,

CHARLES

CELEBRATED

of

ng

you

can

the

snow or wind included.

With best wishes, I am.
K.

HAMILTON.

noted that Hamilton considers himdependent on the weather since he

has given up piloting motor gas-bags for driving

It will be
self far less

Curtiss biplane.

^#^ NG^^r York ^"^

TUB IfEW FrRE-PROOP

NAVARRE
Seventh Ave.

SStb. Street
TOURISTS
FAMILIES.

BUSINESS WEN,

ilaximunL of I^uxury at

admits to
and Russian

Ticket
Turltisli

Baths,
Baths,
Spray,

Hot and Cold

Swimming

Pool,

Gymnasium,

Solarium, Smoking,
Rest and Writing
Rooms,

accessible:
Open for Wo^ien. On Mondays and Fridays from
On Tuesdays, Wednesdays
10 A M to lU P M.
and Thursdays, 10 A.M. to 6 P.M.
Open for Men. At all hours of the day or nignt

accommodation for
(except as abovel.
500 (men only). On Saturdays and Sundays, and
all public holidays, Baths open to men only.
Sleeping;

Kew

Dutch

Minimum of Cost

quiet elegant

Largest in the City

Blectric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads
Grill

Rooms.

EUROPEAN PLAN

A Room witb a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

A Larger Room with a Bath for $2. 00 and $2. 50
Where two persons occupy one room

etc.

$1.00 extra -will be

added

to

above prices.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

c I

T-sr

Edgar T. Smith

Press of J. J. Little

&

Ives Co.

New York

Geo. L. Sanborn

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

CHURCH
AEROPLANE
COMPANY
BROOKLYN,

"S

THE

ROBERTSON

AERONAUTIC
SCHOOL

N. Y.

Heavier-Than-Air Machines
Separate Parts
Working Models

THE ROBERTSON AERIAL CO.

Builders

Flying Models

Reconstructors

AeronauUc Specialties

Repairers

S\ipplies for Model B\iilders

ALUMINUM TUBING, RATTAN, BAMBOO,
WHITE-WOOD,

BIRCH,

SPRUCE,

ETC.

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS
MODELS
Made

to

Work

Conductors of Experimental
Machines

built

from your own design

SUPPL Y DEPAR TMENT

We

can furnish you with

parts

all

to

build any

Order from Working Drawings

type of flying machine from a tack to an Aviator.

pr.opi:ller.s
Scientifically Built

one pound

from Selected Honduras Mahogany,

KNOCKED DOWN FRAMES

Ready

to

Assemble.

take Orders for our

Working Models and Flying Toys

Liberal

Address

all

Our

school

vision of

AGENTS WANTED
To

AERONAUTIC SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT

6 inches to lo feet.

to the foot diameter.

is

conducted directly under the super-

Mr. D.

W.

Automobile school

school

is

course of

fully
its

in

founder of the

Philadelphia.

The

equipped to give the most complete

kind in America.

practice in building

Commissions

Robertson,

largest

all

The

course mcludes

types of full-size machines.

communications to

CHURCH AEROPLANE COMPANY

BROOKLYN,

N.

Write your wants

Y.

and
EVERETT V. CHURCH
ALBERT C. TRIACA
H. S.

RENTON,

49

Wabash

President and

Manager

Aeronautical

Engineer

Ave., Chicago

Agent

we

will supply

to

us

them.

The Robertson Aerial Co.

BETZ BUILDING

CATALOG FREE ON REQUEST

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

AIRCRAFT

ii6

May, jgio

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

CIE.

BROADWAY

1111

NEW YORK

CITY

OFFICE 316

AEROPLANES
MOTORS
PROPELLERS

OF CONSEQUENCE
This Company, having long since passed the experimental stage, proposes to give its patrons, at the lowest price, the
benefits achieved by its experts who have for years been profound students of Aerial Navigation.

POSITIVELY NO INFRINGEMENTS

RIGHT

DESIGN

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

MONOPLANES, BIPLANES -WITH MOTORS, PROPELLERS, COMPLETE FOR ASSEMBLING AND FLIGHT

FIRST PRIZE AT FIRST TRIAL

IN AMERICA FOR FLIGHT

We Employ only the Best Designers and Experts on Aerodynamics

Our Product

is

therefore Scientifically^ Mathematically and

Mechanically Correct
For excellence of workmanship, construction and durability, we stand without a peer. Our up-to-date method of keeping
in touch with each new improvement and embodying it in our product, stamps us as being without competition.
Our wind-proof surface covering and non-rusting wire are specially manufactured for our use.

Our motors are designed by Horner, whose experience in engines is unsurpassed they are very
and very powerful, their rating of 25 H. P. and 50 H. P. being estimated at 700 R. P. M.;
at greater speeds than this their power increases at an exceptional ratio.
;

BRAINS
Delivery

30

IN

days.

GOODS TO DELIVER

BUILDING.
Prices from

9t,300

to

93,000 complete. Terms on

application

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

1777 Broadway,

light

New

York, U.

S.

A.

CIE.

AIRCRAFT

May^ igio

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

IF you consider quality and you are looking

for balloons or dirigibles, get my prices and
samples of O. F. Lewis Balloons,

10 cents

a>.

117

fully

equipped.

Hydrogen generators for making gas

Have applied for patent on a new

line

for

PATENTS

sale.

steering

device for aeroplanes that will not vary from

keel.
VVould like to hear from parties
interested, with capital.
Oscar F, Lewis, Saratoga Springs. N. Y.

an even

CASH WITH ORDCR

10 per cent. Discount for Six Consecutive
Insertions all credited sixth insertion

WANTED. A
in

city

KXOCK-DOWX

frames for a successful monoNewark, N. J.,

plane glider. $ij.so F.O.B.
H. Wells, 75 Ave. "L."

FARMAN-TYPE AEROPLANE,
sale at a sacritice.

/^URTISS-TYPE
^

Apply

to

complete, for
E. A., care Aircraft.

AEROPLANE,

size,

with

or without motor splendid workmanship.

dress J. A., care Aircraft.

Ad-

full

WANTED. An

up-to-date business manager for

aeroplane company. Cash bond required. Apply B. F. M., care Aircraft.

COR SALE. One

40 h. p. Eight Cylinder Curtiss

Aerial Engine in good running order.
Price,

*^

$7-^5.00.

Address Box

188,

steering

and balancing mechanism.

Want

Offer in$1,500 for construction of a machine.

terest in patents.
John G. Planna, Box 55,
Union Sta., Austin, Tex.

ELECTRICAL

Gyroscope and aluminum aero-

plane inventor desires financier for its conI claim projection in my invention,
of overturning in mid-air will be
eliminated, ribs are invisible, resistance completely eliminated.
For particulars address August S. Praube, 2si6 Woodbrook Ave., Baltimore,
struction.
possibility

rHE

best and most scientifically constructed

propellers for Airships and Naphtha Launches
made by Jacob Naef, 3548 Park Ave., Bronx,
Jew York City,
re

AEROPLANES. Have
AIRCR^AFT.

C.

built

The
fly

an aeroplane

writer will

fly

it

Address care
East 28th Street,

it.

37-39

York.

THE FUTURE FLYING

Solicitor of
machine which combines
aeroplane and helicopter. This machine will
rise straight up in the air without a running start
the planes being turned edgewise offer little resistance in the air when raising and when the desired
height is reached they are pitched forward, thus
sustaining the weight of the machine.
The propellers are thus pitched forward and used exclusively for driving the machine ahead.
From results
obtained from several small models I think it will
make a great success. I would like to communicate
with a gentleman of money who would like to
finance, the building of a large one.
Address
J. W. B., care of Aircraft, 37 E. 28th Street, New
York.

DISCOVERED something which has a greater

lifting power than hydrogen, the lightest known
Will divulge the long-looked-for knowledge to party with capital, interested in U. S. Patent 939,651, which has directly opposed aeroplanes
united together and having a body mounted for
tilting movement between said planes, a propeller at the forward end of the body, adjustable for
steering purpose, propellers arranged centrally within the planes for rendering momentum, means operating the said propellers in unison a tail piece for
steering if the motor gives out, means of forming a
ball and socket connection between the tail piece and
the rear end of the body.
element.

SAMUEL WADE APPLEGATE,

"World Famed." South Bend,

Ind.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

FTER

an aeroplane

^rect mathematically,

is

constructed and is cormost important part

the

This

is the motor,
A number of aviators
under-rate the power actually required to make a
successful flight.
"ADVICE": Do not underrate your power.
Be on the safe side and procure a motor with power in reserve.
"THE

MOTOR," rates 75-h. p. at 1,000

Weight, 200 lbs. Nothing to get out
p. m.
of order; will stand rigid endurance test; two
cycle (new design) 4-cylinder vertical. A beauty
and only $1,400. 40-h. p., weight 150 lbs., price
r.

tion

Geo.

for patents and construc' * tion Monoplane, new principle, designed for
perfect equilibrium and control, and rise from
ground easily. Quite different from every type
of aeroplane in use.
Moses Franklin, Grand

ESPECI.'VLLY

AIRCRAFT.

XJOTICE TO THE PUBLIC This

notice

is

l^to make public a new invention in rudders

machines. This invention was communicated by me on March 8, 1910, to several
parties.
My invention consists of a rudder
divided into four parts, at the rear of the machine, two parts on the right side and two parts
on the left side; the two parts on each side
hinged top and bottom and each part set at an
angle and the parts on either side set at oppo-

for flying

site

angles.

When

not in

use

each

part

lies

They work from horizontal to vertical by

means of connections extending forward in the
machine. Joseph Thebeau, 315 West 51st Street.

Aeronautical Work
HIGH CHARACTER

OF

Work done

Obtained or no charge

Gliding
fly.
I will send
^mplete instructions and blue prints for buildig a 20-foot biplane glider of standard type for
ic (silver).
D. H. Fairchild, Pana, 111.

25c.
Fine Model
85c.
Materials

flyer.

Demon

Helicopter

French Aeroplane,
for

building

2-foot

aeroplane with instructions, also five drawings

and booklet for building two other models, all
complete, for $1.75. Instructions for building a
man-carrying machine, aeronautic books, spring
and electric motors, supplies, etc.
Monarch
Aero Co., Box 133-K, Sta. A., San Antonio,
Texas.

made

Easy payments, 15 years official Examiner U. .S. Patent Office, over quarter
century actual experience, unexcelled facilities, prompt efficient service, highest
references.
E.xperts in mechanical and
aero navigation technique.
Patents advertised for sale free.
Send sketch or
description of invention for free search of
U. S. Patent Office records and reliable
report as to patentability.
Send also for
beautifully illustrated inventors' Guide
Book on " How and What to Invent."

E. P.
U.S. and

BUNYEA COMPANY

FOREIGN PATENT ATTORNEYS

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606 F. ST.. N. W.,

WASHINGTON,

D. C.

PATENTS. 2H5ii225
100 Mechanical

FRED

G.

Movements.

Mailed Free

DIETERICH & CO.

Patent Lawyers

800 O. STREET,

WASHINGTON,

D. C.

PATENTS
PATENT ATTORNEY

Learn to
'is the first step in learning to fly.

Flyer,

legal effect

Victor Building:, Washing:ton, D.C.

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT
your invention on a flying- machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice Free.

)UILD A GLIDER.

its

PATENTS

COR

SALE. Record-breaking balloon Peoria.

* 35.000 capacity.
Just been overhauled. Fully
Price. $400.
Eugene Brown, 127-29
Jefferson Ave., Peoria, 111.
equipped.

C LYING MACHINES.

with regard to

REFERENCES

FLY! THAT'S THE THING!

BENNETT S. JONES

Junction, Colo.

good

Patents

QUALIFIED TO DO

A.

flat.

\X7ANTED. Capital

City

to consider

Lawrence, Mgr., "The Whitehead" famous motor, R. 405, Astor Theatre

Bldg., New York, N. Y. 30-day delivery. Men-

MACHINE.

New York

(Counselor at Law)

HAVE designed a flying

I an

$1,150.

' wonderful machine is automatically balanced

in the air, it does away with the warping of
the wings or tips, is operated by one steering
\vheel and is driven by two propellers which derive their power from a 50-h. p. revolving cylinder motor. Its wings have a spread of 30 ft. and
are 27 feet in length. The simplicity of this irachine does away with accidents and makes it
very easy for anyone to operate. I wish to form
a company of one or more to manufacture this
machine. If you are interested, address Ralph
Cole, Norwalk, Ohio.

Tribune Building

AIRCRAFT

WHITEHEAD

you

that has never flown?

you or help you to

for

I.

keep

THE LAWSON

New

to

R. THOMPSON
GUSTAVERoom
1502

every

posted on the latest aeronautical doings.

PUBLISHING CO.,
27-39 East 28th Street,
New York, U. S. A.

Md.

R.

world

in

Monett, Mo.

HA\'E NEW MONOPLANE, no freak but a

sane Langley-type machine, with absolutely
new

the

representative

press

Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each

WRITE TO-DAY

SECURED
P
A T*!?
AJT^C
L l\.
1 H/iM
1 kj

or

Fee Returned

Send sketch for free search of Patent Office Records.

How to Obtain a Patent, and What to Invent, with
List of inventions Wanted and Prizes offered for Inventions sent free.

PATPNTC
rM CR O
I

Advice and Books Frte.

THAT PROTECT
AND PAY

Rales Reasonable.

IllgliesI

References

Patents advertised free.

BesI Services

WATSON
VICTOR

J.

EVANS &

CO., Washington, D. C.

E.

COLEMAN,

612 F St. N. W.,

Patent

WASHINGTON,

lawyer

D. C.

AIRCRAFT

ii8

SOARING BLADES

ABC

rht

Made, to Order, Jlttachahk

to ^our Aeroplane or Glider

of

AERIAL NAVIGATION
CONSIDERING

SPHERICAL BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLE

AEROSTATS AND AEROPLANES

They increase the speed to nearly double the

motor power, push machine if motor stops over 20
miles p. h., which permits gliding and prevents accidents.
Any height can safely be attained. Blue
prints

W.

Page,

and practical

j4 most complete

mechanical flight.

M.

treatise

FOR TERMS APPLY TO

DRESSLER

::

::

Coney

Island,

New

York

E.

for all interested

in

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

Simple, non-technical

Models, Propellers

and comprehensive.
Over

for aeroplanes with full patent rights, main-

taining automatic equilibrium, also furnished.

R.

Victor

May, iQio

Designed and

50 Illustrations and Charts.

or

made

to your

own

and Aeronautic Supplies

Gliders, Parts

PRICE 50 CENTS

built,

design

in

Stock

AERO MOTORS

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING COMPANY

37-39 East 28th Street,

SAMUEL

New

York, U.

S.

A.

PERKINS

F.

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

FRED SHNEIDER,
New

York Agent

for

TIRES
Clincher type only,

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night Adin which enormous beams or brilliantly colored searchlight rays (visible for five miles) are thrown upon "ads" suspended

which

factory

Street, Boston, Massachusetts

GREEN'S ENGINE
BUILT FOR THE JOB
purpose

it is

is
designed especially for the
not an automobile engine modified
From first to last it is constructed

Green Aerial Engine

intended to

fulfil.

It

is

made to do duty for aeroplane work.

with a special view to the peculiar requirements of an aerial machine
and consistent and continuous running under full load.

or

lightness, efficiency,

Green's Aerial Carburetor embodies an entirely new principle called into

It is one of many special parts
existence by the requirements of aviation.
which go to form the Green engine, and have made it so great a success.

Full particulars sent on application.

The GREEN'S
55y,

Makers

MOTOR PATENTS SYNDICATE, Ltd.

BERNERS STREET, LONDON, W.

for the

Patentees:

The Aster Engineering

Co., Ltd.

the lightest

type

aeroplanes.
SIZE

part of the

is

and most satis-

thousands of feet in the sky.

EVERY

New York

Kites and Balloons

vertising

110 Tremont

St.,

AEROPLANE

Aerial Advertising
By Aeroplane

1020 E. irsth

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

for

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

Modern Times

Greatest Aviation Motor of

The

NOW COMING TO

THE FRONT RAPIDLY

The World Famous

119

FOR THOSE INTERESTED

IN

AERONAUTICS

WHITEHEAD

^o~c'

MOTOR

DESIGNED BY THE NOTED ENGINEER

GUST AVE WHITEHEAD

Non-Bursting Cylinders

Vibration Negligible

Absolutely Nothing to Get

4 Cylinders Vertical

Run

Will

Out of Order

Port Exhaust

Until Fuel

Cycle

Consumed

is

/,

H.
40 H.
75

P., 200 lbs.

$1,400

P., 145 lbs.

1,150

Order Quick

jo-Day Delivery

Now

is

the

Time

GEO. A. LAWRENCE, Mgr.

New York City,

Astor Theatre Bldg.

For particulars

V H-fi

regard

in

^^.c^^

to this

-T.j

J '\.^^<.^_^

combined

Helicopter, Parachute
N. Y.

and Gyroscope

Exclusively adopted by Wittemann Bros., Aeroplane Mfrs.

Apply

to

the undersigned

requires
ITgasolene
to operate
little,

if

any, more expenditure of

the combination herewith

does to drive any other style of monobecome evident after a few moments' examination.
However, the foregoing

than

it

plane, as will

THE WARNER

AERO-METER
THE

FIRST

AEROPLANE ACCESSORY

Teils the aeropianist just the force of the wind pressure against his planes,

enabling him to guard against accident through diminished

air resistance.

Built on the errorless magnetic principle which has made the AutoMeter the St3.nd3.rd auto speed indicator.
It looks unlike the Auto- Meter but has
the same honest "insides"' and consequent

capacity for "delivering the goods."

Warner Instrument
Company
4

WHEELER

BRANCHES:
INDIANAPOLIS
CINCINNATI

PITTSBURG
LOS ANGELES
PHILADELPHIA

BUFfALO
SEATTLE

DENVER
NEW YORK

LOUIS

be upset; it will come down like a feather

should anything go wrong with the engine, and

on the water it will float right

In case of wreck, the operator is less
apt to be injured in this machine than in any
other because he cannot strike the ground until
after the machine has first given way, thereby
breaking the force of contact.
should

it

alight

side up.

JOSEPH

SAN FRANCISCO

DETROIT

ATLANTA

AVE., BELOIT, WIS.

SELLING
BOSTON
CHICAGO
CLEVELAND
ST.

arrangement possesses a number of very important advantages peculiar to itself which cannot
be over-estimated by prospective aviators^
i. e.
The above machine can be easily operated
by any novice; it can be started up without
regard to locality by a single operator; it cannot

E.

p. O.

MODEL M

AUTO- METER

Box

BISSELL
795

PITTSBURG,

PA.

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

AVIATORS ATTENTION!!!
A
C What you want
simple,

and above

is

Real Aeronautic Motor, light and yet strong,

reliable.

all

Word About Motors

Timely
A motor, moreover,

that the average

mechanic can understand and operate.

CL

What you do not want

sacrifice

is

combination motor cycle, or modi-

Lightness

fied automobile, engine.

in

these

is

and yet

of strength and efficiency;

secured only by the

either

type

is

unduly

We

have tried both, and we know. Before you invest, it

will be worth your while to write us, and hear what we have to say.
At an expense of several years' experimenting, and many thouheavy.

sands of dollars outlay, we have at

cooled, four-cycle, gasolene engine

H By special

method

at the

for

much
same time very much

high grade, water=

upon which we

CA

scarcely less important feature

silenced (not

power.

estimated;

lighter.

half

The weight,

and

as also the quality, of each engine

The importance
in

is

guaranteed.

with

C Write to us and

motors

of our

REVERSIBLE AERIAL PROPELLER.

18

Ft.

Spread

S 700.00
1,200.00

let

receipt of order.

balance sight draft

of lading.

you

us send

illustrations

and description of

of America

20

Ft.

Spread

160 Sq. Feet

Type

22

\<tll ^
CPZ,/ J

Ft.

Spread
\

220

HAMILTON AERO MFG.

208

of this feature can not be over-

a class by themselves.

Hamilton Gliders

Monoplane

"DEMOISELLE"

secured without loss of

Something entirely new and absolutely indispensable

Santos -Dumont

Original

in

cash with order;

bill

Co.
GIRARD, KANSAS

Send for particulars and price

is

these wonderful motors.

The Aerial Navigation

p. S.

the fact that our motors are

connection with their strength, lightness, and

Terms, 40%

pounds per horsepower about

the weight per horsepower of any other adequately water-cooled

num-

are of the regular

only silent motors yet devised for

in fact, the

are,

Price, 40 H. P
"
"
80
Delivery, 30 days from

are securing

weighs 3 pounds per horsepower, and

C The 40 horsepower engine
2i^
one

engine.

They

is

which feature

muffled),

aeronautic work.

stronger than the ordinary makes,

the SO horsepower only

either in the

They

opposed type, similar to the famous Darracq aeronautic engine with

which Santos-Dumont's machines are equipped, conceded by gas engineers to be the smoothest running, and nearest vibrationless type.

reliability, places these

aeronautic work.

of construction,

patents, these motors are

and

last perfected a

C These motors are not of freakish construction,

ber of cylinders, or in any other respect.

Sq. Feet

$30
$45

CO.

30TH AVENUE, SEATTLE

Successors to

Hamilton

&

Palmer

'The Pioneers"

" Dumonoplanes

"

Above Type

Ft.

Spread

24

Ft.

Spread

For

SPECIAL DIMENSIONS
21

$ 50 Cash Prizes

$350
$400

GLIDER FLIGHTS

Write us

for full information

BIPLANES
BUILT TO ORDER

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

MODELS

GLIDERS
Our

SEPARATE PARTS

Gliders are the best,

the safest and easiest to

Light Metal Castings for

operate.

Connections always carried in Stock.

Practical Lessons in

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished to

Order.

Experiments conducted.
Also

Large Grounds for Testing.

all

other Fittings.

GLIDERS IN STOCK
Wittemann Glider

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Little

KNABENSHUE'S FLIGHT IN

in flight

Telephone 390 L

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

NEW YORK

W-B

Aeronautical Supplies
at Money Saving Prices
Complete catalogue of supplies, motors and gliders
FREE. We can furnish anything used in the
construction of an Aeroplane, dirigible or glider.
Get

mailed

our quotations before placing your order.

E. J.
8

mm^
Above

is

a sample of the Aerial photographic

LEOPOLD LEWIS
915 Eighth

Avenue

New

A full line of Eastman 's Kodaks and supplies always on hand

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

J.
49 Sixth

for

selected

City

Aeroplanes

STOCK=^^
DELTOUR, Inc.

ALL
York

New York

BAMBOO
Specially

work done by

WILLIS CO.

...

Park Place

Ave.

SIZES IN

Telephone

5565

Spring

New York

AIRCRAFT

May, igio

AEROPLANES
of unrivalled qualities

and finished workmanship

by the

in design

are built

W. STARLING BURGESS CO.E^

OF

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
Licensees and Sole Manufacturers in the United States of
the Herring-Burgess flying machines.

This Company

is

Flying Models of other types, and

Trial

who

will

be pleased to

own deAll machines will be tested and flown at the Company's

Grounds on Plum Island in Massachusetts Bay.

estimates of cost to those

signs.

and
submit

also building Air Ships, Gliders

wish to furnish their

J.H.MacALMAN
Agent

for

W.

Starling Burgess Co., Ltd.

Showrooms, 96 Massachusetts Ave.

BOSTON, MASS.

.l/(;v,

AIRCRAFT

igio

123

PROPELLERS
-ssaiw^

'

/-

"PERFECT

STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

IN
6

Ft.,

LAMINATED WOOD

SCREW

$50

Weight 61^

ANY
6

Ft.

SIZE

PROPELLER GIVES

1..

$60

Weight 9

lbs.

OUR

Ft.,

lbs.

TO ORDER
THRUST AT

200 Lbs.

200 R.

a. Wi. iWotorg Co.

PROVIDENCE,

R.

March

I,

I9IO

THE REQUA-GIBSON CO..

225 West 49lh Street,
New
Dear

York, N. Y.

Sirs:-

The propellers your company are manufacturing fulfill every claim you make,
in fact, the

6 ft.

dia.

We

will

ft.

pilch propeller delivered to us did even better

work

than

you

guaranteed.

need more very soon.

Respectfully

L. A.

MOTORS

W.

CO..

Per OLIVER LIGHT.

P. S.

The

PULL we

obtained

mas about 210

lbs. at

1,000

to

1,050 R.

P.

M.

OLIVER LIGHT.

When

When standing in the breeze created by the

if 3 right or left-hand propeller is required.
propeller a left-hand propeller turns in a direction opposite to the hands of a clock.

ordering state

REQUA GIBSON
225

West 49th

NEW YORK
PHONE

Ft.,

7200

$70

Weight 12

CO.

Street

CITY
COLUMBUS

P.

M.

lbs.

AIRCRAFT

124

May,

INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS
FOUNDED

1908

The First Private School Established in the World

The Only Aero Institute in U. S. A. Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

FOUNDER-DIRECTOR

ALBERT

C.

TRIACA

Aero Clubs of America, France, Italy

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department New York School of Automobile Engineers
Pilot

THE AERODROME OF THE

I.

S. A.,

with Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model Hall, Ladies' and Juniors' Rooms and a private mile track for experiments is located at Garden City, L. I., adjacent to Hempstead Plains, where flights of lo miles in straight line
can be made.
(Take 34th Street Ferry or Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, L. I. R.R.)

HOME
STUDY COURSES
AND

IN AEROSTATS, DIRIGIBLES

AVIATION.

Prepared by Lieut.-Colonel G. Espitallier of the French Balloon Corps.

RESIDENT COURSES
Private lessons in

I.

S.

Sole Agents
for Dirigibles

all

U.

branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen. Juniors' Class with contests for Kites and Models.

A.
S.

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

A. and Canada

and Aeroplanes.

HUE

for the

CHAUVIERE INTEQRALE PROPELLERS,

COMPLETE LINE of

(Paris) Aeronautical Instruments.

holders of

all

the records

Imported and Domestic

Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and parts.

Models and

full size

apparatus made.

Estimates and consultations given.

Illustrated lectures arranged.

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines

I.

New

S.

A. Aerodrome, Garden City, L.

York Office: Care

of

I.

(near the Garage)

H. Ducasse Co., 735 Seventh Avenue

Paris Office

52 Rue Servan, Paris

[ i841"bryant ]

ipioi

AIRCRAFT

May. jgio

125

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

Leading Balloon and Airship Constructor

of the

World

REPRESENTING THE

CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO.

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

MAKERS OF THE FINEST AND STRONGEST BALLOON AND

AEROPLANE MATERIAL IN THE WORLD

Passenger
Aeroplanes

and
flying

SACE
Engineer

ONE TO

FIFTY PASSENGERS
MODELS DEVELOPED

CONTRACTOR TO THE
AND

U. S.

GOVERNMENT

NINETY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE CLUBS IN THIS COUNTRY

Also Representing the Santos Dumont Aeroplane

The Wilcox Propeller

AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE

CARTON

<&

LA

CHAMBRE

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

ADDRESS

Box

181, IVIadison

New

York

Square

AIRCRAFT

126

May, igio

For Balloons, Dirigibles,

Aeroplanes and Tents
An elastic,
lin or

Latest and

non-porous varnish for silk, linen, musfabric used in the manufacture of

any other

weight per horse power.

50% cash with order.
Motor guaranteed as the best. As represented or
money returned. Delivery 60 days from date.

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon

Sheeting.
to

Orders received, 1019 Binney Street, Baltimore,

From 100 pounds up; from 100 h. p. up.

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383 Third

Ave.

Md.

New York

Positively

^ero ilotor

Most Reliable
guaranteed to
run at two thousand revolutions a minute at 50%
less gasolene day in and day out.
One pound

air-craft.

Send for Free Sample

STENZY

-^he

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH

Send

A. F. P.

Stan,/. /,.- r,/.!y.

STENZY

THE HALL'S SAFE COMPANY

p. O.

BOX 846

Salesroom

393

Principal Office and Factory

BROADWAY

Bet\A/een

CINCINNATI, OHIO

White and

Manufacturers of the HIGHEST

grade of Screw Door and Square
Door Banl<ers' Safes and Vaults

Makers of

HALL PATENT (April

FIRE PROOF SAFES

Used

Modern Aeroplanes

in all

THE GREATEST STRENGTH FOR

THE LIGHTEST POSSIBLE WEIGHT
Write us for

Prices

and Samples

Mail Orders Promptly Attended

BOYLSTON

3,

I906)

hollow SPARS

H. C. Strattons

741

\A/alker Streets

NEW YORK

To

BOSTON, MASS.

ST.

New York Agent

FREDERICK

P.

SHNEIDER

1020 East 178th Street

}f(i\\

AIRCRAFT

igro

Henry
Are the best
the safest,

most rehable
and easiest
to drive

FARMAN
A
Grand

Prix de

Biplanes

FEW RECENT RECORDS

Champagne

(H. Farman).
Passenger Prize (two passengers and aviator) (H, Farman).
Grand Prize of Blackpool (H. Farman).
Speed Prize (H. Farman).
Distance and Speed Prize, Doncaster (Sommer).
Height Record by Paulhan (300 yards).
WORLD'S record distance (234 kms.) (H. Farman).
WORLD'S record time (4 hrs. 18 mins.) (H. Farman).
WORLD'S record for Height (4,165 feet) (Paulhan).
Longest town to town record, Mourmelon Chalons and back Paulhan).
At the Los Angeles meet Paulhan won the First Prizes for Height,
Endurance and Passenger-Carrying Contests with a Henry
(

Farman

Works: Camp de Chalons, Marne.

Biplane.

MICHELIN CUP

Kind

of a

(H.

FARMAN)

Offices: 22, Av. de la

Contractors to the French

^A/'hat

127

War

Motor

Grande Armee, Paris

Office

Do You Want?

Let us answer:
2nd,

A
A

3rd,

An

1st,

reliable

motor

powerful motor

enduring motor

Curtiss Motors
Have

these Qualities

The Kind You Do NOT Want:

1st,
A motor of "freak" construction
2nd, A motor of extremely light construction
3rd, A motor of unproven merit

CURTISS MOTORS ARE NOT IN THESE CLASSES

Built in All Sizes.

New

Models of Highest Type and Greatest Efficiency

Send for Catalogue 4

XX

CURTISS MOTORS HAVE MADE GOOD

HERRING-CURTISS

CO.,

Hammondsport, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

128

Important

and Owners of

Builders

to Inventors,

May, igio

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Defects and Faults of Construction

pLJAOT
^^1 l-T^l

Aircraft of Every Description

DRF^m RR

f7Q

VJ_jl_-<kJ

in

Expert Manufacturing

l->/l vJ_-<>JkJJ_^JL-*l\,

1_^.

Remedied by

and Consulting Engineer

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL

MACHINES AND FULL SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.
Office and Factory,
With

fully

equipped workshop,

SECOND AVENUE, NEW YORK

386-390

skilled

workmen, up-to-date

specially designed tools, apparatus

and modern machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORKING
MACHINES.

THE DRESSLER GRAPH-O-VIEW MOVING PICTURE MACHINE,

school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.
actual flight of aircraft satisfactorily

The
duces

electrically

effects at

once

operated

shown by

this

GYROSCOPE,

striking ar.d instructive.

all

for the

home,

club, lodge room,

kinds of animal and microscopic

life.

The

machine.

showing the fundamental principle

This was

first

CHARLES
386-390

Reproducing

of automatic balancing of aeroplanes, pro-

successfully manufactured

E.

by Charles E. Dressier

in

889.

DRESSLER

SECOND AVENUE

NEW YORK

CITY

\Vrite for Price and Sample of Special Silk Aeroplane Covers

2/4-yard

13-inch

Pure Silk

Silk Scarfs

rlanakercniex
Send $z. 50, and

re-

ceive a scarf like cut.

Your choice
fol

lowing

blue,

lilac

in

the

colors

and

cerise

ombres; Persian
print

black,

pattern

and

white, helio.

pink and blue.

We

A new

idea in lace

durable,
pure white and

bordered,

washable
chiefs.

its

handkerWill

color

retain

when

washed properly.

also manufacture a fine quality

VICTORY

Send 50 cents, and receive

a

new

in return

lace bordered pure silk

hand-

kerchief like cut.

of Silk for Balloons

SILK CO.

l^Z^f^^.

BOOKS
We

have conijMled a list of the very best aeronautical books written in the English
language and offer them for sale to our readers.
Earnest students
of Aerial Flight should read every book in this list.

Make

all

Drafts, Express or Post Office Orders payable to

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

CO., 37-39 East

and Natural Flight, by Sir

S. Maxim.
Being a description of
own experimental work and the devel$1.7o

POCKETBOOK OP AERONAUTICS, by H. W.
Moedebeck.
aerial travel

Containing

many

S.

A.

A popular work on
almost everything pertaining to the everyday life of the mechanic. 370 illustrations
and two chapters relating to flying
$2.00

L.

features of

and a splendid text-book

York, U.

by A. Russel Bond.

Iliraiii

ojiment of flying machines generally

New

Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory,

Artificial
his

28tli Street.

Conquest of the

for

the beginner or the aeronautical engineer.

3.2.5

Air, by Alphonse Berget.

history, theory and

book covering the

practice of the science of aeronautics, with

explanatory diagram and photographs.

3.50

Vehicles of the Air, by Victor Lougheed.

One

of the very latest aeronautical books,

covering almost e\'ery detail of the science

The Conquest of the

Rotch.
2.50

of xVviation

Air, by A. Lawrence
subject treated by an accepted

In a manner appreciated by a
popular, as well as a scientific audience.

authority

Aerl^l Navig.\tion, by A. F. Zahm. A book

written by one of the world's great scien-

who has made an extensive study of

the aeronautical subject for the past 20 years
tists

3.00

1.00

Airships Past and Present, by A. Hildebrandt.

A general sketch of the past and
present state of the art, together with its
problems, presented In a way that can be

Airships ix Peace and W.\r, by R. P.

Hearne, with an introduction by Sir Hir.im
Maxim. A popular account of the progress
made by the dift'erent countries of the
world in Aircraft

3.50

W. Lanchester. Convolume of a complete

work on aerial flight, with appendices on
the velocity and momentum of sound waves,
on the theory of soaring, flight, etc

6 00

Aerodynamics, by
3.50

Aerial Navigation To-Day, by Chas. C.

Turner.
A finely illustrated work on the
principles of Ballooning,

understood by ever3body

the

stituting

Aviation, Aerial

Law, Military .\eronautics, the aerial ocean

and the industrial side of flight

The Problem of Flight, by Herbert

stituting the

aerial flight, with appendices

the theory

Chatley;

on the

most instructive work written principally

for aerial engineers

F. W. Lanchester.
Consecond volume of a complete
on

Aerodonetics, by
1.50

work on

F.

first

and application

of the gyroscope,

flight of projectiles, etc

6.00

3. .50

All the World's Airships, by By Fred T.

The Force of the Wind by Herbert

Chatley.
A scientific treatise, dealing with the subject
of wind pressure in reLition to engineering

My

Air Ships.

By Santos-Dumont.

thrilling story of

this

Jane.

25

first

annual

machine

built

up

to 1909

Issue,

con-

".

10.00

"Born Again." A philosophic novel written

by Alfred W. Lawson. Has nothing to do
with the science of aerial flight. The ninth

The

Intrepid Brazilian's

wonderful success in aerial navigation, told

in an entertaining way, free from techniWith 55 full-page pictures from
cality.
photographs.
12ino, 400 pages

Being the

taining photographs of almost every flying

of cloth bound copies being exhausted, a few paper cover books being
in stock can be had for fifty cents each ...

edition

50

.50

Elbridge

Featherweight

6,

Engines
The Only American

Motors

Aerial

with a guarantee

based on actual performance.

THE

makers of the
Elbridge ^\'ere spending time and money on
the development of light\veight engines more than
four years before the word
40

to

60 H.

P., No. 167.

The Featherweight
show 75 H.

is

$1050.

the

"Aeroplane" was used.

Unlimited Guarantee.

lightest

engine of

its

power

in the world.

Will actually

P.

An

Elbridge rated
1200 r. p. m.

at

20 H. P. showed a pull of 200

Elbridge Featherweights are

made

in four sizes

from 10

lbs.

turning a 6 x 4 propellor

to 100

H.

P.

Higher power

to order.

used by Mathewson Automobile Co., Denver; Frederich Schneider,

McCallum Aeroplane & Mfg. Co., Kansas City; N. E. Brown,
Grand Haven, Mich.; Lieut. A. F. M. MacManus, U. S. A. (Retired) San Antonio;

This type of motor

New York

Wm.

is

City;

F. Milligan, Portland, Ind.

Chicago;

S.

H. Pankost,

Sacramento;

Martin A.
Schmidt, Buffalo; Western
Aeroplane Co Spokane; H.
O. Belden, Chena, Alaska;
George A. Metcalf, Boston;
,

John ].
N. Y.";

Frisbie,

Rochester,

William W.
Christmas, Washington, D.C.;
Dr.

Auchinvole, Botts & Crosby,

San Francisco, and many
others.

Factory always open for your

inspection; demonstrations by
appointment. Full particulars

both air and water cooled

engines on request.
of

Elbridge Engine Co.

Rochester, N. Y.

James

W. Wade,

Salt

Lake City; Eric Bergstrom,

Edited by

ALFRED W. LAWSON^

15 Cents a

Copy

BALDWIN'S
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AIRCRAFT

igio

129

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AIRCRAFT

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and to stimulate progress in mechanical

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June, igio

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AIRCRAFT

June, ipio

131

AT THE RECENT GREAT FLYING MEET AT NICE, ALL THE MORE FAMOUS AVIATORS VENTURED OUT OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN.
LINSON AND ROUGIER ARE SEEN HERE SAFELY RETURNING FROM A CRUISE OUT TO SEA. OTHERS WERE LESS FORTUNATE.
SEE "the NICE MEET," PAGE 147, AND "a LADY WRITES FROM NICE," PAGE ISO.

CONTENTS JUNE.
Cover Drawing

New
....
......

Editorial

Fly

Editorial
Letters from Sir Hiram S.
Safe Flight
Big jNIen of the Movement
Law and the Air
How to Build a Glider

Maxim, Louis

G.
J.

Herbert Sinclair
Ada Gibson
.

Bleriot,

and Robert Esnault-Pelter

.....
A

W'
Hugo
George

F.

Stephens

P. !Mvers
H. Ph'ipps

C.

Campbell

Gibson

Wood

Albert C. Triaca

to the

.......

Flyers Described
Flying Machine Models
Recent Patented Inventions
News in General

S.

Denvs

Comparison

Records and Statistics

Foreign News
.A Lady Writes from Nice
liritish Aeronautic Notes
The Wright Company is an Incentive
Three Impressions
Club News

A. Coffin

Offices

James

The Wright and Selden Patents

New

and Business

Mrs.

........

Women Who

1910

Frontispiece Glimpses of Aircraft's

Summary of Human Flight

RAW-

C. G. Grey
John G. Hanna

Development of Aviation

Gertrude Bacon
Ada Gibson
George F. Camobell Wood
W."H. Phipps
Gustave R. Thompson
Mrs. J. Herbert Sinclair

....
....

13^
133
134
137
138
i.W
140
142
143
144
144
145
150

ISO
151
15^

153
154
154
15.=;

156

AIRCR.AFT
Published Monthly by The Lawson Publishing
ALFRED
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132

AIRCRAFT

GLIMPSES OF AIRCRAFT'S NEW^ EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

June, iQiQ

;;;

SUMMARY OF HUMAN FLIGHT

By
Mrs- J. Herbert Sinclair

(Continued from

HOUGH

May

Aircraft)

seems that the lineage of the Zepis

an unbroken one and that
ship was followed by an improved siicL Kh big
ets-,or there was in reality an interval of several
Ncais between the building of the first of the
great rigid airships and that of the second.
In this interval others were experimenting,
hnwe\er
more especially in France, where
^ mtos Dumont was continuing his first experiments and where his dirigibles were succeeding

JLI

|n_hn

it

diiigibles

each other with bewildering rapidity.

IX also carried Santos-Dumont to the annual Military

review of the Fourteenth of July, at Longchamps.
Santos-Dumont had many remarkable escapes from death in
the course of his daring trials, but a compatriot of his was less
fortunate than he, and met his end under most tragic circum-

the No.

stances.

Severo d'Albuquerque and

on

Way

12,

1902;

his

craft

their

friend Sache rose into the air

was

dirigible

of most peculiar

shape and design, the gas-bag of about 85,000 cubic feet capacity
being sustained by an inner framework, and the two propellers

none have ever called forth the popular enthusiasm or drawn

being placed at the ends of the longer axis of the bag itself.
quarter of an hour after the start, flames were noticed at the
back of the car and a violent explosion followed. Immediately
after this a bright flame was seen in the middle of the lower side

public attention to the possibilities of aeronautics, as they did.

of the

was the Santos-Dumont VI which won the famous prize of

by M. Deutsch (de la Meurthe) to the first
dirigible which should rise from the grounds of the Aero Club

fell

Whate\er ma^ be

said of the lack of scientific value or use-

fulness of the daring Brazilian's experiments,

certain that

is

it

It

100,000 francs, offered

of France, at St. Cloud, near Paris, and, under

circle the Eiffel

the St.

Tower, three and

a half miles

was performed on October 19,

will long be remembered by

feat

who

Parisians

The

witnessed

start occurred

July, with the

it.

at 2.42

in

the afternoon

favorable on the outward journey, the Eiffel

tank showed signs of having been on

whole of the car was more or less burnt.
gasolene

The

the wind being

Tower was reached

minutes and the turn successfully made.

The return trip against the wind, notwithstanding motor trouble and loss of lifting power when passing through the cool air
above the Bois de Boulogne, took but twenty minutes, the finish
line being crossed twenty-nine and a half minutes after the start
the rules prescribed, however, that the time should be taken at
landing, and it was forty-one seconds over the half hour before
he had doubled back after crossing the finish line and landed.
The prize was, however, not withheld on this technicality.
the

most interesting

cer-

Small dirigibles are an

anomaly, but this little gas-bag, with its diminutive engine, did
sterling work for its designer and owner.
Santos-Dumont named this the " Runabout " and used it as
such.
One day he made a trip to the Aero Club grounds, and

tainly

after

short

started

call

off

the

twice

river

and

again, recrossed the Seine

stopped for refreshments at the restaurant of the Cascade

crossed

more before

returning

to

his

he

own

grounds.

On another occasion he actually sailed up the Avenue du Bois

de Boulogne on a level with the roofs of the houses, and down
that of the

breakfast.

Champs

own apartments, where he had

day he allowed a young American girl to
craft from Neuilly St. James to Bagatelle

,-\nother

navigate the

little

Elysees to his

and the

body of the

The explosion must have originated at the motor the flame

was then carried along the chimney and came in contact with a
:

stronger explosive mixture with the result that a second explosion took place.
The balloon then crumpled up, and as the outer

envelope was not firmly secured,

it

did not act as a parachute,

the fall being in consequence ver}' rapid.

in nine

Of Santos-Dumont's later dirigibles,

was his tiny No. IX, of 1903.

fire,

fault lay in placing the car too close to the

balloon.

No. V, the
1901, with the new No. VI
the countless thousands of

in

main body and another explosion took place. The balloon

from a height of 1,300 feet, and Severo and his companion
were killed on the spot. It was subsequently found that the

away, returning to

Cloud grounds, within half an hour.

After two unsuccessful attempts

it

own power,

its

1902

was

a most unfortunate year for dirigible-fatalities, the

death of another experimenter and his aide following the Severo

accident, on October 13
these were Baron de Bradsky-Laboun
;

young engineer named Morin.

The dirigible was 112 feet long and of 30,000 cubic

and

feet ca-

pacity.

When de Bradsky made his ascent, one of the propellers caused

tilt about the vertical axis, and a much greater height was
reached than had been expected.
a

De Brad.sky seemed to be about to give up the attempt, and

began to descend. When he was about 300 feet from the ground,
he called for information as to a suitable landing place. As
soon as he had satisfied himself about this point, it was noticed

Morin moved toward de Bradsky, and the centre of gravity

shifted to such an extent that, the car toppled over.
Both
aeronauts were thrown out and killed on the spot.
In the history of aeronautics, more perhaps than in that of any
other art, successes have been built on- failures, and failures have
had a most potent eflfect on its development.
The deaths of Severo and of de Bradsky martyrs to science
were deplorable in every way, but from their accidents much
was learnt as to what should be avoided in dirigible construction.
No further fatalities were to occur in bona fide dirigibles for
that

was

seven years.

(To be continued

in

July Aircr.\ft)

AIRCRAFT

134

June, igio

WOMEN WHO FLY

By Ada Gibson
T was

some

surprise that the success

to drive the biplane but she apparently

abandoned the
to do with

idea, the

Baronne Raymonde de Laroche, at the

recent flying" contests held in Egypt, was learned

death of Delagrange having no doubt

of in America.

The honor of being the first woman to fly on a Wright machine

and the further dignity of being the first lady passenger of Wilbur
Wright himself belong to Madame Hart O'Berg, whose husband
was Wright's European business manager. It was on October 7,
1908, that she flew with him at the military parade grounds of \
Auvours, near Le Mans, where he had recently been astonishing]
the world with his demonstration of mechanical flight, and, the

of

doubt that

not without

the

Throughout the winter some news and much

rumor had crossed the Atlantic concerning the
efforts being made by some venturesome sportswomen to emulate the prowess of Continental
aviators, but it remained for the Heliopolis meet
to reward this perseverance, and to prove beyond
the joys of driving a flying machine were not to be re-

served to the sterner sex.

much

this deci-

sion.

next day, another lady experienced the delights of flying in the

same machine, driven by the same master hand this was Madame
;

Leon

whose exhilarating air-trip lasted just four minutes

and twenty-one seconds. Leon Bollee is of course the wellknown autom.obile manufacturer of Le Mans, and it was in his
workshop that Wright assembled his machine for the receptionBollee,

made

before the French Syndicate.

Lazare Weiller, the wife of the Parisian banker, who
was then negotiating for the purchase of the Wrights' French
patent rights was his next and for a considerable time his last
lady passenger, for it was not until the Spring of 1909 that the
preserves of these ladies were encroached upon bj' the Comtesse
de Lambert, the wife of Wright's first pupil, and by Miss Katharine Wright, the aviators' sister
these ladies made several
trials

Madame

Pau

flights at

in the

women

Several

in

famous flyer.
America have

also temporarily left the earth

for a brief space of time, as passengers in flying machines

Mrs.
took a short trip in the Army Wright
this was at College Park, near Washington, last Octo-

Ralph H. Van de
aeroplane

ber, with the elder

Man

Wright once more

has flown in a Wright

at the

helm

no other lady

hemisphere, but several flew with

Paulhan in his Farman during the Los Angeles meet, last January, notably Mme. Paulhan, Mrs. Clifford B. Harmon, Mrs. Cortlandt Field Bishop, and Mrs. Dick Ferris.

Mrs.

Van

in this

de Man, the

lady in America to

first

of one of the Captains of the

ambition

is

has seen this

Army War

fly,

is

the wife

and her great

no one who
daring rider of thoroughbred jumpers taking the

said to be to

become

College,

a competent aviator

obstacles in the hunting field will doubt her capability to master

this

MiSi DOROTHY LEVITT^ OF LONDON

latest

Mrs. Glenn H. Curtiss

strenuous sport.

is

another

American who has recently flown it goes without saying that this
was with her famous husband the winner of the Gordon Bennett
;

Mme.

de Laroche was the

woman

to pilot an aeroplane in
long ago as last November, at
Mourmelon that human aviary, where, throughout the last few
months, so many would-be birdmen have graduated from the

flight

first

Cup

on one of his swift

little

biplanes.

this feat she achieved as

fledgling class.

She was by no means, however, the

first

of her sex to experi-

ence the novel sensation of flying, for manj' before her had soared
aloft, as

To

passengers of the more experienced aviators.

a Flemish girl, Mile. P.

van Pottelsberghe, of Ghent, belongs

woman;

the distinction of having flown before any other

occurred just two years ago

when she rode by

thi-

the side of Henrx

Farman, on his famous old Voisin biplane.

He had come to Belgium to make the first exhibition flights
ever given by an aviator and on one of his trials the young Gantoise was taken along as a lightweight passenger
the machine
only severed contact with Mother Earth for a few yards or so
and did not rise more than two or three feet, but during those
brief instants it certainly was fl3'ing.
A few days later, but in a widely different location at Turin
another Voisin, piloted by poor Leon Delagrange, carried as a
passenger for .some few hundred feet, the French sculptress,
Madame Therese Peltier Delagrange, it will be remembered, was
himself a sculptor of no small merit.
It was announced at this time that Madame Peltier was to learn
:

MADAME THERESE

PELTIER,

ON THE LATE LEON DELAGRANGE's

AEROPLANE

FIRST

"

AIRCRAFT

June, igio
Europe there are many women

111

machines since the beginning of

who have soared in Hying

Summer, as passengers of

last

renowned aviators among these are Jiladame Colliex, whose

husband is the Voisin brothers' head engineer, and who, nearly a
year ago, was one of the " men " in the first " three-man-flight
ever made. Mme. Frank was one of Farman's passengers in the
world's record one hour three-man-flight, which he made quite
r-cently; this is the longest flight ever made by a woman; Miss
;

Gertrude Bacon, another passenger of Farman's, is one of the very

few women who has been so favored as to have experienced all
tiie

methods of

different

her interesting impression^

air-travel:

appear elsewhere in this issue.

Then there

is

Jeanne Laloe, the lady-journalist

^Ille.

several times last October, on Bregi's Voisin

Anna Warchalowski

woman
Austria
she

to
;

fly,

she

and

is

she

an

is

Austrian

there

the

is

first

who

flew

also JMme.

Austrian

woman

the only

the sister-in-law of

to have flown so far, in

Adolf Warchalowski, to whom

indebted for her trip skyward.

is

In the last few months a great many of the passengers of the

more famous flyers, especially in France, England and Belgium,
have been women, so many in fact that an enumeration of them
would be fastidious.

Among
(every

the

women

first

of

title

to take

new locomotion must apparently

up the

aerial fad,

pass through the stages

of science, sport and fad, in the order named, before becoming

a world-wide industry)

Princesse de Crcy,

are

the

who were

Comtesse de Gnittant and the

recently

Sommer's passengers

at

INIouzon.
]Mr. Claude Grahame-White. the hero of the first attempt to
win the $50,000 London to Manchester prize, took his mother for
an air-spin over the Chalons plains the other day certainly the
while in a recent
first time mother and son have flown together

" tliree-man-flight "

aboard the

at

!Mourmelon, the

fair

se.x

preponderated

flyer

As to the bona-fide women aviators, those who drive their

own machines, it was not until the end of last Summer that the
Baronne de Laroche, who as mentioned above, is the pioneer of
them

all,

took the

first

lesson in handling her Voisin;

it

did not

take this well-known sportswoman and automobilist very long to

become mistress of her new craft, and only a few weeks later

135

found her making her first flights. She has since made many,
remaining at times aloft for half an hour at a stretch. Nor
have these been accomplished without incident: she sustained
one verv bad accident last Winter, but, with characteristic deter-

'

AIRCRAFT

136

She has now taken aviation into her affections and has made
flights with Latham on his Antoinettes
her great ambition

many

being to drive an Antoinette which,

if it is

one of the hardest of

June, igio

on a Bleriot, Misses Anna and Rosa Stier, of Austria, on Voisins,

and Mile. Elsa Bechart, also on a Voisin, (the latter at the new
Sanchez-Besa flying school, near Reims).

is also the most bird-like of them all.

Although American women have not up to the present become

aeroplanes to learn to master

sufficiently enthusiastic to take

up the new sport

in earnest,

they

must not for a moment imagine that the field has been left entirely to Frenchwomen.
Miss Dorothy Levitt, of London, whose successes on the stage
are only second to those she has achieved as an expert automobile

made her

race-driver,

first

flight as

a passenger of

Paulhan, at

Blackpool, and so enthusiastic did she become that she immediately

went

..Iv

She made

to Chalons to learn to drive an aeroplane.

arrangements to come to America and exhibit her skill as an

aviator at the Los Angeles aviation meet, but was deterred from
doing so, through not having obtained her pilot license.
Some Irish women, too, have added flying to their other pastimes, and in some instances are perhaps more actively enthusiastic than their French sisters. One of them at least. Miss Lillian

DIMINUTIVE MLLE. AEOUKAIA ON AN AEROPLANE TO MATCH: A

SANTOS-DUMONT " DRAGON-FLY "

In Germany, Fraiilein Ida Perry,

goers, has ordered a

German

aviator,

who

w.bll

known

to Berlin theatre-

monoplane from Hans Grade, the famous

came to grief at the Nice meet, but

recently

who, on the whole, has been remarkably successful with

his racy

little flyer.

About the only women

in

America who have announced

their

determination of driving an aeroplane are the Misses Curzon,

of New Orleans, whose brother purchased one of the prize-winnnig Henry

Farman

biplanes after the

Reims meet.

More will follow in the tracks of these aerial amazons and, if

precedents count for anything, there seems no reason to doubt

MADEMOISELLE MARVINGT TAKING A LESSON FROM HUBERT LATHAM

IN HANDLING AN ANTOINETTE MONOPLANE

Bland has constructed

machine entirely herself Miss Bland

" Mayfly " and believes it was the
very first biplane to be built in the Emerald Isle.
Judging from the success obtained with this machine as a
glider it might have appropriately been re-christened
Doesfly,"
by its modest owner.
Other ladies from Ireland interested in aviation are Miss
Sheila O'Neill and Miss Spencer Kavanagh.
The former has
been learning the intricacies of managing a flying machine of entirely novel design, at Wimbledon, near London, and dreams of
nothing less than crossing the Irish Channel in it, while the latter,
who is an expert balloonist and parachutist, is a pupil of Mr.
Grahame- White. She has been serving her apprenticeship at Pan
and has made several flights on her " Channel-crossing " Bleriot.
She was the first woman of British nationality to pilot an aeroS.

has christened her aeroplane

''

plane.

Both Miss O'Neill and Miss Levitt, as well as Miss Gertrude

Bacon, are members of the English Women's Aerial League, who
have been giving a series of " aerial teas " at the Criterion Restaurant, London, where music intersperses, and tends to relieve

A GROUP AT THE BLERIOT FLYING SCHOOL AT PAU. IN THE CENTRE

MISS SPENCER KAVANAGH; ON HER RIGHT. CLAUDE GRAHAME-WHITE.

THE HERO OF THE

FIRST

ATTEMPT TO WIN THE LONDON TO MAN-

CHESTER $50,000 PRIZE

whatever tedium or dryness accounts of aeronautical experiences

and speeches on aeronautical topics may present to feminine ears

that,

when served

feminine aviators will be found to the

as a steady diet

Other ladies now learning to

fly in

France are Lady Campbell,

when

to the East.

the sport develops, quite as

many and as competent

West of the Atlantic as

AIRCRAFT

June, iQio

TO THE WORLD AT LARGE

inured to scepticism by centuries upon centuries of unsuccess,

the idea of successful and efficient travel through the
planet's atmosphere, instead of on its surface
terreous or aqueous is distinctly a revolutionary one.
It is the role of this magazine to contribute an earnest and fruitful share towards making this at present

startling idea a familiar one,

and

to record,

month by

month, the progress and the extension of aeronautics

throughout the world.
It is an eminently encouraging task at this time.
Only three years ago the mention of aerial navigation
and the writer, among
still called forth open derision
a year later this had
others, can vouch for this
"toned down" to a sceptical smile; last year interest
began to be genuinely felt, it was still amused inand now amuseterest, but interest, nevertheless
ment has no further part in the interest, whether it
be casual or intense, manifested by the individual in
the present developments and prospects of air-craft as
instruments of human usefulness.
Thus, in three years, has been accomplished for aircraft what took thirty years for the steamboat, twenty'
for the steam-engine, and ten for the automobile.
In Europe, however, " I'idee aerienne " has made
far more rapid strides than in America.
In taking up a new idea, Americans may be said,
generally speaking, to be all more or less " from Missouri " they do not let themselves be carried away
by enthusiasm or sentiment; scepticism and suspicion

new

fangled ideas " are in fact

valuable stocks-in-trade which go to

business

men

of the

It is therefore,

among the most

make them the

world par excellence.

perhaps, too

much

to expect that this

necessary change in point of view, as concerns aerial

navigation, should be brought about with such revolutionary rapidity as it has been in the Old World

through being more evolutionary in character,

is all the more definite and all-embracing,
and when it is ultimately consummated no relapses of
incredulity occur such as a too rapid change of ideas

but,

the change

The people of this

almost invariably brings about.
country may be a little slower in drawing their conclubut when these are arrived at they are liable to
be both more permanent and more correct.
sions,

it

is

which prompt it
day in the world's history
;

gaining ground

is

among

not keeping pace with the events

not a single day passes one single

that

new

fact, a feat, a

record, a performance, or a discovery, an invention, a

new

idea, is

stone,

to

not recorded, to be added, as a single

the

ever-growing

tower

of

aeronautical

knowledge and achievement.

Take the events

A
sea

of a single month:
month ago for an aeroplane to risk itself over
was considered a deed of heroic recklessness

the

the
other day eight aeroplanes soared out over the blue
:

waters of the Mediterranean on a single afternoon.

month ago to fly from one spot to another fifty

was still a dream of the future to-day
such a flight would probably not be deemed of sufmiles distant

of "

But quickly as the idea

the masses,

ficient interest to

warrant the cost of cabling the news.

A month

ago the Comte de Lambert's feat of last

October was still spoken of as a marvel among marvels a young man with six weeks' practise at driving
a bran-new type of monoplane a monoplane, let it be
noted duplicates this feat, soars over Paris, and lands
in the Bois de Boulogne three lines are cabled on the
event, and the next who accomplishes a similar performance will no doubt pass unnoticed.
:

A month ago a three-man flight was considered a

marvellous weight-carrying feat; what would it be
thought of now that Sommer's machine has carried
four aloft for several miles?
It

is

only a few^ weeks since the winning of the

$50,000 of the London " Daily Mail " and that of the
$20,000 of the Michelin brothers were deemed mere

dim future the former is now won,

and it is obvious that we may expect the other to be
attempted any day.
Here in America a short news-despatch tells us that
one man has taken another, as a passenger, up five
hundred feet, and that a second native aviator flew at
nine hundred feet. Let us imagine for a moment the
sensation this would have created had it occurred on
possibilities of the

April 23, 1909, instead of on April 23, 1910!

And so it goes, the exceptional of yesterday

merely the unusual of to-day, before becoming the
miliar of to-morrow.

is

fa-

AIRCRAFT

138

June, jgio

LETTERS FROM SIR HIRAM MAXIM. BLERIOT AND ESN AVLT-PELTERIE

E

Sir Hiram S. Maxim, the

M. Louis Bleriot, the wellknown French aviator and builder of monoplanes, (which were recently declared to be in-

recently wrote

to

famous inventor,

to

fringements of the Wright patent)

Robert Esnault-Pelterie,

and

to

President of the

Mr.
S3'n-

dicate of the aeronautical constructors of France,

for their points of view on the

and have received

SIR
Dear

in reply the

Wright question,
following letters

HIRAM MAXIM'S LETTER

Sir:

I have read with a great deal of

and editorials which have ajppeared
Wright patents in America.

steering in a single lever of control which can with some show

of reason be claimed by the Wright brothers.
I have personal reason to regret that they did not confine their
claim to this single lever, for it is an interesting improvement and
one concerning which we could have established with the
Wrights an understanding, which would have been of profit to
all

aviators.

In all my present French machines the warping of the monoplane surface is brought about by the left hand, while the steering
is dependent on foot control.
These two effects are completely
independent and in no way necessarily corrective, as called for in
the Wright patents
on the contrary experience shows that the
major part of the time their effects should be added one to the
other instead of corrective of each other. This independence of
control necessitates a somewhat more delicate and longer apprenticeship, but one which the present uncompromising attitude of
the Wrights forces me to maintain.
I have gone further
in view of their threats I have tried to
completely do away with warping, using only for balancing purposes a somewhat larger vertical keel. The result was entirely
satisfactory I was in this manner able to fly without warping, in
winds as strong as those faced by the Wrights.
I delivered to Paulhan two such machines for his American
trip and, in his trials at Pau, prior to leaving France, he flew
perfectly without any warping device.
He made as sharp turns
as previously and merely had to use a greatef tilt, when doing so.
To sum up, this question of warpmg, about which so much
fuss has been made, and which seemed to be a sine qua non
condition of lateral equilibrium, proves to be of far less imporIf warping renders sipnal service in keelless
tance than this.
machines of wide wing area, such as the Wright machines, it becomes a far less necessary improvement in machines of small
breadth of wing, provided with keels, and is entirely needless in
machines with vertical partitions, such as the Voisin biplanes.
As aeroplanes will tend more and more toward increasing
speed and diininution of breadth of wing, the question of warping will more and more lose its importance.
I merely wish to say that it was regrettable to see at the dawn
of a science, (to encourage which all should have united in their
inventors make the unjustifiable claim of monopolizing
efforts)
an idea, and, instead of bringing their help to their collaborators,
prevent them, for no reason, from proliting by some ideas which
they should have been happy to see generalized.
;

correspondence
Aircraft relating to the

interest the
in

To make the front edge of an aeroplane rigid and the rear

edge thin and flexible and to keep the machine on an even
keel, by flexing the thin edge, is certainly not new.
Lord Kelvin took a keen interest in my work at Baldwyn's
Park: he visited my place on many occasions and brought some
very distinguished scientists with him. He spoke very highly of
my work but he had his own ideas and in time these ideas may
be proved to be right. He thought it would be possible to make
a machine in which the aeroplanes, although very large, could
still be revolved at a low speed, the machine moving forward
through the air the same as at present. I thought the matter
over and it appeared to me to be quite plausible and I ultimately
applied for a patent on a flying machine having eight aeroplanes
mounted on two shafts. These were to be placed at a very low
angle, to rotate slowly to get their lifting effect principally from
being driven forward onto undisturbed air.
The machine took the form of both a helicopter and an aeroplane.
This patent is referred to in my book "Artificial and
Natural Flight." It can be seen that it is claimed as an aeroplane as well as a helicopter and the flexing of the outer and rear
edge of the aeroplanes is certainly shown and described and is
used for keeping the machine on an even keel. In fact the flexing aeroplanes represent the pith of the whole patent.
The law relating to patents is not by any means a fixed quanThere are many factors in the equation and the strongest
factor in the Wrights' favor, in the United States, is, without
doubt, the factor of patriotic bias.
Everyone who has anything to do in the decision will naturally
have a strong bias they will even strain a point to give the
credit of the invention of a flying machine to an American
I
have no doubt, however, that a determined effort on the part of

tity.

American

aviators, if supported by money, would be quite able

to greatly curtail the preposterous claims made by the Wrights.
I was present at the Rheims meet last year and I noted what
people had to say it generally amounted to this " The Wright
machine has had its day it is now a back number." Whether
this be true or not the Wrights are certainly entitled to very
great credit for the part they have played in the history of
;

aviation.
With the money that they have at their disposal they may be
quite able to greatly retard the progress of aviation in the United
States, but in Europe I do not anticipate that they will be able
to give aviators any trouble whatsoever unless these aviators use
the specific device of the Wrights, as described in their patent.

Yours

sincerel)'.

^CCa^:^^

ESNAULT-PELTERIE'S LETTER.
Dear

Sirs

I duly received your letter of the l8th inst., and sincerely thank
you for the impartiality which you are good enough to show in
the question of the Wright patent.
I can only repeat what I have already said, that I consider the
judgment rendered against Paulhan unjustified. As regards the
practical result of the action of the Wright brothers, it has been
that we have joined together on the continent and taken measures to eventually have justice rendered to us in our country.
We will also try to reach this result in America. It is true that
the precedent of the Selden affair is unfortunate and tends to
make one doubtful of success, but we are decided that, if we do
not succeed on judicial territory, we will take up the conflict on

other

lines.
I

BLERIOT'S LETTER
Dear Sir
Concerning the Wright patents my opinion is that the warping
of the wings, taken in itself, is public property, and I think this
can easily be shown the vertical rudder is itself public property
and it is only the combining of these two effects balancing and
:

remain, yours very truly.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

139

SAFE FLIGHT
By James
\FETY'
tntion
I

his

iway,

in

flight

has

acquired

with the advent of

tlie

new

interpre-

would come more properly under

(lying

machine.

steering of a flying machine contemplates turning to the right

which previously meant to run

now means to stay, or staying power,

phrase,

ttadiness, equihbrium,

as

Stephens

S.

applied to the art of

Ihmg.
Flying is an art the broad possibilities of whicli
Inve as yet only been dreamed of. The wondertul developments of the past few years have been
to a great extent but practical demonstrations of
the theories and plans of would-be man-birds, for hundreds of
years past, made possible by the invention and improvement of
the gasoline engine. To "fly" has been the first aim of all
wlio in the past have devoted their time, their talents, and sometimes their lives, to the subject. This aim having been accomplished, it now devolves upon those who are giving their thought

or

to

the

balancing

left

calls

head of steering, since the

the

ascending or descending, while the

for the maintenance of the machine on a level,
as

well

as

longitudinally and laterally.

The

cut here

shown illustrates a method wherein is utilized a

new for this purpose and eminently adapted

principle undoubtedly

meet the requirements outlined

to

in this

article.

and time to the matter to work for improvement of methods.

Safety and service should be the watch-words of future progress.
To a great extent safety will always be a question of stability
and control. jNlany inventors are now working along this line.
Swinging weights, gyroscopic action, air or hydraulic pressure,
and electrically operated devices have been proposed, any of which
might be used singly or in combination to operate the controlling
In a biplane-construction an inclined shaft

functions of a flying machine, applied either directly or as auxil-

The

application of

many

of these devices at present in use for

other purposes, would be a simple matter.

for granted that such devices
trolling

methods

bearings on the ends of each plane

ball

iary regulators.

in use.

must be made

It

has been taken

to operate the con-

All of these devices require a consider-

amount of power, in fact with the Wright method of wingwarping, and the swinging of the hinged surfaces as in the
Farman and Curtiss machines, the more critical the conditions
become under which they are used to return the machine to its
normal position the greater the power required. There is always
able

planes on this shaft a circular plane

arm

being a natural

the

unbalanced surfaces so as to oppose them to the lifting pressure

of the air by sheer force.

The writer believes that the greatest improvements can be made

by a design which will so locate the supporting surfaces relative
to each other and to the weight carried that they will co-act
within themselves. Such a machine normally will have the necessary inherent stability, either when flying under power or when
soaring with power shut ofif.
This disposition of the supporting surfaces should be so made
that no vertical surfaces other than those made necessary by the
details of construction shall be used.
Only such dihedral angles
should be utilized as may be required to obtain the necessary
inherent stability, no greater angles from the horizontal being
used under normal conditions than the angle of incidence of the
planes or aerocurves necessary for support. This method eliminates the vertical rudder and all vertically disposed surfaces,
which the writer is confident, notwithstanding the recently reported successes of the Voisin machine, as flown by Rougier at
Monaco, will be found objectionable and dangerous.*
The perfected machine will of course need provision for
steering by the operator, as well as provision for supplementary
control of longitudinal and lateral balance, which, in this case,
TheVoisins are now building biplanes without vertical partiSee page 146. 3rd column, and page 148.

*Ed. Note.
tions.

is

journaled in

midway between

the

normally horizontal position by suitable wire guys. An

projecting at a right angle from the lower end of each
shaft, has a flexible wire connection D, from one to the other
on one side, while the connection on the other side E, passes up
through pulleys F, to a rocking arm G. Any movements of
the ends of this arm up or down will rotate the shafts A, tilting
one of the circular planes up and the other down, giving a lifting
effect on one side and depression on the other, the rocking of
the machine.

with an accident as the result.

This feature of requisite power renders present methods of
maintaining stabilit}' inefficient and but poorl)' adapted to control
by automatic apparatus, resolving the problem into the supplying
of some other and better method than the warping or swinging of

attached and supported

in

may

complish the desired effect

is

arm C

the imminent possibilitj' that the operator or auxiliary apparatus

not possess sufficient strength or leverage promptly to ac-

movement

in opposition to the

tilt

of

These plans are of circular form and in section as shown

H, this form and section presenting a sharp edge to the air
it meets and leaves the surface and at the same time providing
a concave surface on either side, thus greatly adding to their
at

as

efficiency.

A
be

practical demonstration of the operation of this device

made

b}'

mounting two

circles

may

of card-board, six inches in

diameter, on two lead pencils, placing

them

at angles as

shown,

and turning the pencils slightly in either direction.

These circular planes will undoubtedly prove as efficient as
any method heretofore used and will have the great advantage
of operation without resistance other than the slight friction to

overcome, which may be regarded as negligible, making it much

easier to maintain manual control and possible to use any of the
means of automatic or au.xiliary mechanical controls that have
been suggested.
This same principle as shown for maintaining lateral balance
has been utilized in a different form for steering in any desired

and incorporated in a machine now being constructed

demonstrate the views herein set forth. The entire control
this machine is governed by the movement of the single
handle-bar G.
Patents have been applied for covering the principle of this
device and its various applications, as also upon details of construction for the various purposes for w-hich it is proposed to
use it. It is the intention of the writer to submit for publication
at an early date drawings and a complete description of the madirection

to

of

chine referred

to,

number who are

inviting the criticism of the rapidly increasing

interested in the Conquest of the Air.

AIRCRAFT

140

BIG

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

ROBERT ESNAULT-PELTERIE
?Or.ERT ESXAULT-PELTERIE
ol

of

of the

brilli;

who have been seized by tlie fascination of

the problem of flight and are devoting all their
energies towards completing its solution.
As President of the Svndicate of French Aeronautical Constructors he holds a very high position in the '" aerial " world, a very natural one.
neers

for hint, considering his

svirprising if his youth
iiaiilt-Pelterie

Nc

was
Sth

but

but somewhat
considered, for M.
twenty-nine years of

talents,

be

!a

Tar

He

on de Sailly. in
:ence es-sciences."
1
Esnault-Pelterie
fic questions, and
echanical toys of

LOUIS BLERIOT

ORVILLE WRIGHT

oris BLERIOT.

the hero of the ''Channel

Crossing " and the famous French builder and
driver of monoplanes, was born at Cambrai. "luh"
T

I,

'

1^72.

'

He graduated from the Ecole Centrale des Arts

Manufactures and as early as 1900 was tackling
the problem of mechanical flight. liis first attempt, like that of many other pioneers, was an
ornithopter or flapping-wing machine.
Discouraged by the failure of this premature etTort, he
turned his attention to the automobile industry,
and put on the market the famous acetvlene
headlights which bear his name, and the "great
et

niate

which enabled him to later spend so

on his aviation experiments.
In 1903. when Ernest Archdeacon led his campaign of propaganda in France. Bleriot was one
of the first to rally to his standard, and undertake a serious effort towards solving the perennial
problem.
In 1905 and 1906. Bleriot. either alone or in col-

look up the studv of aeronautics and espe-

laboration

ciallv of the application of the gasolene engine to

flvin? machines. It was thus that he came to
biiild^ his famous " R.E.P.'' motor, wdiich he fitted
to a monoplane of his own design earlv in the
Fall of iQor. His first flights were made in October of that vear and excited a great deal of comment, as much because of the novelties in the
design of the motor as because of those which

characterized the monoplane itself.

The wings could be warped, a peculiarity which
no French aeroplanes of that time shared, and
because of this the machine steered much better
than the others being experimented with in Europe, in fact Esnault-Pelterie may be said to have
accomplished the first voluntary deflections from
rectilinear flight, made in the "Old World. The
length of these flights or hops did not exceed 500
feet, however, and it was only in the following
year that he succeeded in flying three-quarters
of a mile temporarily holding the world's record

for

June, igio

monoplanes.

Esnault-Pelterie machines have recently made

of ten minutes, but they are still somewhat hard to handle, the inventor retaining certain features which he hopes, when improved,
will make his machine superior to others, but
vhich in their present form appear to handicap
the raft.
R.E.P." motor has been often described;
it is built in four sizes or powers and embodies
ten or fotirteen cylinders, disposed
five, seven,
fan-shape, around the crank case; both design
and construction are of a highly original charflights

acter.

As a leader in the aeronautical movement.

Robert Esnault-Pelterie stands as high as any:
it was virtuallv he who organized the first aero
shows in Paris, in iqoS and^last year, and it wns
due to his untiring zeal and energy that they
were sucli an iniqualified

sale of
lavishly

with Gabriel ^'oisin. built several biplane gliders and fivers which he experimented
on the Seine, near Paris.
It was not. however, until 1907 that he was
actually to fly: and this was to occur, not on a
two surface machine such as he had previously
been experimenting w^ith. but on a monoplane,
the style of aeroplane from wdiJch he was later
to derive undying fame.
Leaving the ground for a few feet on April
5. 1907. Bleriot improved his record on July nth,

and on September nth: on September 17, 1907.

he attracted universal attention by covering 303
yards in

flight,

only 3S yards less

than Santos-

Dumont's record (it must always be borne

id that the Wright brothers' records were

in
at

tha

On December 4th and 6th of the same year.

Bleriot again bettered his record, with a new
machine, his flights extending from one to three
furlongs a world's record for monoplanes.
It w^as not until the following Tune that this
record was broken by INL Esnault-Pelterie. but ?
few days later Bleriot came into his own again,
driving his No. VIII Bis through the air for
nearly a mile. From then on he rapidly increased
the length of his flights, improving 'his record
July 3. 4 and 6. 190S, the last one extending
between eight and nine minutes.
But Bleriot. far from satisfied with the results
obtained, built yet another machine, which he
experimented in 'the Fall of 190S. in the Beauce
country, south of Versailles.
How Bleriot steadily bettered his performances
last year and finally.' on his No. XI made his
great cross-country and cross-channel flights is
too recent and too familiar a storv to repeat in
these columns. Sufl^ce it to say that Bleriot has
proved himself to be one of the greatest among
the great men engaged in achieving, step by step,
the Conquest of the Air.

T'HE FIRST

MEN TO FLY !-Whatever

may

be the opinion held by some as to the efl'ect

present attitude may have on the dawn_ their
'ing flying machine industry, or as to the rectitude
or justification of this attitude, there is little or
no doubt that to Posterity, the brothers whose
likenesses appear here will stand out as heroic
figures of no mean proportions. To the two men
who first succeeded in flying, places are reserved
in the Hall of Fame of Human Progress in immediate proximity to such immortal pioneers as
Guttenberg. Watt, Fulton, Stevenson,
Edison,
Bell and some others, and to those who see in
mechanical flight not only a step forward but the
birth of a new era of incalculable import to Humanity, it must appear that the \\'"rights will
stand head and shoulders above even these men.
Clement Ader. of France, and Sir Hiram S:Maxim. of America and England, succeeded before them in overcoming gravity in man-carrying machines. the first step in the problem,
but it was reserved to Wilbur and Oryille Wright
to be the first to make real flights.
It is perhaps because of this tremendous prestige as pioneers that so much is expected of the
*

^\' rights

in

magnanimity

and

disinterestedness,

and there

is reason to suppose that their enerefforts to get what they can out of their
invention would be considered entirely natural by
their present detractors were they merely looked
upon as two average citi;^cns seeki'ng a living from
the fruits of their labor, rather than as world's
history-makers, saddled with a moral obligation
of living up to their greatness as such, and, in
a spirit of "noblesse oblige." of merely looking
upon themselves as stepping stones in the Path
of Progress.
These sk,^tches are primarily intended to be
biographical in character but, to men interested
in aeronautics,
the biographies of the Ohioan
inventors seem more or less of an old story. The
Wrights have themselves told how their attention

getic

was

first attracted to flying when, as children,

th-^y were given by their father a small helicopter
as a toy. how they later built such toys themselves and w^ere much surprised to find the difficulties vastly increasing with the size of the
models, how they later indulged in kite-flying,
and finally in the summer of iSg6 took up in
earnest the study of the Problem of Flight.
They had built iip a small bicycle business in
their native city of Dayton, but after they became
really interested in aviation, this was neglected
for the studies and experiments which were to
have such a remarkable result. Their first actual
experiments on a large scale took place in October, igoo, wdien they tried out large gliders as
kites.
Some months later thev entered into relations with Mr. Octave Chanute (who figured
among Aircraft's Big Men of the Movement,
in a recent issue), and 1901 saw their first glide
in a motorless biplane.

Juiu-.

AIRCRAFT

igio

BIG

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

GLENN

HENRY FARMAN

WILBUR WRIGHT
following winter was spent in an exhaustive study of the laws of air-pressure, and the
the gliding
conclusions reached were confirmed
experiments of the ensuing year; these glides increased in length until the Fall of 1903, when the
brothers were ready to replace the force of gravity
as a motor, with a mechanism embodied in the
Tlie

flyer.

141

gasolene motor was designed on the general

automobile engines of the time, but
it came to figuring out the shape and size

lines of the

when

of the propellers the Wrights had once more to

revert to investigations of their own.
On the seventeenth day of December. 1903. however, the first Wright motor-driven biplane was
placed on the starting-rail and the engines set
When those holding the machine let
in motion.
few seconds
it go, it started down the track and a
later, as it approached the farther end of the rail
that event occurred for which the world had

HENRY
ferred

I'ARMAN,

may

who

well
be resuccessful aero-

most
was born in France
some thirty-seven years ago. His father, an Englishman, is the well-known Parisian correspondplane

to as the world's
at this date,

maker

London newspaper.
Henry Farman has always been

ent of a big

closely and
newer forms of
professionally interested
locomotion and his connection with them extends
over' three distinct periods, in each of which he
achieved both fame and prosperity.
in

the

the pneumatic-tired bicycle first appeared

some twenty years ago, the Farman brothers,
Henry, Maurice and Dick, were among the first
to take up the novel pastime and sport.
Henry Farman's first great success in this line
occurred in the great Paris-Clermont road-race,

When

little more than a lad, he demost famous professionals of the time

Farman now hopes to win the Michelin Grand
the same course; he then
waited such countless centuries: under the com- Prize by flying over
track championship, and
bined impulse of its propellers and of the strong won the 100 kilometres
Maurice now a
wind it was meeting, the machine, carrying its later formed, with his brother
the most famous tandem
maker
aeroplane
rival
itself
for
maintaining
air,
inventor, rose into the
world
has ever known.
the
team
bicycle
to
twelve seconds in the element it was designed
its appearance,
made
car
first
motor
When the
to the fore; he will be
Ader had torn himself free of the ground for Henry Farman was againrace-driver,
if
his aeroremembered as a
a longer period than this, thanks to the temporary long

of his steam-engine, but with every

possible tribute to the great Frenchman (to whom
this magazine never fails to give the full share
due)
no one with any genuine sense of
of credit
values, would compare the wild uncontrolled leap
of the Avion III, on December 12, 1897, to the
steady, well-controlled, straightaway flights of the
Wright biplane, on December 17. 1903, especially
immediately followed the first
to those which
twelve-second attempt, on that historical day,
at Kitty Hawk,
.
The only feature which places Ader s performance on any plane approaching Wright's is the
fact that it was accomplished six years before.
Wrights
the
by
Experiments were resumed
the Spring of 1904, and bv November, turns, cirelasticity

five minute flights had been made; 19115

saw further trials by the brothers, who. after making some adjustments and improvements to their
machine, accomplished several magnificent flights.
fully warranting their assertion, made at that

cles

and

time, that they

had turned out

a practical

flying

machine.

subsequent secrecy and reticence, general doubt was entertained by the vast

Owing

to

their

majority as to the validity of their claims, and

it was only when the wonderful biplane was pub-

produced in 1908. that it was proved to detractors on both sides of the Atlantic and proved
beyond the peradventure of a doubt. that two
years
before anv other man had flown for one
Wilbur and Orville Wright of
minute.
halt
America-^-had made consecutive flights of over
hrenjji miles.
licly

where,

although

feated the

success does not too completely overhis performances on terrestrian vehicles.

In the great Paris-'Vienna race of 1902, Farman
the next
first in the heavy car class and
year came very near winning the Gordon Bcthird to
nett Cup, in Ireland finishi
Jenatzy and de Knyff.
elect the French
In the eliminatory race ti
nautical

shadow
was

for the 1908 Cup race, I

car falling down a ravine, and

team

Farman being kept

from following it by the providential presence of

a tree, the branches of which caught him as he
went by. Farman looks upon his sudden swoop
onto this aerial perch as his true debut
aviatic

September. 1907, that Farman first

piloted a Voisin ofT the ground, and since then
his success as an aviator and as a constructor
have been beyond those of any of his competitors.
As an aeroplane-driver he triumphed, in 1908. in
the Deutseh-Archdeacon prize of 50,000 francs,
in the Armengaud prize and the height prize
With his own machine he won
of 25 metres.
Grand Prize at Reims last year, and
the
countless others, while his pupils, Sommer, Cockburn. Paulhan, Van den Born. Efimofl. Frey.
Kinet. Crochon. Christiaens, Duray, Rawlmson,
Chavez,

Edmond,

Dickson,
have captured

Grahame- White.
etc.,

etc..

Camermann,

nearly

every

prize worth winning in the aviation world, the

last being, of course, the famous London to Manchester prize of 10,000, which apparently only
pupils deemed themselves capable of athis

tempting with chances

riLENN

H.

H.

CURTISS,

CURTISS
the

man who won

for

'-J

America the first Gordon Bennett Aviation

comes from Ilammondsport, N. Y.
When still a boy he acquired local celebrity as

Cup,

a cyclist, and, later, as a motorcyclist, his greatest success in this line being his famous mile in
the greatest speed at which a human
being has ever travelled. Showing great mechanical
ability he
undertook the construction of

26"%,

motorcycles, and achieved remarkable success in

this business; his motors, which were marvels of
lightness, became known all over the country and
Captain Thomas F. Baldwin, learning of their e.tcellence ordered one for one of his dirigibles.
In 1907, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, formed
the Aerial Experiment Association, the other

members

of

which were Glenn H.

Curtiss,

F.

J.

Baldwin. J. A. N. McCurdy and the late Lieutenant T. Selfridge. Throughout 1908 four machines each one designed by a member of the
association were built in Curtiss's shops at Ilammondsport and experimented: the "Red Wing."
the "White Wing," the "June Bug" and the
with Curtiss
All were fitted
"Silver Dart."

On May 22, 1908, Glenn H. Curtiss took his

place in the seat of this machine and on his first
attempt flew 1017 feet grazing the earth after 615
feet had been covered but keeping aloft for another 402 feet. The time of this first flight was
nineteen seconds and Curtiss throughout seemed
to be in perfect control of the biplane, which
was fitted with triangular wing-tips.
On June 21, 1908, the " June Bug," built after
Curtiss's design, was experimented and made
three very successful flights; further experiments

were made on June 2 and 25, flights of 2,17s

feet,
in 41 seconds, and of 3,420 feet, in one
minute, being accomplished on the latter date.
The Aerial Experiment Association then made
application to compete for the " Scientific American " Trophy, for the first flight of a kilometre
straightaway, the machine to land without injury.
Further trials were made and, on July 3d. a
flight of 1,300 yards in 68"!4 successfully accomplished, by Glenn Curtiss.

On July 4. 190S. after a trial of 900 yards in 56

seconds Curtiss easily won the prize, flying about
two thousand yards in l minute. 42 1-2 seconds,
the

official

being 5090

distance,

measured

in

straight line,

feet.

The early successes of Curtiss have been purposely dwelt on here, as being those least known
and appreciated.
All the world knows how he won the Gordon
Bennett Cup last year at Reims, driving his little
biplane at forty-eight miles an hour around the
French course, and later won all the more important prizes at Brescia, in Italy. Few, if any,
men have done more for aviation, and in particular for American aviation, than America's international champion. Glenn Curtiss.

AIRCRAFT

142

June, igio

LAW AND THE

By Denys

P. Myers

Continued from

May

THE CRIMINAL
j

F, as has been stated, the criminal Hfe appeals to

its

followers largely because of the absence of the

prosaic in

own

the evildoer ought to

it.

in that

regard

when he

come

takes to the

into his
air.

To

the bulk of the criminal class extensive use of

the sea, either for perpetration of illegal acts or as
a

means

of

escape,

is

precluded.

Gambling

aboard ship must obey the economic law of the

demands of games of chance at sea, and ver}' few
evildoers have been financially successful enough
to elude their pursuers by taking a water trip in their own craft.
Furthermore, only a relatively small number find it worth their
while to escape, by going abroad as passengers.

From

the vantage of the

air,

firearms

and bombs can be used with some purpose on earthly targets,

which fact places violent crime at an additional advantage. But
even the balloon is within the financial
possibility of a good man}' of the criminally inclined.
Many a
criminal might have $5,000 to buy an aeroplane, and by its aid
could either avoid or excessively complicate his extradition.
Neat little mystery stories will shortly be written around such
circumstances, and as usual the possibilities are greater the
more boundaries you introduce. For instance, a perfectly good
especially, the aeroplane or

American

speaking

nationally

has

pet

enemy,

who

is

and both are in France. The American suavely invites

the Italian aboard his airship, and takes him up into the air beyond all limits claimed by anybody to be under the control of the
an

Italian,

subjacent territory.
in

In this stratum of air the American pilots

above Swiss
who
Berne and in the yard of the residence of the Russian minister,
soil which is acknowledged to be Russian by

the craft

territory,

knocks

lands

off the Italian,

a portion of Swiss

The American continues his aerial

Germany.
That is a first-class mess of crime. Look at it a moment. No
known jurisdictional dicta apply. There is even a question of
whether crime was committed, although a dead Italian is there
He was
to show that something out of the ordinary happened.
undoubtedly dead before striking the ground, but the push given
him by his comrade certainly did not kill him. Moreover, the
push was administered when the vehicle was beyond the jurisdicFrance really has no interest in punishing the
tion of any state.
American, for he simply began a perfectly regular aerial trip from
her soil; and Germany has no more concern, for he only landed on
her territory. Fle did not enter Swiss jurisdictional boundaries,
reason, of

its

diplomatic use.

voyage, landing

in

although the Italian probably expired while passing through her

atmosphere. Enter Russia with an interest in preventing the
Italy
dropping of corpses upon her ex-territorial possessions
desires to protect her citizens from Americans, and has difficulty
in realizing that as neither France, Switzerland, Russia nor Ger;

when the crime was committed,

have to split hairs some way to establish her right to
Inasmuch as the latter was out
the American for trial.

many harbored
she will

securing

the perpetrator

of his country during the whole series of circumstances, the

United States can scarcely be appealed to under rigid rules.
Such a series is infinitely more complicated although it does
not exhaust the aerial possibilities than anything that could oc-

Doubtless the legal decision would be somewhat

along the lines of Commomvealth vs. Macloon (loi Mass. i)
where a foreigner to the United States on a foreign vessel belonging to a state different from that of which the defendant
foreigner was a liege, injured a man, who died in Massachusetts.
cur at sea.

The

Aircraft

THE AIR

IN

and Massachusetts proceeded

Switzerland would prosecute

In the case above, then,

to punish.

a plaintiff in error,

as

posed, the Italian died in midair within

its

if,

as sup-

jurisdiction.

Before such a clear-cut decision could be rendered, however,

laws would have to determine how much of a drop through air a
man is entitled to without being considered legally dead and even
if jurisdiction should lie for the consummation of a deed during
such a transitory and casual passage.
These are fundamentals, and although it does not touch the
former, Fauchille's code deals well with crime in the air in his
15, which says
Crimes and misdemeanors committed aboard aerostats (or aeromay be in space, by members of the crew

Art.

planes) wherever they

These objections are reduced, from the criminal point of view,

in the case of air-craft.

AIR.

court held that jurisdiction lay where the crime took

efifect,

or

other

persons

aboard,

tribunals of the nation to

are

within

the

compe'tence

of

the

which the aerostat (or aeroplane) be-

longs and are judged according to the laws of that nation, what-

ever be the nationality of the authors or victims.

"This would secure unity of procedure at the expense of

comments Judge Simeon E. Baldwin. Arthur K. Kuhn
adds that the principle adduced is likewise against the basis of
Anglo-American law, which is territoriality. While these glosses
are correct, it would seem that probably an international agreement will compromise in the direction of this statement of the
justice,"

case.

One of the earliest brochures on legal relations in the air was

one by Dr. Gruenwald, military counsel of the first German guard
division.
He concludes
" Only so far as the interest of the territorial state extends
:

the exercise of jurisdiction over

justified in

is it

crimes committed

in its property-sphere."

With

characteristic

German thoroughness he

scientifically

views

from every standpoint. He finds that culpable actions

may be committed over the high sea or state-free land districts,
when the perpetrator is in a state or a private airship, and with
the subject

or without right of nationality in his

actions

may

be committed over

home

states, their

state

and, culpable

property or coastal

waters, in a public or private airship, where the deed

influence to the immediate vicinity of the airship,

is

limited in

where the deed

and where it

affects the sphere of interest of the territorial state

committed on one airship and

is

affects

another airship or

its

occupants.

thought will show that in the majority of these inwould naturally be the state to which the aircraft owes
allegiance that would claim jurisdiction, and that otherwise the
little

stances

it

proper interest of the territorial state in protecting its own

sovereignty would give rights in a specific case. So, if we consider the paragraph from the Fauchille code merely as the
enunciation of a general principle,

One

it

can easily be defended.

point that will probably arise frequently involves the situa-

which the late Hubert Le Blon found himself at Donon October 25, 1909, some months before his death. A
strong and erratic wind was blowing, but the starting park was
so enclosed that he mounted into the air on his Bleriot monoplane,
in a virtual calm.
No sooner was he up, however, than he
struck the strong currents prevailing. He drove his machine into
the teeth of the wind, which turned him toward the large crowd
tion in
caster,

assembled.

crowd

He

accelerated his engine, raised his elevator, cleared

feet and, dropped

smashing the chassis.
Here was a case where homicide or personal injury might have
been inflicted upon a bystander in the crucial five seconds the
mancEuvre required while the aviator was attempting to save himself.
The legal maxim says sic utere tuo, tit alienum non laedas

the

like a stone

at

a height of barely twenty-five

beyond

it.

AIRCRAFT

igio

Jtinc,

(Vou

would

other), which

own

your own

shall use

genius

manner as not to injure anLe Blon was well advised by his

in such a

indicate that

avoiding the crowd.

in

It

has been judicially deter-

mined that one cannot intentionally take another's life to save his
own (Rcgina vs. Dudley, L. R., 14 Q.B.D. 273), but if in taking
the \-oyage a man is doing a lawful act, the law of self-preservation would speak in his favor in such a hazard (Morris vs. Piatt,
32 Conn. 75 ).
There is no dissenting voice to the proposition that infractions
of law affecting the safety or fortune of a state, such as concounterfeiting,

treason,

spiracy,

shall

etc.,

and under the laws of the injured

tribunals

be

judged by the
such deeds

state, if

are committed in any part of the air-space.

In fact, the general principle of the right to preserve

its

own

competence, then
culprit

it

should proceed with the arrest of the alleged

and take the necessary measures, subject

These things refer to private

to instructions.

air-craft only.

request of the

thing

charge of the machine.

official in
is

certain

Law

will be applied to aerial situations

about as quickly as criminals enter the

and institutions from injury or threatened injury from the

will probably be the chief guide-post in setting up a code of

field.

terests
air

law for aerial machines.

glider of the biplane

asily

be constructed at home or in
shop; the cost of materials is not
construction does not necessitate
^\or

men.

MATERIALS,
materials

selecting
that the

fn

free

throughout
The
ed
ned.
should be spruce, from which strips should be
folio
prepared
inch thick, iVi inc
spars
Eight k
long; these spars are to
joined together by the method shown in Fig.
inch thick, V2 inch \\
Twelve crosspieces
and 3 feet long;
Twelve uprights % inch thick, i!4 inches v\
and 4 feet long;
Forty-two strips for the curved ribs, V^ i:
thick, V2 inch wide and 4 feet long;
Two arm-sticks 1V2 inches thick. 2 inches v
and 3 feet long;
Two rudder-sticks % inth by % inch an(
feet long;

__

\'i>

In making the tail, ^/^ -inch-square st'

be used for the frame and the ribs

shown

foot apart, as

Fig.

in

spaced

i.

CONSTRUCTION.
The framework of the main planes should be
together first by bolting the ci OSS struts
marked C in Fig. 2 to the under si les of the
be
main spars marked M in Fig.
to^space them apart as shown.

put

.:.

bolts to be used throughout thi

xteenths nch
tion of the glid<
washers.
bolts, fitted wit

These main
No. 16 piano

shown

The

pi

les

should no

re,

the

for

which

Fig. 4

in

per tube will

inch pieces.
ribs

by using

abi

It

nailed
i-inch brads; the jc
rapped securely
foot

into

V2-

spars

the

us formed
hoemaker's

be spaced

to
i

feet of cop-

cut up

may now be

The ribs are

ust all extend

stove

be braced with
being that

used

joint

needed, wher

bt

beyond the

foot apart;
rear spars

main frames; they should be steamed and

the curve shown in Fig. 3.
:overing for the planes should be bleached
lautical cloth; it should
th e rear edges of the ribs and sewn
After
stretched along this edge.
edge,
efullv fas
ng the cloth to the

ope
it tightly
2 feet by 4, in the centre, a; shown in Fig. 2.
The main planes may now b joined together
(see U, Fig. i
by inserting the twelve uprigh
and Fig. 3); the uprights art fastened to the
main spars by using small iron ight-angle joints
and bolts, as shown in Fig. 4. Th. ;ntire frame
ng the fastshould be braced with piano wi
stretch

ing

ening shown in
made according
I.

and

same

Fig. 4.
The cr
to the dimensic

This

3-

be

should

should be

en in Figs,
ed with the
planes; the

should be
used on the
braced with

tail

stuff as that

sho

The

TS

rked

onal wires and

to th
Fig. 3;

in

ilso

rounded

ar

sticks

14 incl
off

in

AA

Fip. 2.
CFig.

apart and

re they

fit

the

undei the arms.

The
and

glider
tested for

fulv

strength:

tail-

d by diagleading to the

by guy wirei

shown

The two
spaced

frame by the

fastened

tail

sticks.

th

placing the two ends on

then suspending his weight
glider should not bend undei

be

examined
done by

the operator
le centre; the
strain.

GLIDING.
To perform
of a mound,
machine up,

take the glid

get into the centre
put the arms over
a

To

be continued in July Aircraft

HOW TO BUILD A GLIDER

By W.

SIMPLE

A
'

it,

<

the top
lift the
arm-sticks

to

trlide

Public air-craft

of course, be as free as public sea-going vessels, and local

authorities in such cases ought to interfere only upon the written

will,

One
in-

H3

Another interesting case suggests itself. Suppose a crime or

misdemeanor has been committed upon a craft, which then lands
upon the soil of a state not otherwise concerned. If the deed is
within the ordinary or treaty competence of the state, it will
likely be determined that it should proceed to try and punish,
especially in European countries.
If the act is beyond the state's

H- Phipps

.
.

AIRCRAFT

144

June, igio

THE WRIGHT AND SELDEN PATENTS A COMPARISON

By Hugo C. Gibson
Techn
situation brought about
THE
tion of the Wright patent

by

the

susten-

illustration
is an
of the repetition of history in this country of big
commercial patent suits. It is not so long ago
that automobile interests were in the throes of
active legal conflict, in which the chief ammuni-

of the defense was such suggestions as

"Throttling the Industry," "Trust," etc., and perhaps the most persuasive argument of the prosecution was the threat to attack individual owners
of machines on which a license had not been
secured, and was addressed to the purchaser,
against whom it was used as a direct intimidation

tion.

effect of this was to cause the unlicensed

manufacturers to assume all responsibility of legal suits brought against each purchaser of their

The

machines, and consequ'ently the makers who had

enough sand to build their houses with were rewarded by the confidence of the public and a
remarkable flood of orders.
It is interesting to note that each individual, if
he be the first to fight a monopoly, is also the
first when he conceives an idea to rush to the
patent office with a demand for the grant of a mo-

nopoly. Human Natur

the
sed
The
ely supporting the fight against the monopoly, on principle, and not because it cost more
licensed makers ofcar. The
for a licensed
fered cars just as low in cost as the unlicensed.
In the early days of the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers, known as the
" A. L.
M.," somewhat heavy demands were
made of each prospective member, entailing

Expert

al

the

for

result the

as

a
ally

A.

L.

M.

A.

in

vhich

antagonii

direct

eventu-

caused hundreds of thousa ids of dolla

be spent on a usele
seless be
Neither
the obviously
ature
i the patent.
is
the world
e better off (nor is
the inventor),
vhereas
money and time
ich
could have been savi
a moderate attitude,
and the art in that
would certainly not
have stood still, for nat
competitive incentive
aK^
nt stagnation.
of the
that whe
the
uld
equity
any substantia''
of the accusation of the defens
Trust," by
of the ihtn extremely le
the plaintiffs, the verdict was given in favor of
the validity of the patent.
Contrast this with
the results of the I'nental attitude inculcated by
a hoggish demeanor of the patent holders.
Is
it reasonable
to suppose that any court would
give a patentee much satisfaction if it were shown
that he had a oasic patent, kept same in the

that they would require a considerable proportion

any gains made by an infringing machine, and,,
while justly entitled to these rewards, they should
ease the way for the inventor and investor.
The art as a commercial success will be made,
not by the Wright Company, who, as they stand
to-day, are restrictive, but by the masses of inventors and investors.
The general solution to be recommended is:

of

Lild

The outcome
rts

To the Wright Company:

To allow everyone to develop

the art, and in

doing so to develop popular enthusiasm, which
means demand. To this end impose a very low
license fee on all machines obviously infringingthe disclosures of the patent.
This will encourinventors of details to enter the manufacturing end in a commercial way.

age

To

the Public:

dark, and eventually swooped down upon infringers with exorbitant demands after holding
it aloof while the trade built up?
No. Equity
dictates a reasonable reward to the inventor and
reasonable treatment of the manufacturer desiring
to work under the patent; generally known as

If you are svre that your machine does not

infringe,
go ahead. However, most machines
do infringe under the present rulings, so get
busy with men with sand, grit and money, and
do as Henry Ford did in the Selden suit-

"Infringer."

make money, have

The Wright patent situation must be solved

by the imposition of a reasonable license fee indiscriminately upon all machines involving the
subject, that are used for gain or are sold.
Inasmuch as the Wright Company seems to
see more profit in the " Show," or " Aerial Acrobat." end of things at the present time, it is likely

public sympathy with you,,

and, as in that famous suit, compel the Wright
Company to be reasonable.
They have to be reasonable if they wish to
retain decisions in their favor, for equity and
popular opinion count in the mental construing
What is the mechanical equivaof the question:

lent

of

warping wing?

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

thank
wish
WEconcerning
to

our

who have

those

all

"Records and

written

Statistics."

Several foreign publications have printed lists

similar to ours in the last few weeks, but, with
the exception of that of the "Revue de I'Aviation," of Paris, it must be said that they

ompiled

ufficient

th

accuracy.
With a view of eaching some definite international agreement 3n the validity and respect"past performhistorical
merit of the;
ive
ive written a letter to the "Revue
concerning the slight discrepanI'Aviatit
espective lists and data, and coninreliability of some lists recently
published.
a translation of parts of this let11
go far towards answering the
s received as to why certain per'

;re

from

omitted

our

and

pages

week he held the

at

'

Tournai

air two hours, winning the

Mecanicians' Prize,' but it was not in continuous flight, and I have been often assured that
none of his individual flights reached the hourmark.
I would be glad to hear from you on

this point.

"Hans Grade
I know of

is
in sixteenth place on vour
a fine flight of his of 54 t"o 55
early last winter, but I never heard
his flying a full hour.
The place he has in
your list (between de Lesseps arid Mortimer
Singer)
would indicate that the performance
qualifying him to it was accomplished between
De
i6th
ist.

list.

minutes,
of

"The

German

gave

publications

an

of his S4-minute flight under the head

Flies for an Hour,' but the account itself
that the duration of the flight lacked
minutes of an hour.

"You

account
'Grade

showed
several

Chateau between Mortimer-Singer

and Delagrange (December 21st and Decemwas not Chateau's flight of 61 min.,
ber 30th)
Furthermore,
15 sec. made on December 12th?
do you not omit the hour-flight of Jacques Balsan on December 29th?
"Both you and I give nineteen aviators as
having flown for an hour, prior to the present
year; I do not include Bunau-Varilla and Grade,
but I include Balsan and Lieutenant Humphreys. The latter is the second American pupil
of Wilbur Wright; on November 3d he f^ew i
hr. I min. 20 sec, with Lieutenant Foulois as a
passenger (the latter was in control at times
through the supplementary levers).
"The first pupil. Lieutenant Lahm, just missed
the hour mark by a minute and a half, at about
place
;

"

hour-flight
that it will
lutely accurate
fine oneself to

Sir: In a short
be such an ordinary occ
e difficult to establish an
ry to
ill
be
list; it

Dear

'ill

flights.
difficulty

"This

already exists to

and our two lists do not ex;

Paul"In your list H. Farman, Somn
han occupy the fifth, sixth and seventh posiIt seems to me that vc
tion, respectively.
get the fine flight made by Paulha 1 at Dc
hr. 7 min. 19 sec, July 15th), in which
18 seconds of Latham's
gree,

It

d that

with this flight

is

'
'ith

fifth,

xth

F,

"

Sommer sd

and

19th)

.1

enth

hr.
(i

pla

23
hr.

mi

July

1.

30

think

that

for did he not make a

minutes on July i8th? He is thus
accomplish an hour-flight.
the
"You place Bunau-Varilla ninth; but has he
ever really made a continuous flight of one
of 64
sixth to

flight

"In the

last

same time,
"As regards

the

hours of the unforgettable Rheims

last

year.

our lists coincide except

1910.
points I place Van den Born before
Olieslaegers (because of his 76-minute flight on
January 5th), and I include Curtiss (who flew
hr. 25 min. 5 sec, at Los Angeles the first
I
time this speedy type of biplane has flown an
hour).
"A later list which appeared in a Parisian
newspaper seems to contain many errors.
"Thus the flights of Rougier and of Calderara,

on

July 22d).
regards Sommer,

two

(September 12th). and of Paulhan. at

(September 13th), were not continuous

Brescia

flights

at

all.

"Furthermore, Rolls is credited with a 64-minute flight on December 31st, whereas the English papers agree that this flight lasted 55 minutes.

"Captain Marconnet is also credited with an

hour flight on April 6th; he was referred to,
however, as a passenger on this flight, at the
time it occurred.
"There are also some discrepancies between
this list and the accounts published, at the time,
of the Johannisthal meet and the final flights
year at Mourmelon, when trving for the
Michelin Cup."

of the

latest men to make continuous flights

(see the May Aircraft) are:

The

of

an hour
35.
36.
3738,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,

Edmond

D. Kinet

Gibbs

Christiaens

Dubonnet

Capt. Dickson,

Jeannin
Leblanc
Legagneux.

hr.
hr.
hr.
hr.
hr.
hr.

02'
02' 30"
12'

45"

02' 58" 2-5

t,^'

ahrs.oi'
i
.

Rolls

Fequant
Bouvier

Koechlin

hr. 15'
hr. 30'
hr. 04^ 02"
hr. 07'
hr.
hr. 10'

March

29,

April

2.

"

3.

"

1910
"
"

3,

"
"
"

||

3,
5,

ir,

"

"
"

n,

"
"
"
"
"

20.
21,
21.
28,
29,

[]

"

"
"

"

time on March 29th was 59

appears that he only passed
the starting point 2 min. 30 sec. after leaving
Kinet's flight was made with a
the ground
duration of Dubonnet's
passenger; the total
cross-country flight of April 3d was i hr. 48 min.
54% sec, but he alighted for a few minutes to inquire his way, an hour after starting.

Edmond's

official

min. 32 sec, but

it

On April 8th Kinet beat the world's record

In view of this, and the
for a two-man flight.
particular interest such flights offer from a military standpoint, we publish herewith a table
showing the progression of the world's record
thi;

PROGRESSION OF WORLD'S RECORD

For "TMro-Man" Flights

March
April

second or two

few seconds

Henry Farman

hr.

July

September
January

Machines

Voisin

Antoinette

Wright

Wright

Gabriel Voisin
Mr. Farman, Sr.
.

May

April

in Heavier-than-air

W.

C.

Orville Wright!

Lieutenant Lahm
Major Squier

Wilbur Wright!

P. Tissandier
F. Reichel

09' 45" 3-5

Orville Wright!

Fi

S.

A.

Near Le Mans, France.

Fort Myer, Va., U.

Near Kitty Hawk, N.C.. U.S.A.

PortMyer.Va.,U.

A. Fordyce
M. Painleve
Lieutenant Lahm
Captain Engelhard.
M.'LeiDedeff.'.'.!

Paris.

Issy-les-Moul:

Wilbur Wright.

S.

A.

Near Pottsdam, Germany.

Mourmelon, France.
!

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

I4S

^^jJWdqA^ CTriaca

PAULHAN ARRIVING AT MANCHESTER.

Dutch

Katst Indies

Jrondgeest, of Holland, arrived at Ea-

Argentine Republic
ng the many

flight:

at Euenos
of April iSth, wh

Voisin,

atly,

;d

that

champ
separating the Villa
from Lugano, soaring over the city and sub
tinis winning the Lonsquit prize: he attained an
Aubrun flew over
altitude of 1,000 to 1.300 feet.
Estancias on his Bleriot, while Valeton made a
flight with a passenger, on his Henry Farman.
Another meet, with $35,000 in prizes, is prothe

miles

19

jected.

Austria
Tlie first Austrian airship construction company
has just been formed with a capital of 300,000

kronen; it is understood that the War Office

is immediately placing an order for a dirigible.
The constitution of the company is largely due
the fact that the efforts of the
obtain a dirigible from Germany
recent crisis failed.
to
to

had
Earlv in April,
II
with his Bleriot. when fly
e was, however, but little hurt,

Go
di

quite

bad

Belgiun\

built at Liege by M.
of the Antoinette type.
Several new prizes have recently been offered
in Belgium; the Brichart prizes, a challenge cup
worth 2,700 francs and three cash prizes of 2,500,"
2,500 and 2,300 francs go to the aviators " lifting
the greatest " useful weight," i. e., pilot, passengers, fuel, lubricant; the Haardt and Devos distance prize is a $400 cup; the Altenlot height
prize is a $100 cup.
Much interest is being shown in Belgium in the

monoplane has been

Moulins;

it

is

splendid showing being made abroad by Belgian

aviators;
Van den Born, OHeslaegers, Kinet,
Gaudart, Christiaens, Tyck, Duray, Bn. P. de
Caters are certainly names to be reckoned with.

Bra^zil
Mr. Bergeron, who has been taking lessons
from the Comte de la Vaulx in piloting a Zod;'
dirigible, is

demo

about to come to Brazil with a

of this type.

titable airship
.Ta

ill

see

its first

aeropl;

flights

ithin a few weeks; a promising machi

nearing completion there.

Canada
The
Scotia,
in the

last flights made over the ice,

in April, occurred just too late to

fig

May Aircraft.
The Canadian Aerodrome Company have h
turned out a most promising monoplane, wh
was driven in several successful flights by th
owner, Mr. Gardiner Hubbard, of Boston.
Like in Messrs. McCurdy and Bald'
sful biplane, the Baddeck II, the motor used
a

six-cylinder

Kirkham.

China
It is said that at the Nanking International
Exposition, which opened on May gth. and will
be kept open until December, on
of the fealures will be an aviation meet,
Ve have not
heard, however, of anv real flying in China so
far.
It is probable that when the Lhmese take
up the game, however, it will not be long betheir
for
fore
become
master-aviators,
they
centuries of familiarity with the science of kiteflying will no doubt hold them in good stead
when it comes to replacing the string with a
motor (which is, of course, the main distinction
between an aeroplane and a kite).

nvprr-nme but these could not stop the

F7enchmaA, who llnded in the allotted
near Manchester at 5:32. " the '"O'"'"!

K.

June, iQio

AIRCRAFT

146

mtle
field,

so

many

by

the

one furnished
Paniardtannara
,?f
01

occasions has always b

veteran automobUe fi

in
Thatthis same combination should do well

longer than any straightaway flight yet made, but

ever made under any
is llso the longest he has
^^^^^j^j^^.^^^ ^^^ jj,^ third longest ever made by
anyone in the history of aviation, the first two
course, of his friend
of
standing to the credit,

and teacher, Henry Farman.

'TS'',hl "same

way

that

Bleriot literally caught

very

fateful July 25th of last

T atham napping on that
Grahameyear on thel'^e'nch side of the Channel,
get
^Vhite-who could not believe Paulhan could
be otf in it, within
his machine put together and
Paulhan started
eleven hours-was asleep when
be said that this lost
for Manchester; it cannot

him

performance so remarkablyoung French sports

plished by the

.,,

Farn

to

le,

on

the
the

miles,

April 2d, at Pau, Bleriot, on his ne\y monobuilt to withstand a powerful engine and
with a Gnome motor, made a flight of one
hour and a quarter. This exceeds his previous
longest flight (that of October 10th, at I'rankfort)
by just one minute.
*
-i
*i
Another record went bv the board on April 4tli

On

fitted

made

Somnier

Roger

when

cross-

circular

country flight lasting 65 minutes.

In passenger-carrying the month has also turnished many remarkable performances, notably
smashed
that of Daniel Kinet, who on April Sth,
the

in a gold
$50,000 were presented to Paulhan
his
at the banquet given on April 30th
unsuccessful and generous rival receiving a hand
some silver cup a well-deserved tribute to his

world's

record

maining in the
min. 15% sec.

casket,

grit

Henry

"

plane,

,,

achievement,

er

The three-day tour

nd finish;
only two stops between start
that the express )n " aerial
little wonder
is
touring " was used for the first Jime in connecreporters.
tion with it by the enthusiastic Frenc

single stretch, shows what such ma

Gnome
chines as the Henry Farman fitted with
\irtual
engines, can accompbsh in the hands of
,

Gnome

_^..

it

The

tir

with

however, for he did not succeed

JIanchester in the allotted twenty-

beginners.

historical

this

the ground next day at the spot

"'" '-had landed ' '

left

220

Sunday

at

with

satisfied

Chalons plains.

Grahame-White
\Vith"a'''little more experience
against the
could also have successfully battled
early morngusts of the following wind, in the
Paulhan won d have
ing, in which case he and
of each other
raced to the goal in actual sight
o clock witli n ten
(for White came down at four
whicli tue
miles of Paulhan's stopping place,
past four).
minutes
Frenchman only left at ten
Grahame-White's great attempt of the previous
(April 24th), when he flew for over two
hours

Not

Paulhan

propelled by its
headquarters
old

the prize,

reaching

in

attempt a

first

that

man

"

with

for

air

two-man

flight," re2 hrs

19

passenger

A tabular history of
" record appears on page 144.

the

two-

Another fine flight with a passenger was made

on April 6 by Lieutenant Camermann, on his
Cap10 min.
It lasted i hr.
military Farman.
the
tain Marconnet, another army officer, was

and sportsmanship.

of
The monument commemorating the landingsth
April
Bleriot at Dover was inaugurated on

perform-

A picture of this
in the presence of Bleriot.
appropriate memorial occurred in the April num
ber of Aircraft.

''^Perhaps' after all the most remarkable

ance in passenger-carrying, however, was that ot

Grace made a great flight in Kent recently,

battleduring which he soared over the British
He had his Short-Wright
in the harbor.
under fine control and was up fifty minutes.

not average the regulation weight of 60 kilogs.

counter(n-'Vi lbs ) tTie amount of fuel taken up
balanced this, as will be seen from the following

Roger Sommer, who, on April 20th, at Mouzon

Although they did
carried up three passengers.

ships

analysis;

M. Colombo
M. Frey

there

3d

the

War

Department announced
in
dirigible,

would be ready for participation

summer manoeuvres

_^

Gasoline

536 lbs.

Total

., after all, to be
The " Clemen t-Bayard
The Government has, at the
long to France,
and undertaken to pur
last minute, stepped
lieen
it had been
gible, which It
chase itself, the big
^i for England
nderstood, was dest
. i
that he will first
Mr. Clement asserts, howeve
London.
trip
to
long-planned
111a
niaKc
acciTrials have already been made, but a slight
dent to the rudder has delayed their completion
a week or ten days.

On May

'32 lbs.
'o
132
_^
"'* ..

Helene Dutrieu

France

that
the

Sommer

Roger

belongs
To C H. Parkes, of Monmouth, Wales,aeroplane
the distinction of constructing the first
The machine, like so many
vet built in Wales.
Channel
ithers of British make, takes after the
Crossing " Bleriot type.

semi-rigid

which had been constructed under its direction

and with strict secrecy.
Although being but of 3,200 cubic metres capacFregate." as this dirigible will be called,

ity "La
will, it is

claimed, carry two cars, containing

motors giving 240 h. p. A speed of 50 miles an
hour is mentioned as likely; France is evidently
waking up to her deficiency in aerial warships.

KOGER SOMMER AND HELENE DUTRIEU ON A

SOMMER BIPLANE.
SOMA .J^."i
DRIVEN ^
SINCE univti-i
HAb bjii\i,ii
MLLE. DUTRIEU HAS
MER IN FLIGHT FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES, AND
^,,
.^
p...pnER.
FLOWN WITH A PASSENGER
.

rthy of
man, Emile Dubonnet, on April 3, .- ..---..
more than passing comment and commendation.
A great many accounts have been published ot
this

time:

the

of

flight

cross-country

great

miles,
village

68V,

the

from Juvisy, just

of

La

It is
flight was

Fertc-St.

south of Orleans; the

official
,1 -

however, that^ tins

made without a stop. As apparently
often happens in cross-coun-

Dubonnet

flights,

try
his

way

lasted

several

most

Voisin
their

machines.
construction

on
solely
relied
stability natural
lateral

which
for

lost
for

flying

after

flight

'

a"

40 min. 54 Vi sec.
not correct to say,

hr.

bran-nevv

which occurred as our last

The
about to go to press.

monoplane,
month's issue was
actual distance was
south of Paris, to
Aubin, some miles

Tellier

minutes.
Sommer has now opened a sub-school at Mourmelon- it was recently inaugurated by i>egaeneux' who is an expert handler of the little biwill, by the way, make
-j^^^
Sommer biplanes wii
plane
coming Lyons
(1,^;^ fi^t public appearance it the
monoplane.
Tellie
the Tellier
jll also 'the
meet, as will
Tlie leading particulars of the Sommer biplane
inches; carnfeet
8
chord,
6
feet;
Span,
34
are:
feet,
ber, 4 inches; gap, 6 feet; skid track, 9
areas main planes, 456 square feet; tail, 67 Mi
sq. ft.
sq. ft.; elevator, 45 sq. ft.; rudder, 9
We publish both pictures and drawings of the
Sommer machine, and also of the new type of
ot
Voisin biplane; in the latter the presence
ong
on each side, very
pair
(a
ailerons
shows
aid narrow, placed between the wings)previous
departure from all
radical

The

about an hour, and flopped

down into a field, near

startled peasants, to
enquire his wav of them.

lome

He

never stopped the mo-

however merely throttor

tled it down and was off
aijain in less than a minute,
almost

before

rustics

had

the amazed
what
realized

had

happened.

won

for

000

This

Dubonnet

francs

"

the

of

flight

the

Prix

10.-

de

for a straight-

La Nature,"
away flight exceeding

100

kilometers in length.
It also stood as a world's
record for cross-country flying until April 18th, when

Paulhan made his amazing

raid from Orleans to Arcis-

MONOPLANE: A RACING FLYER, DESIGNED

THE HUMBER
BY THE LATE LEON DELAGRANGE AND HUBERT LE BLON.
swept over the Chalons
plains on April 15th was not as serious in its
consequences as was at first thought; the plant
of I-Ienry Farman at Mourmelon was destroyed
and several of his biplanes badly damaged, but
outlittle harm was done to the aviation-colony

The cyclone which

iide of thi
llitary
The

dirigibl
id

two

ngar.

workr

kille

;ckage.

The name of Tellier has long been associated

with sterling motorboat construction, and the engine which has carried these craft to victory on

in his
biplane.
April irth

.=ur-.'\ube.

man

On

man

FarFar-

MONOPL\NE MODEL

for

two-man"

still

1,11111.

III

I'RESENTKD TO THE
OF ENGLAND.

NOW QUEEN

himself had flown with

which

"

Mil

IN'

PRINCEbb OF WALES

a passenger (M. Robert Caufrom his aerodrome near Etampes to

_ distance Sf'benve 3o";nd^ 40" mfles:-

e)

Henry
Henry

the

world's
flight.

cross-country

record

Paulhan mounted

this

next day, took flight, and only

distance covered
The
*..^ ..,.
j.^.^^.
landed at Arcio-=,ui .Aube.
^
by Paulhan in this uninterrupted flight amounted

to fully 130 miles, which is equivalent to the distance separating Governor's Island, in New York
Bay, from the ocean-side of Block Island in the
Paulhan took
Atlantic, or from Pittsfield, Mass.!
somewhat over three hours to wing his way over

that tremendous stretch of territory.

therefore, not only took him further

Flis

The span of the main planes is

automatic.
29V2 feet, as is also the jerall length
Kougier,_ the Voisins crack drixer new o
new machine for the fi"y"?f ?,^1^P"' hour
an Jf' ifi
is claimed to be yeryfast-60 miles
Kougierno^i^
some reports are to be believed
was 01
ever, used his old Voisin at Nice; it
hauled out
when
course reduced to matchwood
iStn.
of the Mediterranean, after his fall of April
The

Farm

latest

n-

and lasted

aviator

the
flrst

flight,

other

day.

take pupils is Maurice

Ugolino Vivaldi Pasqua
on the swift biplane the

to

Marquis
lessons

A1RC RAFT

June, igio
to (ly from Calais
I.ICIHH-;
Duvti :iiul l)aok willioiit aliRlilins; lie will
Iti"
cnliT for iIk- Iviiiiiarl prizo of Fes. ij.500. wliicli
EIIrri.>t failtil lo win. when he crosscil the Channel, throiiKl' ""' complying with the entry rules.

wislics

I.csscps

.1.-

The aeroplane of Nicnport caught fire on

April iSth while in flight; lie was. however, able
to land safely anil quickly put out the con-

PopolT (WriMht. W'riKht)

M..I0.1 (lil'Tioi. Anzanil
l);iral..ux OVrihl. VVriliht)

lie Rieiiis.lvk (Cnrliss.Cnrlissl.

147
hr.
hr.

10' oi"

05' .is'
Si'

9 Sanils t.Xnloinette, Antoinette).

.1

Crochon.

Christiai

Loiigirst Co/if/'nututs I'liglit

Crochon

hr.

0'

29"

3 Chrisliacns

s.j'

00"

**'

35

Dc Kiumsdyk,

3-5

3 Christiacna

4 Molon,

Crochon,

flagralittn.

3' 04' 3-5

35' SH' 1-5

Frcy.

Crochon

.1')"

iS' .id"
10' o:'

Edmcnd.
Spffd

I't

Edmond,

I'opoff.

Clirisiiaci

Haratoux.

Height Prize
Prince PopoiT, 680

feet.

NICE MEET.

Tllli:

The Nice meet was a triumph in every way,

and any previous display of competitive flying
appears tame in comparison with the results obtained there. "Everyone was flying all the lime,"
would apll> describe the impression of the onluukers; it was not unusual to see, not niL-rt-ly
a dozen aeroplanes aloft, but six difTerent
types of machines whirring through the air.
Ehmoflf, Chavez and l-arman covered ninny
hundreds of miles in (light during the week;
they would only come down to replenish their
empty tanks and start ofT again, adding tap after
half

their

"lolaliza-

high flying, and when

other machmcs were crowding each other
lower reaches he would be soaring eagler above.
oli. laegers showed what can be done with a
plane when in the hands of a true
1,111 ImiiI.
whilst Grade did both hims'
iicv little monoplane credit, until his unfortunate
Iruiding" in the River Var.
The meet was held at La Californie. a few
Lath
:ham

indulged

in

east of Nice, on the seashore. All the flymade trips out to sea, a great many of them
ing for miles over the Mediterranean, in all di-

les

t'ons.

ones
ptly

Rougier, de Riemsdyk and Latham were

who got duckings, but they were all
fished
veiled

out.

the water by all the aviators

emarkable that not more were
when away from land,
the first to carry a passenger

a
i

i:iiEX

AND HIS FAMILY GETTING POINTERS ON AVLVTION, FROM ROUGIER,

lar.

man biplanes were out, at Mnurmelon. When

one thinks of all tlie other machines of this make
which have been winning prizes in Europe recently, it is apparent what a thriving industry

On

is

Rcgulayiiy Prize

Dubonnet duplicated Comle

He

monoplane with great daring

Crochon.
Frev.

Edmond.

of

feat

Teltier

his

flying

over

Paris.

to

the

way

to

Monte

FRENCH BOOKS.

latest French aeronautic works of note are:

Triomphante. By
Messrs.
d'EsL' Aviation
tcurnelles de Constant, C. Bouchard, E. Lavisse,
P. Painleve, Louis Bleriot. Paul Rousseau, Captain Ferber, Comte de Lambert. Pierre Mille. etc.,

Edmond,

already for the larger firms.

April 23d, Emile

Lambert's

steered

nd

The

and unerring skill over the maze of roofs and

chimney pots, and flew up the Champs- Elysces,
barely above the treetops, to the amazement of
boulcvardiers and populace. He landed at Bagatelle (at the very spot where Santos-Dumont's
first flights were made four years ago).
It seems churlish to voice any criticism of such
an exploit; it is nevertheless to be hoped for the
general advancement of the Art that no further

de

all

last two days flying to

Antibes were most spectacu-

on the

Cap Ferrat

that of aviation

flew

Carlo and back.

AT NICE.

9'

02

9
Eiffel.

Recherchcs

cxpe

ntale

la

52' ZZ

over-town flights will be taken for the present,

at too low a height for a safe landing place to
be picked out to glide to in case of motor trouble.
Dubonnet has an excellent motor, but it is unpleasant to contemplate what a stopping of it
would have meant at this time, and the fact that
it

is

especially the

"man below" whom

it

would

endanger, rather than the aviator, should make

flying-men particularly chary of indulging in
these

flights.

A few davs later he flew before President

Roosevelt, at* Issv-les-^loullneaux. A strong wind
was blowing, but he insisted on flying neverthehis
alighting.
less:

machine

was

somewhat damaged

on

.'\mong the latest passengers taken up by the

Comte_ de Lambert were Miss Ethel Roosevelt
and Kermit Roosevelt. They much enjoyed the
trip in the Wright.

Hreguct, who, it was feared, was badly injured in his fall of the i8lh of April, is on the
nigh road to recovery.
Parisians arc promised
permanent aerodrome
~
the doors of th
French capital; Comte d*
is the instigator of ththe site chosen is near the village of Ic Bonrgct,
some three miles from the northeastern limits
of Paris; the course is to be five kilometres in

at

Aubigny

circuit.

RESULTS OF THE CANNES MEET.

Grand

Prize

0/ the

of Canues. (Totalized duraduring meet.)

GnAme)
5 hrs. 45' Jo*
4 hrs. 50' 8* 3-5

City

lion,
I

Christiacns (Farman,

Crochon CFarman. GnAmc)

3 Prey (Farman. GnAme)
4 Edmond (Farman, Renault)
9

3 hrs. 57'
3 hrs, 06*46*4-5
4.1*'

THE TAIL OF THE SHORT-WRIGHT BIPLANE. VSED BY THE HON. C, ROLLS, AT NICE, SHOWING THE AUDITION MADE BY THE ENGLISH BUILDERS TO THE ORIGINAL WRIGHT DESIGN, OF A
FIXED HORIZONTAL SURFACE AT THE REAR.
rolls' RACING NUMBER, SO CONSPICUOUS ON THE RUDDER, PROVED A VERY LUCKY ONE.

AIRCRAFT

148
Saconney

(Capitaine

militaires.

June, igio

J.-Th.) Cerfs-i

;.
Paul Painleve.L'organisation tn

Fiance

Locomotion Aer
Calderaia

et

let-Rivet. Manuel de Tav

de

Aeroplai

1910.

Societe

the

By

R. de Gaston, Sec-

Frangaisi

by the Librai

(.Edited

Navigation
Aeronaut! que,

"e

Paris")"

This latter work is an interesting technical

publication, which includes the data of the bestapparatus, arranged in alphabetical order.
large table gives a very complete description
of fifteen types of aeroplanes which should be of
efficient help to the reader for comparative work.

known

Germany
Count von Zeppelin invited Colonel Roosevelt
to take a trip in one of his dirigibles during his
stay in Germany, but the latter was unfortunately
imable to accept, through lack of time.
It is certain that the Colonel must have greatly
regretted his inability to accept the invitation;
it would have been a far more exhilarating
and
also safer experience than going down in a submarine as he did some years ago.

The new rigid dirigible Siemens-Schuckert

was inspected recently in its great revolving
hangar at Blesdorf. near Berlin, by General von
Lyncker, Commandant Gross, Commandant SperCaptain Gena, and General Commandant
Basenach the three 200-h. p. motors were tried
out at different speeds, the trials being very satThe Siemens-Schuckert has three cars
isfactory.

ling.

and six propellers.

The loss of the "Zeppelin 11. '' which broke

away from the soldiers in charge during the storm
of April iSth. is in no wav as keenlv felt as was
that of the "Zeppelin III" in 190S.
It is well realized that, compared

with

the

the row of aeroplane sheds at nice: the flags indicate the nationality of the
aviators: gradEj German; efimoff, rltssian; duray, Belgian; chavez^ Peruvian; olieslaegers. belgian; rolls and rawlinson, english..* latham, french
swendsen,
danish; etc. de riemsdyk is dutch; it is no doubt because he drives a herring-curtiss biplane that the stars and stripes are above his shed.
;

the

longest

one

performed

yet

above

German

soil.

The

Parseval monoplane one of the largest

aeroplanes in the world fell into the lake over
which it was manceuvring the other day, but
without harm to the aviators.

Pega and Emich, of Griesheim. are building

machine designed to carry six to
and to be furnished with an 80-

a six-plane
eight people
h.

motor.

p.

On May
outside
circled
on his
It

is

3 Wiencziers flew from the aerodrome,

Strasburg, to the city, and twice enthe steeple of the historical cathedral,
Antoinette.
interesting to recall that the only other

over-town flight ever made on this most birdlike of aeroplanes also took place in Germany
when Latham flew last October from one aerodrome to another, over the suburbs of Berlin.

Holland

peaceful invasion was made of Holland, or

rather of the Dutch atmosphere, on the afternoon of April iSth. by the German Imperial aircruiser "Zeppelin II.''
Intricate evolutions were
made over the town of Vaals before the great
ship returned to Cologne; this was but a few
days before the partial destruction of this
:ible

THE NEW RACING VOISIN BIPLANE FITTED WITH AN E. N. V. MOTOR:

AT SIXIY MILES AN HOUR.
THE USUAL VERTICAL PARTITIONS ARE REPLACED BY AILERONS.
"Zeppelins" now nearing completion, the "ZeppeII" must be looked itpon as more or less

lin

obsolete.
The collapse of the dirigible hangar at Munich
on April 14. entailing the death of two and injury to fourteen, emphasizes once more the difficulty of building these huge structures of sufficient strength, while the series of accidents to
spherical balloons were plainly attributed to negligence; they can be accurately explained away

by the saying:

"Familiarity breeds contempt."

of accidents to German
great
lighter-thai
the last few weeks, has
somewhat turned opinio
the di ction of a

This

number

IT IS SAID TO

The Minister of War has offered prizt

gating $4,500 for the best altitude and p;
performances
^.subjects
^
.^,.
,
man-constriicted aeroplanes, aurniij avis
ek. at .Tohannisthal next August. A sim
n will be contributed for the Octobe
meet.
There

..

the main

..

.^

German

cities,

,.-
either

-^

imported machines.
April nth, Jeannin, driving a Farman,
made a flight of two hours and one minute,
which, with the exception of Rougier's great effort of October 1st U hrs. 41 mm. 36 sec), is

VOISIN

BIPLANE

RACER

.me ist the entries clost for the Buda-Pest

tic fortnight under the rules of the FedInternationale.
The ji iry consists of six
Hunga
of other nations
to ensure absolute impartiality.
The
["ouring Competition is th
chief event on the
)rogramme. with a prize o 100,000 kroners, but
11
the other races are like
se well looked after
s far as the prizes i

India
Aircraft expressed

_..

on domestic

On

Hungary

FLY

some

doubt

last

onth

the authenticity of a news item received

from India.
It is now learned, however, of a
resident of Trichinopoly, in South India, that
was a large gasoline-driven motor that flew
it
on the Maidan, near Calcutta.
The full-sized
machine shown in the picture published last
as

to

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

New

at that
d'Angelis,

flight

C.

The

i.

first flight in Indi

of. but. judsinff fn

heard

H.

;refore

149

ZeaLlaLrvd

Smith,

Smith

of

&

Russia
Russia's aero week is not dead after all, as
influence has been at work to secure the necessary funds, and now tlie financial success of the
aeronautic meeting may be looked on as established.
The date fixed (June 5th to 9th) includes the latter half of the Motor Salon, which
A number
also takes piacu at St. Petersburg.
of French entricr. is expected, and it is also
quite
likely
that
the
German aviator, Hans

is to be given to
the Farman aeroParseval airships,
The
utho
to the Rus
al
is not yet finished, but it is regarded
The other three airships owned
certainty.
the Army, "Kommissionny." "Pebedj" and
^chebnv." will hardly be able to ascend, as

Grade, will compete.

the

enterprise

by

fillip

by

flights

plane and ascents by the

have

th

'to

be rebuilt.

second

Guyot's

trip

Russia

to

was

far

mon

extensive than his first; the interest in aviatioi

has increased to such an extent all over the em
pire, in the last six months, that not only doe
his itinerary include St. Petersburg and Mos
cow, but also such towns as Warsaw and Nijni

Novgorod.
Outotchkine, the erstwhil
Russia.

THE NEW SPANISH

ity displayed tliere,
or perhaps days.

matter of weeks

nly

DIRIGIBLE

Alilan and Turin

have "got together" and formed the "Aero Club
of Italy," with Sig. Rava-Sforni as president.

The new organization will control the sport

of aviation in Italy, while the Societa Aeronautica Italiana will confine itself to aerostatics.
committee, known as the "General Committee of the Societa Aeronautica Italiana"-~which
is the official representative of Italy in the International Federation will, in the future, govern Italian aeronautics.

but,

such

thing being don

notice.
It

only one more

his

fellow
the:

citi

native

impion cyclist of
Efimoff recently,
city of Odessa.

Spain

automobile business
eir
time to aeroo doubt be a com-

ery distant future;

the first case of

at

Gaudart, aftc
Barcelona.

On

naking some marvello

April igth.

aded the
nachii

Such

like

has been tlying at

that they had giv

planes.

Italy
The Aviation Clubs of Rome,

ESPANA.

The
he
'

held back,
note that this exp(
o various aviators all over
,se being that of poor Delag
scaped harm at the hands
outside Rome, on May 25,

ious

Portugal
latest aviator to visit Lisbon
aviation craze is as rampant
1
any other country on the C

Taddeoli;
Portugal

first

rowly

to'

ence has
world,

le

nge, who
a howl-

The committee will include delegates of: a,

clubs interested in aviation exclusively; b, clubs
interested in aerostatics exclusively; c, clubs interested

in

craft; d, the

both heavier, and "lighter-than-air

Automobile Club of Italy (in charge
experiments);
the
Touring
e,

aero-engine

of

Club
to

of Italy (to
aerial touring).

The

Governors

attend

to

matters

pertaining

the S. A. I., of which

Prince Borghese. the indefatigable and popular
sportsm:in,
is
president,
must be highly
complimented on the formation of this General
Committee, including as it does, representative^
of every industry connected with the Art, and
intelligently dividing and distributing the worl
of propaganda and the control of the expen
ments to be undertaken.
France. England, Belgium, to say nothing, o
course, of the U. S. A., were-and are-in trou
ble over the control of their respective share
of atmosphere, by different aeronautical and au
tomobile bodies.
Italy is the first among thi
nations represented in the International Aerc
nautic Federation to take the radical and w
step of allotting each body its appropriate shar
in managing aerial matters and giving a chanc
to all bona fide volunteers to cooperate to th
real progress of the Art.
of

Luxemburg
Aeroplane

flights are

being made

Duchy by Wiesembach on

in

his Voisin.

the

Gr

An

avia-

hangars and repair shops were

placed at his disposal by. Mr. C. Bettendorf.
tion

field

with

Monaco
At the recent motor-boat meet one of the
most interesting craft seen in the harbor was
a combination machine which might be called
hydro-aeroplane; it is a light, flat-bottomed
with wings, aerial propeller and aerial
rudders; its inventor claims for it that it can
navigate both air and water with equal facility.
Another craft built along the same general
lines is that of Henrv Fabre, of Marseilles.

THE SOMMEU BIPLANE, FITTED WITH A GNOME MOTOR, THE ONLY HEAVIER-THAN-AIK MACHINE WHICH HAS EVER CARRIED FOUR PERSONS ALOFT. SEE PAGE 146, THIRD COLUMN.
Club

of

Switzerland

Portugal

boat,

Rouma^nia^

aviator Speckner was somewhat

a fall sustained on April 20th,
when flying r ear Geneva. His recovery is assured, but the Bleriot is badly da maged and may

badly

The

&

Co.._ of

nking

is

making a regular

Bucharest,

is

fea-

hurt

in

AIRCRAFT

ISO

June, igio

A LADY WRITES FROM NICE

LEARNING

from a contributor
Aircraft, that his
wife

of.

him interesting accounts

and friend
had
written

to,

the aerial doings at

of

Nice, the Editor obtained his consent to publish

the following breezy excerpts
:

April

..."

\\'e

ing delayed

igio.

12,

finally got here on the 8th, after bequite a while at the frontier, about

the tryptique. You can imagine how familiar the

few miles seemed.
"
had intended going by La Turbie, but
took the lower road when we heard the motorboats sputtering in the distance; you probably
know much better than 1 just which race it
was, so I won't try to tell you but I do know
we saw the "Ursula" go by at forty miles an
hour or whatever it is she goes it was simply
uncanny, and the roar of the engines, well, just
think up an extremely noisy comparison; I can't
think of one sufficiently so.
'His Grace' of
Westminster in the stern if that was he looked
mightily wet and uncomfortable, and I can't see
how he and the others weren't made stone deaf.
last

We

"We
L

didn't stop at Monte, as S. had

here she was already late for.

ething

"It

ethe
the
that terribly brilliant
B. puts it, but an awful lot of people are turning up for the flying and the place is packed
with aeroplane-mad people in every walk of life:
I thought you were pretty bad! but 1 'take it all
back': B. picked up a man at the Cercle whom
lity

of

season,'

the

as

he brought here to lunch with us speaks French

with an Italian accent, but has a Spanish name
which I forget well, he talked Bleriot and Antoinette until we harmless females got positively
dizzy

and

we would
His idee

felt

afraid the

'miss
fixe

is

our

motor would stop and

glide'

genuine

monoplanes and

it

is

fanatic.

as

much

as one's life is worth to put in a kind word for

despised 'zweidecker,' as the Germans call
them.
There are lots of Germans here, by the
way, to see Grade fly, I suppose; so many, in
fact, that the 'Promenade' should temporarily be
christened 'des Allemands' instead of what it is.

the

Promenade, I saw Rougier yesterday; recognized him by his nose, which has
not changed in profile since we saw him driving
the de Dietrich at the Grand Prix; it appears
Speaking

of the

friends call it his 'gouvernail de direction'

it certainly is just the shape of a rudder.
"They say his flying at Monte was marvellous;
he had to start in that first little street you get
to in the Condamine coming from Beaulieu; just
Everyone seems to think he'll win
imagine it.
all the prizes here: the races start Friday; they
are already practising, but I haven't been out
as yet; I thought they were to fly at the racehis

(will you ever forget the crush when we

had to go out by train?), but it is to be on the

track

out at La Californie.
"The man who lunched with us see above!
said we would soon be going to the races in
beach,

monoplanes and S. said she would wait until it

was so safe that the chances of her having her
'face spoilt' on the trip were one to a million;
he agreed volubly that it would be an outrage
.

"April

19m.
The unexpected has happened (as it usually
Vc
ero-lunatic.
!)
1 went to the
iieet this
was wonderful
a peerless aay, a iignt, steady breeze, a sky and sea
well, you know what it is like here on such days:
such light, such coloring.
"We got out at about three; Efimoff and
Chavez were alreadv rushing overhead and then
\'an den Born came out. and the Russian, the
Peruvian and the Belgian tore around on their
Farmans, at an unvarying height, just like so
many toys on a string; the motors made such a
noise that the marine band was completely overpowered, although the Gnomes are not as noisy
as some of the other engines.
The only drawback was the smell of the oil; someone said they
used castor-oil; is this true?
"I was awfully clever!
I knew the Farmans
and Voisins apart easily and had as much to tell
the others as you have to tell me.
"You should have seen Efimoff take the corners; he must have covered fifty miles just while
we were there. It was getting to be positively
monotonous when OHeslaegers rose in his tiny
Bleriot at least it looks tiny next to the big
biplanes
It is so much more graceful than the
biplanes and looks just like a big gull of the
kind that follow the steamers.
"OHeslaegers is just as wonderful at flving as
when we saw him at the Velodrome d'Hiver. but
his flying looks much safer than his motorcycling.
He has wonderful control and they say
there is no one who can drive a Bleriot like he:
I
could just imagine Bleriot himself crossing
the Channel when the little monoplane soared
over the water's edge.
Sometimes it seems almost too wonderful to believe.
'*I wanted to go up madly, but, as I told you,
I won't even if I get the chance.
"I feel so, so enthusiasticj'-'st like the man
3'ou told me about two years ago, who hastened
to write an article to inform the world, before
it became an every-day occurrence, that *he had
seen a man fly.'
"It was so much more wonderful than at the
Jamaica Track and at Governor's Island, because there were so many of them and they followed the course with such astonishing accuracy.
The Voisins seemed very steady, but they don't
i6,

'

take the corners as sharp, and lose a lot of distance that way.
"The Antoinette didn't go up, much to our disgust; but I saw Latham in a very raggy begrimed 'mecano' suit, smoking his 'eternelle cigarette

he was quite unmistakable."

';

April

1910.

'Why aren't you here? It is getting more astonishmg every day. 1 don't know what to say
or where to begin.
They are all flying and getting in each other's way, encroaching on each
other's air, passing over and under and around
each other, flying three abreast in a vertical
sense: one above the other. It is like a dream,
and yet it looks so easy and so natural; it was
the August before last that we saw Farman making little silly jumps at Brighton Beach; if they
progress at that speed, what will people be doing
three or four years from now?
_

"The course is too small to accommodate all

the flyers at one time, and, as I say, they have
been flving 'in layers"; as we left to-day the inevitable Efimoff and Van den Born were skimming along a few feet above the ground; Olieslaegers and Grade were up a hundred metres or
to, and, far above, the Antoinette was soaring,
but I can't describe it: it is the ceaseless motion
in the picture which is so fascinating, the hum
and rattle of the motors, the glint of the whirring propellers and that sky and sea a sym-

phony of blues.
"Poor Grade fell

know what
terday

into the Var to-day: I don't

the trouble was; the day before yesfell in the sea; it was certainly

Rougier

but it is astonishing there are no real

accidents with so many flying together.
"I certainly enjoyed the day.
I brought Pam
along! She disapproves of aeroplanes and voiced
her feelings in indignant barks; no one takes her
seriously here, as she looks so unusual; but today when she barked I heard an unmistakably
transatlantic voice enounce:
'Back to Boston for
yours!' Murray was most indignant when I told
her about it (I think she looks upon herself as
Pam's nurse, quite as much as my factotum).
"Although it isn't allowed (verboten!), OHeslaegers flew right over us in the Club stand today: L. B.. who was sitting in front of me, gave
a most un-baronne-like squeak and clutched hold
of Mr. L.; the latter would, of course, have liked
a regular passage of the big birds over his head
after that as causes of such a result; the incident has much kindled his languid interest in
exciting,

the flying.

"Everyone has been

flying over the sea to-day;

for miles

Van den Born was skimming along

just

a few^
"What a

above the water.

delight it must be!"
feet

BRITISH AERONAUTIC NOTES

Written especiaLMy for "Aircra-ft" by C. G. Grey, Editor of

f^ONSIDERABLE

progress is being made in

aviation in England as regards both construction and actual liying. British aeroplane factories are developing everywhere and showing con-

siderable activity.
At Sheppey the Short Brothers have turned out
some half-a-dozen Wright machines which are all
McClean, Ogilvie. Percy Grace, of
doing well.
San Francisco, Egerton, and Rolls all learned to
fly on these biplanes in their original form, i. e.,
without tails; the machines are now being fitted,
however, with a small tail, which is rigged up
behind the rudders. This tail, which is about lo
ft
spread by 2 ft. deep has of course a marked
effect on the natural longitudinal stability of the

On Good Friday I was down at

Sheppey watching Rolls flying and nobody would
have recognized his machine for a Wright unless they could have seen the actual design of
it.
Instead of the typical up-and-down dipping
of the classic Wright machine, it flew with all
the steadiness of other biplanes, and this, in spite
of the fact that there was an extremely gusty
wind blowing, which made the machine rise and
perfectly vertically owing to the variations
fall
in pressure under the entire lifting surface.

machine.

It may not be generally known in the States

the Wright machines as built by Short
Brothers are loaded in quite a different way from
those built by the Wrights themselves, and by
the French Wright Companies. In the Short machine considerably more weight is put on the biplane elevator, with the result that it has a
greater angle of incidence than the main planes;
this is done with the idea of increasing the staIn the Continental and American machines
bility.
the machines are practically balanced on the main
planes, and although the front elevator is more
of a carrying surface than it is on other biplanes,
it does little more than act as a horizontal rudder.
Owing to there being no tail to act as a damper
in these biplanes, the Shorts hold that the elevator acts too quickly and that it is this " teiiderness " of the machines which has given rise
to accidents with the original Wright type.

that

Messrs. Short have also turned out a biplane

In plan this very
to the design of Captain Dunn.
original machine is laid out in the shape of a
widely obtuse V; it has neither tail nor elevator
the stability usually derived from a tail being expected in this case from the backward slope of
the wings. Gliders and a power-driven machine
of a similar type were experimented with by Captain Dunn and by Mr. Launcelot Gibbs, of the
Artillery, at Blair Athol, in Scotland, last year,
with a certain amount of success. Captain Dunn's
machine has now succeeded in rising from the
ground, but has made, so far, no extended flight.
At the Olym.pia show the Short Brothers showed
a new biplane of their own design, which was
certainly one of the very finest machines there.
This machine has planes similar in shape to the
Wrights, but the whole machine is much smaller.
Its main characteristics are a large flxed cruciform tail somewhat like that of the Curtiss, ailerons between the wings, a biplane elevator and
a long narrow rudder immediately behind the
elevator. The machine has skids somewhat like
those of the Wright, but it is also fitted with
wheels. These wheels are so arranged that when
the machine leaves the ground, tlie aviator, by
pressing a catch, can release them so that they
fly up above the skids, which thus are left to

support all landing shocks; when it is desired to

start again the winding up of a small winch attached to the wheels will bring the machine on
to the wheels again.
Flying in England has been confined during
the last two months very largely to the Royal
Aero Club's grounds at Sheppey, where Percy
Grace, Egerton, Moore-Brabazon and Rolls have
flving.
The longest flight,
unfortunatelv, was unoflicially observed,
was that cf Mr. Brabazon. when he fiew forty
miles on his Short biplane; the most impressive
flight, however, was that of the Hon. C. S. Rolls,
who, on the Thursday before Easter, brought out
a brand new Short-Wright machine, fitted with a
tail, and flew across from the factory at Shellness
After a
to the flying ground at Eastchurch.

"The Aero,"

Lorvdorv

there he started afresh, flew over to

at the other end of the Isle of
Sheppey, rising steadily all the way until he
reached a height (registered on his aneroid barometer), of one thousand feet. He then came

short

stay

Oueensborough

down at Eastchurch, having covered in all a distance of twenty-six miles and having reached, as
I have said, a height of a thousand feet
a truly
remarkable performance for a machine which had
never been off the ground until it started on
;

this

fine

flight.

Mr.

Ogilvie,

down

at

Camber,

coast, has been doing a good deal

over sand and sea, his flights varying

on the South
of
in

flying

duration, up to half an hour. Unfortunately

he has had a deal of engine trouble, and has

completely wrecked his machine on one occasion

through a connecting rod blowing out through
the side of the crank-case and forcing him to come
down " all anyhow."
Another new aviator is Captain Sanders, late
of the Merchant Service, who, with his brother's
assistance, built a large biplane at Lowestoft, and
fitted it with an engine specially built for it by
Brooke & Co., the well known motor-boat engine
people. He made several flights of over two miles
with this machine, but on one of these unfortunately ran into some telegraph wires, as a result
of which the machine turned over and was
wrecked.
Another busy factory is that of Mr. Howard
Wright, who has recently been specializing in
monoplanes. A machine built by him for the
Hon. Alan Boyle, has made several short flights
over the Brooklands motor track, and another one
built for the Aeronautical Syndicate, Ltd.. got off

the ground at

This

its

very

machine

first

attempt over Salisbury

which

known

the

done some excellent

Plain.

which,

extremely original in appearance;

wings similar to those of an Antoinette, but the small plane which would, if the
resemblance were fully carried out, be a tail, is
In fact the machine
really the leading plane.
operates very much on the lines a Wright monoplane would, if such a craft existed. Great things
are expected of this aeroplane, and as Mr. Bar-

"A.

it

is

S. L." is
fitted with

is

as

AIRCRAFT

June, igio
hour, the
has spent

of the Aeronautical Syndicate,

years studying aviation, it has a
to become a popular type of flyer.
flights were recently made at
near London, by the trench aviator,
brought over a Bleriot monoplane

manager

many

good chance
Some good

Wem-

bley Park,
Taurin. He

on which he had previously flown near Algiers

flying there on his Voism.
Though the ground at Wembley is quite an unsuitable one for beginners, it is not so bad for

when Metrot was

a really skilled aviator; there is a good starting

and alighting ground, and a clear space on the
side of a hill to fly around. Taurin made
flights whenever the weather was fine, and those
who had the good fortune to see him were much

several

Unfortunately the average Englishis such an utterly apathetic being that only
few hundnrd people turned up each day, inof the thousands, which a similar exhibition on the Continent would have called out.
Some day in the near future, the country will
wake up. and will then be just as foolishly hysterical over everything aviatic as it is just at
present apathetic.
I n aero engines great progress is being made
and if the number of engines sold at Olympia is
any criterion of the number of machines being
manufactured in the country the total figure must
run into the thousands.
Great firms like the Thames Iron Works Co.,
Vickers Sons & Maxim are turning out
.and
splendid engines, especially designed for aviation
purposes. Mr. C. M. Smith, the manager of the
motor department of the Thames Iron Works, is
particularly to be congratulated on the excellence
of his first attempt at designing an aero engine;
impressed.

man
a

stead

motor

this

engine with

H.P. for

four-cylinder opposed horizontal

copper water jackets, and gives 35

is

weight

of

150

151

The Wolseley Company, which

is

owned by

Vickers Sons & Maxim, are turning out two

aeronautical engines, a 60 H.P. eight-cylinder V
type weighing .^40 lbs., and a 30 H.P. four-cylinder vertical, weighing 210 lbs.
Another motor which caused considerable comment at the recent show was the Lascelles, a fourcylinder air-cooled engine with the cylinders set
fanwise at angles of 45 degrees from each other.
It is in fact a kind of modified
zani with an added cylinder.

The Green engine which

is

Anzani an An-

being used with so

on the Army Dirigible, and also

on the Short biplanes (but not on the Short\Vrights, which have French engines) has been
improved for 1910, being strengthened in some
places and lightened in others; it is now undoubtedly one of the finest engines on the market.
In this, the copper jackets, instead of being elec-

much

success

deposited, as in many engines, are simspun out of copper sheet, and are forced
rings on the sides of
cylinders; it is found that this makes perfectly water-tight joints, even when there is considerable pressure on the water.
Probably the lightest engine at the Aero Show
was the " Alverstoa." a double cylinder (opposed
horizontal) engine which, with a bore of 132 millimetres and a stroke of 127mm., gives 30 H. P.
trically

ply

down over rubber packing

the

for

112

lbs.

The exhibit of actual aeroplanes at the Show

chiefly notable for the absence of freak-designs.
The prevailing type was more or less a
copy of the (Tross-Channel Bleriot. but there were
quite a number of original machines on view: the
biplane shown by George
Jobling of Newcastle
has many excellent points, including a new system of springing the wheels. Mr. A. E. George
was

The Humber firm,

Humber cars and

the makers of the well-known

cycles,

who

have

gone

in

heavily for aviation, showed a machine designed

by the late Hubert Le Blon, in which the usual
fusellage was replaced by a long wooden cylinder,
or rather a cylinder made of a wooden frame covered with canvas; f this marked quite a new departure in aeroplane design, and one which will
doubtless be largely followed in the near future.
The Roe triplane which is, I believe, the only
machine in the world * to have flown with a g
H.P. engine, attracted a good deal of attention.

At

present

the aviators of this country are

concerned with the possibility of acquiring first-class flying grounds, and already there
are many schemes on foot to provide them.
The
Motor Union which recently absorbed the Aeroplane Club (turning it into the Aviation Section
of the Union), is in treaty for a very large ground
near London which will afford a five-mile circuit;
it is intended to erect enormous grand-stands as
well as repair shops and hangars, on this ground,
and as it is within half an hour of the centre of
London it should become practically the aeronautical centre of England, provided no snags
are struck in completing the negotiations.
The British Michelin Cup, which is the most
important Aviation Trophy offered for competition in Great Britain, has been won by Mr. MooreBrabazon with an 18 mile flight. He himself, with
a 40 mile flight. Rolls with a 26 mile flight, and
Grace, with a 20 mile flight, have all beaten the
distance, but none of these performances were
greatly

officially

observed.

&

lbs.

f See page 146.

* The
Sellers
quadriplane of Baltimore has
flown under the propulsion of a 4-6 H.P. engine.

Ed. Notes:

THE WRIGHT COMPANY IS AN INCENTIVE TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION
By John G, Ha.nna.

THE
an

April number of
Aircraft
contained
excellent statement of the plain facts in
nhe Wright patent case, bv Mr. Campbell Wood.
To the mind of the writer this article is by
far the best and fairest account of the trouble
that has so far appeared anywhere, and Aircraft
In the
is to be congratulated on receiving it.
May issue appeared two partisan accounts of
the same matter by the respective attorneys.
IJnfortunateiy, both of these latter articles appealed rather to passion and prejudice than to
reason.
It is the purpose of this article to sum
up the case in a fair, reasonable, impartial way,
from the viewpoint of the ordinary layman who
is not financially interested in either side of the

seems, and it is sincerely to be hoped, that

attempts to invalidate the Wright patent will
Undoubtedly other inventors conceived the
idea of warping wings before they did. but it is
the peculiar discovery of the manner in which
the vertical rudder and the warping device must
be used together that made successful flight possible.
So far it has not been shown that any
one had worked out this svstem previous to the
Wrights.
The reason is evident. It is an empirical principle, to be discovered only by actual
experiment in the air, as they discovered it, and
not such an idea as would be developed in the
paper theories of their predecessors.
Even though it can be shown that some previous inventor had some such idea of control,
and even though the Wrights knew of the previous inventor's work, it cannot be denied by
the bitterest opponent of the Dayton brothers
that they were the first to make successful use
It

all

fail.

it in flight.
By flight no one means a jump
a hundred feet at a few inches above the
ground.
Because they were the first inventors
to put this principle to actual use in a practicable form. Judge Hazel and Judge Hand have
very rightly held that they are entitled to the
exclusive use of it for the usual period of a patent.
The same law has always been held valid

of
for

in all other patent cases.

It is quite true that
other inventors had some hazy ideas of both the
telephone and the gasoline automobile before Bell
and Selden applied for their respective patents;
but because these inventors were the first to
make actual and practical use of the ideas in a
commercial form the courts have steadily upheld
them in their rights to the exclusive use of the

devices.

Perhaps an illustration of an analogous case

make the matter clearer. In 1849 manv thoupeople knew there was gold in California.
and made plans to go after it.
All of them,
through their knowledge and efforts to obtain it,
had an equal right to it.
Yet the Government

will

sand

invariably granted a land patent to the first to

get to a good place and laegin to make actual
and commercial use of the ground.
That the
hundreds of unsuccessful ones who spent sums
of money greater than were ever spent on the
development of aeroplanes, and who toiled to exhaustion many more hours than did all the inventors together, got no share of the gold dug
up bv the more skillful and daring pioneers, was

not considered unjust.

All governments in all
ages have granted such land patents, and no one
has ever tried to show that such grants are not
fair.
The present patent case is exactly the same
If the hundreds of other inventors
in principle.
who have been struggling toward this gold mine
find the Wrights already actually operating it on
their arrival, there is nothing for them to do but
turn in another direction and seek for another
And this they can certainly find.
vein of ore.
for be it remembered that the Wright patent covers but one very definite and not very perfect
type of aeroplane, and there are any number of
better and more profitable devices lying around
in the wilderness, so to speak, waiting for the
independent prospector to seek them out and
claim them for his own.
From the foregoing it appears how useless, as
well as how unjust, it is to attempt to break
The proper course for Paulthe Wright patent.
han, Curtiss and others is to attempt to show
how their aeroplanes do not infringe the Wright
As pointed out bv ^Ir. Wood and by
claims.
Mr. Ludlow, the essential feature of the patent
the combined action of the warping and rudIf either part of the combination is dispensed with or rendered unnecessary, then there
is

der.

no infringement.
Curtiss claims that his ailerons balance each
other so as to render correction by the rudder
unnecessary. If the inventor would proceed to
is

demonstrate this fact at once by actual flight

the presence of representatives of the court,
instead of wasting time on attempts to undermine the Wright patent, he would probably
be henceforth declared free to pursue the manuin

and operation of his really clever little

machine without molestation from the Wrights or
anyone else.
Paulhan claims that the peculiar loose attachment of his ailerons causes them to offer no retarding effect when drawn down just sufficiently
to produce the necessary lift.
No retarding effect
means of course no concurrent use of the rudder and hence no infringement. This claim seems
somewhat doubtful.
Still
it
is more likely to
help him if he proves it than if he spends money
and time in fruitless attacks on the Wright patent.
equipped
Paulhan's Bleriots were
originally
with regular wing-warping devices, like all of
facture

the type.

If

equipoed thus, they are plainly

in-

fringements, since corrective action of the rudder will certainly be necessarv.

Before coming
to this country, however. Paulhan claims to have
removed the warping wires from the wings of all
of them.
No better proof of the sinceritv of
the Wrights and their intention to mind strictly
their own business and their own svstem of control can be desired than their public declaration
that Paulhan might use these modified and noninfringing Bleriots freely without -fear of molestation by them.
So much for the Wright patent and the cases
of Paulhan and Curtiss.
It is next in order to
consider the Wright Company and its attitude

towards and effect upon aviation.

Mr. Ludlow says that the Wright patent is "a
power of injunction, a possible monopoly, which.

owned by

a covetous and rich corporation, might

threaten the very life of aviation, stifle development in this country, and bar out the fruits of
foreign progress." It is hard to imagine a more
extravagant statement.
The patent is a power
of injunction and a monopoly only of one type
of machine.
Paraphrasing the old saying that
"one swallow doesn't make a summer," it is quite
true that one type of aeroplane doesn't make aviation.
Instead of stifling development in this
country, it will accelerate it, for inventors will
be forced to devise some other type of machine
to get around the patent claims.
As it is, if
the Wrights did not rigorously enforce their patent, we would be too prone to be satisfied with
the several good-enough machines we now have,
and consider it unnecessarv to devise better ones.
This has been the case with all other inventions.
The first form, though imperfect, was used, perhaps for years, until a monopoly forced others
to invent something better, when the original
was improved to keep pace with the new invention.
As to barring out fruits of foreign
progress, perhaps it would be well to wait until
foreign progress shows some fruit before worrving about this. It is a fact that the success of
practically all the better-known foreign flying -machines dates from the day they began to profit by
However, forthe fruits of American ingenuity.
eign inventors will without question produce some
very valuable work in the near future, surpassing what thev have already done, and it would
be folly to bar it out. The point is, the Wright
patent cannot bar it out so long as it is really
fundamentally different from, and not a structural variation of. the Wright machine.
A case in point is the well-known Voisin biplane, which has recently shown such excellent
balance in high winds while piloted by Rougier
This machine claims entirely autoat Monaco.
matic lateral stability, and has absolutely no
means for changing the angle of incidence of
The Wright patent,
either of the main planes.
therefore, does not bar it out. and anyone can
fly a Voisin biplane over every square inch of
America without a word of protest from the
Wrights. The same is true of the Bleriot and of
Santos-Dumont's "Demoiselle" without the wing-

warping devices.

The statement that the Wright Company is

willing to license all users of infringing aeroThat
planes should be taken at its full value.
they have yet made no announcement of their
Remember that the suits
rate signifies nothing.
against Curtiss and Paulhan have not vet been
Until the courts definitely desettled definitely.
clare that their patent is valid and that the other
machines are infringements, how can they be exannounce
a price for what thev mav
pected to
ultimately have no right to sell at all if the decision goes against them?
Referring to the statement of the Wrights that
they will not bring suit against those who use
type of machine purely for experimental
purposes, Mr. Ludlow says this statement "is
It /j,
interesting, but of no particular value."
most certainly is, of the utmost particular
it
For until Mr. Ludlow or some one else
value.
their

AIRCRAFT

15^
proves

it

acquit

the

list

the

this

false,

Wrights

charges of

of

development

one sentence
of

is

enough

to

every word of the long

competition, hindering
barring out the

stifling

of

aviation,

fruits of foreign progress,

and so

forth, that

have

It means simply
against them.
giving to everyone the fullest possible opportunity to beat them at their own game,
and to advance the science of aviation by building on the foundation of the Wright machine a
better one that will vastly lessen the value of this
And it is a fact that the Wrights have,
patent.
as Mr, Toulmin says, time and again helped
other inventors in their efforts to produce maHow such a course
chines of a different type.
menaces the development of aviation, as Mr.

been

brought

that they are

Ludlow asserts, is hard to see.

The case of the Wrights and
has no bearing on the

Office

the

French

War

Paulhan-Curtiss

suits; but. since counsel for Paulhan has seen fit

to introduce it, it may be well to give the real
The first idea of the Wrights,
facts in the case.

even before their first machine was completed,

to sell it to the United States Government
With
alone, keeping the secret from all others.
patriotic self-sacrifice they offered it at a price
not a tenth of what they could get by selling it
commerto other governments or developing it

was

But our supremely

cially throughout the world.
wise and omniscient Government, blind then as
now to the real status of aviation, turned them
down with scant consideration. Then, and only
then, were they forced to take their invention
to a foreign market. Mr. Ludlow seems to imply
that they had transgressed the rights of this Government, for which the said Government should
take away the rights previously granted them.
Yet it is as simple as two plus two make four
that it is impossible to transgress the rights of
a party which has no rights to be transgressed.
And by this colossally stupid blunder the American Government had not only forfeited all its
own rights in the case but as well trampled on
the rights of the inventors and of the whole
No amount of gold medals and present
nation.
orders for machines can ever atone for the action of the Government when it was first given
the opportunity of purchasing the Wright patEvery loyal American must think
ent, years ago.
with admiration of the self-sacrifice of the Wrights
and with shame of the stupidity of the Government.
Mr. Ludlow says further that the Wright Company "is attempting to impose an exorbitant tax
upon the community for the use of aeroplanes,
and is claiming a monopoly for selling, making.
using,
to find

It is difficult
or exhibiting aeroplanes."
words to fitly characterize this statement.

As every schoolboy knows, the word "aeroplanes"

does not in any way refer exclusively to the
Wright type

of flying

machines.

Such

a statement

Jujie,

is therefore an insult to the intelligence of every

reader.
Further, it is certain that the Company
will not impose an " exorbitant tax " for the use
of Wright machines, simply because competition
of other tvpes will make this bad business policy.
Nor will It try to keep a monopoly of the manufacture of this type. The demand for machines is
growing at such a pace that no one company can
keep up with it, though it be a million-dollar

corporation.

Since

it

cannot

take

all

the

what

take

to

orde

royalti

companies, exactly as was done m the case ot

the Selden patent.
No effort was made to obtain a monopoly-profit from this patent, but a
royalty of one-eighth of one per cent, was asked
and received from practically every manufacturer
of cars coming under its scope. It is well known
that immense profits have been made in the
automobile business, profits quite satisfactory to
million-dollar corporations, yet
every cent of
them were straight manufacturing and not monopoly profits.
The same holds true of aeroplanes, which are even simpler in manufacture
than automobiles. Any royalty or monopolyprofit that might be made would be utterly insignificant beside the legitimate return in manufacturing.
Even if the Company reserves to
itself the exclusive right to manufacture all such
machines, it can never force up the price, for if

much above the average level of the

the Voisin, Herring-Burgess, Baldwin,
"Demoiselle," and other machines that
operated here, then the public will
naturally cease to demand them, and as a result
the price will drop to the normal level.
Such, then, is the position and the attitude of
the Wright Company;
What will be its effect
on aviation? Instead of being a menace, as Mr.
Ludlow claims, no logical and farseeing person
can consider it as anything but the most powgoes

it

prices

of

Bleriot,

may

be

erful and useful incentive to

of aviation that we have to-day.
tem of control is a good one,

the

development

The W^right

sys-

but not the only

In
and not necessarily the best.
not the only one used bv birds, for
kinds of birds have_ entirely different
means of maintaining equilibrium. The monopoly of the first system discovered will be a powerful incentive for inventors to work out the
It should be
other and perhaps better systems.
remembered that two of the six fatal aeroplane
accidents have occurred with Wright biplanes. In
an editorial in the March Aircraft the statement
is
made that " the Wright brothers owe their
success to the thousands who tried and failed before them, and the success of others after them
No better
will be built upon their failures."
summing up of the matter could be made.
As examples of what can be done in this line,

good

one,

fact,

is

it

consider the Pfitzner monoplane, which has been

highly successful.
It preserves its stability by
changing the supporting area of the wings, instead of increasing the supporting angle.
The
Herring-Burgess biplane is also a success in every way, so far as tried.
The fins on top provide a clever and apparently efficient means of
automatic stability. Baldwin's aeroplane, with its
vertical rudder on top acting to straighten the
machine when it tips, is also outside the scope

the Wright patent.

Among foreign machines
there is the Voisin, with its stability preserved
vertical
partitions
like
a box "kite.
The
and " Demoiselle " monoplanes, without
wing-warping devices and depending for stability on the dihedral angle of the wings and on
corrective tails, are also outside the class of infringing machines.
This is certainly a fine collection to start from.
Every month Aircraft
has reports of new designs being worked out all
over the country, and in a short time we may
expect to see several very successful machines of
original design added to the above list.
It may
easily be seen that the Wright Company has no
monopoly of flying in America. The increased
demand for machines of other types will spur inventors to greater efforts, resulting in a much
earlier and greater perfection of the science of
aviation than we should see if all the country
were to be allowed to use and be satisfied with
the present Wright system.
And there are certainly plenty of other systems waiting to be
discovered.
Any person of a mechanical turn
of mind, after making a thorough study of the
principles of mechanical flight, should be able to
devise some system of balancing that would be
entirely practical.
The thing to do, then, is to
get out and test these ideas in actual flight, as
the Wrights did, and then to improve and perfect them until they work with precision and
of

the

'ill

pany

igio

various

by

Bleriot

certainty.

have now looked at every side of the case.

seems favorable to the Wrights, it
onlv because reason and common sense are on
their side, for an effort has been made throughout to keep it absolutely impartial. The Wright
patent, it seems, is valid, and the patentees are
justly entitled to all its benefits.
The best course
for Curtiss, Paulhan, and others is to show by
actual demonstration that their machines do not
operate in the same way as the Wright, or, if
they do, to invent new ways of control.
The
Wright Company is not and cannot be in a position to monopolize or hinder aviation and flight
as a whole, either in America or elsewhere.
The
attitude of the Company should prove a strong
inducement to inventors to bring out new, better, and more efficient types of flying machines,
and thus it will serve as an incentive to the development of aviation as a whole. There is the
case in a nutshell.
\\'e

If this article
is

THREE IMPRESSIONS
Miss Gertrxide Ba^con Describes the SensOLtions of Aeria.! Locomotion
(From
onlooker
THE
passenger,

most of the game, and the

unhampered with anxieties as
to the management of the craft, appreciates most
As one who
fully the sensations of the voyage.
has sampled all three methods of aerial locomotion, I consider myself entitled to make comsees

idle,

parison.

Only the point is that they cannot be compared.

ask which one prefers to travel by balloon,
airship or flving machine is like asking if one
prefers porridge, plum cake, or pate-de-fois-gras.
It depends entirely on circumstances.

To

SPHERICAL BALLOON.
travel by balloon is the consummation of
idleness, indolence, and drifting dolce far niente.
engine jars and roars, no muscles strain, nor
No breeze stirs, and no waves
harness jingles.

To

No

"Let go all," shouts the pilot, standmg on

the edge of the wicker basket, and eager hands
What follows next is remarkrelax their hold.
After much experience I can confidently
able.
aver that the balloon does not move does not
But the earth takes the
so much as quiver.
opportunity to drop awav underneath, and recedes
further and further from below the perfectly stationary car and its mildly astonished but quite
undisturbed occupants, and after that the world
continues slowly to unroll itself in ever-varymg
but ever-beautiful and unusual panorama patchwork fields, shimmering silver-streaks, toy box
churches and houses, and white roads like the
joins of a jig-saw puzzle.
And presently cotton wool billows come creeping up, with purple shadows and fleecy outlines
and prismatic rainbow effects. Sometimes they
invade the car, and shroud it for a while in
clinging warm white wreaths, and anon they
fall below and shut out the world with a glorious
curtain, and we are all alone in fairy land, in
perfect silence, in perfect peace, and in a realm
that is made for us alone. And so the happy restful hours go smoothly by until the earth has had
lap.

enough

of

it,

rises

up more or

less

rapidly,

to

invade our solitude, hits the bottom of the basket

more or less violently, and we step out, or maybe

The Aero

of

London.)

out. into everyday existence a hundred miles

or so away.
All the while the balloon has never moved, not
"What is the sensation of
so much as an inch.
ballooning?" ask the uninitiated, and they seem
to marvel that the answer is, "The sensation is
the total absence of sensation." "But aren't you
sea-sick?" they query, and you say, "How can
one be when there is no motion whatever?" "But
isn't it awful to look down?" they insist, and you
reply, "Is it awful to sit in an armchair and look
at a picture?" And still they don't understand, because they labor under the delusion that it is the
balloon that has moved, and not merely the earth
and the sky that have shifted themselves about
for our delectation.
roll

DIRIGIBLE.
True the
in a dirigible.
remains the earth's sudden
downward plunge, the matchless panorama, and
the absolute impossibility of realizing one's true
But the
position in the scheme of the universe.
drifting indolence is replaced by the joy of life
stiff breeze fans one's cheeks, the
and motion.
unfamiliar car quivers and vibrates beneath the
feet, the propeller whirls in a flash of light, and
the throbbing of the engine, the steering wheel,
and the levers suggest another form of rapid

But

it

aloofness

is

of

otherwise
it

all

transit.

An airship is a delightful blend of the balloon

a combination of the chief
pleasures of both. To the wearied, the jaded, the
indolent, or the "bone idle." the dreamy restfulness and calm of the drifting gas-bag may be its
greatest charm, and this in a dirigible is certainly
most effectually banished. But in its place has
come the breath of life, the living pulsing
strength, the exhilaration of action, and swift
and the motor car

'*"

AEROPLANE.

'

The aeroplane
The balloon sense

excites wildlv,
maddeningly.
The fact
is entirely absent.

height ordinarily attained by a flying

machine is inconsiderable may have something to
do with this; but it mav well be doubted whether
even those few bold bird-men who have urged
that

the

att;

idin
abo
the
ground.
The wonderful and inconceivable part
about high flying to the balloonist is that he has
attained his height without effort or knowledge.
The aviator wins his upward way only by hard
striving, and his feelings, if he has time for any,
must be those of the mountaineer.
A flight in an aeroplane, in my own experience,
is a time of stress and strain.
It is cold, bitter
cold, even on a sultry summer evening, for the
furious gale of the onward motion blows through
and through you, and makes your eyes smart and
deafeningly noisy.
reddens your nose.
It is
When I climbed down from the little basket
scat of the Farman biplane that night at Reims
the voices of Sommer and his mechanics sounded
to my deadened ears as if they came from an immense distance away, and not for several minutes
did I hear properly again.
An hour's voyage by flying machine would,
even for a passenger, m^ke a not inconsiderable
demand on bodilv strength and nervous energy.
But, oh! the rapturous thrill of the swift plunge
through air. the glorious exhilaration of the
swooping flight, the sense that never until that
moment have you felt wd^at it is really to live!
One curious fact surprised me. Contrary to
my expectations, I was absolutely unconscious of
the exact moments of leaving and regaining the
earth.
A single turn of the propeller had started
the engine (still warm from recent flight), and in
a moment we were speeding along the grass at the
rate of a racing car.
By no movement or sudden
shock was I made aware of what happened next;
only presently there came into the motion a sense
of lightness, floating buoyancy, absolutely novel
and absolutely delicious.
Yet so imperceptibly
had the change come that it needed a downward
glance to make sure that we were reallv in the
air.
Similarly, at the close of the flight it was
only by the slackening of the engine that I learnt
No floating snowflake
our voyage was over.
could have settled more lightlv to the earth.
If life contains a more blissful experience than
a voyage in an aeroplane, I have yet to discover it.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

153

CLUB NEWS
Compiled by Ada Gibson
Aero Club

of

America

the Wright

THIS AGREEMENT,

Company

dated April Sth, 1910,

made

and entered into by and between the Wright Company, a Corporation of the State of

New

wl

Clubs,

Agreement Signed between the Club and

York, party

part; and the Aero Club of America, a

of the
corporation of the same State, party of the second
first

ters

stating

the

forming
desire

their

The morning was taken up with discussing

constitution of the new association and with

WITNESSETH:

the
the

These are as follows:

election of officers.
President G. A. Richardson, U. of P., 1912.
First Vice-President Cyrus McCormick, Princeton, 1912.
Second Vice-President Dr. Bird, Virginia, Professor.

Whereas, the Aero Club of America, as the representative of America, is a member of the International
Aeronautic Federation, and as such, is the custodian
of the Bennett Trophy representing the International
Aeronautical Championship of the World, won at
Rheims 1909, by the American representative, and
Whereas, under the rules of the International
Aeronautic Federation, all contests held in America
in which members or representatives of any of the
Clubs composing the International Aeronautic Federation or clubs affiliated with such clubs are contestants must be held under the auspices, and with the
sanction, of the Aero Club of America, and.
Whereas, the Wright Company as ow^ner of certain
basic patents, heretofore issued to the Wright Brothers, has obtained from the Federal Courts decisions
sustaining the validity of said patents, and injunctions forbidding the use of infringing machines by
others, and.
Whereas, by reason of said decisions it is deemed
essential that the concurrence of the Wright Company
shall be obtained in order that successful open aeronautical contests may take place in America, and.
Whereas, in the interest of the development of
aeronautical science and sport, it is desirable that an
arrangement be made between the parties hereto.
Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises
and of One Dollar by each party to the other paid, the
receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, it is mutually understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto as follows:
First. The Aero Club of America in recognition of
the decisions of the Federal Courts sustaining the
patents and invention of the Wrigjit Company, as set
forth in said decisions, and not wishing to encourage
the infringements of said patents by others, hereby
agrees that under its powers of sanctioning meets as
above stated it will grant sanctions to such meets and
contests only as shall be held under proper arrangements with the Wright Company.
Second. The Aero Club will furnish judges, timers,
etc., and all necessary facilities to the end that the records made at such contests duly sanctioned by the
aforesaid Aero Club of America shall be accepted by
the International Aeronautic Federation.
Third. The Wright Company agrees that it will
encourage the holding of open aeronautical meets or
contests whenever approved as aforesaid by the Aero
Ciub of America, by granting licenses for the use of
its patents and inventions to the promoters or holders
of such meets, under arrangements for reasonable
compensation from them to it so that machines of any
kind, make or country, without let or hindrance, may
participate, under such license without further payment or liability, in such meet or contest for which
said license has been granted.
Fourth. This agreement shall continue as long as
the decisions of the said Federal Courts of the United
States shall sanction and uphold the validity of the
said patents and inventions of the Wright Company.
In witness whereof, the parties hereto have
caused their corporate seals to be afifixed and these
presents to be signed by their duly authorized officers,
Executed in
the day and year first above w-ritten.

,l)lc
to send delegates, sent letthat they were greatly in favor of
of the Association, and expressed
to become members.

Secretary Elmer Rae, Cornell. 1913.

Assistant Secretary Thomas Midgely,

Cornell,

Morris, Haverford.
The new association will be known as the Intercollegiate Aeronautical -Association of America, and one of the first things that it will do
is
to publish a bulletin containing a complete
account of the proceedings of the convention and
also the constitution of the association in full.
This bulletin will be sent out to every college
and aero club in the country. Any college aero
club now in existence which joins the association
will be considered a charter member.
A very active campaign for the purpose of
arousing interest in aeronautics in the various
colleges has been mapped out for the coming

'^Treasurer S.

S.

year.

Aero

Scientific

By Edward

Club

of Washingtorv

H, Young, President

T-I-IEAero Scientific Club of Washington, D. C,

'
was organized on October 12, 1909, with fifteen
members, nine of whom had, or were, building
aeroplanes.
The club now has a membership of
forty-nine, and many applications have been made
recently.
The headquarters of the Club are at
the Y.' M. C. A. Assembly Hall, where meetings
are held twice a month for the purpose of discussing the many problems of aeronautics.
Last January it held a successful exhibit in conjunction with the Y. M. C. A.'s New Year
reception and gave an illustrated lecture to a
large audience, of which 2,500 viewed the exhibits.
On January 24-29 at the National Automobile
and Aeronautic Show, members of the Club exhibited seven completed man-carrying aeroplanes,
many models of original conceptions, propellers,
are now negotiating for a large
experimental purposes.
A donation has recently been made bv the Club
to the Junior members of the Y. M. C. A. Aero

The

open

directors

field

for

Club.
The officers are: E. H. Young. President; S.
T. Bean, First Vice-President; William H. Beck.
Second Vice-President; F. L. Rice, Treasurer
and Secretary; Herbert Oden, Historian; W. S.
Kline, Official Photographer.

CLUB NOTES
Members of the Tufts College Aero Club recently made some remarkable flights with gliders
on the athletic field at Tufts. Edwin P. Bugbee,
of Methuen, who is president of the club, made
a glide of 225 feet.
Another member. Dr. Philip Cobb, of the
Chemistry Department, rose to a height of 25
towed glide, but only succeeded in staying up a very short distance.
A strong wind blowing at the time added to
the excitement and also to the merit of the
amateur gliders.
The tow-rope of Merritt B.
White's machine broke just after he left the
ground; he fortunately escaped injury.
feet in a

Reside

of

West

Allis,

Wi

The ballooning season opened

F.

An Aero Club has been formed in Omaha,

Neb., with Col. W. A. Glassford, Commandant
Fort Omaha, at its head.
The members of
Club, who rank among the wealthiest and
most influential men of the State, will make a
study of the science of aeronautics and encourage aerial navigation by organizing meets and
The big Government dirigible shed
exhibitions.
ill be used by members of the Club for housing
the

the

aft.

The Princeton University Aero Club has recently been formed by a number of students
with a charter membership of twenty and the
Arrangements are being
usual quota of officers.
made to hold a balloon ascension; a model contest is also under consideration.

The Aero Club

of

New England

By George Atwell

The Aero Club of

members, will

forty
tion.

30th,

has a

Jacksonville, which has

Asso-

conven-

Hall, University
of Pennsylvania,
purpose of forming an
Intercollegiate Aero Association.
The following colleges were represented:
in
for the

Cornell University, two delegates;

Princeton University, one delegate
University of Virginia, three delegates;
Hav'erford College, two delegates:
Swarthmore College, one delegate:
Columbia University, two delegates;
Tufts College had a proxy present.
The Yale. Massachusetts Institute of
nology, Amherst, University of Chicago,

Dame,

and

Carnegie

Technical

School

TechNotre

Aero

in

co-

now

shortly apply for incorporaIts Secretarv.

Mr. Davenport Kerrison.
full-sized aeroplane in course of construc-

Richardson, President

QN
Saturday morning, April
^^ tion was held
Houston

will,

operation with the Aero Club of Springfield,

maintain a caretaker and balloon rigger at the
latter city; he will take charge of ascensions held
under the auspices of the clubs at all stations.

Bishop,

IntercollegiaLte Aerona-viticaLl
ciattion of America.

New England

at

Aero Club of America,

By
Cortlandt

in

21st, when a short trip from Springfield

Hadley, say a distance of seventeen
to
miles, was made by A. Holland Forbes, pilot,
.fohn Parker and William Hull.
The greatest
altitude reached was 6,200 feet.

on April

triplicate.

[Seal]

taking steps

has been
ticular through the fact that Dr. A. R. Silverstone is building a flyer on the fair grounds, of
which he expects great things.

THE AERO SCIENT:FIC CLUE OF WASHINGTON

A GROUP.

AIRCRAFT

1S4

NEW FLYERS

DESCRIBED: THE FAIRCHILD MONOPLANE

By George

aeroplane
THEFairchild,
of

by Walter Lowe
New York, and of the Aero
Club of America, is remarkable in many more
ways than one. That tlie designer and builder is
an engineer and an engineer of merit is apparent to any but the veriest tyro, on a moconstructed

ment's

examination

of

his

beautifully

finished

product.

The

Fairchild

monoplane

is

in

fact

model

of mechanical
construction, and, if its iiying
capabilities are in any way commensurate with
the intelligence and resourcefulness displayed in

carrying out

June, 1910

F. CaLinpbell

Wood

the vertical surfaces in the main body and of

the wide horizontal tail and by the fact that twin
propellers are used for propulsion.
This use of two tractive propellers is exceptional in monoplanes, and it is interesting to
note that the big screws are both to revolve in
the same direction.
Mr. I-'airchild holds that if
the gyroscopic effect of a single propeller can be
deemed negligible in other monoplanes, that of

two can be even more so.

The motor is a Requa-Gibson two-cylinder (disposed V-shape) engine, giving 50-h. p. The pro-

These collars are anchored to the lower end

of the columns by a pair of powerful compression springs.
Skis, normally three inches above the ground,
are used to absorb any excess of shock.
Light double skids support the tail.
The weight of this steel tube-aeroplane, unmounted, IS
the neighborhood of 700 pounds:
the construction is obviously of great strength

for

weight.

its

The

supporting surface measures 280 square

wings have a total spread of 37 feet,

the

feet;

design, those interested in the

aviation may prepare to hail an
eminently successful American monoplane.

development

its

of

In design this flyer is eclectic in that it embodies the most successful features of the welltypes of monoplanes.

known

The body or fuselage is of graduated

tubmg; lightness and strength have been

steel

obtained through the careful use of different sizes

and thicknesses of tubes, the strength of each
part and portion having been calculated in detail.
All the tubes of the frame where especial
strength has been thought advisable have been
stuffed with elm, thus giving them great strength,
with but little head-on resistance.
In the trussing of the frame, steel tape and
cable have been used to advantage, in preference
to the usual piano wire.
The wings are of the usual monoplane type,
built up of fourteen double ribs over transverse
one-inch steel tubes: they have flexible curved
uncontrolled wing-tips, which are balanced for a
certain lifting effect.
The tail is similar to the
flat tail of the Antoinette, which is used solely as
a stabilizer and not for carrying purposes (lifting only its own weight and the framework connecting it to the main body).
Vertical and horizontal direction are obtained
through rear rudders similar to the Antoinette's,
except that a further vertical rudder in front of
the hinge, in prolongation of the usual rear one,
occupies the position of the French machine's
fixed vertical

fin.

EiHcient lateral control is expected of an entirely novel and somewhat startling device, which
will be affixed later and which the writer was re-

quested

by Mr.

Fairchild not

to

reveal

at

this

time.

This and the other means of control will be

published in a later issue, when the machine,
which is now nearing completion at Mineola,'
Long Island, is ready for trial.
Like the Bleriot XII, the Santos-Dumont
"Demoiselle," or the Grade, the Fairchild has its
centre of gravity comparatively low; but unlike
them, the aviator sits above; the inventor anticipates no trouble from the usual drawback of a
low centre the tendency to oscillate as this effect is counteracted by the stabilizing effects of

used are also from Requa-Gibson; t

diameter is 7 feet; their pitch 6 feet; they
connected with the engine by chains r
through tubes; the shafts of the propellL._ . _
8 feet apart and 6 feet 8 inches above the ground.
The landing chassis is both exceptionally wide
pellers

the length over

Each wing measures

37

a composite one,
Mr. Fairchild's calculations.
surface of the fixed tail is 60 square feet;
the horizontal rudder or elevator 22

worked out from

The

pair of aeroplane-wheels support the forepart of the machine when it is on the ground;
the supporting columns, which, it should be
noted, are double, form part of the frame; but
the forks carrying the wheels are hinged to the
lower ends of the tubes and the wheel-hubs are
stayed independently to loose collars that ride
upon a portion of the upper ends of the columns.

machine being also

8 feet 4 inches in breadth

at its junction to the body.

The curve of the win^s is

and exceptionally strong.

of the

all

feet.

that

of

square

feet.

The greatest care has been embodied in the

construction of this remarkable monoplane and
the engineering skill of the designer is discernible in the many ingenious details used in it,
some of which have never been seen elsewhere
in aeronautic construction.

FLYING-MACHINE MODELS
By W. H. Phipps

THROUGH

Aircraft, the Junior Aero Club

of America wishes to issue a Challenge to all

clubs and aeronautical societies or associations in the United States to an aeroplane model
contest.
Model flying has already created such a
marked enthusiasm that the time has been
thought ripe by the J. A. C. A. to widen the
scope of the sport during the coming summer
by sending out this general challenge.
The contests will not be limited to the younger
generation, for the latter is well able to hold
Its
own against grown-ups as the results of
all
the recent contests only too clearly prove.
In contests where no age limit prevails all the
honors have gone to the younger participators,
but in order to avoid any unpleasant comments
about including "growns" and "ungrowns" in
the same competitions, it has been decided to
offer two identical cups, one for the men and
one for the boys.
challenge cup goes to the club whose member has obtained the longest flight from his
model, of all competitors.
This cup is donated

aero

aodel flies the greatest distance, under offic

bservation, during the present year.
It might here be said that the indications

tance of
ground.

lumerous that girls and women will soon be

'ailing
enthusiasm their male relatives
in
nodel flying, and that this will be the sig

second, and C. G. Vogel, 132 feet, third.

Another Y. M. C. A. contest took place in the
Fourteenth Regiment Armory, Brooklyn. 'There

In

the

inches,

boys'

class

16S feet,

first;

starting from the

the winners were
D. Grier, 139 feet,

W. M. Sage and
M. Watkins repeated their victories with 106
and 167 feet, respectively; C. G. Vogel was
to Watkins in the boys' class, with 132

were twenty machines entered.

F.
feet

second
feet

inches.

Model contests were held in the Metropolitan

Opera House on April iSth, under the- auspices of the French Benevolent Society.
The
big event of the evening was the "Cross-Channel" contest, the "Channel" being the space between the balconies; a large silver cup was offered for this contest by M. Henri Chapal; it
was won by L. J. Lesh, W. H. Phipps being
second.
The Reims contest was likewise won
by L. J. Lesh. with the same machine which

had

carried

Much

off

credit

is

the

first

event.

due Dr. Dederer for the splen-

way in which these contests were conducted.

Model competition added interest to the annual games of Public School 77, held on April
9th, at the Eighth Regiment Armory, New York.
Both the Junior Aero Club and the School conF. M. Wattributed their quota of contestants.
did

by Edward Durant, whose father, it will be remembered, was the first American aeronaut, and
who is himself the director of the Junior Aero

Club.
The contests are to be held under the rules of
the National Model Aero Club, which were
published in the last number of Aircraft. The
contestants will then be able to compete at the
same time for the fine " 1910 Cup," the picture of which was also published last month in
this magazine, and which, it will be recalled,
was donated by no other than A. Leo Stevens,
the_ celebrated aeronaut.
Its winner will be the
individual,
regardless
of
age or sex, whose

feet

107

M. Watkins,

F.

LE5H
in

fashionable ga.mo

the
r.-r

The regular mode'

Side

branch

of

the

MODEL
sport which will rival any
fg^ of thc past fcw ycars.

held by the West

York Y. M. C. A.
26th at the Twenty-

tests

w
:h

second Regiment Armory

The winners in the men's class
Sage, with a Curtiss model, wh

kins once again proved the victor in the boys*

class, with a flight of 145 feet.
His model is a
monoplane of the front rudder tvpe, driven by
at the rear.
H. Southworth was
second, with 139 feet; a flight of 124 feet gave
third place to P. W. Pierce, a picture of whose
machine appears on the next page.
In the men's class the models were required
to start from the floor; in spite of this handicap

two propellers

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

155

BIG

W. S. Howell, Jr.'s entry flew 149 feet,

R, S. Barnaby,
other contestants were:
Halpine, William Piceller, J. Causi, H. I
got, J. Badine, G. Merz, J. Silberman ai

MODEL CONTEST
made

The records
nt

contests for

models,

Hexamer.

the outdoor gan

One of the features
Public School 87, Manhattan, Seventy-s(
which w
street and Amsterdam avenue,
held at Pastime Oval the afternoon of iNIaj
will
be an aeroplane contest for elem
schoolboys.
odel
nd kil
The date fixed for the
tests to be held by the International School of
Aeronautics, Garden City, Long Island, N. Y.,
has been changed to June nth and i2th, because of the impossibility of Professor Lawrence
Rotch being present on May 15th, on which date
he is due in Pittstield to take part in some aerostatic experiments.
(^n this occasion a cup, offered by ^Ir. Campbell Wood, will go to the owner of the model
making the longest flight in point of time, regardless of the distance covered or of the point
of landing.

of

models

in
fly

by

the "

IN FRANCE.

flying models in the

Gordon Bennett Cup "

Paris, show that the Americanfurther than those constructed

The longest model flight made during

broad.
Paris contest was that of M. Dieterin's maHis model
ine; it flew 156 feet 4 inches.
called "Chantecler," owing to the feathers
,s
which the planes were made; these were
tched onto a light framework suggestive of
Antoinette monoplane.
There were twenty-six prizes, the principal
h,
cing the Prix Paulhan, 150 francs in
Other prizes
iven
by the famous aviator.
ere the Prix Avia, goods to the valut of 500
ancs; the Prix de L'.-Vuto," a gold m(
Rougier, 100 francs cash;
ri
rix Bleriot, 100 francs cash; the Prix tl
arman and the Prix Latham.
;'

MODEL OF

is
to be hoped that just such intere?
odel-flying can be aroused in this country
like the above allotted to th

It
P.

\V.

I'lERCE.

rizes

RECENT PATENTED INVENTIONS

Briefed by Gustave IC.

PATENT 953-810. April 5, igio. Edward

This is an aeroplane claimJ. Augsberger.

ing automatic stability, through auxiliary planes
disposed at the ends of the main planes. When
one side is depressed the auxiliary planes on

US.

or efficiency of p
attaclied to a shaft
longitudii
shaft
first

thrust
is

of

running

Thompson
The

s.
,

propeller

but capable
second shaft.
ected, by a rod
(which is
shaft
to

through

propellers revolve,
tions to obviate a rotation of the macl
can be tilted as shown in the figure^

tubular, to a dyn
igh the second shaft
propeller,
transmitted tl:
rod, is measured on the dynamom

Patent 954.510
the

into

dragged
U.

S.

PATENT 953,810.

oppose a greater resistance to the

air
lift

side

end.
intricacy of the mechanical side of this
invention precludes a regular description, but
the above indication and annexed sketch will
an
idea of the patent, which is illustrated
give
It should be of
by no less than nine figures.
interest to those seeking the solution of autothat

The

matic

U.

ground and
by the spre;

figure.

To

than those on the other, thereby tending to

that

the

in

withdraw the anchor th

tached from the centre piece, both arms am
centre piece being pulled up separately by th
cords attached to each piece.
One of the patents mentioned here
also related to an airship anchor, and it is apparent that much thought is being given to the
problem of anchoring big dirigibles, especially
in

Germany.

stability.
S.

of the !e\

propeller.
a rudder

U.

S.

PATENT

attached beneath

954,077,

us that the possibility of anchoring

airships

tethe

in

the

open

is

the

most

lem to be faced in conne tion with

has been shown many times,
forcibly than last month, wher
Zeppelin II" broke her moorings and
ked in consequence.
1910,
S. Patent 954,992, April i:;,
Parse val.
This is the latest nonthe
celebrated
td
by

August
gid prodirigible

ilde

In propellers of this kind it is necessary to

weight the propeller to obtain the proper cenWeighttrifugal force to spread out the blades.
ing the ends of the propellers has been found
objectionable and the present invention proposes

overcome these objections by distributing the

Metallic chains or
weight over the blades.
ropes are therefore run through the front edges
of the blades (the latter being made preferably
of canvas)
the transverse stiffeners are also
formed of chains or cables.
to

U,

S.

PATENT

954,510.

Gustave
U. S. Patent 955.049. April 12, 1910.
H. Erekke. A helicopter: The two horizontal

PATENT

955,049.

the

AIRCRAFT

156

NEWS
By

THE 'Indianapolis

Race on Septi
Arrangements have been
Motor Speedway Company

Its Nos. zs to 30 Carrying various numpassengers at fast and slow speeds, near
he ground
high altitudes.
Saturday, Ju
Sth, last day of Aviation Meet
-Special trial
rd hi|
flights.
Als

In

made
and

between

the

Meet
June

The Wright brothers have given

being an open meet

in

5,000.

the State of Indii

there will be special cash
medals,
with
additional
e-xisting world's records,
cost of the meet will be
are guaranteeing money

of $25,000. and $50,000 cash

to the Wright brothers.
They promise to spend
an additional $20,000 in promoting the meet.

13th.

this

all

prizes,

ntry flights
the
fits
trophi

the

Exhibition Company for the big Avi

to take place during the week begij
to

GENERAL

IN

Mrs. J. Herbert Sincla^ir

Motor Speedway

course in the world,

contests will form a large share
held there this summer, and w
National Championship Uallo

thi

June, igio

th

accoi

favorable
a
25

and

feet

monoplane has

fore-and-aft

Its surface is 224 square

complete, 500 pounds.

feet.

The

This new

conditions.

spread of 30

weight,

length of

feet

and

its

of this new monoplane is

its gyroscopic stability device for maintaining its

chief

feature

transverse equilibrium (shown in the photograph

on the next page).
This apparatus is driven
by the motor and exerts a powerful force to
keep the machine always on a level keel. According to Mr. Beach, the experiments which

have been made with it have demonstrated that

this device will do all that is claimed for it, in
which case it is a stride in advance in the

Wright Company-Aero Club c

agreement (published elsewhere in th
it will be the first aviation meet held
the

license.

Thus an open

field is left

aviators

to all

for

entry

for

all

fly

chi:

iits.

Wrights
tered; these will be driven by the most
of their pupils now receiving instruction
bama, under Orville Wright while at the same
tmie especial efforts are being made to have
the two famous brothers themselves make exhibition flights.
There will in all probability be additional
events for dirigible balloons.
1

The following events form part

programme:
Event No. i For the machine

of

the

prom'

ised

the

shortest

Event No.
distance

fastest

for

of

No.
No.
ten

the

shortest

the machine

the

making a comSpeedway Track nearest to

4 For

lap of the

Event
fastest

froi

method

of

3 For

Event No.

Event

running distance.
2 For the start

regardless

plete circuit
the ground.

starting

the machine making the

Speedway regardless of height
the machine making the

THE NEW BEACH ELEEIOT-TYPE MONOPLANE

5 For

miles.

Event No. 6 For the machine landing nearest

a given
spot.
Machine must la
within a
given area to receive a prize.
Event No. 7 For the machine
aking the
slowest lap of the course in the aii
Event No. 8 For the machine rem;
ng in
flight for the longest time (duration prize)
Events No. 9 to 15 Special match races b
tween various contestants.
Events Nos. 15 to 20 Special open events b
tween the various aeroplanes.
Events Nos. 20 to 2,5 Handicap events aroun
complete circuits of the course at various di

tances.

The
i
illustration
shows a front view
the new Bleriot-type monoplane which has
been constructed lately by Mr. Stanley Y.
Beach, the president of the Scientific Aeroplane
Company, and with which he has been experimenting of late at Stratford, Conn. The photograph which we reproduce was taken on April
23d, just before the machine got off the ground
-

of

Its

initial

In

flight.

place

of

the

3-cylinder

Anzani motor used by Bleriot, Mr. Beach

employed a 4-cycle air-cooled motor of the
same power (25-h. p.). With a 6-foot propeller,
mounted upon the motor crankshaft, a thrust of
over 200 pounds is obtained, which is sufficient
to get the machine in the air with ease under

4-cycle

has

EEP your

"ly"

numbers of Aircraft
later on they will

form

a complete encyclopedia.

We
the important ports on the Great Lakes are
reached regularly by the excellent service of the D.
C. Lake Lines. The ten large steamers of the
arc of modern steel construction and have all the
qualities of speed, safety and comfort.
The D.
C. Lake Lines operate daily service hetwecn
Detroit and Cleveland, and Detroit and Buffalo, four trips
per week between Toledo, Detroit. Mackinac and way
ports, and two trips per week between Detroit. Bay City.

different

in

An

ALL

An improvement on aeroplane wheels is

claimed by Mr. J. A. Weaver, Jr., of New York.
He makes a wheel with a particularly wide hub
which he avers gives it much greater strength,
thereby making it possible to use a lighter wheel
than otherwise.

-^^

number

Your Vacation Trip

of
oplanes practical for every-day use.
The instrument can be applied to any type of
aeroplane, and the Company will build any type
the purchaser may desire.
At present, however, but two types of monoplanes similar to
the Bleriot Cross-Channel and the Antoinette
types are being manufactured.

Book form, and

index Avill be published in the

of a volume.
will send

you

last

(post-paid) covers for

the purpose, at the rate of $1.00 apiece; each

cover will hold 12 copies.

fleet

Sagina^v and

way

every trip and Goderich. Ont.. every other trip.

Send two-cent stamp fo"- illustrated pamphlet and Great

Rail Tickets available on steamers.

Address
I. G. LEWIS, 0. P. A., Detroit. Mich.
P. H.

Order from

ports.

About June 25 a special steamer will leave Cleveland

twice a week direct for Mackinac, stopping only at Detroit

McMillan, Pres.

Detroit&

A. A.

SCHANTZ, Gen. Mgr.

Clmldnd NavXo.

The Lawson

Publishing

Company

37-39 East 28th Street

New

York, U.

S.

A.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

The

Sacramento

Ae

IS7

AIRCRAFT

iS8

June, igio

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
CASH WITH ORDER

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

10
1/ NOCK-DOWN

frames for a successful monorV plane glider, $i2.so l^.O.B. Newark, N. J.,
H. Wells, 75 Ave. "L."

EROPLANE. Complete

blueprints and specifications

for
constructing one passenger
Monoplane: $1.00. Latest design; approximate
weight, 500 lbs. Aldrich Aeroplane Co., Sacra-

mento, Cal.

FARMAN-TYPE AEROPLANE,
sale at a sacrifice.

Apply

complete,

to E. A., care

for

Aiuckaft.

EXPERT

/^URTISS-TYPE AEROPLANE,

size,

with

*^-' or without motor

splendid workmanship.
dress J. A., care Aircraft.

Ad-

full

on obtaining patents; will overcome

any difficulties in this line. In long experihave never failed. Consult me; if your
idea is in any way patentable, relv on me to put
it through.
John McGann, Sabula, Iowa. Route
2, Box 13, Jackson Co.

WANTED. Capital

COR SALE. One

and control. Leaves ground

from any type now in use.
Grand Junction, Colorado.

plane.
40 h. p. Eight Cylinder Curtiss
Price,

Aerial Engine in good runninsr order.

Address Box

.$72500.

HAVE
sane

188,

Langley-type machine, with absolutely

Want
steering and balancing mechanism.
Offer in$1,500 for construction of a machine.
John G. Hanna, Box 55,
terest in patents.
Sta.,

Austin, Tex.

ELECTRICAL

will

over or upset.
The inventor will give any company or club
plans for development and then have shares of
Write for full particulars to Jno.
its earnings.
McDonald, Jr., Point Prim, P. E. I., Canada.

TWO-PASSENGER AIRSHIP,

F-/-^r^

'it -

ff>^*S^O Two-cylinder Curtiss engine, 12,000

cubic foot capacity. Made by Capt. Baldwin. In

for manufacturing Monoprinciple.

Perfect equilibrium
easily.

Moses

Different
Franklin,

PRICE $1,000. Largest complete

generators.
catalogue of aeronautical supplies in the U. S.
Yours for stamp.
Louisville, Ky.

R.

Rubel,

O.

Jr.,

&

Co.,

AEROPLANE.

no freak but

new

Union

New

Monett, Mo.

NEW MONOPLANE,

invented an air machine which I claim

if the gas escapes the
keep on flying and cannot turn

solves the problem;

machine

good condition. Suitable for exhibitions, club or

private use. Complete with aerodrome-tent and

ply B. F. M-, care Aircraft.

HAVE

'

ence

WANTED. An

up-to-date business manager for

aeroplane company. Cash bond required. Ap-

Gyroscope and aluminum aero-

plane inventor desires financier for its conI claim projection in my invention,
of overturning in mid-air will be
eliminated, ribs are invisible, resistance completely eliminated. For particulars address August S. Praube, 2516 Woodbrook Ave.,
struction.
possibility

Md.
best and most scientifically constructed
propellers for Airships and Naphtha Launches
made by Jacob Naef, 3548 Park Ave., Bronx,

rHE

PLYING MACHINES.
i

Demon

Fine Model
25c.
Materials
flyer, 85c.

Flyer,

Helicopter

French Aeroplane,

for building 2-foot

aeroplane with instructions, also five drawings
and booklet for building two other models, all
complete, for $1.75. Instructions for building a
man-carrying machine, aeronautic books, spring
Monarch
and electric motors, supplies, etc.
Aero Co., Box 133-K, Sta. A., San Antonio,

good

Blue prints and instructions,

with complete details for constructing monoLatest approved design 28 feet by

plane, St. 00.

30

feet.

ALDRICH AEROPLANE

XJOTICE TO THE PUBLIC This

i^to
for

make

public a

is

in rudders
This invention was com-

me on March

to several
invention consists of a rudder
parties.
divided into four parts, at the rear of the machine, two parts on the right side and two parts
on the left side; the two parts on each side
hinged top and bottom and each part set at an
angle and the parts on either side set at opposite angles.
not in use each part lies
flat.
They work from horizontal to vertical by
means of connections extending forward in the
machine. Joseph Thebeau, 315 West 51st Street.

My

consider quality and you are looking

for balloons or dirigibles, get my prices and
samples of O. F. Lewis Balloons, fully equipped.
Hydrogen generators for making gas for sale.
Have applied for patent on a new steering
device for aeroplanes that will not vary from
an even keel. Would like to hear from parties
Oscar F. Lewis, Sarainterested, with capital.
toga Springs, N. Y'.

notice

new invention

machines.

flying

municated by

IF you

CO.,

Sacramento, Cal.

8,

1910,

When

re

few

York

City.

WANTED. A
Have you
^ EROPLANES.
has never flown? The
you
that

for

R.

you or help
C.

I.

New

to

AIRCRAFT,

fly

37-39

in

city

built an aeroplane

writer will

it.

fly

it

Address care

East aSth Street,

the

representative

press

world

to

keep

in

every

AIRCRAFT

posted on the latest aeronautical doings.

PUBLISHING CO.,
37-39 East 2Sth Street,
New Y^ork, U. S. A.

THE LAWSON

York.

HAVE designed a flying

T-HE FUTURE FLYING MACHINE.

This
wonderful machine is automatically balanced
in the air, it does away with the warping of
the wings or tips, is operated by one steering
wheel and is driven by two propellers which derive their power from a 50-h. p. revolving cylinder motor. Its wings have a spread of 30 ft. and

are 27 feet in length.

The

simplicity of this ma-

chine does away with accidents and makes it

very easy for anyone to operate. I wish to form
a company of one or more to manufacture this
machine. If you are interested, address Ralph
Cole, Norwalk, Ohio.

WANTED. Capital

for patents and construction Monoplane, new principle, designed for

perfect equilibrium and control, and rise from
ground easily. Quite different from every type
Moses Franklin, Grand
of aeroplane in use.
Junction, Colo.

COR

SALE. Record-breaking balloon Peoria,

'35,000 capacity. Just been overhauled. Fully
equipped.
Price, $400.
Eugene Brown, 127-29
Jefferson Ave., Peoria, 111.

BUILD A GLIDER. Learn to fly. Gliding

is the first step in learning to fly. I will send
complete instructions and blue prints for build-

I an aeroplane and

CONTRACTS FOR
WANTED
NAUTICAL EXHIBITIONS

AEROa

n d

CHANCE at PRIZE MONEY FLIGHT

GUARANTEED. TWO MACHINES ONE
THE SLOWEST in the world OTHER FOR
SPEED. APPLY TO F. E. de MURIAS,
BABY^LON, N. Y.
Pronounced DE (L) IRIOUS insert *'M" in
place of "L."
No infringements on Wright machines.

particulars as to

H. P.
State

condition,

Address

price, etc.

CASH, c o AIRCRAFT

^^^

tn^

VjXly

a Jersey Skeeter

Aeroplane

J.

IN-DOOR

sport. Then let the winds blow They

For
The Jersey
can't prevent your flying in the house.
ounce, flies 30 feet.
Slieeter is 8 in. long, weighs
By mail 25c. Send for circular.
!

LINCOLN SQUARE NOVELTY WORKS

1933

BROADWAY, NEW YORK

something which has a greater

lifting power than hydrogen, the lightest known
element. Will divulge the long-looked-for knowledge to party with capital, interested in U. S. Patent 939,651, which has directly opposed aeroplanes
united together and having a body mounted for
tilting movement between said planes, a propeller at the forward end of the body, adjustable for
steering purpose, propellers arranged centrally within the planes for rendering momentum, means operating the said propellers in unison ; a tail piece for
steering if the motor gives out, means of forming a
ball and socket connection between the tail piece and
the rear end of the body.

SAMUEL WADE APPLEGATE,

"World Famed." South Bend,

Ind.

SPECIAL NOTICE.
SALE. One 110,000 cubic foot balloon,
Also one
holder of world's speed record.
Make offer.
40,000 cubic foot balloon complete.
C. A. Coey, 1710 Indiana avenue, Chicago.

make,

full

DISCOVERED

ing a 20-foot biplane glider of standard type for

25c (silver). D. H. Fairchild, Pana, 111.

POR
r

in writing

up

height is reached they are pitched forward, thus

The prosustaining the weight of the machine.
pellers are thus pitched forward and used excluFrom results
sively for driving the machine ahead.
obtained from several small models I think it will
make a great success. I would like to communicate
with a gentleman of money who would like to
Address
finance the building of a large one.
J. W. B., care of Aircraft, 37 E. 28th Street, New
York.

LIKE TO BUY

NEW OR SECOND-HAND 25-50

AERO MOTOR. GNOME preferred.

machine which combines

This machine will

helicopter.
in the air without a running start
the planes being turned edgewise offer little resistand
when the desired
ance in the air when raising

rise straight

WOULD

AFTER

an aeroplane

is

constructed and is cormost important part

rect mathematically, the

A number of aviators
under-rate the power actually required to make a
"ADVICE": Do not undersuccessful flight.
Be on the safe side and prorate your power.
"THE
cure a motor with power in reserve.
to consider is the motor.

WHITEHEAD MOTOR,"

rates 75-h- P- at 1,000

m. Weight, 200 lbs. Nothing to get out

order; will stand rigid endurance test; two
cycle (new design) 4-cylinder vertical. A beauty
and only $1,400. 40-h. p., weight 150 lbs., price
Geo. A. Lawrence, Mgr., "The White$1,150.
head" famous motor, R. 405, Astor Theatre
Bldg., New York, N. Y''. 30-day delivery. Mention AIRCRAFT.

r.

of

p.

T> A T^trX.T'T'C SECURED

i X\ 1

Il/i>l

or

k3 Fee Returned

Send sketch for free search of Patent Office Records.

How to Obtain a Patent, and What to Invent, with
List of inventions Wanted and Prizes offered for Inventions sent free. Patents advertised free.
We are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents and
technical matters relating to AERIAL NAVIGA-

TION.

VICTOR

J.

EVANS &

_nd

CO., Washington, D. C.

their

cost.

Shepherd

&

Campbell, soo P. .Victor Building, Washington, D.C.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

159

PATENTS

PATENTS

FLY! THAPS THE THING!

BENNETT S. JONES

R. THOMPSON
GUSTAVERoom
1502

PATENT ATTORNEY

Tribune Building

Victor Building:, Washingfton, D.C.

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT
your invention on a flying- machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice Free.
Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each

New York

York ^^%^
NewFIRE-1'ROOB

"^^i^

THE

IfB^V

NAVARRE
*

SStZi Street
Sei-enta Ave.
BUSINESS WEN. FAMILIES. TOURISTS
Masimum of luxury at Minimum of Cost

City

(Counselor at Law)

Solicitor of

Patents

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO

WRITE TO-DAY!

Aeronautical Work
HIGH CHARACTER

OF

PATENTS
Obtained or no charge

Work done

with regard to

made

Easy payments, 15 years official Examiner U. S. Patent Office, over quarter

PATENTS

century actual experience, unexcelled facilities, prompt efficient service, highest

Advice and Books Free.

references.

E^xperts in

legal effect

its

REFERENCES

""IT"
Highest References

Rates Reasonable.

mechanical and

Best Services

Patents advertised for sale free.

Send sketch or
description of invention for free search of
U. S. Patent Office records and reliable
aero navigation technique.

WATSON

COLEMAN,

E.

612 F St. N.W.,

lawyer

Patent

WASHINGTON, D.C.
ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT
New Dutch Grill Rooms, tartest in the City

Send also for

report as to patentability.
beautifully illustrated inventors' Guide

Book on "
E. P.
U.S. and

How

and What

BUNYEA

to Invent."

FOREIGN PATENT ATTORNEYS

100 Mechanical

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606 F. ST., N. W.,

WASHINGTON,

Electric Cars pa.ss Hotel to all Railroads

PATENTS. E!5H225

COIVIPANY

FRED

Q.

Movements.

EUROPEAN PLAN

A Room
A Larger

Mailed Free

with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50

where two persons occupy one room

DIETERICH & CO.

$1.00 extra will be

800 Q. STREET,

LAMINATED TRUE SCREW

added

to

above prices.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Patent Lawyers

D. C.

WASHINGTON,

Edgar T. Smith

D. C.

Geo. L. Sanborn

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

PROPELLERS
IN STOCK/or

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

Money Saving

Prices

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle

Motors, water-cooled.
3 Cylinder, 30-45 H. P., 138io lbs
4 Cylinder, 40-60 H. P., 178 lbs

Aero
$750.00
1,050.00

Cylinders 4''s x 41), copper jackets, aluminum

bases, hollow crank shafts.

We

4 Cylinder, 20-24 H.

are turning out Propellers of the

Cylinders 3

highest excellence and efficiency

Our 6-Foot

200

Propeller delivers

thrust at

1200 R. P.

x3

P., air-cooled,

150

lbs..

I
s in. deep.
with tires, built with steel
Price
rims and special hub, very strong.
Aeroplane Hubs, turned from solid bar of steel,
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled
Brakes, enables aviator to stop
Aeroplane
his plane, before or after alighting on ground.
Length 8 in., outside cones 5 :'4 in., bored 36 holes,
'

-j

'

o,

flanges

610.00

''

20 X 2 Aeroplane Wheels

lbs.

E. J.

W.

E. J.

W.

M.

9.50

4.00

Hub

0.50

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood, perfect screw

6-Foot Propellers, weight 610
7-Foot Propellers,

"

8-Foot Propellers,

"11

Sj-o

'bs., price

^40.00

"

"

50.00

"

"

60.00

50.00
60.00
70.00

6fL, 6i.> lbs

7fL. 9lbs
8 ft., 12 lbs

The 6

Model

ft.

screw

Galv. Steel Cable

ANr

SIZE

MADE

TO

ORDER

lX,.i in.,

Vir,
3/,.,

P.

BRAUNER &

335"339 East 102nd

Street,

TELEPHONE

2189

i/s'

CO.

New York

LENOX

Rubber Bands

City

200

propeller gives

lbs. thrust at

R. P M.
Propellers, Laminated wood, 10

"

for

"Guying

in.,

15

in.,

1200

perfect

5.00

"

breaking strength, 200. Price, 3c per ft.

"
"
"
"
31.,c
500.
'
"
4c
800.

"

for models,

;
1/fe

in.

2300.
square

"

6c

"

10c

Complete Catalogue of Supplies, Motors, Gliders and Light Metal

Castings, Mailed Free upon Request

E. J.

WILLIS CO. ^^:Jil

Se"w\S'rk

i6o

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

i6i

ARE YOU TIRED OF INHALING THE

OTHER FELLOW'S DUST?
TAKE TO THE AIR, TRY

THE

ROBERTSON

FLYING

AERONAUTIC
SCHOOL
THE ROBERTSON AERIAL

CO.

Builders

Reconstructors
Repairers

Work

Conductors of Experimental
Machines

built

from your own design

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT
We

can furnish you with

parts

all

to

build any

type of flying machine from a tack to an Aviator.

AERONAUTIC SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT
Our

school

vision of

is

Mr. D.

W.

Robertson,

largest

Automobile school

school

is

course of

fully
its

ng the English Channel

conducted directly under the super-

in

founder of the

Philadelphia.

The

equipped to give the most complete

course includes

traveling

types of full-size machines.

Fatigue

kind in America.

practice in building

all

Paulhan's great

The

from London to

flight

Man-

chester (185 miles) and White's two 115-mile

trips, have demonstrated the practicability of

by aeroplane.
from

stopped White, but

maintaining
it

equilibrium

won't stop you

if

in violent

you use

wind

Beach Perfected Monoplane

the only machine having complete automatic stability, attained

Write your wants

and

we

will supply

to

us

by a novel patented method.

It's as

them.

All

you have

to

do

is

to steer.

easy as running an auto and ten times more pleasurable.

Far better than ballooning,

as

you can go

when

and

where

yoj

please.

Two

types and sizes.

The Robertson Aerial Co.

BETZ BUILDING

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Scientific

weeks.

Delivery in

Write to-day

for Catalogue.

Prices $5,000 to $7,500.

Aeroplane Company

Box 773,

New

York

AIRCRAFT

l62

HOW TO RUN AN AUTO

June, igio

SOARING BLADES
Made

Homans'

Self Propelled \'ehicles"

gives full details on successful care,
handling and how to locate trouble.

leginning at the first principles

necessary to be known, and then forward to the principles used in every

Motor Car.

part of a

It is a thorough
course in the
Science of Automobiles, highly approved by manufacturers, owners,
operators and repairmen.
Contains
over 400 illustrations and diagrams,
miking every detail clear, written in
pUin language. Handsomely bound.

PRICE, $2

POSTPAID

SPECIAL OFFER
The only way

MANUAL

the practical merit of this

can be given is by an examinitself, which we will sub-

ation of the book

mit tor examination, to be paid for or returned,

after loolcing: it over.

to

Order, Jlttachahle

to

^our Aeroplane or Glider

They increase the speed to nearly double the

motor power, push machine if motor stops over 20
miles p. h., which permits gliding and prevents accidents.
Any height can safely be attained. Blue
prints for aeroplanes with full patent rights, maintaining automatic equilibrium, also furnished.

FOR TERMS APPLY TO

R.

DRESSLER

::

::

Coney

Island,

New

York

DESIGNER AND BUILDER, OR MAKE TO

YOUR OWN DESIGN

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS,
MODELS OR PROPELLERS

following^ agreement, the

No money
THE

UWSON

in

advance required, just sign and return.

PUBLISHING COMPANY,

37-39

[ast

28th

Street,

New York

GLIDERS, PARTS AND AERONAUTIC

SUPPLIES IN STOCK.

AERO MOTORS ALWAYS ON HAND

FRED SHNEIDER,
New

SAMUEL

F.

PERKINS

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

Ycrk Agent

St.,

TIRES
Clincher type only,

which

is

factory
Street, Boston, Massachusetts

GREEN'S ENGINE
BUILT FOR THE JOB
EVERY part of

the Green Aerial Engine is designed especially for the

It is not an automobile engine modified
intended to fulfil.
purpose
From first to last it is constructed
to do duty for aeroplane work.
with a special view to the peculiar requirements of an aerial machine
Is

made

and consistent and continuous running under full load.

Green's Aerial Carburetor embodies an entirely new principle called into
It is one of many special parts
existence by the requirements of aviation.
which go to form the Green engine, and have made it so great a success.

lightness, efficiency,

Fvll particulars sent on application.

The GREEN'S
55y,

Makers

MOTOR PATENTS SYNDICATE, Ltd.

BERNERS STREET, LONDON, W.

for the

Patentees

The Aster Engineering

Co., Ltd.

type

aeroplanes.
SIZE

or

the lightest

and most satis-

in the sky.

110 Tremont

it

NEW YORK

Kites and Balloons

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night Advertising in which enormous beams or brilliantly colored searchlight rays (visible for five miles) are thrown upon "ads " suspended
thousands of feet

1020 E. 178th

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

AEROPLANE

Aerial Advertising
By Aeroplane

for

for

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

NOW COMING

TO THE FRONT RAPIDLY

WHITEHEAD
MOTOR

'J:

Aeroplanes and used by Aviators

Prominence

for

of

MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES

Sample books,

THE

including data

prices, sent

CONOVER

C. E.

101 Franklin

and

Street,

on request

CO.

New York

Vibration Negligible

Absolutely Nothing to Get Out of Order

4 Cylinders Vertical
Will
H.
40 H.
75

Run

Port Exhaust

Until Fuel

Cycle

Consumed

is

Curtisstypein stock 2o"x2" AVIATOR TIRE

Dead load, 600
complete
7 pounds
pounds.

P., 200 lbs.

$1,400

P., 145 lbs.

1,150

Order Quick

30-Day Delivery

Now

is

the

AEROPLANE WIRE WHEELS

Weight

Time

Monoplane
plete: 3

Exclusively adopted by C.

cS:

J.

N. Y.

A. 'Wittemann, Aeropknie Mfrs.

wheels, i6"xi)4''

WEAVER,

A.

956 8th Ave.,

F. E.

bet.

de

Long

Jr.,

seth and S7th

Island,

size

Mfr.

sts.

New

York

MURIAS

(Pronounced DE(L)IRIOUS insert

Babylon,

Weight com-

and wheels any

furnish hubs any width

order.

GEO. A. LAWRENCE, Mgr.

New York City,

tail

pounds.

Can
to

Astor Theatre Bldg.

"M"

N. Y.

in place of

Tel.

"L")

34 Babylon

Manufactures and also Pilots Aeroplane

THE WARNER

AERO-METER

Now

making contracts

for

Exhibitions during 1910

Flights positively guaranteed

Have the

THE FIRST AEROPLANE ACCESSORY

No

slowest-flying aeroplane in the world

Others for Speed

infringements on the Wright Brothers' Patent

Tells the aeroplanisl just the force ot the wind pressure against his planes,
enabling him to guard against accident through diminished air resistance.
Built on the errorless magnetic principle which has made the AutoMeter the Standard auto speed indicator.
It looks unlike the Auto- Meter but has
r^--.^
the same honest "insides'' and consequent
,.^SL'

Combined Helicopter, Parachute,

Gyroscope, Flywheel Monoplane.

She's a

capacity for "delivering the goods."

YOU COULDN'T UPSET HER BY BOUNCING A HUNDREDPOUND SHOT ON THE PERIPHERY.

Warner Instrument
Company
4

WHEELER

AVE., BELGIT.WIS.

SELLING
BOSTON
CHICAGO
CLEVELAND

BRANCHES:
SAN FRANCISCO
INDIANAPOLIS
CINCINNATI

DETROIT

PITTSBURG
LOS ANGELES
PHILADELPHIA

BUFFALO
SEATTLE

DENVER
NEW YORK

ST.

LOU13

ATLANTA

Why

MODEL M

AUTO- METER

imitate birds and bugs

when

the above

arrangement solves the

?
If you cannot see at a glance how this mechanism is the acme of
simplicity, durability, stability, rigidity, safety, speed and control, write to

problem

JOSEPH

E.

BISSELL. Box

795,

Pittsburg, Pa.

"1^

^;

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

I
%

GUST AVE WHITEHEAD

Manufactured Especially

%
^

DESIGNED BY THE NOTED ENGINEER

Aeronautical Cloth

The World Famous

Non-Bursting Cylinders

NAIAD

Modern Times

Greatest Aviation Motor of

The

163,

|
^
%
|

AIRCRAFT

164

CALL AVIATION ENGINE

^e

Aviators Attention

What you want

strong, simple,

is

A Real Aeronautic Motor,

and above

all

reliable.

light

! ! !

Timely

motor, moieover,

We

unduly heavy.

Motors

motors are not of freakish construction, either in

the number of cylinders, or in any other respect.
They
ot the regular opposed type, similar to the famous
Darracq aeronautic engine with which SantosDumont's machines are equipped, conceded by gas
engineers to be the smoothest running, and nearvibrationless type.
C. A scarcely less impor-

file

tried both,

Word About
C These

and yet

average mechanic can understand and opeiate.

What you do not want is a combination mo
tor cycle, or modified automobile, engine. Light
ness in these is secured only by the sacrifice of
strength and eftkiency; and yet eithei type is

that

June, igio

tant feature is the fact that

our motors are silenced
(not muffied), which feature is secured without loss
of power.
They are, in
fact, the only silent motors
yet devised for aeronautic

have

and we know.

Before you invest, it will be

worth your while to write
us, and hear what we have
to say.

C At an expense of several

years' experimenting, and many

thousands of dollars outlay, we
at

last

ty, places

-^

Model E I: Two Cylinder, 45 H.P.; Weight, 135 lbs. Price, $700

Model E 2: Four Cylinder, 90 H.P.; Weight, 225 lbs. Price, $1,200
EXTRA-Bosch Magneticignilion Model E-1, $50; Model -2, $100
^0im
TFRMS: 40 percent cash, with order; balance. Sight Draft against Bill of Lading
'

power, and the 90 horsepower only 2V2 pounds pel

horsepower about one half the weight per horsepower 01
any other adequately water-cooled engine. The weight, as

^1

'

"""

is

THE AERIAL NAVIGATION

Send for particulars and price

of our

3^

p. S.

connection with their

and in
strength, lightness, and reliabili
these motors in a class by themselves.

which

these motors are much strongerth in

the ordinary makes, and at the same time very much lighter.
The 45 horsepower engine weighs .3 pounds pei hoise-

we are securing patents,

also the quality, of each engine

The importance of this

feature can not be overestimated,
work.

.:uj

perfected a high
grade, water=cooled, four-cycle,
gasolene engine for aeronautic work.
By special method of construction, upon

have

CO.

C Write

to us and

let

us send

Ft.

Spread

Hamilton Gliders
20

Ft.

Spread

160 Sq. Feet

Type

22

$275

220

HAMILTON AERO MFG.

208

and descrip-

Somethins entirely new and absolutely indispensable

Monoplane

Original

illustrations

OF AMERICA, Girard, Kan.

REVERSIBLE AERIAL PROPELLER.

Santos -Dumont
"DEMOISELLE"

you

tion of these wonderful motors.

Ft.

Spread

Sq. Feet

$30
$45

CO.

30TH AVENUE, SEATTLE

Successors to

Hamilton
"The

"

Dumonoplanes"
Above Type

SPECIAL DIMENSIONS
21

Ft.

Spread

24

Ft.

Spread

$350
$400

&

Palmer

Pioneers"

$150 Cash
For

Prizes

GLIDER FLIGHTS

Write us

for full information

BIPLANES
BUILT TO ORDER

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

i6S

AERONAUTICAL
N, f.^E^^R^^

& A.WITTEM AN

C.

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

SEPARATE PARTS

GLIDERS

AEROPLANES
Gliders are the best,

Light Metal Castings tor

the safest and the easiest

Connections always car-

to operate.

ried in Stock, or special

Our

made

castings

to order.

Practical Lessons in

Clear Spruce Finished to

Gliding.

Order.

Experiments conducted.
Also

all

other Fittings.

Large Grounds for Testing.

Get our estimate for your

Flying Machine.

GLIDERS IN STOCK
Witlemann Glider

Works

Ocean Terrace and

Little

KNABENSHUE'S FLIGHT IN

in flight

Telephone 390 L

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

W-B

NEW YORK

THE LUDLOW AEROPLANE

Patents Pending

New System of
as to

Flight.

infringement

ready

for

Transversal Control.

Guaranteed

on other

Guaranteed
freedom from

First

patents.

June

delivery

as to

1st,

Machine

1910.

ISRAEL LUDLOW, 2686 Broadway,

NEW YORK

BAMBOO
Above

is

a sample of the Aerial photographic

work done by

Specially

LEOPOLD LEWIS
915 Eighth

Avenue

New York

ALL
J.
49 Sixth

A full line of Eastman's Kodaks and supplies aluiays on hand

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

for

selected

SIZES IN

STOCK

DELTOUR,

Ave.

Telephone

S565

Aeroplanes

Spring

Inc.

New

York

AIRCRAFT

366

June, igio

AEROPLANES
of unrivalled qualities

in

design and finished workmanship

by the

are built

W. STARLING BURGESS CO.I^

OF

MARBLEHEAD,

MASS.

Licensees and Sole Manufacturers in the United States of

the Herring-Burgess flying machines.

This Company

is

Flying Models of other types, and

Trial

who

will

be pleased to

own deAll machines will be tested and flown at the Company's

Grounds on Plum Island, in Massachusetts Bay.

estimates of cost to those

signs.

and
submit

also building Air-Ships, Gliders

wish to furnish their

I.H.MacALMAN
Agent

for

W.

Starling Burgess Co., Ltd.

Showrooms, 96 Massachusetts Ave.

BOSTON, MASS.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

167

stock for
DDADEI
I EDC
rnlir ELLEno immediate shipment
in

OUR TRUE PITCH, LAMINATED ASH AND MAHOGANY PROPELLERS COMBINE ALL
THE MOST VALUED AND PROVEN FEATURES OF FOREIGN AND HOME PRACTICE
THEY ARE BUILT IN LARGE QUANTITIES ON THE INTERCHANGEABLE PLAN
WE SPECIALIZE. YOU GET THE BENEFIT OF OUR EXPERIENCE.
YOU KNOW THE VALUE OF BUYING A STOCK ARTICLE, ONE WHICH IS PAST THE
EXPERIMENTAL STAGE.

TERRITORY OPEN FOR AGENTS

WRITE FOR CATALOCUl

dia. for

ft.

20-30 H. P

.$50.00 at our

(Minimum
7

dia. for

ft.

ft.

dia. for

25-40 H.

thrust

200

lbs.

works

at 1,200 R. P. M.)

$60.00 at our works

(Minimum

thrust

250

lbs. at

1,200 R. P. M.)

(Minimum

thrust

300

lbs. at

1,200 R. P. M.)

30-60 H. P

$70.00 at our works

....

Larger Sizes to Order

Small Propellers for Models, 10-16

Mail or telegraph

When
breeze
If

0%

in. dia.

of amount,

and

we will

ship C.

O. D.

ordering state the direction of rotation of propeller

made by

$5.00
for balance, plus cratage.

when you

stand facing the

the propeller, clockwise or anticlockwise.

uncertain as to the size

you

require, state the

horsepower of your engine and

THE REQUA-GIBSON
225 West 49th
Phone 7200

Street

its

speed.

CO.
New
50th

Col.

WHEN WRITING PLEASE MENTION AIRCRAFT MAGAZINE

York, N. Y.
St.

Subway

Sta.

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS
FOUNDED

1908

The First Private School Established in the World

The Only Aero Institute in U. S. A. Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

FOUNDER-DIRECTOR

ALBERT

C.

TRIACA

Aero Clubs of America, France, Italy

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department New York School of Automobile Engineers
Pilot

THE AERODROME OF THE

I.

S. A.,

with Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model Hall, Ladies' and Juniors' Rooms and a private mile track for experiments, is located at Garden City, L. I., N. Y., adjacent to Hempstead Plains, where flights of lo miles in a straight line
can be made.
(Take L. I. R.R., from 34th Street Ferry, New York; or Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn.)

HOME
STUDY COURSES
AND

IN AEROSTATS, DIRIGIBLES

AVIATION.

Prepared by Lieut.-Colonel G. Espitallier of the French Balloon Corps.

RESIDENT COURSES
Private lessons in

I.

all

S.

branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen.

A.

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

Sole Agents (U. S. A. and Canada)

for Dirigibles

and Aeroplanes.

Junior Class with contests for Kites and Models.

HUE

for

the

CMAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS, holders of

COMPLETE LINE of Imported and

(Paris) Aeronautical Instruments.

all

records

Domestic

Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and Parts.

Models and

full size

apparatus made.

Estimates and consultations given.

Illustrated lectures arranged.

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines

New

S. A.

Aerodrome, Garden City, L. L (near the Garage)

York Office: Care

of

H. Ducasse Co., 735 Seventh Avenue

52 Rue Servan, Paris

Paris Office

[ i84'I"BRYiNT ]

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

169

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

Leading Balloon and Airship Constructor

of the

World

REPRESENTING THE

CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO.

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

MAKERS OF THE FINEST AND STRONGEST BALLOON AND

AEROPLANE MATERIAL IN THE WORLD

Passenger
Aeroplanes
Fabrics

and
for
flying

Aeroplanes

and
SAGE
[ngineer

ONE TO

FIFTY PASSENGERS
MODELS DEVELOPED

CONTRACTOR TO THE

U. S.

GOVERNMENT

AND TO

NINETY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE CLUBS

IN

THIS

COUNTRY

Also Representing the Santos-Dumont Aeroplane

The Wilcox Propeller

AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE

CARTON & LACHAMBRE

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

ADDRESS

Box

Madison Square
IMew York

181,

AIRCRAFT

170

June, igio

^he STENZY

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH
For Balloons, Dirigibles,
Aeroplanes and Tents

Latest and

An elastic, non-porous varnish

lin or

any other

for silk, linen, musfabric used in the manufacture of

weight per horse power.

air-craft.

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon

Sheeting.

Send for Free Sample

Ave.

cash with order.

As represented

as the best.

money

Delivery 60 days from date.

returned.

or

Orders received, 1019 Binney Street, Baltimore,

From 100 pounds up; from 100 h. p. up.

Md.

New York

50%

Motor guaranteed

to

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383 Third

Positively

^ero jHotor

Most Reliable
guaranteed to
run at two thousand revolutions a minute at 50%
less gasolene, day in and day out.
One pound

Send sta^^ /or

refly.

A. F. P.

STENZY

THE HALL'S SAFE COMPANY

p. O.

BOX 846

Salesroom

393 BROADWAY
Between White and Walker Streets

Principal Office and Factory

CINCINNATI, OHIO

NEW YORK

Manufacturers of the HIGHEST

grade of Screw Door and Square
Door Banl<ers' Safes and Vaults

Makers of

HALL PATENT (April

FIRE PROOF SAFES

in

Modern Aeroplanes

all

THE GREATEST STRENGTH FOR

THE LIGHTEST POSSIBLE WEIGHT
Write us for

Prices

and Samples

Mail Orders Promptly Attended

741

BOYLSTON

I906)

hollow SPARS

H. C. Strattons
Used

3,

To

BOSTON. MASS.

ST.

New York Agent

FREDERICK

P.

SHNEIDER

1020 East 178th Street

AIRCRAFT

June, igio

Henry
Are the best
the safest,

most rehable
and easiest
to drive

171

FARMAN

Biplanes

A FEW RECENT RECORDS

Prix de Champagne (H. Farman).
Passenger Prize (two passengers and aviator) (H. Farman).
Grand Prize of Blackpool (H. Farman).

Grand

Speed Prize (H. Farman).

Distance and Speed Prize, Doncaster (Sommer),
Height Record by Paulhan (300 yards).
WORLD'S record distance (234 kms.) (H. Farman).
WORLD'S record time (4 hrs. 18 mins.) (H. Farman).
WORLD'S record for Height (4,165 feet) (Paulhan).
Longest town to town record, London to Manchester (Paulhan).
At the Los Angeles meet Paulhan won the First Prizes for Height,
Endurance and Passenger-Carrying Contests with a Henry

Farman

Biplane.

MICHEUN CUP
Works: Camp de Chalons, Marne.

(H.

FARMAH)

Offices: 22, Av. de la

Contractors to the French

War

Grande Armee, Paris

Office

What Kind of a Motor Do You Want?

Let us answer:
2nd,

A
A

3rd,

An

1st,

motor
motor
enduring motor

reliable

po\A^erful

Curtiss Motors
Have
The Kind You Do
1st,

2nd,
3rd,

A
A
A

NOT

these Qualities

Want:

motor of "freak" construction

motor of extremely light construction
motor of unproven merit

CURTISS MOTORS ARE NOT IN THESE CLASSES

Built in All Sizes.

New

Models

Type and Greatest

of Highest

Send for Catalogue 4

Efficiency

XX

CURTISS MOTORS HAVE MADE GOOD

HERRING-CURTISS

CO.,

Hammondsport, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

172

Important

and Owners of

Builders

to Inventors,

June, igio

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Defects, and Faults

/^LJADT
tTQ
V^ri/ArvLilLkJ

of Construction in Air-craft of

Every Description Remedied by

P^DtTQQT tTD

tr

^""^^'^ Manufacturing

J_>/r\L_JkDk3L.Ejr\,

ELi.

and Consulting Engineer

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL

MACHINES AND FULL SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.
Office
With

fully

SECOND AVENUE. NEW YORK

and Factory, 386-390

equipped workshop,

skilled

workmen, up-to-date

specially designed tools, apparatus

and

modem

machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORKING
MACHINES.

THE DRESSLER GRAPH-O-VIEW MOVING PICTURE MACHINE,

school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.
actual flight of air-craft satisfactorily

The
duces

electrically

effects at

once

operated
striking

shown by

this

GYROSCOPE,

and

showing the fundamental principle

first

CHARLES
386-390

all

for the

life.

The

of automatic balancing of aeroplanes, pro-

successfully manufactured

E.

by Charles E. Dressier

in

889.

DRESSLER
NEW YORK

SECOND AVENUE

aA' rite

home, club, lodge room,

kinds of animal and microscopic

machine.

This was

instructive.

Reproducing

CITY

for Price and Sample of Special Silk Aeroplane Covers

2M-yard

13-incni

Pure Silk

Silk Scarfs

Hanakercn ler
Send $2.50, and

re-

ceive a scarf like cut.

Your choice

A new

the

in

idea in lace

blue, lilac and cerise

durable,
pure white and

ombres

washable

fo

1 1

print

n g colors

bordered,

Persian

pattern, and

black, white,

chiefs.

its

helio,

color

retain

when

washed properly.

pink and blue.

We

handker-

Will

also manufacture a fine quality

VICTORY
Pressor

j. J. Little

&

Ives Co.,

Send 50 cents, and receive

a

new

lace

bordered pure

hand-

kerchief like cut.

of Silk for Balloons

SILK CO.

New York

in return

silk

PATERSON
NEW

JERSEY

-H

ROTARY MOTOR

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

of Aviation"

5VlANUFAcrc;^

Made from

Light

No

in design

not in parts

forged nickel steel

Strongest aviation
engine made

cast parts

50 H.

No aluminum
Normal Speed,
1200 R. P. M.

P.,

Weight 167

lbs.

100 H.
Weight 220

lbs.

P.,

Perfect in

Throttle Control,

ever}' detail

200

to

1300 R.

P.

M.

No

engine troubles

known

Even Speed
fitTRS
Its wonderful reputation

is

GNO

positive assurance

of absolute satisfaction

USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

All

Other

Leading

Aviators

Foreign

Holds World's Records

DISTANCE
Prices,

f.

o.

DURATION HEIGHT SPEED

b. Factory, Paris,

50 H. P., $2600

France

Packed

for

Marine Shipment

100 H. P., $4800

Terms: One-third Cash with Order, Balance on Delivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICA N
A GENTS

1611

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST.

LOUIS, MO.

ORDER IMMEDIATELY TO SECURE EARLY DELIVERY

:^

Elbridge

Featherweight
Engines
The Only American

Motors

Aerial

with a guarantee

based on actual performance.

THE

makers of the
Elbridge were spending time and money on
the development of lightweight engines more than
four years before the word
40

The

to

60 H.

P.,

178

Featherweight

show 75 H.

lbs.

is

$1050.

"Aeroplane"

Unlimited Guarantee.

the lightest engine cf

its

power

in the \\'orld.

^vas used.

Will actually

P.

An

Elbridge rated
1200 r. p. m.

20 H. P. showed a pull of 200

at

Elbridge Featherweights are

made

in four sizes

from 10

lbs.

turning a 6 x 4 propeller

to 100

H.

P.

Higher power

to order.

This type

of

motor

is

used by Matheson Automobile Co., Denver;

Frederick Shneider,

McCallum Aeroplane & Mfg. Co., Kansas City; N. E, Brown,

Grand Haven, Mich.; Lieut. A. F. M. MacManus, U. S. A. (Retired) San Antonio;

New York

Wm.

City;

F. Milligan, Portland, Ind.

Chicago;

S.

H. Pankost,

Sacramento;

Martin A.
Schmidt, Buffalo; Western
Aeroplane Co Spokane; H.
O. Belden, Chena, Alaska;
George A. Metcalf, Boston;
,

John

J.

Frisbie,

Rochester,

William W.
Christmas, Washington, D.C.;

N. Y.;

Dr.

Auchinvole, Botts & Crosby,

San Francisco, and many
others.

Factory always open for your

inspection; demonstrations by
appointment. Full particulars
of both air and water cooled
engines on request.

Elbridge Engine Co.

Rochester, N. Y.

James

W. Wade,

Salt

Lake

City;

Eric Bergstrom,

July,

1910

Edited by

ALFRED W. LAWSON

15 Cents a

Copy

BALDWIN'S
VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697 Miles.

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

New York"

"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon "

35 Hrs., 12 Mins.

U.

S.

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

U.

S.

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

48 Hrs., 26 Mins.

24,200 Ft.

Harmon and
Harmon and

Post, Balloon

"New York,"

Post, Balloon "

New

St.

New York''

Louis Centennial

^ork," St. Louis Centennial

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION PRIZE

30-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
GRAND PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES
QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA
2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE

2ndBRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H.

Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED IN THE

WILL

last

from

U. S.

five to six

GOV. DIRIGIBLE

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

times as long as a varnished balloon.

The weight

is

always the

does not require further treatment. Heat and cold have no effect on it, and
ascensions can be made as well at zero weather as in the summer time. The chemical action of
oxygen has not the same detrimental effect on it as it has on a varnished material. Silk doublewalled VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL has ten times the strength of varnished material. A

same, as

man

it

can take care of his

spontaneous combustion.

PROOF

balloon, as

it

requires

little

or no care, and

is

NOT

subject to

Breaking strain 100 lbs. per inch width. Very elastic. Any weight,
width, or color. Will not crack. Waterproof. No talcum powder. No revarnishing. The coming
balloon material, and which, through its superior qualities and being an absolute gas holder, is
bound to take the place of varnished material. The man that wants to have the up-to-date balloon

must use

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

Specified

by the U.

S.

SIGNAL CORPS.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

and Samples on

BALDWIN, Box

application

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRA FT

Jidy, iQio

173

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

^"L%

MINEOLA,

L.

CIE.

I.

AEROPLANES
MOTORS
PROPELLERS

OF CONSEQUENCE
This Company, having long since passed the experimental stage, proposes to give its patrons, at the lowest price, the
benefits achieved by its experts who have for years been profound students of Aerial Navigation.

POSITIVELY NO INFRINGEMENTS

RIGHT

DESIGN

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

MONOPLANES, BIPLANES -WITH MOTORS, PROPELLERS, COMPLETE FOR ASSEMBLING AND FLIGHT

FIRST PRIZE AT FIRST TRIAL

IN AMERICA FOR FLIGHT
We Employ only the
Our Product

is

Best Designers and Experts on Aerodynamics

therefore Scientifically^ flathematically and

Mechanically Correct
For excellence of workmanship, construction and durability, we stand without a peer. Our up-to-date method of keeping
in touch with each new improvement and embodying it in our product, stamps us as being without competition.
Our wind-proof surface covering and non-rusting wire are specially manufactured tor our use.

Our motors

are designed by Horner, whose experience in engines is unsurpassed; they are very light
and very powerful, their rating of 25 H. P. and 50 H. P. being estimated at 700 R. P. M.;
at greater speeds than this their power increases at an exceptional ratio.

BRAINS

IN

Delivery

30

GOODS TO DELIVER

BUILDING.
days.

Price

93,000 complete.

Terms on application

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

Address direct to Factory, Mineola, L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

A I R C RA F T

174

CURTISS

won

has

cession,

River,

by

and

his splendid

if

his feat

during 1910, he will become

its

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

is

AMERICAN

SCIENTIFIC

the

AEROPLANE TROPHY

for the third year in suc-

flight

down

the

Hudson

not surpassed by anyone else

permanent owner.
has consistently and faithfully

fostered the science of aviation since

its earliest

July, igio

CHURCH
AEROPLANE

days.

COMPANY
BROOKLYN,

N. Y.

Heavier-Than-Air Machines
Separate Parts
Working Models
Flying Models
Aeronautic Specialties

Supplies for Model B\iilders

SPECIAL NOTICE
We

have received so many inqumes for agency

propositions,

and orders are coming

in so fast, that

our mail has grown to the extent where

ourselves unable to

we

ence;
letters

vll

Scientific

Ami

America dealing with

SPECIAL TRIAL OFFER

Inc.,

facilities

have

361 Broadway,

New York

it

of

Models

will

be some

Supply Catalog

chines

is

for

and
little

Parts

things to

Full Size

list.

which one

CHURCH AEROPLANE COMPANY

Office

and Factory,

BROOKLYN,

N.

Y.

We

New York

Ma-

you want.

Main

CO., 365 Broadway,

is

time before

ready for distribution, as there are so

AERONAUTIC PATENTS
sixty years' experience in seeming patents {botli domestic and forpay especial atteneign) is a guarantee of prompt andefficient service.
tion to aeronautic apparatus, and will be pleas
patentability of your invention if you will wril

Our

MUNN &

all
still

to deal with them.

In asking for catalog, please state

and
the regular price for 6 months subscription
will send the Scientific American to you for the balance of 1910.

CO.,

ready, but

many new

Subscription price, S3. 00 per year

MUNN &

our

Price List
now
our

We^t ^ctcntific Smeritan

the only and the oldest weekly in
aeronautic and mechanical progress.

we

we

Aeroplane Trophy

you have taken up the new sport of aviation, we should

be pleased to have you try for our trophy.
If you are interested in the well-nigh magic progress that is
being made in dynamic flight, by all means read
If

Send us Si -SO

find

however, and answer

as quickly as possible until

further increased

The

orders,

fill

we

keep up with our correspond-

Chicago

Office, 49 Waliasli

H. S.

RENTON, Manager

Avenue

July. iQio

AIRCRAFT

^S3^

AIRCRAFT
Vol.

No.

I.

NEW

5.

YORK, JULY,

1910.

ALBANY NEW YORK

By Glenn
^i^aHERE

were,

of

^ijK

have prevented the

^^^

of

some

vital part of the

aeroplane and bad weather.

took pretty good care that

of the

two things which could

Albany-New York flight the breaking
but

course,

first

of these

should not

I
:

ran perfectly from start to

it

fall

two contingencies I had my

I had every reason

best engine aboard and, just as

victim

and

latest

to expect,

Extra precautions were

finish.

taken to prevent the loosening of guy wires and, in fact, a leakage in the oil tank was the single mechanical incident of the
voyage.

While the running out

of oil

compelled

me

land

to

twelve or thirteen miles before reaching Governor's Island, it

was only afterwards that I discovered it. for I thought at the

time that the loss of the

oil

was due

to the

pump

causing too

great a flow.

As regards

the weather,

it

was

all

that could be desired; the

encountered in the narrow part of the Hudviolent as they proved to be and ticklish as they

air disturbances I

son Valley'

were to overcome were purely local in character, and

open stretches the breeze was never very great.

in

the

waited several days for a good day, as I knew a breeze at

Albany would mean a small gale around such places as Storm
I

King; had the course lain over perfectly flat country', I would
not have been so hard to please in the matter of air conditions.
I have been asked whether this flight was a harder one to
succeed in than the London to Manchester one. It is very hard
to compare two events so different in character.
Of course, Paulhan went further than I, and I went faster
than Paulhan, but when it comes to comparing the difficulties
of two such flights, only one who had attempted both of them
could really pronounce himself.
A water surface having, of
necessity, but one level, " flying over water," may sound easier
than " flying over land," but when the water becomes a narrow

H. Curtiss
between precipitous shores, a rolling country would seem
an underlying surface to the air one is flying in.
The general weather conditions, from all accounts, were not as
good in the Manchester flight as in the Hudson one, but on the
strip

far preferable as

other hand, the English flight was not made on a single date,
and both Paulhan and Grahame-White had six or seven hours'
sleep between the first leg of the journey and the second.
I see no reason why I couldn't have flown to New York
without a stop ray machine could have carried the extra gasoline, and the engine was cool and in fine running order on landing
:

near Camelot, just south of Poughkeepsie.

It is practically impossible to say precisely at what speed I
it would be necessary to lay out the
exact course
over the ground taken by me, together with my changes of
level, but it was about fiftj'-three miles an hour.

traveled, as

The

part of the

about seventy-four miles took

have before made a flight about as
long as this, when I flew eighty-five minutes and five seconds,
going around and around the course at Los Angeles, on January
20th last; I used a different machine at that time (my GordonBennett Cup racer), and because of the distance lost on the
first

flight

just eighty-four minutes;

turns, covered only 53 miles

After

and a fraction officially in that time.

had negotiated the narrow reaches in the Highlands

south of Poughkeepsie, I felt pretty sure of success, but the

Metropolitan Tower certainly looked good to me when I first

caught a glimpse of

Tappan

it

when

far to the south,

soaring over the

Zee.

CHRONOGRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF FLIGHT

By Augustus
Official Representative of the
7.02

A.M.

Curtiss started from Van Rensselaer

Rensselaer
Island, Albany.
Mr. Jacob L. Ten Eyck official starter
for

7.03
7.20
J.

26

7.27

Aero Club

Passed

of America.
over the city limits of Albany,

New

Baltimore.
" Times "
special
train
caught up with aeroplane.
Milton Hook Brick Yards. Wind still.
20

miles.

Aeroplane flying about

Passed Tighthoui

hour.

side of
7.32
7.35

Stockport,

Hudson.
high.

7.36

7.40*

Hudson

=\/el

river.

24 miles.
29
miles.
Catskill

Aeroplane

Mountain

ferry.

A.M.

on West shore of Hudson

Flying high.
in center of track.
Train
equal with 'plane.
Linlithgo station,
Qtown steamer dock. Aeroplane

8.04
8.
04

fiv

5.06

Catskill

Water trough

flying

House

ell.

A.:
A.M.
Aeroplane turns toward West. Heads
little
a
more into the wind and
crosses to the West side of the river
at

8.05

the

river.

Aeroplane

pump

was

German town
when

pitched
used.

station.

foot
Slight ripples

oil-

on

Train running parallel with aeroplane.

Aeroplane high.
the West.
Aeroplane about
800
feet
high,
descending a little
lower until about 400 feet high.
Kingston. Brick yards on West shore

Wind

miles.
4^
slightly from
49 miles.

Barrytown.

of river.
Curtiss
the train, within

flying very near

perhaps 100 yards.
is

Rhinecliff

has
8.08
S.oSJ

water.

Tivoli.

high speed.
yacht dock

Private

of river.

steamboat on West side of

Pass

the

could be seen in the distance. Machine flying steady, water calm, small
ripples along the surface.
30 miles. Tram passed through tunnel
parallel with 'plane.
Tower No. 8t, N. Y. C. R. R., Greendale

7.4r

Post

Aero Club of America and Timekeeper

8.11

on
East
side
Aeroplane flying high again.
Aeroplane
54 miles.
flying 1 hour 4 minutes.

ferry,

been

Seems to be flying well.

Passine tower. No. 67, N. Y, C. R. R.
Train passed through tunnel. Curtiss
goes back to West side of river:
flying over ice-houses.
Passed lighthouse in middle of river.
The aeroplane seems to be slowly
rising
and falling on the varying
currents of air. River is very wide
this point. There are large stone
crushers on the West shore, and a
large stone building of a Catholic institution on the bank of the river.
Staatsburg.
60 miles.
at

AIRCRAFT

178
Aeroplane

is

now

passing over a large

some private residence

on the West shore of the river. Aeroplane is flying past freight train on
the West Shore Railway.
Hyde Park station. 64 miles. Train
white house,

passing water trough in center of

railway track. Passing Insane Asylum at Poughkeepsie.
Passing upper portion of Poughkeepsie,

Passing

July, igio

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

179
plunge headlong toward the earth,
or spiral course, and with or withoi
running, constitute " thrillers " of no
to

ordc

plainly.

his hard
vhat out of shape
xals strength in
vhich the life of the

but although someneed of repair, it re-

)f

itial
parts those on
the wheel depends,
written, the great little biplane is beI

As

this

ng taken

n hand, and put into condition to

undertake the New York to Philadelphia flight.
Outside the Aeronautical Society shed, and
housed

in

tent,

the

is

beautifully

built

little

biplane of Edwards and Edick; it

with what looks like a most promising
motor.
Other machines in the neighborhood are that
of F. Raiche, being assembled in a building in
Jlineola village, and that of Mr. P. W. Wilcox
who recently graduated from Columbia University
with the degree of Aeronautical Mechanical Engineer, the first time it has been conferred.
The Wilcox machine is ready to fly; it is
housed in the shed of Albert Triaca, situated in
the grounds of his International School of AeroCurtiss-type

is fitted
2-'-25-h.p.

nautics,

Garden

at

City.

This biplane is a remarkably finished product

the Henry Farman type, but with some important distinctions: for one thing the whole tall
or rear cell acts as a biplane elevator instead of
merely a hinged portion of it do
of

trol

of

is

also

for

different,

an

ngenii

which

device.

say

the

of

oppo
oppo

tc
by
down, thus bringing about no turning
nt; this makes a rudder obviously uncessary in straightaway flight, and to judge
im the latest legal decisions, this would mean
Wright patent-rights are not infringed on by

equal

The Wilco

biplane
like

CLIFFORD
PILOT OF

the

first

distin

will

this

fit

motor

ntry.

Walter Lowe Fairchild's steel-tube

opla

occupies the north shed; it is fitted

gine and propellers from Requa-Gibson, and
at this writing, ready for preliminary_ trials.
This interesting machine was described in
June Aircraft.
Captain Thomas A. Baldwin's biplane, which
referred to in detail elsewhere in this is
hilst
cupies a tent to the rear of Mr. Fairchiid';
hich
further back still is the large shed ir
b
jNIr.
Harkness' Antoinette monoplanes are toT he
i

whilst the latter

racy-looking flyer,

in

many

fafe

The most

respects,

farther

ablv

hundred
machine be-

ded pi;
nous machine
at

the

hii

bed

course, that
wliich Glenn H. Curtiss
tory last year, when, at its helm, he

Gordon-Bennett Cup,

to

won

Reims, on August

the

2Sth.

now

bird-Iik

Latham,
Burgeat,
Wachtei
Kuller, de Mumm, Wiencz iers, Labouchere, th
late Hauvette-JIichelin and Hay den Sands hav
made famous in Europe an^ in Egypt; none ha

Hamilton's flights at Mineola enabled

Jew Yorkers to get a glimpse of the sensational
erial rough-riding and caper-cutting in which he
as indulged almost daily, from the Atlantic to

ever flown in this country.

A quarter of a mile to the west is the large
shed or hangar of the Aeronautical Society; notwithstanding its generous proportions its floor
space is completely rented to members, and those
not fortunate in applying early enough for space
whereon to put their machines together and keep
them between trials, have to resort to subsidiary
tents in the immediate vicinity of the main build-

le

housed: these

flyers

are

similar

the

to

hich

ing.

There are few hours of the day when

aviary

is

this ^reat

not a scene of earnest activity:

"Joe"

Seymour, the well-known racing motor-driver, has

is

Herring-Curtiss biplane quartered here. This

one of the first of these famous flyers turned

out;
Eeloit.

it

originally

Wis.,

belonged

to

JNIr.

who has made many

;

Warner

of

in

it.

flights

during the past

mastered the art;

to fly
tirely

It

is

aring.

Pacific, in the many exhibitions and contests

the last six months.
His famous " dips " where the biplane is made

to

be driven by Lewis

nearly

advanced on

having

is

" Joe " Seymour, has a nainternational reputation as an

obile

a large

to his

be ready tg take
still

the property of Charles Hamilton,

probably the greatest aeroplane driver in the
'orld at this time, and almost certainly the most

his

en

HARMON, IN HIS HENRY FARM.^iN BIPLANE, QUALIFYING AS AN AVIATION

THE AERO CLUB OF AMERICA, ON MAY 2IST. THE BALDWIN BIPLANE ON THE
GROUND, TO THE RIGHT

B.

drop

all

the

famous

AIRCRAFT

iSo

iPTER RECORDING month

month

Because many of the events indicating the prog-

the great feats being performed in Eu-

ress of Aeronautics are at present occurring in other

rope,
to

it

is

after

certainly no small satisfaction

point to an American's performance

over American territory on an American

machine, fitted with an American propeller, driven by an American engine, as the greatest
aeronautic achievement of the month.
In changing the conditions under which its AlbanyNew York prize could be won, there can be no question that "

The New York World

" acted

most wisely.

seems very probable that both the carrying capacof Curtiss's biplane and the endurance of the
famous aviator would have been equal to the more
stringent effort of making a " non-stop run " but with
the greatly increased chances of failure which the
stricter conditions would have entailed, it is doubtful
if the attempt would have been made at this date.

countries than the United States, this publication

Glenn Curtiss once more showed of what stuff he

was made, in this historical flight, and demonstrated
his remarkable capability to undertake a great task
and carry it through to a successful conclusion.
His magnificent success on May 29 is a fitting sequel to his astounding European campaign of last
year, when, with a new and untried biplane, he swept

him and captured the Blue Ribbon of aviafrom the most famous bird-men of the Old
World.
before

tion

The World's "

thousands of dollars are being offered
all over the country for cross-country flights, notably
$30,000 for a flight from New York to St. Louis by
" The New York World " and " The St. Louis Despatch," $25,000 for one between Chicago and New
York by " The New York Times " and " The Chicago
Evening Post," $5,000 for one from Indianapolis to
Chicago, and $10,000 for one from Washington to
New York.

As

a direct result of the winning of "

prize, tens of

As

going to press, Charles Hamilton,

perhaps the most expert aeroplane driver in the
world to-day and is certainly the most daring, is about
to undertake a flight from New York to Philadelphia
and back for a prize offered by " The New York
Times."

who

this issue is

is

000

is

making a special feature of its Foreign News.

Every periodical on the art of which we have any
cognizance
the "

received in these offices, whether

is

" of

Motor

hoplavatel "

Aerea

" of

of

Sydney, N.

S.

W., or the

Petersburg,

St.

"

the

be

it

"

VosdookLocomocion

Barcelona or the " Luftschiffer-Zeitung "

L'Aero-Mecanique "

of Vienna, "

of Brussels, or the

great European sporting daily newspapers.

One and

It

ity

all

July, igio

our

staff,

are perused

all

by European members

of

familiar with the language they are printed

and with conditions, places and people abroad, and

competent to judge relative values in aeronautic news.
in

Besides these, our special correspondents in every

aeronautic center of importance the world over furnish us with regular correspondence on

and

interest in their vicinity,

letters

all

doings of

are exchanged

with the leading foreign aeronautical publications, the

known
London

better
of

of which are " The Aero "

" L'Aerophile " and the

I'Aviation," of Paris
fart," of Berlin
It is in this

"

and "Flight,"
" Revue de

the " Zeitschrift fur Luftschif-

L'Aviatore Italiano," of Milan,

manner

that

we have been

etc.

able to fur-

first five months of our existand definite news from over forty
different countries and colonies.
Our Foreign News aims at representing the essence the condensed summary of the previous
month's aeronautical doings, all over the world, and
at showing the steady spread of the movement to the

nish our readers, in the

ence, with accurate

far corners of the earth.

make

They
"

are also calculated to

whether there is anything in it," reach the opinion to which they must
inevitably come, at an earlier date than otherwise.
Perhaps it is because this need is not so much felt
by our foreign contemporaries of note, but, whatever
may be the reason, we find that, in the gathering and
publishing under one head of these items of news
from such widely dispersed localities. Aircraft
has already assumed the internationally preeminent
position which we aspire to gain and maintain in
every branch and phase of the Art and the movement,
and in the presenting of it to our readers.
those

still

wondering

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

i8i

LAW AND THE

By Denys

AIR,

Myers

P.

Continued from June Aircraft.

AIR-NAVIGATORS
TRANSITION
ill

from peace to war

is

the Hfe of a nation and, plunging the peoples

WAR

IN

Even

a sharp one

the status of aeronaut or aviator can thus be seen to be

and a possible solution of the matter

practically undefined,

will

and definite action in all cases.

War is the abnormal
status, and actions of little consequence in themseKes may then be fraught with the utmost imIHirtance.
Therefore a great deal of attention has
} li'on paid to codifying the laws of war in an ef111
to reach the end that every situation to be
iicountered can be solved by a specific rule.
No one is keener about tackling the novel problems involved
by new inventions than the government legal expert charged with
keeping the rules of war up to date. Yet man's ingenuity has
outdistanced his ilk. The regime of the air is an actuality, and
he is in the lurch, and will probably remain there until the Third
Hague Conference of 1915 shall enable him to catch up with the

be to recognize a difference between those crafts used for scouting or communication purposes and those designed to secure more
sinister and dangerous results to the enemy.
A distinction in

times.

The spy, on the other hand,

deepest dye.
Seventeen articles
concerned with guaranteeing good
One deals with the treatment of
shall not be punished without

concerned into a

crisis,

necessitates quick

drawn up by the Second Hague

the fourteen conventions

Conference in 1907, eleven related directly to a state of war,

many mooted points both as to persons and property.
In some of those conventions regulations were agreed to for the
first time as to wireless telegraphy in war, although the scientific
settling

was

fact

several years old.

It will

be likewise, in

all probabilitj',

much with

selves

scout and reconnoitre for his country.

be

with

treated

same consideration as the enemy's own

the

troops.

The warrior

in the air is a fighter of the third dimension,

brother on the earth moves in but two dimensions.
not bound by the ordinary rules of motion that circumscribe

whereas

He

is

his

line.
There has been much disdisagreement about the ability of an

the activity of the soldier of the

cussion and considerable

aviator to inflict

damage

ments conducted

in this

bj' dropping bombs, but the few expericountry at Los Angeles and San Antonio,

Tex., so far as their results are

bomb and

known, would indicate that the

the man-bird are not altogether a useless combination

for warlike operations.

one denies, however, the great advantage of the vehicles

of the air for purposes of espionage. Here is a delightful incongruity Art. XXIX of the regulations on land warfare of The
Hague, 1907, says
" A person can only be considered a spy when, acting clandestinely or on false pretenses, he obtains or endeavors to obtain information in the zone of operations of a belligerent,
with the intention of communicating it to the hostile party.
The following are not considered spies Soldiers and
civilians, carrying out their mission openly, intrusted with the
:

delivery of despatches intended for their own army or for the

enemy's armj'. To this class belong likewise persons sent in
balloons for the purpose of carrying despatches and, generally,
of maintaining communications between the different parts of
an army or a territory."

Such a provision would scarcely be made to-day three years

for it virtually exempts the aeronaut from the opprobrium
and responsibility of being a spy, although he is infinitely more
dangerous to his opponents than any ordinary spy.

later

In

fact, at present,

reason that an

the flying

enemy

man

escapes largely for the same

once put to an
stated, the primary ele-

did, in a supposititious case

accomplished international law\'er. As

ment existing in a spy is clandestine action. So, it was asked,
suppose an enemy on a ship in Boston harbor takes oiif all his

swims

Charlestown navy-yard and collects valuable information in time of war before he is caught.
Is he a
spy? It was decided that technically he was not, although his
exoneration came on a clever quibble. that a man in his natural

clothing,

to the

skin could not be disguised.

of

The Hague convention

are

treatment to the prisoner of war.

a spy

"

previous

spy taken in the act

trial."

flag in the same category with the

nose into the secrets of the opponent. The
former evidently should be held only as a prisoner of war the
sets out to

latter

is

a spy, and the

enemy

is

entitled to protect himself ade-

knowledge. Notifications between hostile forces are now provided for in the case of hospital
arrangements and similar matters. It might prove feasible to
notify that certain aeroplanes, with a recognized mark, are engaged on purely technical business connected with the army and
that their occupants, if brought down, are entitled to the status
quately against his thirst for

Such

of prisoners of war.

tary honor farther than

vention,

No

considered an enemy of the

is

This wide distinction being a fact, it is obviously unfair to

put the subaltern carrying proper military messages between

man who

the necessity for definite regulations so great.

to

is

two commands of the same

is

Those things are not

if he is caught at them, the enemy

prevented from treating him harshly for performing a patriotic duty, and he becomes merely a prisoner of war, and must

the interest of his enemy, but

hostilities will

touch

need not bother them-

latter

made

several j'ears before

any adequate rules as to the conduct of aerial

e.xist.
Yet at no point where aeronautics and law

The

that question.

This solution would be in line with the distinction already

in war.
It is admitted that a man has a right to fight,

Of

or better, a specific emblem, for the former might serve

flags,

to establish their character.

although

it

illicit

would not

a notification

stretch mili-

has already been distended by conwould have the disadvantage of making

it

unduly prominent when they began to spy.

undoubtedly in any army there would be found plenty of
men willing to run the risk of treatment as a spy for the
benefit of his country, without any such assurance.
the other

fellows

And

brave

Fauchille in his code stipulates that "war in balloons" (or aero-

planes) "is subject to the laws and customs of maritime war,"

This statement can scarcely prevail, for

it

places the aeronaut

The

or aviator at too great a disadvantage.

air

and the

sea,

notwithstanding close analogies, are not equivalent elements so

is concerned.
There are cycles of development

far as navigation

between the conquest of the water and that of the air which depends upon a complicated, delicate and high-powered motor. Accidents that on the water would be negligible, in the air spell disaster.
An ocean liner's engines stop and she continues to float
safely. But if an aviator's motor slips up he is dashed to ground

The

or glides in a fairly helpless condition to the earth.

ible itself is

than

is

more nearly

the prey of Nature

if

its

dirig-

engine halts

the steamship.

it
seems only fair to the air-conqueror that he
should be more generously treated than his fellow the seaman.
In war, however, there is the supreme question of added danger

Therefore,

to the attacked

and of great advantage

fensive use of air-craft.

will

make

the problem of settling

and

to be gained

The consequent

by the

of-

interplay of interests

upon the

aviator's rights

and

war-time one of the

most engrossing of legal problems. It will be both interesting
and enlightening to learn what the first International Congress
duties,

privileges

responsibilities

in

AIRCRAFT

l82

July, igio

on Aerial Navigation which convened at the French Foreign

Office a few days ago will have had to say on the subject.
But difficult as it will be to determine mere justice in such
cases as have been mentioned, the problem will be magnified

our prejudice of the information thus gained." One condemnation in that war is on record, though the death sentence was

when

to fight

different systems of

law or variant policies complicate the

affair.
Germany, for instance, is unique in having had an aerial
foe, the French in 1870.
Bismarck, in the case of a capture of a
French balloon manned by a British subject, maintained that his
trial as a spy would have been justified, "because he had spied
and crossed our outposts in a manner which was beyond the
control of the outposts, possibly with a view to make use to

commuted.
In the present legislation, belligerents

are

those

having the right

carefully defined. Volunteer service or casual

armed

aid

by non-belligerents will be especially easy for owners of air-craft, and this point will demand
attention, for upon its settlement depends the question whether
regularly

to the

forces

the aviator shall be considered a qualified agent or an outlaw of

country.

his

{To be Continued

in

August Aircraft.)

KITES
H. Young

By Edwatrd

T/ic kite, thai children's playthtft^, despised by scientists, is nevertheless deserving

PPROPRIATELY

enough, kite flying as an art

in the Celestial Empire.
It is in
twenty centuries since it was first used
by the Chinese for purposes of sport, trade and
war, and even to-day there is no country where
more varieties of kites, in form, design and shape,
can be found than in Ancient Cathay.
Kite flying" has, for so many centuries, been

'

was

known

first

fact,

fully

looked upon in China in a matter of fact way, that

it

calls

for

its

has created for

standard, which

itself a lasting

They

by grown men.

practise

fly kites

while the

children look on, and they do not feel that any apology

is

ex-

pected of them for indulging in the occupation.

One advantage the Chinese have over Americans, is that they

wood that is far more pliable than an}' available here

and a paper which is lighter for its strength than the ordinary
American paper the wood is either rattan or bamboo and the
:

paper

wood which can be

grained

Rattan

the rice crepe paper.

breaking; this

is

a very tough, straight-

bent into almost any shape without

together with the toughness and lightness

facility,

of the paper at their disposal,

is

the reason the varified construc-

tion of kites has been so fully developed

In America, the

wood

the principles remain the

made with

being

the string holds the kite to one spot and allows the natural

sweep through or under the

to

among

it for the former and keels will for the latter.

Another analogy between kites and aeroplanes is found in their
form thus a Malay or Eddy kite conforms to the principles of a
monoplane such as a Bleriot, an Antoinette or a Santos-Dumont
machine a box kite conforms to the principles of a biplane such
as a Voisin, a Farman, a Curtiss, or a Wright flyer, while the
triangular box kite conforms to the principles of the Langley

obtain

"

much

aerodrome."

We

the Celestials.

readily available cannot be bent

can thus see that there are numerous analogies between the

American

tion or "

make-up

in aeroplanes there are four leading principles to

gravity, pressure, resistance

and

lift,

In kites

we have

the latter corresponding with

the thrust of the aeroplane.

Gravity
kite, etc.,

is

the

downward

pressure

the

is

the flying object; resistance

object to the air

it is

pull

on

a flying object

aeroplane,

upward tending of the air to sustain

is the obstruction made by the flying

passing through; the thrust of an aeroplane

represented by its forward motion in still air, and is entirely

independent of any wind which may happen to be blowing; it is
similar to the lift or pull of the kite, which, when not towed, is
is

held up by such natural wind as there

is

at that

moment.

Gravity and pressure being always opposed to each other

should always be in coincidence both in aeroplanes or kites.
Thrust or pull on the one hand and resistance on the other being
always opposed to each other, they should also be in coincidence

with each other.

is

at the

The

flying centre of

union of these four points or forces,

where the engine and passenger are

the string
It is

an aeroplane or of a kite

is

carried,

and

in the aeroplane

in the kite

where

attached.

true that an aeroplane

while a well poised kite

flies

almost in a horizontal position,

an angle of about 36 degrees, but

flies

at

and the modern aeroplane. From this

good form to experiment with to obtain

straight stick kite

if this

gravity, pressure, thrust, resistance.

wind
aloft

however,

it

resistance to thrust or lift. Again, the bridge-work or bracing in

both aeroplane and kite must be analogous as an aeroplane must
have fore-and-aft balance so must a kite horizontal rudders will

lying that of aeroplanes.

illustrate

thus maintaining

natural current of air has the same effect as the artificial

wind which the aeroplane creates for its own support when being
driven through the atmosphere by means of its propellers.
As in an aeroplane, so in a kite must there be a proper proportion of lifting surface to weight and a proper proportion of

we

To

kite,

this

without breaking and the paper is heavier, with the result that
the forms of kites constructed are less numerous, and that they
are more angular and also more closely related in principle.
Though apparently a defect, this has proved in one way a blessing
in disguise, for the cardinal principles underlying the construction of American kites bear a very close analogy to those under-

consider

same, the differences in construction

In a kite the pull of the

that object in view.

string corresponds to the thrust of the propellers on an aeroplane

possess

is

n. Elder U75b).

of the most

gather that a kite

is

knowledge of principles

in aeroplane construction.
Of course
should be understood that a kite must be figured on to fly at an
angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal, and that allowance must be

it

made

for this difference of incidence

figures to aeroplanes

when

it

comes

to apply the

a correct analogy can always be established,

fact be kept in

an excellent and
inexpensive way to develop and test one's aeroplane ideas.
One more use to which the science of kites can be put is the
investigation and study of the effect of the wind on the construccentre

" of the kite

mind, and

it

is

for instance the locating of the

way this stick or that surface

behavior or equilibrium, and the exact reason

of pressure and the precise

affects the kite's

why.
This analogy and this co-operation between the science of kite
flying and that of aviation are by no means limited to the above
they could be kept up for all the leading points of construction,
and besides the great amount of knowledge derived, (for the
field is practically a virgin one and few or no published tables
and results are available) a high skill in the flying of kites would
be obtained, a skill which would be found to be of great value if
it were ever contemplated to enter the aeroplane field.
Thus kites have an ancient lineage, they are in fact, by many
hundreds of years, the first air-craft which ever rose above earth
and through modern efforts, the science of building and flying
them has taken on a new lease of life and reached so high a
plane of human usefulness that to deny its existence as a science
and to despise it as such, is but to make a signal show of

ignorance.

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

183

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

THE BALDWIN BIPLANE
By W.
HEN

March

Aias received last

Baldwin had
s S.

the ne\vs
Captain Thcfnput together

heavier-than-air
say that

designed
machine, it

\merican interested
What o; e might aptly term
in aerial navigation.
Capt. Baldwin's vast aerial ej Derience was known
to all, and in consequence riis contribution to
flight was
f human
the solution of the problem
looked forward to with more than ordinary in-

the

tail

is

placed in front of the twin

landing (see drawing). No sprin

in connection with the wheels, the

steep

used
being rigidly mounted on

steel

tubes.

PROPULSION.
This is furnished by a 25-li.p. 4-cylinder
water-cooled motor driving, through a clia

and

I'heels

and normally does not touch the ground, ts capacify being only to deflect the shock in r aking

VERTICAL RUDDER.
Df

We

third wheel

from the main planes,

of the monoplane type
The span
is double surfaced.
chord is .10 inches.

in type
ice it is

very great interest by every

terest.

H. Phipps

THE ELEVATOR.

that

drawings of thi Baldwin biplane,

showing it both in its present form, as it is now
flown in by its designer at Mined
original and intermediary forms.
Originally this biplane was not u
of Engi)
triplane (see March Aircraft, pag
for it had
land, with the upper pi
publish

the chain-driven tractive propell

the biplane horizontal rudder at

passing a vertical rudde

Iv

from

diff

on

a skid

vays however, it
R( e machine.

othe

the

ivhen

the
or

having 10 covered-in body

no springJ shock-absorber in front,
;iated
although embodying certain feat
noplane construction, it showed less of
them than the English machine.
The distinctive feature of the Baldwin biplane
at that time was the device designed for lateral
has always believed in
control. Capt. Baldwin
Israel Ludlow's ideas for insuring lateral balance
by dihedral angles; he did not embody this principle in this machine, but adapted another device
on which Mr. Ludlow has applied for a patent:
a single vertical surface, pivoting on a vertical
shaft like a rudder, iibove and in the center of
(the resistances developed
pla
xpected to
ed).
vhe
this
lateral equilibr
nfringes
kno
It
This device as far
!

'

pate
iriginally designed was
biplane as
out in Hami ondsport. When Capt.

tried

San Antonio the rear

win took it down
zontal rudder had been r
a horizontal rudder had
the motor had been moved to the rear of the
lower plane, and the propeller placed behind it
.

a propulsive capacity, while the aviator's seat,

in front

in

from being behind the planes was placed

of them, thus practically changing pla

pla
als
The
the
pla
temporarily set at a dihedral angle of about iS
degrees.
When the machine appeared at Mineola a further change had been made in it, " Curtiss " ailerons between the planes having replaced the cen-

hn

vertical

tral

as

stabilizers.

lateral

It

is

in

form that the popular veteran of the air

Baldwin is fifty-seven years old has flown
Both Curtiss and Hamilton made
at Mineola.
remarkable flights in this machine recently, and
the steady progress of Capt. Baldwin warrants
this

Capt.

the belief that he too will

the air before long.

Dimensions and details

Baldwin biplane follow:

be cutting capers

of

in

of

the

span from

tip

construction

MAIN PLANES.
The

mam

have

plan

total

inches, and a fore-and-aft

nches. They are single surDn the upper side of the ribs
" Curtiss " ribs,
-ized cloth.
vature turned out by the Hamof the standard
ndsport factory, are used
(See Fig. 7 and 8, Construction Details, page 190.)
"The main planes are spaced 4 feet 6 inches apart.
to

tip

of

31

fet

chord of 4 feet
faced being cover
with Baldwin ru

THE
The

tail,

which

is

operated by the steering wheel as on

is

ailerons now used to maintain lateral bal1are double surfaced and flat. The span
inches, and the fore-and-aft depth 25 incht

The
ice

TAIL.

15

RUNNING GEAR.

also of the bipla

lines to the n

nilar

behind the main

upport it, when on
:et

sprockets, a 7 foot 6 inch propeller which it turns

about 800 revolutions per minute. Capt. Baldwin
said to have ordered an engine of greater power.

at

AILERONS.

The
heels

running
in

front

gear

and

consists of two 20 ir
a skid under the tail.

has been done with steel cable

usual piano wire, the joints being
id then soldered to insure safety.
;ht of the biplane is approximately

AIRCRAFT

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

BIG
CLIFFORD

B.

Clifford B. Harmon should be the premier amateur aviator of America to-day speaks
well for the prospects of aviation as a sport pure
1

and simple, in this country.

Mr. Harmon is also keenly alive to the scientific
and military aspects of the question and
deeply interested in seeing this country in the
in all phases of the movement.
It is the patronage of just such men as he
which gives to the Art and retains for it, that
dignity of which, as one of the most startling
developments of man's genius the world has
ever known, it is so deserving.
Mr. Harmon has been interested in aeronautics
for some time past; last year he indulged extensively in ballooning, his most notable trip
being that in which he and Mr. Augustus Post
left St. Louis in his balloon " New York," on
October 5, and landed 48 hours and 26 minutes
is

lead

Edna, Mo.
This is the only occasion in American history
on which a balloon has remained up two days,
and as such it still constitutes the American
record for any kind of an air- voyage, but the
remarkable feature of the voyage was that all
later at

records for height attained, in the Western Hemisphere, were also beaten.
It was as a passenger of Louis Paulhan at
Los Angeles that he first experienced the joys
of flying.
In this manner he made a long crosscountry flight on January 19th. going out to Redondo and back to the aviation field; he later
purchased Paulhan's Farman (the holder of the
world's height record) and has of late been

May

on

flights

fly

Mineola,

at

may be

said to

near

New

have ended

21st, when he passed the tests (three

kilometres each) necessary to
live

of
as

qualify
an Aero Club
a heavier-than-air machine.

of

America

pilot

of

After business hours, while others turn to the

links or the courts or scorch along the high
roads, he runs down to Mineola and spends the
balance of the afternoon soaring at forty miles
an hour, a hundred or more feet above the adjoining plains.
His ambition is to retain the two Gordon BenHe wishes to use an
nett Cups for America.
American-built racer in the aviation contest, and

counting on a

100

recently ordered,

to

is

H.

P.

Gnome motor

he has

drive it to victory.
mere list of the "open air clubs" which
count him among their members would in itself
show how versatile and eclectic a sportsman
Clifford B. Harmon: among these might be
is
mentioned outside the Aero Club of America,
of which he is a vice president the Rose Tree
Hunt, Philadelphia Athletic, Larchmont Yacht,
Seawanhaka Yacht, New York Athletic clubs.
He is also a member of the Automobile Club of
America and is an expert motorist.

SANTOS-DUMONT

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

A LBERTO SANTOS-DUMONT was born some

' thirty-seven years ago near Sao Paulo, Brazil,
where his father had a large coft'ee plantation.
Many men have contributed to recent progress
in Aeronautics, but it is very doubtful if anyone
has done more to stimulate public interest in
the new art than the famous Brazilian.
The first air-craft that this famous navigator
of air ever saw was a small spherical balloon
which made an ascension at a fair in Sao Paulo,

BELL, the inventor

telephone, has turned his attention to
for some years past, but the experiments made by him with a man-lifting kite
in the Winter of 1907 were the first in this line

HARMON

T-HAT

teaching himself to
York.
This apprenticeship

July, igio

in

1S88.

Pie

made

several trips to

Europe

in the

next few years, and in 1S97 made his first balloon

ascension with Lachambre, of Paris. The next
year he undertook the construction of the first of
the long hne of air-craft with which his name
was to be associated.
Santos-Dumont built altogether twelve dirigibles, the most famous of which were his No. 4,
No. 6 and No. 9. As mentioned on page 133 of
this volume (Tune Aircraft),
he won the prize
of 100,000 francs of M. Deutsch (de la Meurthe)
by circling the Eiffel Tower of Paris, and returning to his point of departure, in the Aero Club
of France grounds at St. Cloud, in half an hour.
From 1S98 to 1904 Santos-Dumont was in the
public eye as the most prominent, the most enthusiastic, and also the most daring experimenter
in navigating the air. In 1905 the rumors which
reached him concerning the experiments of the
Wright brothers in America, and also the efforts
being made in France, by such men as Ferber,
Archdeacon, Eleriot, Voisin and Esnault-Pelterie to
solve the problem of heavier-than-air craft turned
his attention towards the possibilities of aviation,
in which so few believed at that time.
August 14, 1906, at the Polo grounds, at
Bagatelle, near Paris, Santos-Dumont succeeded
in leaving the ground for a second or two in a
crude aeroplane of the cellular or box-kite type,
driven
by a 24-h.p. Antoinette engine. The
Wright brothers' earlier successes were at that

On

time almost universally disbelieved, and the Brafeat

tremendous sensation
zilian's
created
a
throughout Europe, where it was hailed almost
as a miracle; in fact so impossible was mechanical flight considered only four years ago that very
few outside of those who actually witnessed the
" levitation " at Bagatelle believed that it actually took place.
The present type of Santos-Dumont aeroplane,

well-known to all followers of aviation, as the

" Demoiselle " or Dragon Fly monoplane, is one
of the smallest and fastest flyers as yet built. It
is perhaps
because he is himself a small man
physically that the " Demoiselle/* has been far
more successful when piloted by its inventor than
by his pupils, but there is no doubt that this is
also

owing very largely

to his great experience In

aerial matters.

Santos-Dumont has recently made some sensational cross-country flights in his diminutive aeroplanes.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM
of the

^>>

aeronautics

universal attention.
carried out near Dr. Bell's beautiful
Nova Scotia, and the kite
used embodied the famous principle expounded
by Dr. Bell, being composed of over three
thousand tetrahedral cells.
With kites and aeroplanes of the ordinary type
if one increases
the size of a given model, the
weight increases not in proportion but as the
cube of the dimensions; at the same time the
supporting surface is increased as the square of
the dimensions; in consequence the limit in
carrying capacity is quickly reached.
Dr. Bell set about to discover a mode of construction whereby the weight did not increase
in any greater proportion than the lifting power,
when the size was increased; the tetrahedral
principle was the result of his researches and it
was with his big kite the "Cygnet" that he
attract

to

They were

home,

at

Baddeck,

proceeded to test

it.

These tests were successful, the kite on one

occasion carrying up the late Lieutenant Selfridge a hundred and seventy feet above the
waters of the Bras d' Or lake.
Dr. Bell then founded his celebrated Aerial
Experiment Association from which so much
good to American Aviation was to derive.
The winter headquarters of the Association
were established at Hammondsport, N. Y., and
five motor-driven machines were built in turn:
the "Red Wing" designed by Lieut. Selfridge,
the "White Wing" of Mr. Baldwin, the "June

Bug" of Mr. Curtiss, the "Cygnet II," the

motor driven "Tetrahedron" of Dr. Bell,
and the "Silver Dart" of Mr. McCurdy.
The "Cygnet II" had 5,000 tetrahedral cells and
was driven by a 50 H. P. Curtiss motor; the
propeller broke on an early trial and experiments
in this line were temporarily discontinued.
giant

The "Red Wing" made

the

first

public flights

ever made in America and the other machines,

which were also biplanes, were each an improvement over their immediate predecessor; they were
the direct forerunners of the eminently successful
aeroplanes since turned out by Glenn H. Curtiss
at
in

Hammondsport and by Baldwin and McCurdy

Canada.

Not content with acquiring undying fame as

the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham
Bell is thus contributing an earnest share towards
the solution of the great aerial problem.

What seems not to be generally known is

Dr. Bell has also been identified with the
discovery of the graphophone.
Dr. Bell has now left for Europe, where another
that

Octave Chanute is

also,

at

the

present time.'

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

BIG

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

GABRIEL VOISIN
HUGO C. GIBSON
of
an edifying example of GABRIEL VOISIN, th
C. GIBSON
HUGO
3me
Voisin brothers. _was
the type of men connected with the flourishis

ing automobile industry, who have

the newer, but just as promising,

drifted

into
of

industry

air-craft.

London Technical College.

The internal combustion engine was

of

and
in
of

at

that

just emerging from the embryonic stage

Gibson already showed particular interest
studies as applied to this latest form

such

power-plant.

It was,
however, to the construction of a
steam launch that he first applied the keen
mechanical instinct which was later to give him
a position of note among consulting engineers
in this branch of applied science.
His direct interest in the latest form of land
locomotion began some fifteen years ago when he
purchased one of the early De Dion i| H. P.
tricycles which afforded him his first experience
with the type of engine which was to revolutionize road traffic in the next few years and with
which he was to become so familiar, during
its
development.
In 1S97 he became an associate member of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers and became
a contracting mechanical and electrical engineer,
a profession which, with politics, shared his interest during the next few years.
Four years ago he became interested with
Mr. Dugald Clark, Professor Carpenter, Denton
and others in the Selden lawsuit, which is to
the automobile industry what the Bell litigations
were to the telephone and what the Wright
lawsuits may prove to be to the present early
forms of flying machines.
j\Ir.
Gibson, as a
technical expert for the Association of Licensed
Automobile Manufacturers, was on the winning
side of the Selden lawsuit and clearly had a
share in bringing about the victory of the patent

of Gabriel Voisin 'is usually

th the construction of aeroplanes, his
role in aeronautic history was not confined to
designing and building flyers: he tested his ideas
in person and was lucky to survive the early days
of flying without sustaining injury.
He was the first to follow the advice and example of Ferber and to repeat at Eerck, on the
shores of the English Channel, the gliding experiments of Lilienthal, Pilcher, Herring, Avery and
the Wright brothers.
In 1904 he was interested with Archdeacon and
Bleriot in experiments of towed flight over the
Seine, and himself mounted the big kite on most
occasions, in tow of the racing motor-boat "La

Rapiere."
In the Fall of
earnest,

in

the Voisins started work

the following year their

igo6,

and early

that

aeroplane

He

in

Delagrange was ready.

Gabr

of

helm and first pilo ed hij

ground (iV'Iarch, 1907).
months
It was not until
the

elf

to

make

later that

Within four
through winni

Dela

flights,

nd Voisin biplant
nthusiast and belie

Henry

he had won immortal fame

e Deutsch-Archdeacon prize
flight of a circular kilometre
of 50,000 francs for
of Gabriel Voisin began to show
signs of coming true.

For several months Voisin biplanes enjoyed the

unique distinction of being the only machines
to be capable of sustained circular flights.
But the advent of the great American pioneers
did not curtail the activity of Voisin, who claimed
for his biplane natural lateral stability, through
the use of fixed vertical surfaces between the
main planes and whose machine of this type is
no infringement of the Wright patents as recently admitted in Court by the Wrights themselves.
Hugo Gibson has now entered the aeronautic
Notwithstanding Wright's presence in France
industry in earnest and has undertaken the manu- in the summer of 190S, and his daily trials near
facture of the power and propelling plant of Le Mans, it was Delagrange's Voisin which made
aeroplanes, using original designs of his own. the first half-hour flight ever made in Europe,
both in motor and in screw propellers. He has getting within less than eight minutes of the
carefully gone into the requirements of aerial Wrights' world's record of 1905.
engines and propellers and is devoting his intiFarman flew 44' 32" in October, 1908, which
mate knowledge of the theory and practice of was to be the record for French-built machines
internal combustion engines and of physics gen- for many months, but it was Louis Paul ban who
erally, and gases in particular, to turning out
was to show what could be got out of Voisin's
The great little Frenchman's long
a mechanism entirely fitted for the purposes for conception.
which it is desired: i.e. propelling a vehicle distance flights in windy weather went far towards
through a yielding and elastic fluid.
convincing a doubting world of the future of flying.
Others eminently successful in handling Voisin
Mr. Gibson is a member of the Automobile
Club of America, the Aero Club of America biplanes are Bunau-Varilla, Rougier, Bregi, Meand the Aeronautical Society of New York; what trot, and the Baronne de Laroche the first
leisure time he has he devotes to yachting.

known

WILD

a profession of the practice of aeronautics

Horace E. Wild.

ago at Bellevill
Although th

first

B.

PROMINENT

Born in 1874, in Worcestershire, England, he

was educated at the City of London College
where he conducted the engineering columns of
the school paper and at the City and Guilds
time

HORACE
the famous
thirty years

among

the

men who have made

is

Although

originally, and still, an electrical engineer, he has been a close student of aerial navigation for over twenty years. In fact, Horace
Wild's interest in aeronautics appears to date back
to the fatal balloon voyage of Professor Donaldson, which terminated in Lake Michigan with the
loss of two lives, and of the start of which Mr.
Wild was a witness: notwithstanding its disastrous termination, it fired his imagination and
incited him to take up ballooning.

In 1SS9 Horace Wild made his first montgolfiere

hot-air-balloon
ascension and parachute descent. This performance was followed by many
others of a similar character. Wild becoming one
of the most proficient professionals of the day.
He had several narrow escapes and finally gave
up this spectacular side of professional ballooning
for more useful experiments.
His first trip in a motor driven gas-bag took
place some five years ago at Chicago. On January 3, 1903, he successfully drove his dirigible,
the " White City Eagle," over the house-tops of
the big city, and on July 14, 1906, he started from
the White City Grounds and, sailing once more
over
Chicago,
circled
the
Masonic Temple,
and returned to his starting point at White City
or

hour and 45 minutes: this was his first

I
out-and-home trip. Mr. Wild exhibited his airships at most of the leading cities, and claims
to have made altogether 600 dirigible ascensions.
On one occasion, on September 14, 1908, at the
Louisville, Ky., fair grounds, he remained in the
air 5 hours and 20 minutes which, we believe, is an

in

American record
also
this

for dirigibles.

Horace Wild has

made a score of ordinary balloon trips: in

way he sailed over the Great Lakes, and also
the Sierra Nevada in California in the
"United States"; his longest continuous

crossed
balloon

trip lasted 24

hours and 25 minutes.

Mr. Wild has recently become interested in

aviation and has already flown. He has moreover a factory in Chicago devoted to the manufacture of aerial vehicles and apparatus of every
kind.
As an electrical engineer he designed the lighting and wiring of White City, near Chicago, with
which well-known resort he is still professionally
connected. He devotes, however, eight months
of the year to aeronautics, in the practice and in
the propaganda of which he becomes more interested every day.
of America, the Aero Club of
Aeroplane Club of Illinois number

The Aero Club

Illinois,

the

Horace Wild among their members; he is also

an honorary member of several other American
Aero Clubs.
He has recently been giving demonstrations in
Illinois with a Curtiss biplane, and has been lecturing on aviation throughout the state.

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

^^ByJ[\]oQvh C.Triaea

^^^^
and the other consulting the map and making
pographical sketches: this team appears now

THE SECOND CHANNEL CROSSING: JACQUES DE LESSEPS REACHING THE

ENGLISH COAST, NEAR DOVER

Argentine Republic
Bregi is still at Buenos Ayres; he expected to
take part in the contests projected at the end of
May at Villa Lugano, for which altogether $30,000
in prizes had been voted. Valleton had also entered.

pupil of Bregi, Dr. Roth, recently

fine night on Bregi's Voisin.

made

Crossing " accomplished by Bleriot exactly three

hundred davs before (July 25, igoci%
The machine used was a Bleriot monoplane
fitted with a Gnome motor: the flight took place
in the afternoon and lasted about 45 min. The
aviator had some
difticulty
in keeping to his
this

indicated

as

flight,

nth'

last

year,

last

through a

technicalitv.

time.

that

One of the most remarkable aeroplanes as yet

has been recently experimented with
with great success near Vienna. It is the latest
monoplane of the famous Austrian inventors, Etrich and Wels. No more bird-like flying machine
than this has as yet' flown.
It is called the
" Taube " (pigeon) and, under the direction of
Etrich, has made several remarkable flights, on
one occasion flying with two passengers, and on
another flying continuously for i hr. 11 min.
On May 17th, with Illner at the helm the monoplane flew from Wiener-Neustad to Vienna and
back, 54 miles altogether, going out in the morning in 32 min., and returning in the evening in 42
produced

Belgium
An

interesting monoplane has just been constructed at Liege by P. Moulin.

One feature
about this machine is that lateral equilibrium is
obtained through bending the entire rear extremity of the wings, thus changing the angle of
incidence in the whole plane.
'

dirigible " Belgique IT " recently made sevtrips above the exhibition grounds at Brus-

The
eral

flight made by the Hon. C. S. Rolls on

British made Short-Wright biplane, June i,
both started and ended on the English side of the
Dover; he left Dover late in the
Straits
of
afternoon and after reaching the French shore,
circling above it, and dropping weighted letters
there, returned to England without alighting, and
landed at the very spot from which he had started.
This flight of about 50 miles lasted 80 minutes.

The

Vienna is keenly anticipating the visit of the

Zeppelin V, the world's largest air-craft. Count
Zeppelin is expected to be in personal charge of
his latest creation when it leaves Friedrichshafen
the voyage is planned to take place in June, if
the huge airship is ready to take to its element at

sels,

his

The Royal Aero Club of Great Britain has already been asked to sanction six flying meets to
occur this summer and the prizes for which exceed $200,000; Huntingdon will be the first meet;
it
will be followed by the great Bournemouth
Carnival in July. Another big series of contests
is to be held in Scotland at Lanark.

the Dominion Government to subscribe funds to

enable Baldwin and McCurdy to compete for
the big " Cross-Country " prizes recently offered
in the United States.

being held all over the

mpetition to secure the more
famous profi
is very keen among tht
which folio
the
lours
ganizers. At
k, the
upon the heels of the Nice
'iator Capta
cessful winner was the English
Dickson.
At the Lyons meet. Van den I
but the
Paulhan and Latham shared the
ire

dly marred by
of this tou
th of Hauvette-Michelin, who, in a flight
oon of May 13, took a turn
hit the turning post, causing it to

the

nade late

the April

number

to

an

hold

"
aeronautic exhibition in the old frigate " IzUand
now moored at Langelinie. Models and accessories of all kinds pertaining to air-craft will be on

England
The general excitement and enthusiasm caused
by the great Cross-Country flights last month had

Aircraft

picture of his
in

was published
(page

60).

C51

third;

all

thr

biplan

Henry

Dicks
Somn-

nong

Farmans,

and

Legagneux

cross-countrv feats of the

cited flights by Roger Sommer of
and of 100 two days later, of
with a passenger), of Maurice
with a passenger), when he
May 21, from his aerodrome at Buc to
isit to his brother Henry's new agency
the

great

may be

niles one day,

jret (55 miles
(50 miles

Egypt
Plans have been started by members of the ImAero Club of Germany for an aeroplane
exploration of the Desert of Sahara, assisted by
automobiles. Conditions along the Nile valley are
to be the special object of the investigation. The
cost of the expedition is estimated at $180,000.

drivers.
leliopolis

th

perial

of

extraordinarily

first of its kind to occur

le of the Antoinette mono-

The first town-to-town flying-machine race took

the
place on June 6 during the Angers meet
course (from Angers to Saumur) measured 26^
miles as the crow flies, the distance by rail between the two towns being 30 miles.
iner, in the splendid
Martinet proved
of

is

This

him.
:identunkicky
ended th
plane's most promisii

Denmark
The Danish Aeronautic Society

pay

school at Etampes.
Another who has made great flights is Lindpainter, who, on May 24, flew from Mourmelon
Reims
where he circled the famous old catheto
dral, thus making_ an actual reality of the conception of the artist who designed the poster of
the Reims meet, last year, which showed the biplanes soaring about the historic towers. There

hardly subsided before the Cross-Channel feats of is also Marconnet who flew from Mourmelon to
Jacques de Lesseps and of Rolls stirred it up the outskirts of Paris, and the military aviators
anew. De Lesseps' flight, which took place on Fequant and Martinet, who have been making
May 21, was a re-edition of the historical " First most interesting experiments, the one driving
_

the

successful

Farman,

fitted

cross-country flyers, is
with a Gnome engine.*

Henry

The Aviation Schools at Pau, Buc, Etampes,

Mourmelon, Lyons, Juvisy. Issy. Mouzon, etc.,
are showing tremendous activity, and the
of competent aviators turned out is only
limited by the number of machines available, notwithstanding that all the aeroplane factories are
working overtime to supply the tremendous demand. New companies are being formed and new
machines being exploited with varying degrees
of success, and it is not too much to say that
hundreds of flights are being made every week.
etc.,

The Reims meeting

is

definitely

fixed

to

take place from July 3 to

and promises to rethe pre
its place as
er French meeting,
The course this year will
nly be 5 kilometers
around instead of 10 and will
ill
be hexagonal in
form, two of the corners being
and
the' others forming practically
o.
sv,>,u,^
^n, v^,
which will be conducive to high speed. The prizes
tain

offered amount to 260,000 francs, and of this 50,000

francs go to the constructor whose machines taken
altogether ccver the greatest distance during the
meet; 30,000 francs go to the aviators making the
longest flights without landing (of which 20,000
francs go to the first)
15.000 are allotted to the
aviator whose flights cover the greatest total distance, the second getting 8,000 francs, the third
There are also prizes
4.000 and the fourth 3.000.
amounting to 10,000 francs to the aviators making
the best flights in the Gordon Bennett elimination trials for Frenchmen, and 15.000 francs for
the two highest flights; 5,000 for the officers' prize;
for
the ladies' prize (for the two
5,000 francs
*'
aviatrices " doing the best time at 10 kilometers), 5,000 francs as a passenger prize, 15,000
for speed prizes, in addition to daily prizes for
the three best performances in distance, height
and speed. Besides all these there is a special
prize of 5,000 francs for any aviator who, during
the meet, beats the world's distance or height record, and there is a prize of 15,000 francs to the
the second, who shall
first aviator and 500 to
cover the sreatest total distance.
By way of tdding to the interest and keeping
the people an used, should it be windy, there is
)f
a first prize
7,000 francs and a second prize
nan-carrying kites, and, of course,
of 3,000 for
prizes belon^ng to the
itside of the actual
meeting there are always the Paris "Daily Mail"
;

France
neets
Aviation
country, and

action at

meeting held at the Windsor Hotel, at

Montreal, on June i, several Canadians of prominence interested in aviation decided to request

At

to

number

By

which had escaped Bleriot

Austria

to-

be quite ready to play a useful part in military

manceuvres; their machine, like that of nearly all

and Michelin Cup prizes, for which a man can

compete whenever he likes. M. Michel Ephrussi
francs for

additi

straightaw
competitors all
organization
ell serve as
;

American

-,

whether

th

aerodrome,

same
f

example
meets.

it

the

of

starting at

to those

It

is

would not be

this

time.

meet

about to

questionable,
of

more

in-

the
spectators
to have duration of
to
:onsidered as a prize winning standard
than distance over the ground, for the
iduces the competitors to fly strictly over
rse for hour after hour, and further dimii
vhich
chances of the slo
'ift
the
aft tha
n more desirable as a
speed prizes as
which of course hav
s,
reward
of
thei
natural
;

On May

7, at Pau, Bleriot made a flight for the

time as a passenger. The machine was the
two-seater Bleriot. The pilot was Alfred
Leblanc and the flight lasted 25 minutes.

first

new type

* As we go to press we le;
of the marvellous
two-man cross-country flight matde by Marconnet
This almost
and Fequant on June gth 106 mi
;

doubles Cheuret's world's record

AIRCRAFT

July, igio
he

number

Imndred

of pilot aviiilors to date

is rapidlv increasing,

is

aboui

aiul

Savoia of the Italian Engineer Corps

an unsuccessful Wright pilot, has joinec
Farman school at jMournielon.

ieut.
iierlv

^Channel
cfened

to

flight

of

May

25

unde

Italy
The first Italian-made dirigible is that which
Nino Pillico has just completed; capacity,

\\\\

diameter, S.25;

35

H.

P. S. P.

A.

and at Naple
The meetings held at Pah
though hampered by bad weather, gave to the
Southern Italians a fine opportunity to judge the
progress of the art; Daniel Kinet, Busson,
Kuhling, Wagner (the winner of the Grand Prize
automobile race at Savannah in 190S), and Rigal,
another famous motor driver, contributed mostly
latest

to their

success.

Olieslaegers

made

Genoa on May

nificent

flymg tor

14,

15

flight

(iSIay 22 to 29) was all that it

The struggle for the height

Luxemburg
The

aviation

meet now taking place (June

Mondorf promises

New
WELL-KNOWN

FIGURES IN FRENCH
AVIATION circles: LOUIS BLERIOT, KENE DEMAREST AND CAERIEL VOISIN

THREE

women aviators to make

the
latest
are the well-known actress Jane Herveu.
Niel, Mme. Frank, who in private life is
Mrs. Hewartson. the wife of the well-known Paris
correspondent of the London Daily Mail, Mile.
Rose Itier and Mile. Aboukaia.

Among

flights

Mme.

Breguet is to build a new biplane, both

and faster than his last production.

lighter

Witzig accomplished a flight at Issy on May

This machine
21 on a two-propeller monoplane.
embodies some improvements on the aeroplane
of a similar type which he experimented witli last

South Wales

The Wright biplane which has been experimented with in the neighborhood of Sydney, first
by the Defries and then by R. C. Banks, 'had a
short career. It was badly smashed up several
weeks ago and appears to be beyond repair.

RoumaLnia.
Deletang and
mania, the first
rest.

Osmoni have been

at

Germany
the seven flying meets already organized for the present Summer, that of Johannisthal (Berlin), took place from May 10 to 15
and was a great success. As has occurred at
all
the meets this year so far (except that at
Heliopolis), the Farman biplane once more carried off the honors for greatest distance flown
and time spent in the air. Captain Engelhard,
however, on his German Wright, put up a strong
fight against the Farman champion Jeannin, and
took first prize in passenger flights, while de
Caters, on his Voisin, won first prize in the landing, gliding and steering contests. Alfred Frey, who
has both t Sommer and a Farman, also did well;
on May 23, he had the audacity to fly right over
the heart of Berlin, remaining in the air 67 minutesfor the most part at a great height. He was
very wisely fined by the municipal authorities.
It is to be hoped that stringent legal measures
will be taken to curtail the prevalent craze to
fly over cities in the present stage of the art;
probable, however, that this will not be
it
is
generally brought home to those responsible until
a motor stops during such an urban incursion,
an d a descent has to be made in a city street or
in the still less inviting landing place afforded
by roofs and chimney pots.
first

of

flying in

Rou-

Jassy and the latter at Buchagreatly improved as an

Osmont must have

since his visit to the United States last

Winter: on May 14, he had as his passenger Mrs.
lean Camarassechco. the daughter of the Minister
of
France to Roumania; later the Minister of
Austria, Prince of Schoenburg-Hertenstein, enjoyed a flight with him. On May 17. he made a
fine
flight from
Bucharest to Cotrocene with

Prince Carol of Roumania as a passenger.

Russia
Before

was

going to the Verona meet, Cattaneo

Odessa on his Bleriot, whilst Helene
and Bouvier were also making flights

flying at

Dutrieu

there on a

Sommer

toinette

monoplanes

The

respectively.

for

the

great

aviation

South

AustraLliaL

South Australians are looking forward to iheir

view of a flying machine in action, a Bleriot
monoplar
'ng recently arrived at Adelaide,
from Tra
first

South
Kimmerling

AfricciL

been

has

astonishing the Boers

recently took a passenger
for a trip on his biplane.

with his

flights.

He

Spain
Among

the exhibitions of flying recently given

cited those of Gibbs and
Prevoteau at Bilbao, where, however, thev were
ill treated and menaced by the crowd;
of Edward
Stoeckel at Madrid, of Barrier at Cordova, where
he flew for 50 minutes over the sleepy Andalusian
town, and by soaring over the bull-ring accom;hed the astonishing feat of distracting a Spanish
vd's

on the Peninsula may be

at

Vale

biplane.

The St. Petersburg meet (May S-16) gave the

opportunity to thousands of Russians to see five

the handcuff-man, made a series

early in the Spring en his
the neighborhood of Melbourne.
These are the first flights made in Victoria, but
not the first made on the Australian continent,
the honor for which belongs to Mr. Colin Defries, as pointed out in the Mav Aircr.\ft.
There is also a genuine Bleriot monoplane at
Melbourne which is shortly to be tested.
of interesting

flights

Voisin biplane

in

Europea.rv Club Notes

The Aero Club of France has founded six new
prizes to be awarded to aviation debutants.
Competitors will be expected to remain in the air at
least one minute with their motor stopped.
One
of these prizes is of 1,000 francs; the five others
are of 500 francs each.

The annual

report of Mr. Besan(;on, Secretary

of France, shows that it counts
33 affiliated clubs; a total of
be given away by the Club
or under the auspices of the Club in 1910.
What a splendid and practical example of propaganda to the other national clubs of the world!
of the
1.500

Aero Club

members and

$400,000 in prizes will

At Paris has been founded a French aviators'

club in which each section of a hundred members is to buy an aeroplane.
According to the bulletin of the German Aeronautic Federation, the number of Aero Clubs in
Germany in 1909 was 46, with a total of 51,552

meet now

in Buda-Pest, on which the very large

sum of $r6o,ooo is being spent, number forty-two;
besides those of fifteen native aviators the follow-

ing machines are entered:

H. Farman biplanes.

3
2

Voisin biplanes.

Sommer

Sanchez-Besa biplanes.
Marchalowski biplane.
Etrich monoplanes.
Antoinette monoplanes.
Bleriot monoplanes.
Hanriot monoplanes.
Grade monoplane.
De Pischoff monoplane.
Schindler monoplane.

2
2
2
2
I
I
I

Wright

biplanes.
biplanes.

Paulhan, Latham, Chavez, Efimoff, Frey, Illner,

Etrich. D. Kinet, Leblanc, Rougier, Wiencziers,
Mme. de Laroche, are among the cracks entered.

AN ORIGINAL TYPE

by

Victoria.

being held

Farman-

Gnome combination once more carried off the endurance prize with Christiaens, whilst Morane
and Popoff fought it out for the height prize.

Hurvga.ry
The entrants

action

latter

Harry Houdini,

Portugal
After Zipfel, Poillot and Taddeoli, Mamet (who
was the first man to ever fly in Spain) has paid
a flying visit, in every sense of the expression, to
Lisbon; he staved but a couple of days during
which he made
some marvellous flights. On
April 27 he soared over the Tagus at a height of
1.300 feet and was up half an hour, before landing
to receive the congratulations of the Prince Royal
and the Court.

aviator

winter.

The

to

much enthusiasm having been

of aeroplanes in

with a l^enault motor;

Prince Popoff showed what could be done with a
Wright in the hands of an expert; the Baronne
de Laroche guided iier Voisin biplane to a height
of 700 feet, wdlich, it goes without saying, is the
world's record for women,^ and made two flights,
one of them of twenty minutes' duration, whilst
Morane and Wiencziers piloted Bleriot and Anthe

to

be a very great sucexcited bv

the recent flights of Wiessembach. Among those
entered for the meeting is Barrier, the well-known
Bleriot driver who has been making such remarkable flights in Spain of late.

at
cess,

and

before

promised to be.
prize between Paulhan, Efimoff, and Chavez was
thrilling in the extreme. On May 26, Paulhan
reached a height of 3,815 feet, whilst Efimoff was
only 220 feet below him, and Chavez flew, himself, half a mile above earth.

12)

most famous types

same time. Christiaens and Edmond drove

Henry f'arman biplanes, the former with a Gnome

motor

minutes over tne

sea at a height of 500 feet.

The Verona meet

of the
at the

OF EIPL.\NE BEING EXPERIMENTED

WITH IN ITALY

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

FLYING MACHINE MODELS

By W.

H. Phipps

T^HE

regular model contests held by the West

^
Side :Branch of the Y. M. C. A. were
tinued on May 7th at the Twenty-

ment Armory.
The winners were:
a

flight

with

of

173

inches.

17s

feet;

feet
S.

F.
7

M. Watkins,

inches;

Easter,

D.

third,

first,

with

Grier,

with

16

Also flew: K. Stowel's front rudd.

plane, F. Schober's Langley type monopl

Sage's beautifully constructed Wright
McAllister's, R. Coreshing's, P. W. Fi
G. H. Halpine's machines.
Another Y. M. C. A. contest took pi
Saturday, May 21st at the Twenty-second Reginew cup was here offered by
ment Armory.
M. P. Talmage for the boys' class,
having two propellers. The first leg w
by Frank Schober, with 164 feet 4 inches; F. M.
Watkins was second with 154 feet and 5 inches,
and C. G. Halpin third with 139 feet 10 inches.
In the men's class M. P. Talmage's Wright
model flew 132 feet i inch: the longest flight ever
made by a biplane at any of the contests. Dr.
Dederer gave an exhibition flight with his new
machine, and succeeded in making 195 feet: the
longest flight as yet made by any type of machine, in these contests.
One of the most successful model-meets so far
organized in this country was that held by the
Aeronautical Society on May 19th in the Sixtyninth Regiment Armory building.
In the first contest for the Chanute Cup the
In the second the
first honors went to the boys.
men had their innings, winning easily and establishing new records for model flying. Dr. Dederer's model was first with a flight of 204 feet;
it is of the monoplane type with two large propulsive propellers in the rear; L. G. Lesh

second with

Method

mounting main-plane, and providing machine

with a shock-resisting skid.

From England reach us some interesting de

gns of
model-construction details,
idebtcd to the Editor of The
Aero, the well-kno\ n London publication.
The model

shown

flyer

in

the

illustration

is

the two-propelh - type. The main frame is

structed of 3-16 inch square ash; the planes
d 1-32 inch thick, or built up
from small b;
strips and covered with silk,'
either method workin
11.
The propellers are
structed of i-i6 im
hite wood, steamed to
le correct pitch.
The main planes have a curvature of ^ inch.
he propellers are ^ inch broad at the center,
id I inch at the tips, and are driven by twelve
inch rubber strands at a speed of 900 revoluons per minute, with a pitch of 12 inches. The
lade adjustable; this
ways, as the builder
of

'

'

to

London

THE WRIGHT

SUITS:

CUFFICIENT

time has elapsed since tlie preliminary injunctions were granted in the suits
the Wright Company against the HerringCurtiss Company and against Louis Paulhan so
that these matters may be viewed in the perspective by persons who are not intimately con-,
nected ^vith the litigation and who are, therefore, not likely to be influenced by the details
surrounding the contentions of the litigants.
Apparently the most prominent general impression that now remains in connection with the de*^

of

cisions of

of

197 feet.

judge Hazel and Judge Hand

in grant-

ing the two injunctions, is that both judges were

disposed to give to the Wright patent the broadest possible construction for which they believed
that lawful grounds could be shown to exist.
As a general rule, on patents of comparatively
recent issue, which have not been adjudicated
by a previous court decision, the courts are disposed to be less liberal to the patentee than they
were in this case, in resolving doubts as to the
meaning of the patent, when asked to grant a
preliminary injunction.
It is natural, in view of the great achievement
of the Wright brothers, that even trained judges
should in a measure be influenced by the same
spirit as the general public in offering praise
and support to the victors in a contest which
has extended over so many years, and in which
so many others fell short of reaching success,
even though it is now seen that their efforts
fell barely short of success and that they were
so near the goal that one could hardly term
Great caution must
such efforts as failures.
be now exercised not to let our enthusiasm for
the victors take away from their numerous con-

'

this has fiown

for $15.00.

1,000

feet

Model Construction Deta^ils

Fig. I shows a landing chassis for models

the swinging strut to hold the wheel B from
hooks D; from D to C are rubber bands stretched
This allows of the wheel springing on hittiiTg the ground and saves a lot of breakage.
Fig. 2 shows an extremely simple but very good
model much favored by model builders abroad
and largely used here; it flies well over a hundred feet; its dimensions are marked on the
sketches; the planes can be made of very thin
white wood or cardboard bent to a dihedral angle.
Fig. 3 shows sketches for making propellers.
The patterns are cut out of thin wood, and the
tips are bent to about 28 degrees at the kettle
spout, and slightly hollowed at the same time.
This process should be repeated several times.
The same wooden block used in conjunction with
fretworker's iron clamps greatly assist in bending
is

tight.

these propellers.
Fig. 4 is a design

for

landing chassis for

models.

SOME CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN

workers,

any

of

the

rights

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

given
are
the device

connecting

angular moveme
their
may have no mechanisn
such movement of the

vement

of

warpii

the

ends

of

the

probably be generally conceded that

not intended to grant
law
of this nature
monopoly on any method
further than to
intended
to
but was
^
mechanical cvmbingrant a monopoly upo
mechanic;
This
ation.
)
automatically
present case was so orga
;t
supplied a
practice said method,
e old vertical
chanical connection bet'
having parts
rudde
nd the old
relatively
able into dilTerent angles of inwill

It

the

pate

monstrated their achievement to the world, may

reasonably be expected to have gone further in
broadly interpreting the scope of said patent
than the final decisions of the same judges are
likely to go after the cases are more fully presented to them than could be done on the
motions for preliminary injunctions.

To my mind the Wright patent will ultimately

construed to represent and define a very
inconsiderable part of the achievement of the
brothers
that is
mechanical means,
in their broadest sense, whereby an aeroplane,
having a vertical rudder, has its ends so connected with said rudder by intermediate mechanism, that when the ends of the aeroplane are
moved angularly with respect to the body of
the aeroplane, the rudder will be "caused"
to move toward the side of the aeroplane having
the "smaller angle of incidence and offering the
be

Wright

least

gratitude of the public to the Wright

brothers for their achievement would naturally
be expected to result in the courts resolving in
favor of the Wright brothers and their assignees
any doubts which the judges might have as to
The dethe meaning of the Wright patent.
cisions on the preliminary injunctions, rendered
so soon after the Wright brothers have de-

resistance

others in any channels in which they may have

been working other than the channel chosen

by him.
In a case like the present, great care should
be exercised, and naturally is exercised, to interpret the monopoly of the inventor as covering all that his claim can possibly be construed
to
cover,
without
interpreting it so
broadly as to define that which is not patent-

able.

In

instance,

this

required

more

than

usual

care

is

not

to overstep the line, in the enfor the victorious inventor, to such

to deprive the public of to-morrow of
right to which it is entitled, and not
extend the monopoly beyond the terms of

thusiasm

atmosphere."

the

to

The monetary compensation to such discoverers is rarely commensurate with

the value
to the world of their discoveries.
When many
scientists
are working to an end, they help
each other to move toward the goal, and care
must be taken that he who is the first to reach
it
does not interfere with the progress of the

The compensation of the Wright brothers for extent as

evement their method of flight- a single

The

be

they

if

to

that

fully

which

is

who make

fields

compensated, must be
received by scientists
a

great

scientific

dis-

nd who invent

an instrument w^hereby
their discovery into practice and

put

'

pat(

to

the

patent

which the inventor and the Patent

Office, (the latter representing the public),

as the measure of that part of the
chi.
nent which is entitled to

'pon

agreed

'

the

stri

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

AIRCRAFT published last

year,

European performances mentioned or

omitted from the lists pubhshed here; advices have

flight

month a letterwritten to
obtain further information concerning the vahd-

ity of certain

now been

received confirming the accuracy of these

Usts as presented, in every particular.
As the June issue went to press, cabled accounts
reached this side of the great two-man flight made by
Nicholas Kinet on May 15th: 2 hrs. 51' 10" was the
time, which of course smashed the World's Record, a
tabular history of which appeared here last month.

be noticed that the record beaten by Nicholas Kinet belonged to his brother Daniel; Nicholas was
little or not known before this big flight; he piloted a
Gnome-driven Farman a combination which holds
practically every world's record to date.
Outside of this, most record-breaking performances
of the month w^ere made in cross-country flights: the
big birds are evidently growing weary of circling for
hours over confined areas and are boldly leaving their
aviaries to soar across country.
The first stage of Curtiss's flight down the Hudson
about 74 miles constituted an American record
for straightaway flight, and, were it not beaten this
It will

would win for him the

Trophy.

To our

men who have

added the name of

list

should be

of

American

flown for an hour,

Charles Hamilton,

who made

a flight of sixty-five minutes at San

Diego early in the year. This brings the number
up to forty-eight on April 30; since then the list

has further lengthened as follows:

49.

De Lamh
Wachte
Morane
Martinet

53. Etrich
54. T^ard
55. N. Kinet
56. Cheuret
57. Marconnet
58. Bruneau de

Flights Matde to DaLte (J\ir\e

Aviator

Scientific

The world's cross-country record for a two-man

again fell by the board on May 19th. w^hen
Cheuret (Farman-Gnome) flew with Mme. Branger
from Mourmelon to Chalons and back (55 miles).

hr.
I hr.
i hr.
i hr.
I hr.
i hr.
2 hrs.
i hr.
i hr.
Laborie. I hr.
.

1st)

Exceeding

In a few days it will be quite impossible to keep

track of all those succeeding in flying for an hour at a
stretch, and in future only two-hour flights can be dealt
with with any degree of accuracy.
list of all two-hour flights made to date is given:
the numbers in the margin show the order in which
the crack aviators performed the feat of remaining
continuously above ground for that period.

Legagneux has been generally credited with making

a two-hour flight at Lyons, but on investigation it appears that the flight fell a few minutes short of the

We

have been asked to publish a

list

of

all

hour-

up to date, similar to that which we published

and %vhich included all such flights up to
December 31 last. This is no longer possible: an
hour-fiight by one of the better known flyers passes now

flights

recently,

we can, however, still give a list of all

hour-flights as yet made in America, and append one
unnoticed:
herewith:

Two Hours

in DuraLtion

AIRCRAFT

IQO

July, igio

RECENT PATENTED INVENTIONS

Briefed by Gustave R..
U.

S.

Schanze,

Patent

956,648.

May

Thompson

3,

Sr,

heavier-than-a
-aft sustained by propellers
revolving on verti'
hafts and propelled by propellers on horizo
shafts at front and rear;
these latter shafts can1 be raised or lowered to
bring about the ascent
descent of the lielicopter.

U.

U.

S.

PATENT 956,648

S.

Patent

upper plane has an opening in its median portion ;^the front portions of this upper plane near
the opening have a greater angle of incidence
than the other parts, creating on the underside
of the plane a current of air toward the center
and up through the opening.
In addition to this steadying current there is
created under the lower plane, by reason of its-

954. ^i5-

April

5,

1910.

Johannes

Schilling.

This is a dirigible having an insulating covering to Drevent fluctuations in temperature.

The gas-bag is surrounded by a jacket filled
nitrogen or the prod./ith _
.., , .
ucts of combustion.
Albert
U. S. Patent 954.574- April 12,
Koegler and Kamillo Stelzer, Jr.
A helicopter to which a gas field support may
be annexed if deemed necessary.
The two sustaining propellers revolve in opposite directions; the car is suspended to the up-

right shaft by a universal joint.

Steering is obtained by displacing the propellers
from the horizontal by the aid of a rope.

U. S. Patent 956,428. April 26, 1910. Nikolaus

Rueben.
For a balloon-shed or hangar having a removable roof.

The

roof

is

made

in a plurality of sec-

each of which is mounted on a bean

pivoted or hinged to the side wall. By
turning the beams around on their pivots, or
by turning them upward on their hinges, the top
of the shed may be opened so as to allow a balloon to rise from within.
tions,
rafter

U.

U.

S.

PATENT 957744

S.

PATENT 954,574

Patent 957,744. May

Willi;
Christmas.
This is an aeroplane for which automatic stability is claimed, through the shape of the two
supporting planes. The upper and lower planes
converge toward one another at the ends: the

U.

Some

toward the ends of theopposes and neutralizesg from the side.

of this plane and the low
also contribute to automatic;
air

S.

Qt

The dihedral
ter

of

Construction Details

Fig b

::s^~""

gravity

AIRCRAFT

igio

Jiily^

191

CLUB NEWS
Compiled by Ada Gibson
A

Aero Club

Pittsfield

the science and art of flying has

at the Armour Institute "of TechChicago. Associate
Professor
Melville
Wells will give courses in aerodynamics
and aeronautical construction; and Associate Professor Arthur M. Fruti will lecture on motors
for
flying
machines. For several months some
twenty students of the Armour Institute of Tech-

course in

been established

By Luke J. Minahan, President

nology,
Ptaker

This year's ballooning season

New England

in

In
expected to be a particularly busy one.
Pittsfield especially is the sport expected to surThis
pass in activity that of preceding years.
city has been one of the main, if not the main

is

ballooning centre of the United States during the

last four years, the site and park having been pronounced without peer in the country by the Aero
Club of America. Twenty-eight of New England's
eighty-six ascensions were made from Pittsfield,
and more would have been made but for the limited supply of gas.
This year, however, the gas supply will be unlimited, as the Pittsfield Gas Company has arranged to have a gas-holder of 250,000 cubic feet
capacity set aside for storing, for the balloons,
specially made gas of low specific gravity. The
gas will thus be in constant readiness and the
arrangement will enable aeronauts to make ascensions upon two hours' notice.
There has already been built a hangar for the
storage of balloons, with lockers where balloons
can be kept under padlock. The roomy loft of
the same building has been turned into a workshop, where the big bags can be spread, dried

and repaired.
These additi(

ike

an

Pittsfield

ideal

bal-

1.
Its splendid inducements to the
balloon
Proper geographical situation, a
good aeronautical park equipped with a proper
balloon hangar, abundance of gas, and facilities
for prompt and rapid inflation.
The Pittsfield Aero Club is one of the best
known and most active clubs in America. The
President, Luke T. Minaofficers of the club are:
ham; Vice-President, H. C. Crafts; Secretary,
Norman C. Hull; Treasurer, Harry E. Hughes.
The Board of Directors are the officers mentioned
plus Daniel England, Kelton B. JMiller, Dr. S. S.
Stowell and Harry A. Dunbar.
:

CLUB NOTES
The Harvard Ae

So

al

lilable

field

in

New

inspect-

afte
'

England,

has

CRAFTS, VICE-PKESIJ)ENT OF

selected the race track grounds at Salem, N. H,,

for New England's first aviation meeting place.
The event, is planned for August. The aeroplane
flights

will

Harvard
the

be

under the auspices

held

Society,

and

the balloon

of

flights

of the Aero Club of New

Special train service will be arranged

management

land.

Boston and New

miles from Boston.

York,

the

under
Engfrom

Salem being some

30

The sheds which have been

chester Aero Club

now

finished,

and

built by the Rofor the use of its members are

already two of the club's in-

ventors, C. H. Armson and William Gurnett, have

established themselves in their new quarters, and
are busily engaged in assembling their biplane.

A trophy costing approxi

bv William Wrigley,
has been made to Mr. James 1
dent of the Aero Club of Illinois, through Mr.
R. T. McLaughlin, who, if the offer is accepted,
will design the trophy which is to be made in
ebony, bronze, sterling silver, and marble, and is
to be five to six feet in height.
It is understood that the trophy will be offered to the Aero Club of Illinois to be competed for under the auspices of the American
Aeronautical Association.
The club winning this trophy will hold it subject to future competition. The terms governing
the contest to be outlined by Mr. McLaughlin,
Mr. Fames D. Plew, and the chairman of the Contest Committee of the Aero Club of Illinois.
offered

The Aero Club

of

New England

nsider-

is

ing action to secu e the affiliation with

ably as a parent club, of the twenty
Aeronautical Socie ies now existing in I
land. At present
the

Aero Club

of

New England which

probthirty

officially

associated with the Aero Club of America, and

thus a part of the general movement, and the
other organizations in its territory. Some few of
the latter have secured recognition before the
is

major association.
The Aero Club of

New England expects to have

atl aeroplane this
season, for W. Starling Burgess, of Marblehead, Mass.. has offered to deliver
one of his machines by July 15; according to agreement. It must have made a fiight of half an hour's
befor

ed of
club.

per

33

It is proposed to hold the first national aviation

meet for novices ever held in this country at St.
Louis from June 20 to 25. The meet will be held

under the auspices of the Aero Club of

St.

PITTSFIELD AERO CLUB

Louis.

no

THE

AIRCRAFT

192
Thomas A.

Aero Scientific Club of Washington; Arnold

Kruckman, Hudson Aero Club; W. E. Metzger,
Vice-President of the Aero Club of Michigan;
Wilbur R. Kimball, Instructor of the Young
Men's Christian Association Aero Club, and J.
M. Thomason, Aero Club of Missouri.
The American Aeronautic Associatic represents
twelve American Aero Clubs, whic
of

total

fifty-one

1 9 10

July,

MILITARY NEWS OF THE MONTH

Director of the Aeronautical

Society; F. A. Ayres, Secretary of the Aero Club
of Utah; Clarence F, Fisher, Aeronautic Society
of New Jersey; John M. Satterfield, President of
the Aero Club of Buffalo; E. L. Jones, Aeronautical Society; Geoffrey \V. Talbot. Secretary of
the Tufts Aero Club; Henry M. Neely, Aero Club
of Pennsylvania; J. Davenport Kerrison, Secretary of the Aero Club of Jacksonville; Oscar J.
Needham, President of the International Dayton
Aeroplane Club; E. H. Young, President of the
Hill,

AS RECOR-DED BY

BR.IGADIER.

GENERAL JAMES

A.

ALLEN

19331

c/h.

clubs to be represented at the

WAR DEPARTMENT,

it is expected that many

other aero societies will join in the movement,
before that event takes place.

forthcoming convention;

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,

WASHINGTON.

June

9,

1910,

The Lawson Publishing Co.,

Publishers of "Aircraft",
37-39 East 28th St.,
New York City.
Gentlemen:
The following ie an account of the Army aeronautical news for
the month of May, 1910.

At Fort Sam Houston, Lieut. Foulois made six flights, the longest being 1 hour and 2 minutes.

High winds and considerable rain

prevented flights on most of the days.

Lieut. Foulois also had other

duties in addition to aeronautical service.

LUKE

J.

MINAHAN, PRESIDENT OF THE

Three instructors and seventeen student officers of the Army

PITTS-

FIELD AERO CLUE

Signal School from Ft. Leavenworth were on temporary duty at Fort Omaha

The Aero Club of Carnegie Technical Schools

was organized last January by students of the
schools in Pittsfield, Mass., bearing that
It has an active membership of sixty, and
an associate m-'-mbership of interested people of
Pittsburg outside of the schools.
A very successful exhibit of models was held in March;
three

from May lOth to 15th.

Capt. C. DeF. Chandler was ordered from Wash-

name.

of these were
original ideas and

built

all

displayed
aeroplanes

Wood,

much
r

by members, and many

skillful workmanship was

Two

construction.

:ing

built

ington to Fort Omaha as instructor; two lectures were given and also
practical instruction in the generation and compression of hydrogen,

full-sized

by members, one by
vhile the othe

Slii

nstructed by Chalfant a d Butle

students are furnishing the matei al for the machines and they are being built at workshops provided by the school.
Some very successful flights have been made
with
gliders
and much valuable information
gained from experiments.
The officers of the
Club are: W. T- Vance, President; W. J. Bauman, Vice-President; W. B. Chalfant, Secretary;
W. B. Rudolph, Treasurer.

The Peoria

Aircraft Club is now a full-fledged

aeronautic organization, licensed to hold races and
contests under the auspices of the Aero Club of
America, and to be governed by the rules of that
organization. The affiliation papers by which the
local club is made a part of the parent body
have been received by President Eugene Brown,
and preparations are already being made to increase the scope of the organization and to boost
the balloon game during the coming season. The
Club has decided to invest in a large balloon
(85,000 cubic feet capacity).
In short, Peoria is
now on the aeronautic map to stay and promises to fly high in the future.

spreading and inflation of balloon, the Drachen captive balloon made

several ascents, and there was one free balloon trip with Capt. chandler
as pilot, and Capt. R. J. Burt and Lieut. W. N. Haskell as aids.

Signal

Corps Dirigible Balloon No. 1 was also used being manned by Captain

Chandler as pilot and Lieut. Haskell as engineer.

Very truly yours.

Brigadier General,
Chief Signal Officer of the Army,

GENERAL NEWS
By

AdsL Gibson

As a direct result of Gl
tany-New York flight, a wave

Curtiss's great Alof er thusiasm for

cross-country flights appears to hav

wept ver
the country, the tangible result of which'
donation of a series of large cash prizes for the
performance of various city-to-city flights.
At the banquet tendered to Curtiss by the Neiu

York

IVorid^

prize

of

$30,000

was offered

in

competition by the World and the

fiatch,

for

flight

between

St.

Louis Dis-

New York

and

St.

Louis; and a prize of $25,000 was offered by the

Ne7U York Times and the Chicago Evenijig Post
for a flight between Chicago and New York,

The dates when these contests will be open for

competition, and the conditions under which they
can be won, have not been definitely settled at

has been suggested for the Chiflight that it be made from ChiYork, rather than in the other
direction because the prevailing winds are western, and that anywhere from three to ten days
be allow d the contestants wherein to cover the

this

wril ng.

It

York

cago-Ne'
cago to

New

distance.
F. H.

Wheel

of the

Motor Speedway

of In-

AIRCRAFT

July, iQio

193
At

the recent

Aeronautical

Exhibitii

San Francisco all the better known typ

planes were _ shown,
notably Curtiss

Wright and Bleriot

Georgi

<;elle

"

ured

tos-Dumon

An

and

among

type monopla

te

the

exhibit

With the steadily increasing interest in ai

ew aero motors are appearing all over the
y.

One which

has recently been put

the
and which is attract' ig a good deal of
is
the remarkably compact and busilittle engine turned
mt by the Detroit
e Company. A powe
of from 20 to 30-

ittentic

nesslik
\eropl,
h.p.,

weight of 98 pound and, last but not

;rtainly interesting
$.
for the
lld-be aviator lookthe wherewithal to take his glider off th-

ig for

ground.

Simms

At
1904-05

the

Station,

near

Dayton,

Wright brothers perfected

where
their

in

flyer,

^ome very good flights have recently been made

by Orville Wright. On one afternoon he made
height record for Wright machines, reaching
-,700 feet, according to all accounts, and later
i

took up his father, for his first flight, and his

brother Wilbur, on the first flight the two have
ever made together.

Hugh Willoughby

Mr.

summer

work on

attempted a

he

donation

divide

<

gold on behalf of a local manufacturi

ny, as a prize to the first aviator who
flying from the Motor Speedway to the

which
ci

Chicago. The Washington Board

of
ade on June 3 appointed a committee to conf
the Chamber of Commerce regarding plai
raising a fund of $20,000 for a flight betwe(
r
nits

th

id

Washington.
of

IS

New

On June

i.

Gov

It was
suggest!
Philadelphi
contribute to tl

York,

Washington

Bal

Hadley, of

St.

Louis

John H. Curran,
Missouri,
reach $

started
the

fund

which

amount

is

into

four

C.

expected

of which
shall fly

is

The bore

to

from

is

A.

compartments

pre-cc

h the gas is compressed to twenty pounds per

square inch previous to being admitted into the
explosion chamber.
When the exhaust takes place, the relief of the
pressure in the explosion chamber enables the
lower pressure in the crank case to force the valve
open, admitting the new charge into the explosion chamber coincident with the escape of the
dead gases through the exhaust ports.
On the upward stroke a compression of 95
pounds is reached, resulting in increased power.
The exploding charge is at 300 pounds per square
inches and the stroke 5^ inches.

sole

flight last Fall,

since which time

at Atlantic City.

shaft,

THE WITTE.MANN BROTHERS OF STATEN ISLAND ON THE BIPLANE BUILT FOR

says he will devote the

to aeroplane work.
He
his " War Hawk " in

has just
which he
breaking the propeller
has been in his aerodrome
A new shaft is being
made, which will be completed in about a week,
and after Mr. Willoughby has finished fitting up
"
the
War Hawk," he will complete the 500-pound
machine (the " Pelican ") which he started building last Winter in his home-made aerodrome at
his Florida residence, at Sewall's Point.
entire
started

J. Myers, Inc., of
owners of the U.

it

New

York, are

now

&

known on
This

'.

:ine goes to pi
Charles HamilAs thi:
ton is about to undertake a flight from New i orK
to Philadelphia and back, under the auspices of
the N7u York Tivies, and W. F. Willard and J.
C. Mars, two other well-known Herring-Curtiss
aviators, are to battle for a $2,000 purse in a match
race from Tooeka to Kansas City.

We publish on these pages photographs of the

biplane which the Staten Island, N. Y., constructors,
& A. Wittemann, have recently
C.
shipped to Charles W. Miller of Chicago. The
latter will be well remembered by those who followed the doings of the famous professional
wheelmen during the palmy days of bicycling and
bicycle racing, as a winner of several six-day
races. His name was for many years a by-word,
iman endurance,
synonym of. almost
ice of aeroplane
a time when the
xceed that of their driv)rs is beginnii
of professional fly-

If he has retained the physical

is^ significant.
qualities which twelve years ago made him less
impressionable to fatigue than any cyclist of his
day, he should be able, when once he has learned
to fly, to pilot an aeroplane from the sunrise to
the sunset of a Winter's day, and to create records for duration which would take a lot of beat-

ing

ing.

The

machine

which

the

enterprising

young

of Staten Island have turned out for

Miller, is a biplane of the Voisin type with certain features suggestive of the successful Curtiss
machines. It has no lateral control outside of the
vertical surfaces joining the main planes which,
however, are counted on to go far toward giving
It has a biplane tail with a
it automatic stabilitv.
single vertical rudder affixed to its rear. It is
trussed with steel cable galvanized to prevent
rusting, and fastened to turnbuckles, and especially designed
eyebolts. The power plant comprises a 75-h.p. Whitehead motor from which
there is good reason to expect a large degree of

builders

efliciency.

The engine is of the improved two-cycle type,

with eight port exhausts to each cylinder. No
carburettors are used, special Whitehead vaporizers being provided, one for each cylinder. Each
cvlinder is thus a complete working motor in
itself.

The intake is automatic, and is through a valve

located in the center of the piston-head.
The

&

deems that where absolute

tion is so necessary it should hi
before it.
The difi^culty of regulating the
suit speed, altitude, temperature,
is so great that some of the very biggest firms
have entirely discarded carburettors for aero ensomewhat debatable question
gines. It
is
a
whether they would have done so had they had
at their disposal carburettors of such remarkable
efficiency as some of those turned out now-a-days.
it

City-

field

the

S. Patent rights in the

Arquembourg carburettors, wellthis side of the Atlantic as the G.
A.
firm has seriously entered the aerial field;

Grouvelle

THE POWER PLANT OF THE MILLER BIPLANE: A FOUR-CYLINDER WHITEHEAD MOTOR

AIRCRAFT

July, igio
ho IS the youngest person in the world to
have made a balloon trip? Robert Thaxter Farmer claims the honor: he was but three years
of age when he rose last September in Carl E.
Meyers' balloon at Worcester.
For accuracy's sake, however, and at the risk
\\

of disappointing fond parents, we feel bound to

mention that the world's record in this line an
iiiilieatable record is held by a certain jSIr. Godd, who, some twenty-(
halloo
few tho
nd feet

Mother Earth!

Wright Irvjurvctions Dismissed

Tune 14th the United States Circuit Court
Appeals handed down a unanimous decision
the preliminary injunctions granted on
of the Wright Company against the Her^ Curtiss Company and Louis Paulhan, pendIn

Jtmg

lalf

he

trial

the suits.

IS hard
to
o overestimate the far-reaching eflision on aeroplane construction and
of this deci!
mpetitiun in this country, at this time, for it
11
be many imonths before the suit itself will
me up for dec
ecision, and in the meanwhile build^
fivers and
oters will feel that they have
tie to fear fro
e Wright Company,
In th.
the Judges call attention first
th
tact that the Wright patents have never
t

otherwise

djudicated,
e

id

Harris K. Rich, a real estate

has invented an helicoplan

many

le

odel

an,
le

hours
aoplane

the

atio

Oth(

deli-

ed from " de

He

net.

ha

ed

thr

clubs

The Rinek Acre

Phillipsburg, N.
stock of

capital

Howard
Bethlehe

"

J-

J.,

Rinek, C.
of Easto

Buckman,

Arthur Langguth

Nor
~

Pa.; Sylvester C. Smith, Phillipsburg,

incorporators of the
with a capital

npany,

original features.

upon

lict

THE MILLER BIPLANE KEADY TO TAKE THE AIR

than on the motion

temporary injunctions
then go on to say:

this record

of

issued

pendente

the question of fact the

afifida

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

195

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

10

COOPERATION WANTED
HAVING

developed a totally new device for

automatically balancing and steering aerial
I
wish to cooperate with a party,
willing to furnish a few hundred dollars for
building and demonstrating the same in a fly-

ANTED. Capital
New

plane.

CASH WITH ORDER

MODEL AEROPLANE

lanufacturing Mc
principle
Perfect equilibri
for

id

Differ

easily.

for

ONE DOLLAR

crafts,

(that

ing craft of any make.

This apparatus embodies principles and features of the highest importance and value and
will become fundamental and indispensable to
navigation;
convincing, as to

aerial

superior qualities

are

so

make persons perplexed

at

its

inspection.
Leading features of the apparatus:
Size io"xio"x2o" balances the largest craft,
be it Wright, Curtiss, Eleriot, any dirigible,
first

etc.

Possesses a positive, nojioscillaiable., vertical

(fundamental requirement) controller at all
times that is perfect, and will^ never and can
never be radically changed or improved upon.
Relieves the operator of all the attention at
present given to balancing aerial machines.
Balances flying machines with their planes in
tilted, warped, ascending, descending positions
with utmost accuracy.
All steering mechanism
combined in one
hand-wheel.
Flying in horizontal, ascending, descending
directions, circular, spiral curves of any radius
by predetermined action on this one handwheel without ever interrupting the automatic
balancing operations.
Embodies practical functions of a statoscope.
Patents applied for in several coxintries. An
early demonstration of this invention, presented
here without exaggeration, is the principal
motive for advertising it. Address
G. GAWLET, 231S Sixth Avenue,
Seattle,

FOR. SALE

MODEL

pOR SALE

Five dirigible balloons, 10,000 to

Four Spherical balloons,
100,000 capacity.
All new and in per40,000 to 78,000 capacity.
fect condition.
Sell reasonable.
G. L.

BUM-

BAUGH,

SALE. Record-breaking

35,000 capacity.

equipped.

Price,

balloon Peoria,
Just been overhauled. Fully

Eugene Brown,

$400.

Jefferson Ave., Peoria,

127-29

111.

its

earnings.

McDonald,

Write

Jr.,

particulars to Jno.

for full

Point Prim, P. E.

I.,

Canada.

New

Spruce,

Bamboo,

Aluminum and Rubber.

PHIPPS,

Care
York, N.

Aircraft,

37-39

East

W. H.

28th

St.,

Y.

YOU WANT

an operator of light wei

for your dirigible or aeroplane?
Addrt
lot" Care Aircraft, 37-39 E. 28th St., I
rk
City.

EROPLANES.

Have you built an aeroplane

A
'^ that has never flown? The writer will fly it
for you or help you to fly it. Address R. I. C,
care AIRCRAFT, 37-39 East 28th Street, New
York.

pOR

SALE.-One

Eight Cylinder Curtis

*
Aerial Engine in good running order.
Prict
$725 00. Address Box 18S, Monett, Mo.
40 h. p.

KNOCK-DOWN
invented an air machine which I claim
solves the problem; if the gas escapes the
machine will keep on flying and cannot turn
over or upset.
The inventor will give any company or club
plans for development and then have shares of

feet)

AVIATORS

Wash.

HAVE

SUPPLIES

Rattan, Wheels,

complete
with
28x2^"
single tube rims, also

28x3 single tube, choice $3.50 each. S. BREAKSTONE, 1712 Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.

pOR

150

fly

Indianapolis, Ind.

WHEELS
WIRE
Clincher rims or

will

The outfit includes 5 full scale Drawings, and

illustrated book
(London authority) showing
to make and fly it. Also complete parts
in wood, aluminum, copper and rubber to make
one.
If sent by mail,
send 20 cents extra.

how

frames for a successful mono

plane glider, $i2.so F.O.B.
Newark. N. T..
75 Ave. "L."

H. Wells,

CONTRACTS FOR AEROWANTED

NAUTICAL EXHIBITIONS an d a
CHANCE at PRIZE MONEY FLIGHT
GUARANTEED. TWO MACHINES ONE
THE SLOWEST in the world OTHER FOR
SPEED. APPLY TO F. E. de MURIAS,
BABYLON, N. Y.
Pronounced DE (L) IRIOUS insert "M" in
place of "L."

No

infringements on Wright machines.

-HE

best and most scientifically co.

propellers for Airships and Naphtha
:e made by Jacob Naef, 354S Park Ave

MISCELLANEOUS

York

lew

City.

POSITION

desired as Mechanical Superintendent

with Aeronautical Engineering or Manulacturing
Company, expert mechanic with technical edu
A.I designer and draftsman. Resourceful,
good executive. At present teaching machine-shop
practice in a well-kn<:iwn Trade School. Age 31.
Best of references, K. S. care Aircraft.

VIATION-INVENTOR

-f*

and

experimenter,

twenty

years' practical experience, desires

backer.
New principle aeroplane start and
Comalight direct from ground any speed.
pactstablepositive success. Address: W. D. C,
Care of Aircraft.

NEW MONOPLANE, no freak but a

HAVE
sane Langley-type machine, with absolutely
-new steering and balancing mechanism.

Sta.,

Learn

to

Gliding
I will send

fly.

step in learning to fly.

complete instructions and blue prints for building a 20-foot biplane glider of standard type for
25c (silver).
D. H. Fairchild, Pana, 111.
is

the

first

cubic foot ballooi

holder of world's speed record.
Also on
Make offe
.000 cubic foot balloon complete.
A. Coey, 1710 Indiana avenue, Chicago.
110,000

al

C- plane inventor desires financie

I claim projection in

of overturning in
eliminated, ribs are invisible,

pletely eliminated.
ust S. Praube, ^516

mi'

AEROPLANE.

with complete details for constructing monoLatest approved design; 28 feet by

ALDRICH AEROPLANE CO.,
Sacramento, Cal.

plane, Si.oo.

30

feet.

re:

rr^r^
^3,500

FUTURE FLYING MACHINE. This

fHE
automatically balanced
wonderful machine
is

in the air, it does away with the warping of

the wings or tips, is operated by one steering
wheel and is driven by two propellers which derive their power from a 50-h. p. revolving cylinder motor. Its wings have a spread of 30 ft. and

are 27 feet in length.

The

LAMARE,

designed a flving machine which combines

"- an aeroplane and helicopter.
This machine will
rise straiffht up in the air without a running start
the planes being turned edrewise offer little resistance in the air when raisinf^ and when the desired
height is reached they are pitched forward, thus
sustaining the weight of the machine.
The propellers are thus pitched forward and used e.xclusively for driving the machine ahead- From results
obtained from several small models I think it will
make a great success. I would like to communicate
with a gentleman of money who would like to
finance the building of a large one.
Address
T. W. B., care of Aircraft, 37 E. 28th Street, New
York.

will

overcome

line.
In long experiConsult me; if your
idea is in any way patentable, rely on me to put
it through.
John McGann, Sabula, Iowa. Route
2,

Box

13,

Jackson Co.

quality and you are looking

for balloons or dirigibles, get mv prices and
samples of O. F. Lewis Balloons, fully equipped.
Hydrogen generators for making gas for sale.
Have applied for patent on a new steering
device for aeroplanes that will not vary from
an even keel. Would like to hear from parties
Oscar F. Lewis, Saraed, with capital.
Springs. N. Y.

-.

TWO-PASSENGER AIRSHIP,

Two-cylinder Curtiss engine, 12,000

cubic foot capacity. Made by Capt. Baldwin. In
good condition. Suitable for exhibitions, club or
private use. Complete with aerodrome-tent and
generators.
PRICE $1,000. Largest complete
catalogue of aeronautical supplies in the U. S.
).
R. O. Rubel, Jr., & Co.,

Lou

ille

w ANTED.A
in

city

ted

simplicity of this ma-

chine does away with accidents and makes it

very easy for anyone to operate. I wish to form
a company of one or more to manufacture this
machine. If you are interested, address Ralph
Cole. Norwalk, Ohio.

on obtaining patents;

difficulties in this
never failed.

ence "have

Woodbrook Av

Md.

IF you ccnsider

For particulars

anv

Blue prints and instructions,

DRAFTSMAN.

I am able
bill;
12
years' experience in
to
fill
heavier-than-air type my services will be of
great help to you all work strictly confidential.
Send 25 cents for convincing sample set. V.
A.
3334 Pensacola Ave., Chicago, III.

EXPERT

Gyroscope and

struction.
possibility

AA ERONAUTICAL
the
;OR SALE. One

Austin, Tex.

CLECTRICAL

T HAVE

Want

Offer in$1,500 for construction of a machine.

John G. Hanna. Box 55,
terest in patents.

Union

DUILD A GLIDER.

press representative in
world to keep
latest aeronautical doings.

AEROPLANE, constructed on
MODEL
latest scientific principles; invaluable to

New

ex-

AEROPLANE

Demon

CO.,

East 28th Street,

York, U. S. A.

37-39

the

perimenters: flies in air considerable distance,

Complete materials and direc$1.00 prepaid.
tions for making model aeroplane 50 cents preMFG. CO., 309 15th St..
paid.
Brooklyn. N. Y.

PLYING MACHINES.

every

AIRCRAFT

the

on the

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

Helicopter

'Flyer, 25c.
Fine Model French Aeroplane,
Materials for building 2-foot
good flyer, 8sc.
aeroplane with instructions, also five drawings
and booklet for building two other models, all
complete, for $1.75. Instructions for building a
man-carrying machine, aeronautic books, spring
Monarch
and electric motors, suoplies, etc.
Aero Co., Box 133-K, Sta. A., San Antonio,
Texas.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

AFTER

an aeroplane is constructed and is cor'' rect mathematically, the most important part
A number of aviators
to consider is the motor.
under-rate the power actually required to make a
"ADVICE": Do not undersuccessful flight.
Be on the safe side and prorate your power.
"THE
cure a motor with power in reserve.

WHITEHEAD MOTOR,"

rates 7S-h. p. at 1,000

m. Weight, 200 lbs. Nothing to get out

order; will stand rigid endurance test; two
cvcle (new design) 4-cylinder vertical. A beauty
nd only $1,400. 4o-h. p., weight 145 lbs., price
r.

p.

of

$1,150.

head"

Geo.

A.

famous

Lawrence. Mgr., "The WhiteR. 405, Astor Theatre

motor,

Bldg.. New York, N. Y.

tion AIRCRAFT.

30-day delivery.

Men-

AIRCRAFT

GET
JERSEY

SKEETER

Aeroplan

Then let the winds blow! If you can't fly out-doors

you can fly in the house. Jersey Skeeters are 8 in.
long, weigh 1-sixth oz., fly 30 feet. By mail 25 cts.
Send for illustrated circular. Lincoln Square
Novelty Works, 1931 Broadway, New York City.

WOULD

25-50

H. P.

AERO MOTOR. GNOME preferred.

make,

full

price, etc.

particulars

to

cis

FLY! THAFS THE THING!

BENNETT S. JONES
PATENT ATTORNEY

State

condition,

Address

CASH,

c o

USTAVE
1

or

Fee Returned

Send sketch for free search of Patent Office Records.

How to Obtain a Patent, and What to Invent, with
List of inventions Wanted and Prizes offered for Inventions sent free. Patents advertised free.
We are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents and
technical matters relating to AERIAL NAVIGA-

TION.
CO.. Washington. P. C.

and

their

Patents

Solicitor of

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO

Aeronautical Work
HIGH CHARACTER

cilities,

prompt

efficient

with regard to

legal effect

its

REFERENCES

TUB NEW FIRE-I'ROOP

century actual experience, unexcelled

fa-

service, iiighest

NAVARRE
*

SeveDtb Jive.
SStU Street
BUSINESS MEN, FAMILIES. TOURISTS
Maximum of luxury at Minimum of Cost

references.
E'.xperts in meclianical and
aero navigation teciinique.
Patents ad-

vertised for sale free.

Send slietch or
description of invention for free search of
U. S. Patent Office records and reliable
report as to patentability.
Send also for
beautifully illustrated inventors' Guide

Book on "

about Patents
Shepherd &
Campbell, 500 P, .Victor Building, Washington, D.C.
Free books,

City

OF

Obtained or no charge made

EVANS &

New York
I

AIRCRAFT

Easy payments, 15 years official Examiner U. S. Patent Office, over quarter

J.

70

(Counselor at Law)

PATENTS

PATTIVIXQ
-f^ i '-'^^ * -J
r

70 Broadway

Work done

VICTOR

THOMPSON

Telephone 40 2 Cortlandt

WRITE TO-DAY!

PATENTS SECURED

R.

Room

Victor Building:, Washington, D.C.

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT
your invention on a flying: machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice Free.
Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each

LIKE TO BUY

NEW OR SECOND-HAND
in writing

PATENTS

PATENTS

igio

July,

How

and Whiat

to Invent."

all

cost.

E. P.
U.S. and

BUNYEA COMPANY

FOREIGN PATENT ATTORNEYS

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606 F. ST., N. W.,

WASHINGTON,

D. C.

PATENTS "VkdT;/"
Advice and Books Free.

Rates Reasonable.

Iiighest References

Best Services

20-30

WATSON

H.R

COLEMAN,

E.

612 F St. N.W.,

Patent

Lawyer

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Sin.Bore. 5in.Stroke

1000-1500

98

R.P.M

lbs

Aero-plane

DETROIT

100 Mechanical

FRED

Write for a Catalogue

The Detroit

PATENTS. 2515i^
G.

800 a.

STREET, WASHINGTON,

SOARING PLANES
(A Flexible

electric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

EUROPEAN PLAN

A Room with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

A Larger Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50
Where two persons occupy one room

DIETERICH & CO.

$1.00 extra will be

Patent Lawyers

Co.

MICHIGAN

Movements.

Mailed Free

ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT

New Dutch Grill Rooms, "iargest in the City

D. C.

DETROIT

above prices.

AERONAUTIC

CONSTRUCTION

CO.

UGHT=WEIGHT POWER MOTORS, PRO=

FELLERS AND RADIATORS. Our motors, com-

Rear Attachment)

ig

compactness, simplicity and power, are the

result of 20 years of practical gas engine
construction.

Four cylinder, 30 to 40 H. P., 4K in. bore

and 4^ in stroke, complete with radiator,
and 6 ft \ sJ^ ft. pitch propeller, $650.00.

Weight per outfit, 175 pounds.

Four cylinder, 40 to 50 H. P., 5

Any height can safely be attained. Usable also for vertical guiding, as only one horizontal rudder is needed for a
safe, successful flight.

in.

bore and

stroke, complete with radiator, and

pitch propeller, $700.00. Weight
175 pounds.
Four cylinder, 50 to 60 H. P., 5 in. bore
and 5 in stroke, complete with radiator,
and S ft X 4 ft. pitch propeller, $goo.oo.
card will
Weight per outfit, 210 pounds.
brmg our circulars with full descriptions.
s

6 ft

\ 4 ft

per outht

Rear flexing planes represent the same system as nature

provides for birds.
For terms apply to

DRESSLER, Coney Island

to

Builders of

Tliey procure lateral balance automatically, increase

the speed to double the motor power, push flying machine,
if motor stops, over twenty miles per hour, which permits
gliding and guiding and prevents destruction.

R.

added

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanborn

^_^

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO., 306 Holcomb Ave.,

Detroit, Mich.

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

197

ARE YOU TIRED OF INHALING THE

OTHER FELLOW'S DUST?
TAKE TO THE AIR, TRY

FLYING

Your Vacation Trip

ALL

tlie important porta

on ttic Great Lakes are
reached regularly by the excellent ser^-ice o the D.
& C. Lake Linea.
The ten large steamers of the,
are of modern steel construction and have all the'
qualities of speed, safety and comfort.
The D.
C. Lake Lines operate daily service between
Detroit and Cleveland, and Detroit and Buffalo, four tWpg
per week between Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac and way
porta, and two trips per week between Detroit, Bay City,

fleet

Saginaw and way porta.

About June 25 a special ateamer will leave Cleveland

week direct for Mackinac, stopping only at Detroit

every trip and Goderich, Ont., every other trip.
Send two-cent stamp for illustrated pamphlet and Great
Lakes map.
Rail Tickets available on steamers.
Address
I. G. lEWIS, f-. P. A., Delroil. Mich.
A, A. SCHAPJTZ, Gen. Mgr.
P. H. McMillan. Pres.
twice a

Detroit& Cleveldnd Ndv.Co.

HOW TO RUN AN AUTO

"Homans'
ijives full

Self Propelled Vehicles"

on successful care,

details

handling and how to locate trouble.

Beginning at the first principles

necessary to be known, and then forward to the principles used in every
part of a Motor Car.
course in the
It is a thorough
Science of Automobiles, highly approved by manufacturers, owners,
Contains
operators and repairmen.
over 400 illustrations and diagrams,
making every detail clear, written in
Handsomely bound.
plain language.

PRICE, $2

POSTPAID

Bleriot Crossing the English

De

Lesseps' flight across the English Channel

21st was made in a machine similar in
Aviator Rolls has also made a
type to ours.
round trip across the Channel.

on

May

Fatigue from maintaining equilibrium

won't stop you if you use a

SPECIAL OFFER
The only way

in

violent

wind

Beach Perfected Monoplane

the practical merit of this

MANUAL can be given is by an examination of the book itself, which we will sub'I't

Channel

for examination, to be paid for or returned,

looking it over.

machine having complete automatic stability, attained

by a novel patented method. All you have to do is to steer.
It's as easy as running an auto and ten times more pleasurable.
the only

".er

Upon
book

No money

in

receipt of the following- agreement, the

will be forwarded.

TH[ lAWSON PUBllSniNG COMPANY, 37-39

East

28lh

Street,

Two

types and sizes.

as

you can go

Delivery in
Write

New York

Kindly mail me copy of Homans' Automobiles, and, if found

I will immediately remit you ^2.00, or return the book to you.

factory,

Far better than ballooning,

when

and

where

you

please.

advance required^ just sign and return.

satis-

Scientific

weeks.

Prices ^5,000 to S7,Sco.

to-d<iy for Catalogue.

Aeroplane Company

Box 773,

New

York

AIRCRAFT

July, iQio

BOOKS
We have compiled a list of the very best aeronautical books written in the English
language and offer them for sale to our readers. Earnest students
of Aerial Flight should read every book in this list.
Make

all

Drafts, Express or Post Office

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

Artificial and

Natural Flight, by

CO.,

$1.75

S.

A.

A popular work on
almost everything pertaining to the everyday life of the mechanic. 370 illustrations
and two chapters relating to flying
$2,00
Conquest of the Air, by Alphonse

Berget.
theory and
practice of the science of aeronautics, with
explanatory diagram and photographs

aerial travel: a splendid text-book for the

.

York, U.

by A. Russel Bond.

POC-KETBOOK OF AERONAUTICS, by H. W. L.
Moedebeck. Containing many features of
beginner or the aeronautical engineer.

New

Handy Man's Workshop and Laboratory,

Sir

Hiram S. Maxim. Being a description of

his own experimental work and the development of flying machines generally

Orders payable to

37-39 East 28th Street,

3.25

book covering the

history,

3.50

Vehicles of the Air, by Victor Lougheed.

One

of the very latest aeronautical books,

covering almost every detail of the science

of Aviation

2.50

3.00

in Air-craft

aerial

Air-Ships.

thrilling story

3.50

in relation to en-

1.25

By Santos-Dumont.
intrepid

With 55

photographs.

flight, etc

6.00

full-page

pictures

12mo, 400 pages

Aerodonetics, by F. W. Lanchester. Constituting the second volume of a complete

work on aerial flight, with appendices on the
theory and application of the gyroscope, on
the flight of projectiles, etc

6.00

Jane.
Being the first annual issue, containing photographs of almost every flying machine built up to 1909
10.00
'.

"Born Again." A philosophic novel -wrliten by Alfred W. Lawson.

Has nothing to
do with the science of aerial flight. The

The

Brazilian's

wonderful success in aerial navigation, told

in an entertaining way, free from technicality.

Lanchester. Conof a complete work

on the veof sound waves, on the

All the World's Airships, by Fred T.

AVind, by Herbert Chatdealing with the

of this

and momentum

theory of soaring,

1 .50

gineering

My

W.

volume

aerial flight, with appendices

locity

scientific treatise,

wind pressure

F.

3.50

ocean

pally for aerial engineers

subject of

stituting the first

on

The Problem of Flight, by Herbert Chatley. A most instructive work, written princi-

1.00

Aviation, Aerial

Law, Military Aeronautics, the

and the industrial side of flight

ley.

a pop-

Airships Past and Present, by A. Hildebrandt. A general sketch of the past and

Aerodynamics, by

Aerial Navigation To-Day, by Chas. C.

Turner. A finely illustrated work on the

The Force of the

b}'

audience

understood by everybody

3.50

principles of Ballooning,

manner appreciated

present state of the art, together with its

problems, presented in a way that can be

Airships in Peace and War, by R. P.

Hearne, with an introduction by Sir Hiram
Maxim. A popular account of the progress
made by the different countries of the

World

authority- in a

ular, as well as a scientific

Aerial Navigation, by A. F. Zahm. A book

written by one of the world's great scientists who has made an extensive study of the
aeronautical subject for the past 20 years

The Conquest of the Air, by A. Lawrence

Rotch. A subject treated by an accepted

bound copies being exhausted, a few paper-cover books remaining in stock can be had for fifty cents each
ninth edition of cloth

from
1.50

.50

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

199

LAMINATED TRUE SCREW

DESIGNER AND BUILDER, OR MAKE TO

YOUR OWN DESIGN

PROPELLERS

MODELS OR PROPELLERS

IN STOCK/r

We

AEROPLANES, GLIDERS,
GLIDERS, PARTS AND AERONAUTIC
SUPPLIES IN STOCK.

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

AERO MOTORS ALWAYS ON HAND

are turning out Propellers of the

highest excellence and efficiency

FRED SHNEIDER,
New

Our 6-Foot

200

Propeller delivers

1200

thrust at

"

8-Foot Propellers,

"11

for

1020 E. 178th

St.,

NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

lbs.

R.P.M.

6-Foot Propellers, weight 6I2

7-Foot Propellers,

York Ageni

SAMUEL

40.00

lbs., price

S^o

"

"

50.00

"

"

60.00

F.

PERKINS

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

Aerial Advertising
ANT

MADE

SIZE

TO ORDER

By Aeroplane
P.

BRAUNER

& CO.

335-339 East 102nd

New York

iV

'

Street

thousands of

City

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

Elbridge Special Feather^veight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, water-cooled.
$750.00
3 Cylinder. 30-45 H. P., 1381^ lbs
1,050.00
4 Cylinder, 40-60 H. P., 178 lbs
Cylinders 4's x 4^2* copper jackets, aluminum
bases,

hollow crank

Cylinders 3

shafts.

20-24 H.

Cylinder,
'

x3 l

P., air-cooled, 150 lbs.

o. flanges

in.

'

,s

E. J.

W.

plane, before

his

Brakes, enables
or

after

610.00

i'i7j
3/,.,

Vs"

"

Guying

in.,

factory
ght

on ground.

15

in.,

10.50

50.00
60.00
70.00

perfect

breaking strength, 200. Price, 3c per ft.

"

"
31.,c
500.
"
"
800.
4c
"
"
6c
2300.
10c

1.00

square

Complete Catalogue of SuDplies, Motors, Gliders and Light Metal

Castings, Mailed Free upon Request

E.J.WILLIS CO.,Dept."F,"8Park

the lightest

aeroplanes.

"

Rubber Bands for models, ^a in. square

15-ft. Rubber Bands for models, l-i in.

is

aviator to stop

alighting

10

which

4.00

5.00

l.j.i in.,

for "

Clincher type only,

9.50

R. P. M.

Galv. Steel Cable

TIRES
type

steel,

screw

AEROPLANE

steel

Lengths in., outside cones 5 -'4 in bored 36 holes,

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood, perfect screw
6 ft., 61.i lbs
7 ft., 9 lbs
8 ft., 12 lbs
The 6 ft. propeller gives 200 lbs. thrust at 1200

Model Propellers, Laminated wood,

110 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts

and most satis-

with tires, built with

Price
rims and special hub, very strong.
Aeroplane Hubs, turned from solid bar of
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled

W, Aeroplane Hub

deep.

20 X 2 Aeroplane Wheels
E. J.

feet in the sky.

Telephone

2189 Lenox

Kites and Balloons

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night Advertising in which enormous beains or brilliantly colored searchlight rays (visible for five miles) are thrown upon "ads" suspended

PI.,

New York

for

AIRCRAFT
The

Greatest Aviation Motor of Modern

NOW COMING

July, igio

NAIAD

Times

TO THE FRONT RAPIDLY

Aeronautical Cloth

The World Famous

WHITEHEAD

iVlanufactured Especially for Aeroplanes and used

of

Sample books,

THE

including data

C. E.

101 Franklin

GUSTAVE WHITEHEAD

and

prices, sent

CONOVER

on request

CO.

New York

Street,

Vibration Negligible

4 Cylinders Vertical 8 Port Exhaust 2 Cycle

Will Run Until Fuel is Consumed
:

AEROPLANE WIRE WHEELS

stock 2o"x2"

Curtiss type in

Weight

PRICE
75 H. P., 200 lbs.

$1,400

40 H. P., 145 lbs.

1,150

95 lbs.

Order Quick

Now

is

the

Monoplane

GEO. A. LAWRENCE, Mgr.

New York City, N. Y.
A. Wittemann, Aeroplane Mfrs.

tail

AVIATOR TIRE

pounds

Dead load, 600

Weight com-

wheels, 16" x i^4''

Can

Time

furnish hubs any width

order.

J.

Astor Theatre Bldg.

&

plete: 3 pounds.

to

Exclusively adopted by C.

complete:

pounds.

950

30-Day Delivery

A.

WEAVER,

956 8th Ave.,

bet.

and wheels any

Jr.,

56th and 57th

size

Mfr.

sts.

New

York

She's a Combined Hellcopter,Paracliute,

Gyroscope, Flywheel Monoplane

YOU COULDN'T UPSET HER BY BOUNCING A
HUNDRED-POUND SHOT ON THE PERIPHERY.

" You cannot tether time nor sky,

The hour approaches, Sam must

for the

Japs

will, in this

fiy

"

combined Helicopter,

Parachute, Gyroscope and F/y-wheel.

J3he
Latest

If you don't understand

how

it

works by

this

time

apply to

JOSEPH
Box 795,

E.

PITTSBURG,

^
in

Absolutely Nothing to Get Out of Order

25 H. P.,

MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES

DESIGNED BY THE NOTED ENGINEER

by Aviators

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

MOTOR

Non-Bursting Cylinders

BISSELL

STENZY

and Most

Reliable.

Positive-

^ero ilotor

guaranteed t o
run at two thousand revolutions a
minute at 50% less
gasolene, day in and day out. One pound weight per horse power.
50% cash with order. Motor guaranteed as the best. As represented or money returned.
Delivery 60 days from date.
Orders received, 1019 Binney Street, Baltimore, Md.
From
100 pounds up; from 100 h. p. up.
ly

PA.
Send stamp

for reply.

A. F. P.

STENZY

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

AVIATION ENGINE
CALL
"THE

^e

m:agmva^liu]\j: eivgmive: "

Aviators Attention

C
C
engine.
all

! ! !

Word About Motors

Timely

What you want is A Real Aeronautic Motor, light and yet strong, simple, and above
reliable. A motor, moreover, that the average mechanic can understand and operate.
What you do not want is a combination motor cycle, or modified automobile,

.!^^

these

C, These motors are not

of freakish construction,
the number of
any other
respect. They are of the
regular
opposed type,
similar to
the famous
Darracq aeronautic engine with which Santoseither in

secured only by the sacrifice of strength and efficiency;

Lightness
have tried both, and we know. Before
and yet either type is unduly heavy.
your while to write us,
worth
will
be
it
invest,
you
and hear what we have to say.
At an expense of several years' experimenting, and
many thousands of dolhis outhy, we have at last perfected a high grade, water cooled, fourcycle, gasolene
in

is

cylinders, or in

We

engine

woik

aeronautic

for

Dumont's machines are

conceded by gas engineers to be the smoothest running,
and nearest vibrationless type.

equipped,

C By special method of consti action,

upon which we are securing patents,

these motors are much stronger thin

the ordinary makes, and at the same

much

time very

A scarcely less important feature

is the fact that our motors are silenced (not muffled), which feature
IS secured without loss of power.
They are, in
fact, the only silent motors yet devised for aeiomutic work.
The importance of this feature
can not be overestimated, and in connection
with their strength, lightness, and reliability,
places these motors in a class by themselves.

lighter.

The 45 horsepower engine weighs 3

pounds per horsepower, and the
horsepower only 21'2 poundb
horsepower about one

half tlie weight per horse-

power

of

any other ade-

quately water=cooled
engine. The weight, as
also the quality, of each

engine

is

Model E-l: Two Cylinder, 45

Model E 2: Four Cylinder, 90
EXTRA Bosch

guaranteed.

C Write to us

Magnetic Ignition

and

let

THE AERIAL NAVIGATION

p. S.

Send for particulars and price

of

our

Model

$50

Model

$100

IfRMS

40'^

CO.

18

Ft.

Spread

lbs.

Price,

$700

Price, $1,200

talanre, Sighl Draff againsf Bill of tadiog.

Something entirely new and absolutely indispensable

Hamilton Gliders
20

Type

Ft.

Spread

160 Sq. Feet

(til J
^

22

CPZ,/

220

HAMILTON AERO MFG.

208

OF AMERICA, Girard, Kan.

REVERSIBLE AERIAL PROPELLER.

Monoplane

"DEMOISELLE"

US

H.P.; Weight, 225 lbs.

us send you illustrations and description of these wonderful motors.

Santos -Dumont

Original

H.P.; Weight,

usli wilh order

Ft.

Spread

Sq. Feet

$30
$45

CO.

30TH AVENUE, SEATTLE

Successors to

Hamilton
"The

"

Dumonoplanes"
Above Type

&

Palmer

Pioneers"

$ 50 Cash Prizes
1

For

GLIDER FLIGHTS

SPECIAL DIMENSIONS
Write us
21

Ft.

Spread

24

Ft.

Spread

$350
$400

for full information

BIPLANES
BUILT TO ORDER

AIRC RAFT

July, igio

C.&A.WITTEMANN, AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS
Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

AEROPLANES
Our

GLIDERS

SEPARATE PARTS

Gliders are the best,

Light Metal Castings for

the safest and the easiest

Connections always car-

to operate.

ried in Stock, or special

made

castings

to order.

Practical Lessons in

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished to

Order.

Experiments conducted.
Also

all

other Fittings.

Large Grounds for Testing.

Get our estimate for your

Flying Machine.

GLIDERS IN STOCK

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Little

KNABENSHUE'S FLIGHT IN

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

NEW YORK

Telephone 390 L

W-B

THE LUDLOW AEROPLANE

PATENTS PENDINQ
Guaranteed as to

Guaranteed as

flight.

to

infringement of other patents.

you are in the exhibition business, if you are an automobile dealer

and if you desire to take up the selling of aeroplanes as a business, read this.
Here is a new aeroplane, perfected upon simple and practical lines.
If

It

has a

new

method

scientific

of control which

is

an improvement on

what has been done before. It is like the others, but is based upon a
different and improved principle of operation, and you will not be
estopped by patent

litigation.

request from you for further details will bring you

-A-

which

will

information

convince you of the absolute correctness of these statements.

ISRAEL LUDLOW
2686 Broadway, New York City

Above

BAMBOO
is

a sample of the Aerial photographic

work done by

Specially

LEOPOLD LEWIS
915

Eighth Avenue

New

ALL
York

J.
49 Sixth

A. full line of

Eastman 's Kodaks and supplies always on hand

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

selected

for

SIZES IN

STOCK

DELTOUR,

Ave.

Telephone

5565

Aeroplanes

Spring

Inc.

New York

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

203

INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS
FOUNDED

1908

The First Private School Established in the World

The Only Aero Institute in U. S. A. Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

FOUNDER-DIRECTOR

ALBERT

C.

TRIACA

Aero Clubs of America, France, Italy

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department New York School of Automobile Engineers
Pilot

THE AERODROME OF THE

I.

S.

A.,

with Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model Hall, Ladies' and Juniors' Rooms and a private mile track for experiments, is located at Garden City, L. I., N. Y., adjacent to Hempstead Plains, where flights of 10 miles in a straight line
can be made.
(Take L. I. R.R., from 34th Street Ferry, New York; or Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn.)

STUDY COURSES
HOME
AND

IN AEROSTATS, DIRIGIBLES

AVIATION.

Prepared by Lieut.-Colonel G. Espitallier of the French Balloon Corps.

RESIDENT COURSES
Private lessons in

I.

all

S.

branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen.

A.

SUPPLY DEPARTMENT

Sole Agents (U. S. A. and Canada) for the

for Dirigibles

and Aeroplanes.

Junior Class with contests for Kites and Models.

HUE

CHAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS, holders of

COMPLETE LINE of Imported and

(Paris) Aeronautical Instruments.

all

records

Domestic

Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and Parts.

Models and

full size

apparatus made.

Estimates and consultations given.

Illustrated lectures arranged.

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines

I.

New

S.

A. Aerodrome, Garden City, L.

York Office: Care

of

I.

(near the Garage)

H. Ducasse Co., 735 Seventh Avenue

Paris Office

52 Rue Servan, Paris

[ ,84l"BRYiNT ]

AIRCRAFT

204

July, igio

STOCK for
DDADCI
I EDO
r nUrCLLEnO immediate shipment
IN

OUR TRUE PITCH, LAMINATED ASH AND MAHOGANY PROPELLERS COMBINE ALL
THE MOST VALUED AND PROVEN FEATURES OF FOREIGN AND HOME PRACTICE
THEY ARE BUILT IN LARGE QUANTITIES ON THE INTERCHANGEABLE PLAN
WE SPECIALIZE. YOU GET THE BENEFIT OF OUR EXPERIENCE.
YOU KNOW THE VALUE OF BUYING A STOCK ARTICLE, ONE WHICH IS PAST THE
EXPERIMENTAL STAGE.

TERRITORY OPEN FOR AGENTS

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

dia. for

ft.

20-30 H.

$50.00 at our works

P.

(Minimum
7

dia. for

ft.

ft.

dia. for

thrust

200

lbs,

at 1,200 R. P. M.)

$60.00 at our works

25-40 H. P.

(Minimum

thrust

250

lbs.

at 1,200 R. P. M.)

(Minimum

thrust

300

lbs.

at 1,200 R. P. M.)

30-60 H. P

$70.00 at our works

Larger Sizes to Order

Small Propellers for Models, 10-16

Mail or telegraph

When
breeze
If

0%

in.

of amount,

dia

and

we

$5.00
will ship

C. O. D. for balance, plus cratage.

ordering state the direction of rotation of propeller

made by

when you

stand facing the

the propeller, clockwise or anticlockwise.

uncertain as to the size

you

require, state the

horsepower of your engine and

THE REQUA-GIBSON
223 West 49th
Phone 7200

Street

its

speed.

CO.
New
50th

Col.

WHEN WRITING PLEASE MENTION AIRCRAFT MAGAZINE

York, N. Y.
St.

Subway

Sta.

AIRCRAFT

July, iQio

<;^^^^i^^(^^S^Si^!^i^e>^Ci^ C!^ S^^2^ 5?sL5)

iJJsSLJ)

205

Qp^ ?s^ <^-v^ ^sS^ SJsiJ) (Rsi^ ei^Q^S!^e!^S!^eKOC,G^S^CKO^

THE NAME

W. starling Burgess Co. \}

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.

MEANS

GOOD WORKMANSHIP
Our Aeroplanes
stand on skids, run on skids, get into the

on

skids, alight

on

skids,

air

and

Are Safe
on
to

They

made by craftsmen, trained

careful work for many years on racing boats.
Our men know why and how.
skids.

are

ASK THE MAN WHO SAW ONE

AIRCRAFT

206

July igio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

Leading: Balloon and Airship Constructor of the World

REPRESENTING THE

CONTINENTAL RUBBER CO.

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

MAKERS OF THE FINEST AND STRONGEST BALLOON AND

AEROPLANE MATERIAL IN THE WORLD

Passenger
Aeroplanes
Tabrics

and
for
flying

Aeroplanes

SAGE
Engineer

ONE TO

FIFTY PASSENGERS
MODELS DEVELOPED

CONTRACTOR TO THE

U. S.

GOVERNMENT

AND TO

NINETY-FIVE PER CENT OF THE CLUBS

IN

THIS

COUNTRY

Also Representing the Santos-Dumont Aeroplane

The Wilcox Propeller

AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE

CARTON & LACHAMBRE

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

ADDRESS

Box

181, IVIadison

New

York

Square

AIRCRAFT

July, igio

207

F. E.

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH
For Balloons, Dirigibles,
Aeroplanes and Tents
An
lin or

elastic,

de
M

MURIAS

(Pronounced DE(L)IRIOU.S-

Long

Babylon,

in.sort

"M"

Island, N. Y.

In

phicc of "L")

Tel.

34 Babylon

Manufactures and also Pilots Aeroplane

non-porous varnish for silk, linen, musfabric used in the manufacture of

Now

any other

air-craft.

making contracts

for

Exhibitions during 1910

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon

Sheeting.

Flights positively Kimriinlct'tl

Send for Free Sample

to

Have the

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383 Third

Ave.

Entire

New

No

York

slowest-flying aeroplane in the world

Others for Speed

time contracted for up to August second

iufritiKements on the Wriffht Brothers' Patent

THE HALL'S SAFE COMPANY

p. O.

BOX 846

Salesroom

393 BROADWAY
Between White and Walker Streets

Principal Office and Factory

CINCINNATI, OHIO

NEW YORK
Makers of

Manufacturers of the HIGHEST

grade of Screw Door and Square
Door Bankers' Safes and Vaults

H. C.

HALL PATENT (April

FIRE PROOF SAFES

in

Modern Aeroplanes

ail

THE GREATEST STRENGTH FOR

THE LIGHTEST POSSIBLE WEIGHT

Write us for

Prices

and Samples

Mail Orders Promptly Attended

741

BOYLSTON

I906)

hollow SPARS

Strahons
Used

3,

To

BOSTON, MASS.

ST.

New York Agent

FREDERICK

P.

SHNEIDER

1020 East 178th Street

AIRCRAFT

208

Important

July, igio

Builders and Owners of

to Inventors,

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Defects and Faults of Construction

FTQ
P1-4APT
V^ll/--\l\Lii_JkZ)

P^RFQQI

FT

Every Description Remedied by

Air-ciaft of

in

FR

^""^^'^ Manufacturing

J_-/r\ILkJOJ--<Jil\)

E-J.

and Consulting Engineer

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL

MACHINES AND FULL SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.
Office and Factory,
With

fully

equipped workshop,

386-390

skilled

SECOND AVENUE, NEW YORK

workmen, up-to-date

specially designed tools, apparatus

and

modem

machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORUlNG
MACHINES.

THE DRESSLER GRAPH-O-VIEW MOVING PICTURE MACHINE,

Reproducing

school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.

actual flight of air-craft satisfactorily

The
duces

electrically

effects at

once

operated
striking

shown by

this

GYROSCOPE,

and

instructive.

for the

kinds of animal

home, dub, lodge room,

and microscopic

showing the fundamental principle

This was

first

successfully

in

889.

DRESSLER

E.

NEW YORK

& A. CARBURETTOR
Positive

Automatic

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR AIR-CRAFT

kHIS Carburettor is now being used
for Aeroplanes and Dirigibles by
leading European makers, notably
Santos-Dumont, Bleriot, Anzani
and Clement. Many other well -known
aviators and aeronauts endorse and use
the G. & A.
no springs no
Positively Automatic

T'

adjustments. Correct proportions automatiNot affected by change of

cally secured.
speed or altitude, or by atmospheric conditions.

DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR

63

ON APPLICATION

MANUFACTURED UNDER EXCLUSIVE

A.

J.

MYERS,

INC.,

The

of automatic balancing of aeroplanes, pro-

manufactured by Charles E. Dressier

SECOND AVENUE

G.

life.

machine.

CHARLES
386-390

all

U. S.

PATENT RIGHTS BY

244 West 49th

Street,

New

All persons cautioned against infringing on our Patent Ball Cage

Press of

J. J. Little

& Ives

Co.,

New York

York City

CITY

ROTARY MOTOR

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

of Aviation"

^XTSlVFACTir

Made from

Light

in design
not in parts

forged nickel steel

''

if""-

f*j

pai^

^;

il.V^rffii.'

No

cast!

^j^^tapngesfc a'?j^1iion

engine made

No aluminum

50 H. P.,
Weight 167 lbs.

Normal Speed,
1200 R. P. M.

100 H. P.,
Weight 220 lbs.
Perfect in
every detail

Throttle Control,

200

to

1300 R.

P.

M.

No

engine troubles

Even Speed

known
,^^'

Its wonderful reputation

is

positive assurance

of absolute satisfaction

USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

All

Other

Leading

Foreign

Aviators

Holds World's Records

DISTANCE
Prices,

f.

o.

DURATION HEIGHT SPEED

b.

Factory, Paris, France

Packed

for

Marine Shipment

50 H. P., $2600

&100 H. P., $4800

Terms: One-third Cash with Order, Balance on Delivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICA N
A GENTS

1611

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST.

LOUIS, MO.

ORDER IMMEDIATELY TO SECURE EARLY DELIVERY

Only One American Manufacturer is Offering a Motor Fine

Enough for Aeronautic Work

The Elbridge
Engine Co.
'"pO

turn out a motor, light,

powerful and
enough

for

flexible

Aeronautic Naviga-

tion requires:
1.

Years of experience

2.

Superior design

3. Tlie
4.

40

to

60 H.

P.,

178

lbs.

$1050.

Unlimited Guarantee

Professional and amateur aviators from

all

over the world

5.

best materials

The most complete shop equipment

The highest class mechanics

visit the

Elbridge Engine Factory

and invariably pronounce

The Elbridge Featherweight

Think of

the Most Perfect Engine Ever Made.

motor covered by an unlimited guarantee, developing 6o h.p. and weighmg only

178 pounds.

One
and

to

aviator

is

building four aeroplanes in Rochester in order to be near the Elbridge works

have aeroplane and engine in perfect balance.

A New

York

firm

is

now

constructing, in this city, the

largest

monoplane ever

built.

be equipped with an

It will

Elbridge Motor.

We
full

would

like to

information

wonderful motor.
ask for

send you

about

this

Will you

it?

Elbridge Engine Co.

Aero Dept.

Rochester, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

August, 1910

Edited by

ALFRED W. LAWSON

15 Cents a

Copy

Aerial Cloth
The Cloth of the Hour
EXPRESSLY

MADE

AEROPLANES
HP HE

Room

against

SAMPLES

AND
Address

-H. M.

to

practical silk cloth in

No.

Inventors, Builders

and

rain

ON

APPLICATION
Aerial Dept.

Union Square West,

and Owners

wind.

sun,

H. MILLS,

608, Lincoln Bldg.

Important

'

Thirty-six inches wide.

Guaranteed proofed

PRICES

and

and most

strongest, lightest

the market.

-*-

FOR
BALLOONS

NEW YORK

CITY

of

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Detects and Faults

CHARLES

of Construction in Air-craft of

E.

Every Description Remedied by

Expert Mmtufacturing and

DRESSLER,

Consulting Eyigineer

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL

MACHINES AND FULL SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION
Office
With

fully

and Factory, 386-390

equipped workshop,

skilled

SECOND AVENUE, NEW YORK

workmen, up-to-date

specially designed tools, apparatus

and modern machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORKING
MACHINES

THE DRESSLER GRAPH-0-VIEW MOVING PICTURE MACHINE,

Reproducing

school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.

The

actual flight of air-craft satisfactorily

The

electrically

operated

once

shown by

GYROSCOPE,
and

produces

effects at

386-390

SECOND AVENUE

striking

instructive.

this

all

the home, club, lodge room,

life.

machine.

showing the fundamental principle

This was

CHARLES

for

kinds of animal and microscopic

first

E.

of

automatic balancing of aeroplanes,

successfully manufactured

by Charles E. Dressier

in

889

DRESSLER
NEW YORK

CITY

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

209

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon "

MUes.

New

York."

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

35

U.

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

S.

48

U.

"New York"

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon

Hrs., 12 Mins.

26 Mins.

Hrs.,

Harmon and

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

S.

24,200

Ft.

Harmon and

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION PRIZE

30-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
AEROPLANES
FOR
GRAND PRIZE OF BRESCIA
QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA
2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H. Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

from

five to

MATERIAL
balloon, as

it

No

has

as

it

ten

requires

per inch width.

absolute

six

U.

S.

GOV. DIRIGIBLE

Heat

up-to-date

is

balloon must

in the

the

use

summer

strength

Any

The coming
bound

The weight

to

and

is

of

have no

and cold

time.

The

on

man can

Will not crack.

balloon material, and which, through

take the place of varnished

always the same,

material.

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

its

as

and ascensions can be

not

the

same

VULCANIZED PROOF
take care of his PROOF

subject to spontaneous combustion.

weight, width or color.

is

it,

chemical action of oxygen has

varnished material.

NOT

effect

Silk double-walled

has on a varnished material.

or no care,

elastic.

revarnishing.

gas holder,

times

little

Very

it

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

times as long as a varnished balloon.

weather as

as well at zero

detrimental effect on

der.

THE

does not require further treatment.

it

made

last

IN

Breaking

Waterproof.

strain

No

superior quahties

The man

that wants

Specified

by the U.

00

lbs.

talcum pow-

and being an
to

S.

have the

SIGNAL

CORPS.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices and Samples on application

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT
CURTISS

has

won

the

SCIENTIFIC

ICAN AEROPLANE TROPHY

AMERfor

the

by his splendid flight

down the Hudson River, and if his feat is not
surpassed by anyone else during 910, he will become
third year

in

succession,

permanent owner.

its

THE
and

SCIENTIFIC

earliest days.

"

AMERICAN

faithfully fostered the science

"

"

of

has consistently

aviation since

its

August, igio

AIRCRAFT

igio

iiii^^iist.

THE FRENCH MINISTER OF WAR, ABOUT TO FLY WITH WACHTER, THE ANTOINETTE PILOT. WACHTER ROSE TO A GREAT
HEIGHT AND FLEW FOR MANY MILES, ENABLING THE GENERAL TO GET A FINE BTRd's-EYE VIEW OP THE BIG
MILITARY CAMP OF CHALONS

r.ENERAL ERUN,

CONTENTS AUGUST.
Cross-Comitry

Law and

the Air

Piloting a Balloon

New

1910
Charles

Flj'iiig
.

W.

Flyers Described

Records and

Recent Patented Inventions

Description

of

the

Call

Aviation

General

.....

News

215

Phipps

216

218

Ada Gibson

220

W. H. Phipps
Gustave R. Thompson

222

Henry

Honeywell
H.

217

Engine

Aeroplanes and Dirigibles Makeshifts

214

Campbell

Models

213

Myers

P.

Wood

Machine

Flying

Hamilton

Albert C. Triaca

G. F.

Statistics

News
News

Foreign
Club

E.

FI.

K.

Denys

L.

Call

221

222

Horace Geigh Hopkins

223

Herbert Sinclair

223

Mrs.

J.

AIRCRAFT
.\LFRF.D

\V.

LAWSON

Published Monthly by The L>a^vsor\ Publishing

37-39 EAST 28th STREET, NEW YORK, U. S, A.

President and Trensurer

Telephone, 5017 Madison Squi^re

Fifteen Cents the Copy, of All News Dealers.

Foreign Subscriptions, Two Dollars per year.
In changing order give old as well as new address.
Advertising copy must be in hand by the i st of month previous
date of publication.
)nly high-grade advertisements of thoroughly reliable firms are
(

Elite

ond-cJas.

nattc

Fcbr

ERNEST

C.

L.\NDGRAF

Sccretayv

WHEN YOUR

TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS
United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Guam. Philippine
Hawaiian Islands. Cuba (including Postage), $1.50 per year.

the

In
lands.

Company
SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRES

One month before a subscription expires we enclose a renewal

blank on which you will write your order for the renewal.
When first notified that your subscription will expire, you
should send your renewal at once, in order not to miss a number.
New subscriptions which are received by us on or before the 15th of
any month will begin with the issue of that month.
If received after
that date they will begin with the following month's issue.
We cannot
enter subscriptions to begin with back numbers.
One month's notice
is necessary before a change of address can be made.
Office, at Nczi' York. N.
Y.. under Act of March 3, 1879.
Laxi'son

Pithlishing

Co.

AIRCRAFT

August, igio

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE CIE

MINEOLA,

L.

I.

AEROPLANES
MOTORS
PROPELLERS

OF CONSEQUENCE
This Company, having long since passed the experimental stage, proposes to give its patrons, at the lowest price, the
benefits achieved by its experts who have for years been profound students of Aerial Navigation

POSITIVELY NO INFRINGEMENTS
DESIGN

RIGHT

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

Monoplanes, Biplanes with Motors, Propellers, Complete for Assembling and Flight

AT FIRST TRIAL
AMERICA FOR FLIGHT

FIRST PRIZE
IN

We Employ

only the Best Designers and Experts on Aerodynamics.

is therefore ScientiGcally, Mathematically and
Mechanically Correct

Our

Product

For excellence of workmanship, construction and durability, we stand without a peer. Our up-to-date method of keeping
in touch with each new improvement and embodying it in our product, stamps Us as being Without Competition.
Our wind-proof surface covering and non-rusting wire are specially manufactured for our use

Our motors are designed by Horner, whose experience

erful, their rating of

25 H.
than

P.

and 50 H.

this their

in engines

is

unsurpassed; they are very light and very pow700 R. P. M. at greater speeds

P. being estimated at

power

increases at an exceptional ratio

GOODS TO DELIVER

BRAINS IN BUILDING
Delivery 30 days

Price $3,000 complete

Terms on application

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

Address direct to Factory, Mineola,

L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

AIRCRAFT
Vol.

New

No. 6

I.

York, August, 1910

CROSS-COUNTRY FLYING
By Charles K. Hamilton

OWEVER great
may have

the general interest in flying

been, whilst

flights

were con-

and aerodromes, it
was only when the aviators started out

fined to aviation fields

across country that the true possibilities of

were brought home

flying

to

the general

public.

Farman and

Bleriot's

across country in the

much

shorter than those

cially

adapted

fields,

first

short

trips

of 1908, although

fall

made over

spe-

created a far greater

sensation.

and cross-channel flights in July of last

year made his name famous the world over, although it is a question whether his flights over short circular courses in the proximity of "pylons," flagstafifs and grand stands were not far more
Since then the standard of professional flying has very
increased and

much more

is

much

expected of the aviator of today.

What were

considered great cross-country flights last year would

hardly be considered cross-country flights at all now. The recent long distance performances certainly received considerable
notice, but

had they occurred

last

year they would no doubt have

startled the world.

The immediate reason

of this

the confidence of the aviator.

improvement

is

the increase in

The machines used by Glenn Cur-

and by the writer in their recent flights from Albany to New

York and from New York to Philadelphia and return, differ but
little from the Curtisses of last year.
In fact, the New YorkPhiladelphia flyer is the very biplane which won the International
Cup at Rheims.

tiss

Another reason
engine

is

greater knowledge of, and faith

in,

the

spark-plug troubles are about the only ones the writer

contend with nowadays, and as the biplane can fly with but
seven cylinders going, due warning is usually received of the

lias to

was thus that he

iiecessity to

land for that reason.

in flying at

a low elevation over the mile or two of river, build-

It

ings and railway cuts at Trenton, on his

way

felt justified

to Philadelphia.

To

chose a landing-place to glide to in case of necessity a

good high level is, of course, to be recommended to the wouldflyer, but it is often expedient to travel low when
and water for instance, and especially when going
against the wind, for a ten-mile wind on the surface usually
means a twenty-mile wind a little higher up similarly when
flying with the -wind a greater help may be expected of it up high

"1)6

cross-country

-over

fields

stronger air-current has

greater

it

for long stretches at a time;

doubt very

real,

in

cases of high

to balancing

sation

more pleasurable than

far

wind

this

is

no

for the aviator needs to give all his attention

and alertness

in

calm weather, however, the sen-

tiring; there is, of course,

constant rush of air at 48 to 50 miles an hour, and this
is

affects the eyes after a while if goggles are not used, but this

inconvenience

on an automobile traveling at the

the very great advantage
over the road traveller of having no dust to contend with. He
also has
at this date
a clear right of way, can change his
course without waiting for cross-roads, can increase his line and
scope of vision at will, has no other vehicles to avoid or overtake, and if he had, need not pass to right or left of them, but may
go under or over them. Furthermore he has, of course, the enormous advantage of literally travelling as the crow flies, and can

same speed,

skillful.

and

might be expected for this reason that greater

lateral control is needed high up than down low, but in reality
it
comes to about the same for the influence of obstacles
houses, trees, unevenness of the ground on the air is greater
near the earth than away from it.
j\luch has been said of the fatigue of piloting an aeroplane

the

Bleriot's cross-country

than in the lower levels.

inequalities

is

really less than

as the

air-traveller has

make

geat gains in time and distance through this.

Allowing a good motor, cross-country flying is, in point of
time, only limited by the amount of fuel and lubricant the machine
can lift in point of distance it depends very largely on the wind
a machine with a speed of fifty miles an hour going to a place
fifty miles away in a dead calm gets there in an hour; against
a ten-mile breeze it will take an hour and a quarter; with the
same breeze behind it, it would reach there in fifty minutes.
The writer is often asked how great a wind he will start a flight
in
it must be remembered that if a high wind were a perfectly
steady current of air going at a uniform velocity one could fly in
almost any wind, but the greater the wind the greater are the
inequalities in it and the more suddenly are they felt; it is this
wdiich makes constant vigilance necessary when piloting the
machines of today in high winds. Some winds are more gusty
than others, and it is the character of the wind rather than the
actual speed which interests the aviator; generally speaking a
wind of thirty miles an hour and even a little more can be
flown in at the present time at least this is the opinion and
experience of yours truly.
;

AIRCRAFT

214

August, IQIO

LAW AND THE AIR

By Denys

Myers

P.

(Continued from July Aircraft)

WAR

AIR-CRAFT IN
HE

in

war

discussed question since

man

utility of air-craft

Glenn H.

bomb thrown from the air will be

most useful military weapon an army officer
says that Curtiss doesn't know what he is talking
about and hasn't started the A B C's of the science
of explosives
one of the Wrights figures that
Saaid""
he wishes to be absent when a gun, however light,
is discharged from an aeroplane
Hudson Maxim foresees a carnage so horrible and so complete, while at the same time leaving
the perpetrator so immune from danger, that war will tend to
become impossible. There seems to be only one agreement
Curtiss says the
a

that

all

air-craft will be of

Wherever

the truth

lies,

it

By

perhaps the most

is

has flown.

supreme value for observation.

is certain that air-craft in war are

going to provide the legal lights of the military departments their

hardest problem in the immediate future. A general agreement

found to be impossible. All the Avorld knows

that The Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 passed a declaration, which reads as follows

He

from

out that this obvious privilege does not jibe with the prohibition

of

The

to attack air-craft just for

the

document

is

Powers except the United

practically nullified.

all

States, so that

The United

States

army

itself has been conducting experiments with a view to determining

the degree of accuracy an aviator can acquire in dropping bombs
at a target from a height while traveling.
According to Charles

K. Hamilton, this can be done with a certainty akin to rifle

shooting, and if so, The Hague declaration might as well celebrate its funeral now as later.
For no Power will be likely to
sign away a warlike right of such a value as that.
Jules Verne signed a contract with his publisher to turn out
his scientific novels at a fixed salary, the publisher to receive the
royalties. As a result the publisher grew rich and Verne acquired
a chance and the necessity to die with his pen in hand.
No
Power is going to put itself into such a situation, and it was
very likely a conviction to that effect that has led the Wrights
to lay stress on selling their machine to the Government's military department.

There need be
sian Government

air-craft

open

to attack while

fun; but

it

nevertheless furnished a

useful.

makes

Fauchille in his nicely constructed code

a point of for-

bidding to belligerents the commission of acts susceptible of inducing the hurling of projectiles from air-craft.
He means:
at

me

if

you don't want

me

to hit you.

seems, then, that air-craft are free to play what part in war
regret,

no

doubt but that the intention of the Rusin calling the First Hague Conference, to prevent the use of new means of destruction and of warlike methods, has failed.
In those days of 1899 it was felt that unconlittle

For between sovereign

states there

is growing
on earth is ctualified to say to the
nations, you have been wicked, you have erred, come and be

sanction, to use the technical term that

legal

No power

into popular use.

international

abstainers from acceptance of the declaration include

It lays

good peg on which to hang objections. And as has just been said,
they were duly draped over it, until in the final report of the
Second Conference it is difficult to realize that all these objections were made primarily to retain a weapon that might prove

is

valor in the matter.

the first-class military

The Hague.

declaration on the code books.

as a flying instrument.
In that second Conference fortyfour Powers participated, but seventeen failed to sign the decla-

part

at

view with alarm and write resolutions. But these

nor the examples of individual nations affected by them,
will not change the general result, nor will the presence of the

known

better

down

set

depriving them of their proper means of defence. Doubtless this

reasoning is somewhat of a quibble, for a state would be unlikely

things,

Powers participated and only two. Great Britain and Turkey,

In 1907 the dirigible was a reality
and the aeroplane was rapidly coming to the fore. It was then

the

gave a

air-craft in Arti-

code project of 1901. Herr Moedebeck and Major

own army, have pointed

cle 21 of his

may

failed to ratify the agreement.

is

specifically

G. O. Squier, of the Signal Corps of our

It

six

clearly,

Fauchille,

they may, notwithstanding that peace propagandists and others

In 1899, when this declaration was drawn up, ballooning was a

pastime and aeroplanes not invented. In that Conference twenty-

Discretion,

beginning with

believe,

explosives from air-craft was inevitable.

Don't make faces

The contacting Powers agree to. prohibit, for a

period extending to the close of the Third Peace
Conference, the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons or by other new methods of a
similar nature. The present declaration is only binding on the contracting Powers in case of war between two or more of them. It shall cease to be
binding from the time when, in a war between the
contracting Powers, one of the belligerents is joined
by a non-contracting Power.

belligerent state the right to protect itself

will probably be

ration.

however, and,

1907,

there had been developed the idea that the prohibition of hurling

The only

punished.
a

result

is

international

force

capable of compelling

public opinion, and public opinion

divided,

is

many

people believing in the genuine morality of armaments as a means

of protection many others being indifferent, and not a few holding that the

more

hellish

war becomes

the greater

is

the chance

of peace.

Aside from employment for espionage purposes, the indications,

from the fact that practically every army is experimenting with
landing bombs hurled from aeroplanes on a specified spot, are that
the military authorities have already decided that the service of
destruction by explosion will be the principal value of flying
man when war is on. If such employment cannot be prevented
as it is not today are there any rules that ought to govern the

rivalry in putting explosives

It

where they

a fixed principle that

is

when

will

war

do the most damage?

is

erents are the ones both to fight and to suffer

fought, the belligits

inconveniences;

moreover, individual non-combatants are to be interfered with

only as exigencies of warfare render necessary.
Practically no
rule is based on any other idea than on the greatest exercise of

humanity

to the greatest

number

of both fighters and peaceable

citizens.

Any

rules, to

principles.

It

accord with modern practice, must recognize these

would be

in order to stipulate,

for instance, that

amateur bomb throwers should be absolutely prohibited from

taking joy-rides with the purposes of spotting an enemy or two.
It

would sound ridiculous

to set

down such

a rule for the opera-

tion of big guns, but the death-dealing air-craft

itself.

The

is

in a class

by

legitimate peaceful pursuits of a whole countryside

could be disrupted with a few bombs in improper hands, the guiding

mind

of

which did not understand the elements of

ballistics as

trolled air-craft, while possibly able to

applied to falling bodies, rather than those having a horizontal

ably do so

trajectory.

work havoc, would probmuch damage not on their program that the latter

would be out of proportion

to their hostile utility.

This consideration brings up the question of an aerial corps

II

AIRCRAFT

ipio

gust,

similar to tiie artillery corps.

It is reasonable to predict that
every country with any military pretensions whatever will lose
no time in developing likely airmen to serve its purposes. In

the past they have not been slow in training submarine crews

men
is

and

work new-fangled guns. But the use of these weapons

considerably restricted as compared with air-craft. Their wider
to

range, their ability to travel over both land and water, their advan-

tage

naturally attacking from above, while even a submarine

in

new

gains a

these things

point of vantage only by complicated methods,

make

desirable to set

it

down

all

certain general rules

employment of air-craft in warfare.

International agreement that aeroplanes and

give

dirigibles shall be

during military operations only to qualified

entrusted

to belligerents

and yet

officers
it

would

necessary assurance of protection of non-combatants

that

in consonance with modern humanitarianism.

would also be feasible to insist that air-craft devoted to
scouting" or espionage purposes should be prohibited from carrying special aerial destructive apparatus.
This ought not to
include side arms or rifles, which crews would find it convenient

that

have with them on landing, but would affect the carriage of

and bombs of any sort. Such a stipulation would
tend to prevent any wanton damage to property or persons. Airto

quickfirers

however, intended and prepared for fighting, would be percany anything they pleased. Notification to the opponent as to which was which among the mosquitoes of the air
would not necessarily follow, for that would be as justifiably left
to each belligerent as is the proper treatment of prisoners of war
craft,

mitted to

at present.

To many

these considerations maj'

quondam

antagonistic of the

as to the

and men could work no hardship

215

is

It

seem far-fetched and

"when 3'ou

military principle of

But the Russo-Japanese war was fought

under restrictions not less humanitarian, and its cost in
lives was not negligible nor its result undecisive.
The fact
is that air-craft in war will introduce a new principle and
the problem now facing humanity is to protect the individual while giving freedom to the belligerent in attacking his
collective opponent.
If the considerations set forth above
accomplish this, they are in the spirit of the time.
(To be continued in September Aircraft.)
see a head hit

it."

PILOTING A BALLOON
By
..^^^k^,

H. E. Honeywell

HERE

are of necessity general laws and rules governing the piloting of spherical balloons, but every
pilot

own method

has his

of carrying these out,

and the majority of the very few disasters which

do occur can be avoided through the expertness
aeronaut.

of the

Providing one
balloon,

btiilt

ing presents
possible

handling a properly constructed

All balloons should be constructed with panels one-fifth the cir-

cumference of the sphere, and of proportionate width. For his

part the writer always strictly adheres to this rule.
The basket being connected, the bags of ballast should be slipped
down along the foot ropes to the centre, or next to the basket.
The pilot should now secure the ripping and valve cords in their
respective pockets, and get his passengers aboard. After breaking
open the appendix he weighs the balloon off only a few pounds
light, and when the usual good-byes have been said and the
photographers are all through, he orders all hands off, and the

or no danger

little

in

fact, the

only

chances of coming to grief are immedi-

upon leaving the ground

ately

before

the

buildings

or trees

and when landing at the conclusion of the air-trip.

One should no more think of making an ascension in a balloon

are cleared

which had not been designed on scientific principles than of

tempting an ocean voyage in a wash-tub.

at-

Two

important features in the make-up of a balloon are the

and texture of the gas-bag and the cord of which the netting is made.
It will be easily understood too, how necessary it is that the
appendix which acts as a safety valve be of dimensions proportionate to the capacity of the balloon, to relieve the bag of the
extra pressure to which it is liable to be put through the expansion of the gas owing to a rise in temperature or an increase in
quality

altitude

that

if

it

be of insufficient

which would occur

to a

size,

catastrophe,

similar to

steam boiler under high pressure and

with a safety valve too small to take care of the extra

steam, would naturally result; it would not necessarily be of
fitted

fatal nature, for the

gas-bag will invariably

rise to the top of the

netting and form a parachute, thus bringing about a safe landing

(this,

of course, providing the pilot has not been foolish enough

to tie the

appendix rope

to the concentrating ring previously to

starting on the journey

Assuming

that the balloon

thing which should never be done).

is

which is fixed on the concentrating ring comes

on the same side of the balloon as the ripping panel (this will
ensure the falling of the panel side uppermost when landing,
thus allowing a quick dispersement of the gas, and also preventing any dragging if a high wind should be blowing at the time).

a reliable manufacturer, balloon-

is

bj'

ring and basket should then be hooked on, care being taken that
the drag-rope toggle

fully inflated, the first operation is

from the appendix, then to adjust the rip

and valve cords making sure that they are not foul of each
other.
The ripping cord passes through an air-tight aperture
near the appendix while the valve cord is passed through the
appendix itself. (See balloon diagram page 44, April Aircr.aft.)
The next thing to be done is to close the appendix by tying it

to disconnect the hose

with a piece of cord, in such a manner as to make it easy to

release it, when the time for doing so arrives the concentrating
;

balloon gently and 'majestically rises from the earth.

well to break the appendix open quite three minutes before

It is

leaving the ground, or there

holding

If the balloon is

upon
owing

is

its

a possibility of getting a false start

gas, the

moment

the load

is

hung

under pressure which cannot be relieved

Immediately the appendix
is opened, the gas-bag, which was previously a perfect sphere,
becomes pear-shaped, and consequently does not displace as

much

it,

to

the bag

is

the appendix being tied.

as previously

the result

is

a false start,

wdiich

means a

sudden descent unless ballast be discarded liberally and at once.

The pilot must watch his instruments constantly, for there are
conditions encountered which, if not counteracted at the proper
moment, will cause a descent even when expansion is on from
dawn until midnight. For instance, passing over water or a
dense forest will
sun,

all

and mean the

contract the gas, or a cloud passing over the

loss of several

pounds of ballast; if the pilot

it
may, after he has

should neglect his duty at this moment,

started to descend, cost
to

check the

him

the loss of several sacks of ballast

downward momentum, and having accomplished

this,

in all probability gain as great an upward momentum as

he had downward, with the result that the balloon will shoot
up far above the equilibrium mark, when she once more becomes

he will

heavier than the atmosphere and will take another dive earth-

ward, unless the pilot be on the tick in throwing out his ballast.
When descending from whatever altitude, ballast should be paid

AIRCRAFT

2l6
out

small quantities

in

the

all

way down,

this

method giving

control.
On nearing the earth, the drag-rope (which
should be three hundred or more feet long) if it has not been
trailing during the whole of the journey, should now be cut

perfect

loose,

and

if

a landing

be drawn tight and

now

is

made

to

fast

be made, the appendix rope must

side of the concentrating

to the

This

ring opposite to that of the drag-rope toggle.

especially

balloon

is

when landing

in a stiff breeze;

by

this

is

important

precaution the

drag-rope touching

in the right position to land, the

to swing around so that the rope

approaching a landing place and when
the car just clears the tree tops, the balloon should be eased

the

ground causing the balloon

trails in the rear.

down

When

gently until within fifteen feet of the earth; then

panel out by one or two over-hand pulls.

It is

rip the

better not to use

August, ipio

an anchor in a high wind as it brings the balloon up with a nasty

jerk.
Of course it is necessary to anchor when making a valve
landing. When using the anchor it should be cut loose from the
car with all ropes clear, at a time when the operator is sure of
its

catching a tree or some other suitable object.

having given the order for

all

hands

to

ate the valve lightly until the car settles to earth.

remain

in the basket

until the

bag

Then, after

"stand easy," just oper-

Everyone must

well deflated, for

if suddenly relieved of weight the balloon might spring up with the

remaining passengers.
is

When once more on terra firma, all will readily agree that they
have just had one of the finest experiences of their lives and will
lose no time in making arrangements for a repetition of it at
an early date.

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

THE EDWARDS AND EDICK BIPLANE
By W.
(^NE
^-^

at
of the latest machines to have
Mineola is the Edwards and Edick biplane.
This machine resembles the Ctirtiss in general outline.
The builders have, however, embodied sev-

eral

new and

original

ideas

in

its

construction.

Like the Bleriot monoplane, it has a main threewheeled chassis supporting the motor, which is
shipped intact and to which the main planes are
Dimensions and details of
afterward attached.
construction

follow^

any length of

tii

H. Phipps

although great
ason the planes

are awaited with

ration are expected.

AIRCRAFT

August, igio

217

SOME CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

^^2^
Fig.

I. A

joint used on the Brauner biplane

now at Mineola. It consists of a strip
of sheet steel bolted as shown to form
a sleeve joint.

Fig.

2.

Shows

an improvement

on

the

Farman

The arrangement peslanding chassis.

sesses an advantage over the Farman

type

offer

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

used

on the

tip

Edw
1

to

biplane at Mineola.

applying

of

shock absorbing

as

Illustrates a wing
used on the
Short biplane.
a
Illustrates a method of applying
a monopla
man landing device
a joint used on the Lesh
Shows
chines.
lish

-Shows an ingenious

Fig.

biplane,

and Edick machine.

dev

monoplane (Englanc
-Illustrates a method
to the main spars

.^
'

Curtiss

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

The following

flights
in

were recently made

Martinet
Paillette

Fequant

Wagner
Dickson

lasting

over

two

hours

France:

"5

June

46"
44"

"
"
"
July

9
12
19

Wagner

4th);

Tune

I2th);

Captain
(i

June

42',

hr.,

2 hrs. 45'
2 hrs.
2 hrs. 20'
2 hrs. 03'
2 hrs. 27'
3 hrs. 20'

hr.,

16',

17th);

June 7th); Pishofli (i

4' 363-5".
(i
hr.,
30',
(i
hr.,
June 12th);
10', June 13th); Loraine
17th); Marchalowski (i hr.,
Captain Madiot (i hr., 30',
03',

hr.,

Didier

7 th);

Marie (i
20', June

June

Tune

(i

Morane

hr.,

i6th);
Fischer

(i

hr..

June 17th); Brook-

ERRATA
An important omission was inadvertently made
our "Flour-flights in America" table last
month that of the second leg of Curtiss' AlbanyNew York flight of May 29th, when he flew from
Camelot, N. Y., to 214th Street, New York City,

in

in

hr.,

09'.

Austrian advices show that s6th place among

hr.,
June the men who have flown for an hour belongs to
Constantin Baron Economo, instead of to
Flar- Dr.
he flew for i hr.. 03' on his Voisin,
Chevret;
mon (I hr., 05', June 28th).
2
Harmon
2 hrs. 03'
July
Morane's flight (on a Bleriot) was made with on Mav 17th; they also reveal that the great
Among those who have recently succeeded in a passenger. It is a world's two-man record for flights recently made on the "Etrich 11" monoThe Earonne de Laroche made a plane were all made by Illner, whose name
making hour-flights for the first time, are: Lieu- monoplanes.
(i
hr.,
tenant
Sido
June 2d): Captain Bur- flight of 40' at Budapest on June 13th, breaking should figure in the place of that of the inventor (in the 53rd place).
geat (i hr., 5', June 3rd); Pailette (i hr., June lier own world's record for women.

Olieslaegers

The only flight lasting over

made in America was by

hours

so

far

ins (i hr., 30',

25", Tune 19th);

2oth);

Tabuteau

June

17th);

De Ridder

(i

hr.,

14',

Cattaneo

(i

hr.,

(l
05',

June 21st);

First Flights in the Different Countries

Year

AIRCRAFT

2l8

Augiist, igio

FOREIGN NEWS
By

Albert C. Triaca

France

Argentine Republic
Aubrun, a Voisin flyer, has been awarded his
Pilot's License by the jVero Club of Argentine,
and so becomes the hist South American pilot.

The

Delegates to the International Aviation

Congress recently visited Issy-les-Moulineaux. Arriving, they were received by M. Henri Deutsch
de la Meurthe, Comte Castillon de St. Victor, M.
Bleriot, M. Soreau, Comte J. de Lesseps, Commandants Roche and Renard, and others.
The
Delegates represented France, Italy, Spain, Great
Britain, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Germany, Sweden, Servia, Roumania, Monaco, Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Switzerland, and
Turkey.

Austra^liaL
Harry Houdini, the famous hand-cuff man, who

New

York, writes Aircraft under

date of June 30th, as follows:
"On page 187, of the July issue of your publication, under the heading of \'ictoria, mention
is made of my flights in my Voisin biplane, and
you finish by saying 'The first to fly on the
Australian continent was Mr. C. Defries, etc'
"Please allow me to inform you that your information is incorrect as Mr. Defries never made
He had been sent to France
any flight at all.
for the Wright biplane and came back heralded
as a great flier and was to have given exhibitions in Sydney.
"The machine was assembled at the Town
Hall, placed on exhibition, and it was then advertised that he would give exhibitions at the
There he attempted
Victoria Park Race Course.
one or two jumps into the air, and his attempts
at flying were such a failure that the owners of
the biplane took it away from him and shipped
near Melbourne, where a
to Diggers Rest,
it
chauffeur, Mr. R. Banks, was given a chance to
attempt to fly the machine.
"I arrived in Melbourne about February 7tli,
but business engagements and various other ciris

now

in

cumstances prevented

me from making my

After they visited the hangars, Leblanc gave

an exhibition of flying on his Bleriot. Then Morane, on another Bleriot, followed, and did better by flying over the hangar of the dirigible.
Next, Mollien took the air, followed by De Lesseps, four Bleriots thus being in the air at once.
While they were flying an aeroplane was seen
approaching from outside the aerdrome.
This
proved to be Comte de Lambert, who made one
of his rare, but always eft'ective, appearances on
a Wright, having flown over from Villacoublay,
15 kilometers away, to greet the Delegates.
He was received with acclamations, as no one
in the least expected him.
Soon after his arrival Obre, on his own monoplane, flew a little.
and then Maurice Clement on his Clement-Bayard
biplane.
Next Audemars came out on a Clement
Demoiselle to try for his pilot's certificate.

On June

flrst

until March 16, 1910, WHICH IS THE

DATE OF THE FIRST FLIGHT EVER MADE
ON THE CONTINENT OF AUSTRALIA ON
AN AEROPLANE, and for which I was awarded

the trophy by the Australian Aerial League some

my

Sydney.
"A Bleriot monoplane in Adelaide was reputed
to have flown the day before I made my flight,
but on investigation it was proven untrue, and
the trophy was publicly and offtcially presented
to me.
So the glory of having been the first
rightfully
belongs
to
the
successful
aviator
time

after,

during

flights

in

writer.

the date of my leaving Australia, I had been the only human being who had
flown in a heavier-than-air machine on the continent of Australia.
"Enclosed please find cuttings from the various
newspapers corroborating my statements, and as
I have the trophy here with me in New York,
I should be pleased to have you look at it if
you so desire.
"I have made 18 flights in Australia: 14 in
Longest,
Victoria, and 4 in New South Wales.
19 minutes."

"Up

to

May

9th,

Canada
was accomplished at the Montreal
Four Wright machines were entered,
manned by La Chappelle, Coft'yn, Johnstone and
Brookins.
Count Jacque De Lesseps and Walter

Good

flying

meet.

Young
Brookins shared the honors of the meet.
Cromwell Dixon, the boy aeronaut, so impressed
Count de Lesseps with his skill and daring that
he has taken him under his charge and intends
fly
Bleriot.
to teach him to
a
La Chappelle
made the fastest flight, circling the course twice
in 3' 29", the distance being about 12,000 feet.
De Lesseps in his light Bleriot monoplane accomplished the same 2 turns in 4' and 35".

3d Marcel Hanriot flew from Bethney

Mourmelon

to

flight

in

z^

minutes.

At

Mourmelon

Captain Burgeat flew for i hour and 5 minutes

on a Farman.
Daroginski and Gobe, on Antoisheltering both British and foreign maWhenever weather conditions permit the
aeroplanes are brought out, and good flights accomplished.
The Hon. Allan Boyle, whose motor
blew up while he was in the air, has now fitted
his
English-built Avis monoplane with another
engine.
closure,
chines.

An

interesting

undergoing
Sheppey, is

trials

The machine
by the Short

that

biplane
at

of

that

has

Eastchurch in
Lieutenant J.

recently been
the Isle of

a biplane and was

Bros., of Shellbeach.
is

W. Dunne.
constructed

nettes,

won

certificates.

Louis Breguet, a picture of whose interesting

machine appears in the May issue, page 106, has
now three pupils in training at Douai Leon
Bathiat, Hesne, and Aligro.

Good flights were made at the Juvisy Meet.

About 30,000 people were present on the first
Dubonnet at his first attempt flew for half
day.
an hour on a brand new machine which had
never been tested before, a

The biplane has flown 2% miles and displayed accuracy

of

the

Tellier

fine testimonial to the

construction.

much

natural stability as to render the use

of the control levers unnecessary.
The outstanding feature of the Dunne biplane
is the arrangement of the main planes V fashion,
In plan the machine is
as viewed from above.
like an arrow-head, the main planes sloping sharply backwards from the center where they join
The machine is fitted with two centhe body.
propellers,
driven by a 50-h.p.
trally
located
Green engine.
Further trials of this flyer will be awaited with
interest, for it seems that Lieutenant Dunne has,
in a measure, solved the problem of automatic
so

their

stability.

England has a new aviator of worth in Mr.

On June 19th he brought out his new
Colmore.
Short machine for the first time and accomplished
two flights of over 2 miles each. The following
day he rose to a height of 100 feet, where his
motor stopped.
He made a fine glide landing
safely and without damage.

to

Lieutenant Fequant and Captain Marconnet are

be awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honor
their world's record cross-country flight of

for

106 miles.

Another successful meet opened on Sunday,

June 19th, at Rouen, and during the day no less
than a dozen different -aviators were seen in the
air while at one time there were eight machines
up.
An interesting contest ensued between Captain Dickson and Cattaneo for the longest distance flown, which ended in favor of the Italian,
who during the day covered 243 kiloms. on his
Bleriot.
The other totals for the day were: AuBruneau de
demars (Demoiselle)
94 kiloms.
Laborie (H. Farman), 57 kiloms.; Hanriot (Han,

42 kiloms.; Morane (Bleriot), 36

Van den Born (H. Farman). 21 kiloms.;

kiloms.;
Bathiat
kiloms.; Dufour (Voisin), 12 kiloms.; Metrot (Voisin). 6 kiloms.; Christiaens (H.
Farman), 3 kiloms.; and Mme. de la Roche, who
only covered a very short distance.

riot),

(Breguet),

21

Another airship which has recently been undertrials in England is that constructed by
The longest single flight was made by Captain
This dirigible is similar to Dickson, who covered 140 kiloms. in 2 hrs., 27',
Mr. E. T. Willows.
the "American Eagle," constructed in the Aero- while Cattaneo was second with 80 kiloms. in
nautical Society's workshops at Morris Park last I hr., 10'.
Morane won the passenger prize with
Nervoe, on a Voisin. and Count Maltke on an summer. It has two propellers which are used to a trip of 18 kiloms. in as many minutes, while
fly
across
Copenhagen steer up and down and to the right and left.
Ellehammer, were
to
later he made an excursion outside the flying
Both aviators started, but
Sound on June 14th.
ground, passing around the Cathedral.
In the
Count Maltke came to grief soon after starting.
George Barnes, a racing motor cyclist, had a competition for gliding flight, Bathiat was best,
Nervoe, however, accomplished a short trial flight, miraculous escape from death while flying his his machine covering 426 metres, while Captain
but had to give up the second flight owing to a Humber monoplane.
The left wing of his mono- Dickson was second with 204 metres.
rising wind.
and the machine dived from
plane collapsed,
There was a good deal of wind on Monday,
On July 7th. Baron Cederstrom, a Swedish a height of 30 feet, completely wrecking itself.
but in spite of it a dozen machines were in the
aviator,
and Swendsen, a Dane, attempted a The aviator, however, was absolutely unharmed.
air,
for although Van den Born, Bathiat. and
flight across the Sound from Copenhagen to MalMetrot
did not venture out, Verstraten (on a
mo in Sweden, about 14 miles. Neither sucMr. Roe, on his triplane (see March Aircraft,
ceeded in reaching his destination.
Page 6), accomplished his first circular flight on Sommer), Latham (on an Antoinette), and DuThe wind was strong and Baron Cederstrom's June I St. He has now shifted his seat about bonnet (on a Tellier), took their places. During
engine broke down while he was over the Island one foot farther forward, bringing some weight the day Captain Dickson traversed 66 kiloms.,
of" Saltholm, about midway.
He had a narrow off the tail, the three planes of which now form Cattaneo, 54 kiloms., and Dubonnet and Morane,
42 kiloms. each.
escape from death, but finallv made a landing on the elevator.
the islandOn Tuesday Captain Dickson established a long
Swendsen's flight was almost equally perilous.
His total distance during
The first cross-country flight on a monoplane lead over his rivals.
After going a few miles he turned back and in England was made by the Hon. Allan Boyle the day of 170 kiloms. made his record for the
landed on the coast.
The machine used was an Avis, three days 460 kiloms., while his nearest opponent,
on June loth.
kiloms.
behind this figure. Durmotor.
Cattaneo,
was
30-h.p.
Anzani
40
fitted with a
ing Tuesday Cattaneo flew 120 kiloms. and DuEngland
A hydro-aeroplane, of the Bleriot type, is be- bonnet 55 kiloms. The Breguet machine, which
The Brooklands Motor Parkway is now the ing built at Bowness. The machine is fitted with had been giving a good account of itself, came
Numerous aero- two hydro-plane floats to assist it in rising from to grief through being caught by a gust of wind,
center of aviation activities.
but the aviator was fortunately not injured.
dromes and tents have been erected in the en- the water.

DenmoLrk

going

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

NEW

PILOTS' LICENSES.

The following Pilots' Certificates were officially

awarded at the last meeting of the French Aero
Club: Maurice Colliex, Rene Labouchere, Louis
Wagner, Jean Bielovucic, Henri Pequet, CapPaul,
Marconnet, Ernest
tain
Eteve, Captain
Louis Gilbert, Andre Frey. Florentin Champel,
Marcel Hanriot. Jean Dufour, Comm. Clolus,
Vladimir Lebedeff, Marcel Pailette, Edmond Audemars, Gustave Elondeau, Armand Gobe, Edmond Dufour. Albert Niel, Edouard Nieuport,
Captain Madiot, and Andre Taurin.

Below we publish the

I.

Juvisy,

at

(Hanriot,

Clerget)

Latham

(Antoinette,

54
43
3^

3
3
3
2

23
22

30
21

26

i7
8

50

20

Antoinette). 4

Paulhan <H. Farman, Gnome)

Frey (H. Farman, E. N. V.)...
7 inner (Etrich, Clerget)
5 Engelhardt (Wright, Wright)
9 Pischoff (Pischoff, E. N. V.)..
10 Mme. de Laroche (Voisin, E. N.
.

V.)

3'

Robl, the former champion long-distance cyclist

Germany, won his Pilot's License at Mulhouse on June gth on a German-built Farman.
of

Jeannin and Robl, on German-built Farmans,

Mulhouse to
both made cross-coiintry flights,
Heiligkreuz and return, a distance of about 40

Hrs. Min. Sec.

2
46
3
i
45
40
1
44
50
i
13
29

Wagner

2 Illner
3

N.

Kinet

4 Warchalowski

NON-STOP DISTANCE FLIGHTS

kilometres.

After a short but eventful career the Zeppelin

passenger airship "Deutschland," was wrecked in
a storm on June 28th, being forced to land in
the Teutobnrgian forest, where it was ripped and
twisted by the wind into a mass of cloth and

The 33 persons aboard escaped uninjured climbing down a rope ladder from the wreck on the
top

pine trees.

of the

Previous to the accident the "Deutschland"

with Count Zeppelin at the helm made two remarkable flights.
On June 22d the airship left
Frledrichshafen, on Lake Constance, for DusselThe journey bedorf, a distance of 250 miles.

gan at 3 o'clock in the morning and ended at

noon of the same day. The time was as follows:
Left Frledrichshafen 3 a. m. arrived -at Aulendorf,
Ulm, 4-30; Stuttgart, 6.00; Man3.40;
heim, S.oo; Bingen, 9.00; Coblenz, 9.50; Bonn,
;

10.30;

On

Cologne,

1.20

Dusseldorf, noon.

June 24th the Zeppelin airship made a

hour excursion with

"Deutschland" made

20 passengers.
a second but

Later

the

shorter

ex-

Kil.

M.

137
103
75
63

385
670
40
40

Metres.
1

Paulhan

Latham

Illner

t,o6o

858
449
442

4 Chavez

SPEED PRIZE

The
Mannheim via Mayence and Wiesbaden.
proposition will appear in due course, but German aviators and machines only are eligible.

Kil.

M.

Latham

76

Tullerot

73

yy
41
20
51

(Antoinette)
(H, Farman)
CH. Farman)
3 Paulhan
4 Wagner (Hanriot)

71

70

PRIZE FOR SLOWNESS

did,

the

first

Frey (H. Farman)

Amerigo (Sommer)
Warchalowski (H. Farman)

50
28
27

11
11
11

Engelhardt (Wright)
N. Kinet (H. Farman)
Paulhan (H. Farman)

49
44

47
33

Watiner, the famous automobile racing

driver, flying a Hanriot monoplane, fitted with a
Clerget motor, carried oft' the honors of the meet,
defeating such well-known biplane flyers as Paulhan, Effimoff, Chavez and Engelhardt.

Mme.

QUICK STARTING
Farman)
Farman)
Warchalowski (H. Farman)
Paulhan

Efiimoff

(H.
(H.

Wagner rHanriot)

Illner

N. Kinet

M.

MM.

11
15

05

Frey

2 A.

Laroche
(H.

46

Illner
(Etrich)
Pischoff (Pischoff)

Szekely

$1,000

Farman)

"

400

Apparently unnoticed by the press of this

country, an unfortunate Hungarian aviator named
Zoseley had an accident in a machine of his own
construction at Budapest, and fractured his skull.
He died the same day.

Lvjxemburg
An Aviation Meet was held at Mendorf-lesBains.
Christiaens, with his Farman, accomplished
the longest flight of the meeting, flying 59 minutes, but De Petrowsky, on a
close second with 57 minutes.
rier also took part.

Sommer, was

Mollien and Bar-

Osmont, at Braila, flew to a height of about

He also
2,000 feet on a Farman on June 3d.
flew over the town, and on one flight carried
with whom he flew across the

two passengers
Danube.

Late News by Cable

Bulgaria
Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, has established
immortal fame for himself by being the first
monarch in the world to make a flight in an
aeroplane.
This he did at Brussels on July 15,
1910, as a passenger accompanying Chevalier de

Canada
The Toronto Aviation Meet ended on July

i6th,

having

scored a success through the wonderful

flights achieved by
Count Jacques de Lesseps.
The count rose to a height of 3,500 feet in his
tinv cross-i
1
type Bleriot.

Manitoba
Eugene

Ely,

in

his

third

attempt

to

fly

be-

tween Winnipeg and Portage La Prairie on July

height of several hundred feet
1

-nemouth Aviation Meet, at which the

Rolls was killed, came to an end on

Leon Morane, the French aviator, was awarded

the first prizes for speed, altitude, sea flight, and
general merit at the meet.
J. Armstrong Drexel,
son of Anthony J. Drexel, was next as the highest prize winner.
Grahame White took the third
altitude

of 4,100

feet,

and

around the Needles Lighthouse and returned

Hrs. Min. Sec.

i
45
40
25
48

(Szekely)

England
C.

Mc rane reached an

NEW CONSTRUCTIONS

(Voisin)

The Austrian Archduchess Augusta is the first

royal lady to have flown in Hungary; during the
Budapest meeting her Royal Highness made a
flight with Warchalowski in his Farman biplane.

Ho

Hrs. Min. Sec.

2
46
3
i
45
40
i
44
40

(Etrich)
(H. Farman)

PRIZES FOR

Louis

77

CONSOLATION PRIZE
de

verely injured.

PRIZE FOR BEGINNERS

a great success, afreal competitive test

N.

Laminne.

A.

HxingaLry
THE BUDAPEST :MEET.
it

Points
106
84

(Antoinette)
Kinet (H. Farman)

Hrs. Min. Sec.

2

dawn.

The Budapest Meet was

Latham

(10 Kilometres)

PASSENGER PRIZE
1

The smallest of all Germany's dirigibles, the

Clouth, is now at Brussels, where it arrived
The
safely after its night flight from Cologne.
journey only took sJ^ hours and could have been
done in less if the morning fog had not made it
necessary to reduce speed in the early hours of

fording as

Wagner (Hanriot)

Min. Sec.

between monoplanes and biplanes.

(10 Kilometres)

German

country

Adorjan

Per Hour

of 50,000 marks has been presented by

League of Aviators for a crossflight from Frankfort on the Maine to

N. Kinet
Warchalow^ski

HEIGHT PRIZE

A sum

Wagner

4 Illner

4-

cursion.

the

LONGEST CONTINUOUS FLIGHTS

GermOk-ny

8
8

8
6

BEST PERFORMANCES

10
37
31
38

11

Gnome)... 4

(H. Farman.

=;

avoid confusion, those who follow aviation

closely should note that there are two Kinets
There are
flying Farman's
Daniel and Nicholas.
the German Frey, who flies a
also two Freys
Farman, and Andre Frey, a Frenchman, who
pilots a Sc

To

Havath

2 Szekely

results of the meet.

Hrs. Min. Sec.

28
15
N. Kinet (H. Farman, Gnome).. 12

2 Wagner
3 Effimoff

Min. Sec.

in-

RESULTS OF THE BUDAPEST MEET.

TOTALIZED DURATION DURING MEET.

a Demoiselle, flew 27 kilometres

thus establishing a record for this

PRIZE FOR HUNGARIAN AVIATORS

111-

ventor, Herr Etrich; this machine, like the successful Hanriot monoplane, was also fitted with
a Clerget motor.

Audemars, on
type.

219

Another remarkable monoplane, driven by

ner, was ^hat constructed by the Austrian

minutes.
an Boyle, son of the Earl of Glasgow, is
serious condition in consequence of his fall
is
aeroplane.
niles)

in

25

RECORDS OF RHCIMS AVIATION MEET

July 5d
LaLtKarrv,

Labouchere

a-rvd

Le Bla.nc

will

to

July lOth. 1910

represent Fra.nce

At Garden City. L.
Aviator

I.,

ir\

in

the InternaLtionsLl Gordon Bennett Corvtest

October

AIRCRAFT

August, igio

CLUB NEWS
Compiled hy Ada Gibson

Th

Nak.tionLl

Club

Council
of

of

the Aero

The new organization

flights,

will have charge of all

records, and aviation meets of
in the United States during
with one exception that of the

any character held

were chosen

Harvard Aeronautical Society

meeting of the Aero Club of California

June 28th, the following officers were
elected for the ensuing year: President, H. La V.
Twining; First Vice-President, R. I. Blakeslee;
Se.
dent, W. H. Leonard;
tar
el
H. Gr
Cha
E. Rila

on

Members

of Board of Directors at
S. Eaton and Van M. Griffith.
Harvard -Aeronautical Society, acting in
conjunction with the Aero Club of New England,
]iei

ten days' aviation meet, to be held

nth of September at Salem, N. H.
30 classified events for aeroplanes

pla

By Edwin C. Brown, Secretary

"Harvard I," the first aeroplane to be built
and operated by students of a L^niversity Aero
Club, was constructed by the members of the
Harvard Aeronautical Society.
The machine is
of the biplane type, and while not being a radical departure from standard design, presents several new features, the ideas of James V. Martin,

manager of

the Society:
Two elevators operated independently, placed at the forward outer extremities of
the main riding surfaces, and presenting 35 sq.
ft.
of free controlling surface.
The macliine has
no tail.
The vertical rudder is in front of the
main planes, and turned by side to side motion
of the operator's body.
The throttle is controlled by the knee of the operator.

CONTROL

MAIN PLANES 26
in.

ft.

x 4

ft.,

in.,

made

three sections, the upper surface being set 12

behind the low(
Distance between planes,

Harmon, Chairman of the Execu- 4 feet.

The curve of thi planes is for speed.
tive Committee; W.
B. Strang, Aero Club of and offers maximum lift
'ith
Kansas; Albert B. Lambert, Aero Club of St. mum head resistance.
The attachment
Louis; Dr. John C. Eberhardt, Dayton Aero- cloth is beneath the ribs and ear cross-piece.
plane Club, and Dr. Albert F. Zahm, Secretary is effected entirely by lacing,
A special nosing
Aero Club of Washington, Vice Chairmen; Col. presents a sharp entering edge.
Clifford

At

held

the year 1910

International Meet, which will be held at Garden City in October and which the Aero Club of
America will supervise.
The following 36 clubs were represented with
a total mem'bership of over 3,000 individuals:
Aero Club of California, 225 members; ICansas
City,
175 members; Kansas, 80 members;
Dayton Aeroplane Club, 520; Philadelphia, 30;
Saratoga Springs, 45; Illinois, 300; Minneapolis,
25; Aeronautique of Chicago, 150; South Bend,
25; Utah, 10; Springfield, 50; Pennsylvania, 175;
Harvard, 385; Baltimore, 76; Dayton, 60; Pittsfield,
100;
New England, 150; Canton, 100;
Pasadena, 75; Washington, 114; Princeton, 18;
Cornell, 14; Haverford, 18; Swarthmore, 10; Amherst, 40; Columbia, 20; Tufts, 50; Yale, 25;
University of Chicago, 20; University of Virginia,
Purdue, 9; Boston Technology, 25;
30;
University of Pennsylvania, 65; Carnegie Technology, 20.
Total
3,304 members.
Pending the election of officers and executive
committeemen at the December meeting these officrs

Club Notes

Aero

America

T^HE National Council of the Aero Club of

-*
America was organized in the club rooms
of the Aero Club of America on the evening of
June 22d.
contests,

Aero Club of Jacksonville, Y. M. C. A.

Club, Aeronautic Society of New Jersey,
Tufts Aero Club, W. Hudson Aero Club, Aero
Club of Michigan, Aero Scientific Club of Washingtoii. Aero Club of Buffalo, Aeronautic Alumni
Association, The Aeronautical Society of New
York, Aero Club of Utah, Springfield Aero Club,
National Model .-Nero Club, and the University
of Chicago Aero Club.
Club,

petitions for dirigible

othe

Preliminary
tional

Joyce of Baltimore, Treasurer; J. S. FanRUNNING GEARnbination skids and disSecretary, and George B. Harrison, Aero
appearing wheels.
The four wheels are attached
Club of Pasadena, Assistant Secretary.
by springs which act as shock absorbers in landBesides these, the following were elected to
mg.
The two rear wheels are equipped with
complete the Executive Committee:
ordinary bicycle coaster brakes.
George A. Myers, Aero Club of Kansas City;
The wood used in "Harvard I" is air-dried
.Tames E. Plew, Aero Club of Illinois; John
spruce, hollowed and laminated throughout. Each
Satterfield, Aero Club of Buffalo; G. A. Richrib is made of three strips laminated togeth
to
ardson,
President of the Intercollegiate Aero give strength
and to hold the curve.
Club; Carl J. Fisher of Indianapolis; Charles
J.
The power plant consists of
Ghdden of Boston, and Arthur T. Atherholt of
4-cylii
cooled
Cameron
Philadelphia
motor, which
driving the
_. Neely, of the Aero Club of Pennsyl- ^'^ded Herring-Burgess propell
--.,
R.P.M.,
vania, was appointed Chairman of the Committee develops a thrust of 180 pounds.
Weight of mahine without engine, 150 pounds
Contests; two oth
committee members
and operator, 530 pounds.
be appointed later.
It is t.,^ ..,,^ou plane ever built, and, from the standpoint of
Following the deliberations
delegate
pounds per square foot of lifting surface, is the
this resolution was passed:
The Board of Governors of the Aero Club of lightest.
America hereby authorizes the organization of the
"Harvard I" has made two low flights of 40
National Council of Affiliated Clubs of the Aero and 50 feet, and is
undergoing further trials on
Club of America, but the Aero Club of Ameri- the University Athletic Field.
ca IS confirmed as the representative of the International Aeronautical Federation.
All matters
relating to National affairs are referred to the
said National Council.
The National Council will
be composed of one member from each affiliated
club for the year igio, and the National Council
during the year 1910 will consider the organization on a basis of State representation.
The Chairman of the National Council shall be
named by the Aero Club of America. The matter of the location of National races after the
year 1910 will be vested in the National Council,
committee shall be constituted by the National
Council to deal
ith questions involving the sanction of National meets.

-'Aviation

Tournament
work for organizing the InternaTournament for 1910, is already

under way and the promoters of the big meeting

announce their intention of making it the most
interesting and important event of the kind in
the history of

The

human

flight.

field selected is near Garden City,

on the beautiful Hempstead Plains, and
about one mile east of the Aero Club grounds,
where Clifford B. Harmon and others have been
ecent flights.
The field will be reached
by two lines of electr
d parking space

L.

flying

I.,

will be provided
automobiles.

withii

the

closu

for

),000

tournament will begin October 15th and

ue to and including October 23d, the GorBennett International Speed Contest taking
October 22d.
In the event of bad weather

B.

J. H.
ciulli.

raft.

International Aviation

dor
pla

that

day,

on

j^^'ij

the

International contest will be

as conditions will pei--

tliereafter

mit.

Cash
fered
of the

prizes amounting to $50,000 will be ofseveral special prizes for events out
ordinary course of aeroplane contests.

program of events,

including many new and

interesting features will soon be announced.
The
financing of the enterprise has been turned over
by the Aero Club of America to a committee
composed of Messrs. Lawrence L. Gillespie, Philip
T. Dodge, Dave Hennen Morris, Allan A. Ryan
and Andrew Freedman.
Through popular subscription, this committee has undertaken to raise
$250,000, the greater part of which has already
pledged.
iMr. Gage
Tarbell, one of the best known
business
New "York, has been selected as
and chairman of the committee
gn^"f' manager
""
"" Plan and
Scope, with Mr. Byron R. Newton
assistant manager.
Offices of the manager
d assistant manager have been opened at No.
o Fifth --\venue.
An honorary president, viceesidents and special committtees will soon be

nounced.

AeronaLUtjc FederaLtion of Americai^

-At a convention
held at the Waldorf-Astoria
Hotel. New York City, on the evening of June
22d, the Aeronautic Federation of America was
organized
and the following officers electedPresident, Hudson Maxim; Vice-Presidents, Lyman J. Seely Rochester Aero Club; George W.
Clark. Jacksonville Aero Club; W. R. Kimball
Aeronautical Society; Oscar J. Needham, Aero
Club of Dayton; Dr. J. C. Eberhardt, Dayton
Aeroplane Club, and Thomas E Eldridge, Aero
Club of Philadelphia; Secretary, Thomas A. Hill;
Treasurer,
Dr.
R.
C.
Northwood, West Side
Young Men's Christian Association, and Supervisor, Lee S. Burridge.
The following clubs were admitted to membership:
Southern Aero Club, Aero Club of Rochester, Santa Clara College, Philadelphia Aeronautical
Recreation Society. Aero Club of Notre
Dame, Aeronautical Society of Canada, Intercollegiate Aeronautic Federation (representing
14
University Aero Clubs), Aero Club of California,
Illinois Aeroplane Club, Aero Club of Missouri
Amherst Aero Club, De Witt Clinton Aeronautic

FIARVARD

I.

HIKE BUILT
.

M.\RTIN, PILOT

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

FLYING MACHINE MODELS

By W.
Indoor model flying contests have been suspended during the warm weather. Numerous out-

H.

PHIPPS
4

10

door contests will be held at jNIineola, L. I.,

during the summer.
Each Saturday model competitions will be held
at Mineola for a cup presented by Edward Durant, Director of the Junior Aero Club of America.

Mr. J. H. Ellensohn, President of the Mineola

Press, will direct the contest which is to be held
tinder the rules of the National Model Aero Club
(See May Aircraft, Page iii).
Mr. Durant has also donated a silver cup for
the greatest distance a kite will fly; and the
school boys of Mineola and Garden City will be
the majority in this contest, which will also take
place on a Saturday that will be determined by
the committee, composed of Mr. J, H. Ellensohn
and Mr. E. Durant.
At the aeroplane model contest, held at the
N. Y., Saturday, June
2 2d Regiment Armory,
4th.
Mr. Frank Schober broke the wor.d's recoi'd by flying his monoplane 2 1 5 feet 6 inche:
ngley type of good
rkmansliip be
ing close inspection.
The New York World has n exhibition (al
their Park Row Building, New York) of models
lines and airships that parof all the flvii
the
York to Albany fli-jht foi
:ipated

The

Hora^ce Ma.nn Aero Club

The Horace Mann Aero Club was organized in

December, 1969, with five members. This number
gradually increased until there are now 15
members.
The purpose of the club is to
study air-craft in all phases, to develop individual machines, and to prove their merit by actual
The present officers are: President,
contest.
Stoddard; Secretary and Treasurer,
George
Edward de Cemea.
The contests or races of air-craft are held as
often as the machines' development permit, and
are now averaging about one a month.
The rules governing the contests are
Machines may be of any heavier-than-air
1.
and are divided into two classes,
type,
helicopters and aeroplanes, each competing

has

active

in

their

respective

classes

only.

2.

Machines may be started from the

3.

the hands.
Distance of

flight

measurements

from standing place

touched by machine.
radial,

4.

to

floor

or

are taken
point first

In event of a tie race the following points

are used to determine the winner: 50 per
cent, for length of flight, 30 per cent, for
stability and good direction, and 20 per
cent, for construction and design.

Model Aero
The model aeroplane shown in Fig. i is of such
simple design and construction that any boy can
make it. For the planes procure a strip of spruce
1-32 of an inch thick and cut to the shapes and
The
sizes shown in the accompanying diagram.
frame

is

constructed of i-8-inch wood.

a span of 24 inches, being

inches in the center, and tapering off to i^
The front plane is 16 inches
inches at the tips.
The ailerons on the
long and 2 inches wide.
front plane are made chiefly for assisting in the
The machine is driven by an 8-inch
ba'.ance.
propeller, doing 1,200 revolutions per minute, and
the propeller is driven by g strands of i-16-inch
The overall weight is 2 ounces.
elastic.

The main plane has

Model Construction Details

Fig.

for
tion.

shows a compact and neat elastic motor

The drawings explain its construcFor the landing device shown in Fig. 3

models.

we are indebted to the English "Flight."

The landing skids are of split bamboo, steamed
to shape, a small spar is fixed between these, and
on this is pivoted and lashed with rubber a short
piece of whalebone, to the lower end of which

If the model lands with

pivoted the wheel.
any violence the rubber lashings give, and the
skids take the force of the blow (themselves givis

ing slightly), the wheels springing.

Fig. 4 shows a simple bearing used by the
writer.
It consists of a small block of wood cut
hole is
to the shape shown in the drawing.
bored in it to form a shaft bearing.

SCHOOL AERO CLUB

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

RECENT PATENTED INVENTIONS

Briefed by Gusfave R.

Thompson

Patent 958,926. May 24, 1910. Marcel

Kapferer.
Feeder spout for the compensating balloonets of
dirigible balloons, by which air may be distributed

U.

to

S.

different

balloonets.

May 24, 1910. HerPatent 959,392.

mann Ruthenberg.
For a propeller; constructed by stretching cloth
and like over wire frame work.
U.

S.

RobU. S. Patent 960,539. June 7th, 1910.

ert E. Green.
In this patent the supporting surfaces are clusThe planes are
tered together to reduce space.
also pivoted so that the angle of incidence may
be changed.
S. Patent 960,831.
Crane.

U.
L.

Toy

June

7,

1910.

Lou

aeroplane.

U.

S.

PATENT 960,539,

U.

S.

P.\TENT

DESCRIPTION OF THE CALL AVIATION ENGINE

By Henry
regular opposed 2 and 4-cylinder
*
engine of the usual 4-cycle type, water
cooled, 6-inch bore by 554 -inch stroke; the 2cylinder engine developing 50-h.p., and the 4at
cylinder engine developing 100-h.p.,
1,900
revolutions per minute.
It is in the cylinder and cylinder head construction that the chief point of interest lies.
In the Call engine the cylinder walls, piston
heads, valve cages, valve seats, as also all other
parts exposed to the heat of explosion chamber
are constructed of a special high-grade Vanadium
grey iron, while the outer cylinders and cylinder
heads, comprising also the water jacket, are constructed of a special high-grade alloy of aluminum

'X'HIS

is

and magnesium called Magnalium.

It will be observed from the accompanying

il-

first,
that the iron inner bushing is
surrounded throughout its entire explosion chamber length by the water jacket, without any intervening metal or joints, and. second, that no
part of the lighter metal of which the outer cylinders and cylinder heads are composed, is exposed to the heat of the explosion chamber.
With proper water circulation all danger of the

lustrations,

overheating of the outer cylinders is thus avoided,

and the proper adjustment maintained between the
relative heat conductivity and expansive qualities
of the two metals.
The grey iron bushings are machined to a perfect fit both inside and out, and are then pressed
into the outer cylinder from the top.
These bush-

Magnalium cylinder

L. Call

make a thorough- tubing of considerably larger proportions is then

water tight connection, while the spiral parti- fitted by means of a \'anadium grey iron ring or
of the Magnalium water jacket extend in- thimble containing a large number of holes around
ward to the iron cylinder, greatly strengthening its entire circumference.
The force of the exit to resist the explosive stress encountered.
haust pumps the cold air through these openings,
By the use of this lighter metal for the main and by this means the gases are so cooled and
outer cylinder, enormous strength of construction shrunk by the time they reach the mouth of the
is permitted
without undue weight.
The Mag- silencer as to greatly diminish noise.
nalium cylinders are, in fact, of sufficient thickEspecial attention has been devoted to securing
ness to give a tensile strength of something like the greatest possible cooling facilities.
To this
150,000 pounds, while the cylinder base and cy- end the water jacket partitions are spirally arlinder heads are each secured by a dozen steel ranged in such a manner that the jacket water
studs or capscrews 3-S inch in thickness, having passes four times around the cylinders during
a combined tensile strength of 150,000 pounds.
each circuit, and then over the entire surface of
In order to further lighten the engine, the the cylinder heads.
In addition to this the envalve cages, which are also of Vanadium grey gine is also equipped with a piston circulation
iron in one piece, are air cooled above the level pump instead of the usual centrifugal or gear
of the cylinder heads; while below this, and pump adopted on automobiles.
This piston pump
aound the valve seats, they are most efficiently is positive in its action, and in connection with
water cooled.
The crank case, and fittings not the spiral cooling flanges forces the jacket water
exposed to the heat of the explosion chamber, are four times around the cylinders during each 15
in order to

ly

tions

also

made

of

Magnalium, similar

to

the

material

used for outer cylinders and cylinder heads, and

the crank case is thoroughly braced and ribbed
in such a way as to give enormous strength
combined with minimum weight.
Having thus secured lightness in the heavier
engine parts, there has been no attempt made
upon the part of the designer to secure lightness
by the use of freakish material and insufficient
sizes

in

necting

the
rods,

construction

crank

shaft,

of

piston

and other

heads,
like

conparts.

The piston heads and rings are also made of

Vanadium grey iron. The connecting rods are
the best grade of Vanadium phosphor bronze,
specially

designed

shaft

of

solid

is

ings are of ample thickness throughout the length

of explosion chamber, and below that are considerably reduced in thickness.
As will be seen
from the accompanying illustrations, an additional
shoulder upon the inner cylinder at the top is
machined to fit into a companion groove in the

the

for strength,
best grade of

and

the

Vanadium

crank
steel,

throughout.

The valves

are of large size and have unusually large valve lifts.

Both the inlet and exhaust
valves are 2 inches in diameter, and the valve
lift is 3-8 inch, giving free clearance.
In addition to the main exhaust valves, a 3-4-inch (inside diameter) auxiliary exhaust port, thoroughly
water cooled, is placed on the bottom side of
each cylinder.
This exhaust port is allowed to
open somewhat in advance of the main port, and
thus draws the fire, furnishing an additional safeguard against the overheating of the main exhaust
valve seats and bearings.
Both the main and exhaust ports are silenced,
not by means of the usual baffle or muffler plates
which crowd the exhaust back into the explosion
chamber, but by a special silencer constructed of
an inner casing of steel tubing, with V-slotted
mouth, over which an outer casing of ah

seconds.

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

223

AEROPLANES AND DIRIGIBLES MAKESHIFTS

By Horace Geigh Hopkins
1 T appears to be the g:eneral belief at the pres* ent time that the problem of aerial navigation
has been solved; that only a few inconsequential
improvements need to be made in the "aeroplane"
to put man in complete mastery of the air; and
that the dirigible balloon, albeit measurably useful, will, nevertheless, have to yield the palm to
the "aeroplane," and consider itself outclassed by

might otherwise have had it in its present forms

long ago
so something is owing to the internal
engine
combustion
and
to
its
inventors
although latter-day steam engines of high speed
and light weight, driven by steam evaporated in
"flash" boilers, might soon have played an important part in the evolution of tiie two types
of dirigible air-craft.
It
is
even within the

the latter.
With no desire to disturb the confidence of those holding the views described, nor
to unduly encourage the belief among their opponents that the dirigible balloon will be the principal means of future aerial navigation, it becomes, in the opinion of the writer, the duty of
some one not wedded to either school, to point
out the salient features of boin types of air-craft,
and their respective drawbacks, without prejudice
to either; and, to show, by inference, that the art
itself, as at present developed, is still far from
nature, that is far from natural laws, as exempliIf mankind is to make
fied in the flight of birds.
true progress the truth of all things found must
first be isolated and recognized, and its teachings
followed, otherwise relapse is inevitable.

probabilities that the latter may supersede the

former as aerial motors, once a suitable boiler is
devised, for in every way the steam engine is
more dependable and controllable than the explosive engine.

To this end it seems important to clear away

some of the fog which, in the novelty and excitement of the moment, has arisen around the
aeroplane and to point out the fact, which should
be easily apparent, that the latter type of aircraft is none other than a kite, made more or less
dirigible by the addition of a motor and propellers, and that no
new principles have been involved, since a kite which may be pulled into the
air by a string acting at an angle may also be
pushed into the air by a stick to use a vulgarism;
this carried to its mechanical conclusion means
a propeller.
In short, what is new in the art seems to lie
in the degree of skill acquired in the manipulation of both the dirigible balloon and the dirigible kite rather than in the particular construction
of either type of craft, since both are former
well-known forms of air-craft advanced to the
stage of dirigibility the balloon having the honor
of priority.
It seems proper to call a dirigible balloon an
aerosphere since the dirigible kite has been styled
an aeroplane; both being "dirigible," neither being in a strict commercial sense wholly dependable and practical.
It is apparent that until the petrol or explosive engine has come into general use aerial navigation, by means of mechanical motive power,
could offer but little inducement to progress; we

The

balloon being the pioneer in the

blazing the way as it
apparently has not
kite
received the attention it merits. Albeit unwieldy,
of flimsy construction, diilficult to propel against
headwinds, uncertain in starting, and sti.l more
uncertain in landing, it nevertheless possesses
capabilities, the equivalent of which the dirigible
kite can never be expected to attain.
The construction cost of the former is at present a large
factor against its general adoption for serious
purposes; but this may be eliminated, or at least
dirigible

modernized aerial field

were for the dirigible

overcome in time.
The aerosphere, therefore, deserves to be taken
more seriously; while the aeroplane has been

taken too seriously a perfectly natural thing,

however, to do. The former has recently shown its
1
possibilities
in
fairly
gratifying
a
or accidents, there, as elsewhere, are in
lavoidable; they mvist, and will, occur to the end if there be an end of time.
Nor should spasmodic prior achievements be lost

for ages.

too,

all events enough has transpired to warrant

the certainty that we are not at the end of improvements in either of the two methods of aerial
navigation.
It is also equally clear that neither
the balloon nor the kite are representative of the
true possibilities in this direction, since neither
touch the secret so long sought the method employed by nature in providing for the flight of

At

birds.

By
The New York Times and the Chicago Evemng
post offer a prize of twenty-five thousand dollars
f^ZS.OOO) to the winner of an aeroplane race
from Chicago to New York under the following

start shall be made on Saturday, October S, 1910, after 10 A.M. from a practicable
field within the city limits of Chicago, to be
designated by the Chicago Evening Post; and
the finish shall be within the city limits of
New York. Competitors shall start as nearly
as possible simultaneously; intervals, however,
will be allowed, if necessary or desirable, but

must

on the same day.

The start may be postponed from day to day.
because of bad weather, but not beyond October 15, 1910.
4 Each competitor and his machine shall be in
Chicago on Monday, October 3. igio, and, the
weather and the condition of the machine perin

any case

mitting,

all

shall

make

flights

daily

Each

competitor must finish in the same

in which he starts, but any repairs,
such as re-covering planes, installing new motors, etc., may be made on the way, as re-

-To win

the prize of $25,000 the winner

must cover the course before any flight of

equal
this

or greater
country.

in

the
winner shall be he who, fulfilling the conditions of the race, first lands in New York;
if the competitors
start at intervals, the intervals shall be taken into account in deter-

Competitors must arrange

Each

for their

own

sup-

and for the transportation of the same.

plies

upon

competitor
his

own

agrees

to

make

his

flight

and at his own

The donors of the prize

responsibility

and expense.
are to be responsible for nothing but its payment to the winner.
-Three judges of the finish of the race shall
be appointed, one by the New York Times,
one by the Chicago Even ing Post, and the
third by the two judges thus appointed. These
risk

there-

made

simultaneouslv

start

10-

12-

has been

distance

If the competitors

11-

judges shall be in New York and shall determine the winner of the race.
They shall
also determine the award of any prizes that
may be offered, besides the prize of $25,000,
and from their decision there shall be no

between the hours of 2 P.M. and 7

P.M., until the day of the start.
The race must be completed within 168 hours,
or seven days, after the start.
No limit is

placed on the number of stops.

entrant must have a record of one
hour's continuous flight.
Entrants tiot having
such a record may qualify by flying one hour

that

limit

means

for

has been reached in the quest after a

artificial flight, and it is equally er-

roneous to assume or believe that the dirigible

kite has solved the interesting problem, any more
than has the dirigible balloon solved it.
As has
been stated, both are developments
of
former
well-known farts and forms, so that neither add
anything startlingly new to science.
An advance
has been made in mechanics only
if it can be
called even that, for it is rather an adaptation
than an advance but this adaptation produces a
new and let us hope useful art; for, as I have
pointed out, the advance lies in the art, rather
than in the means; and, for the development of
the art
so far as it has progressed
due thanks
and credit should be given to all legitimately connected therewith.
We should not allow ourselves to become possessed with the idea that no further effort need
be made, save by way of mere improvement, and
that the problem has been solved. We should not
so deceive ourselves, for if we but stop a moment to reflect we shaH see that the addition of
engines and propellers both well-known and old

a balloon and to a kite, both, also, old and

well-known, has brought us no nearer the interesting secret; though it has. it must be admitted,
brought new uses to old playthings.
The real problem still remains apparently tmto

solved,

we

believe

what we

will;

and

it

is

best that

do

not allow ourselves to become unduly

over appearances which hold no new
scientific truth enveloped within.
hysterical

GENERAL

quired.

after,
Ti

but must be kept in forward motion to remain in a state of levitation.

That many improvements will be made in both
aeroplanes and dirigible balloons the writer believes inevitable.
It is idle to assume or suppose
air,

Mrs. J. Herbert Sinclair

machine

start

trial

ignated by that newspaper shall keep a record of the starting time of each competitor.
This record shall be accepted by the judges
of

9-

The

IN

continuously in Chicago between October 3,

1910, and October S, 1910, and complying
with the terms of Section 4 of these condi-

race.

sight of, albeit it seems a pity the several earlier

experimenters did not persist in their endeavors.
AW had the example of the marine service before them, and it should have been evident that
could be
if a balloon would, of itself, float,
it
propelled, as the ships of the water are propelled:
and the same should be said with regard to the
which men have been "flying," and boys,
kite

NEWS

largely

conditions:
1
Entries for the race will be open immediately
on the publication of these conditions and may
be made by mail or telegraph, addressed to the
New York Times or the Chicago Evening Post.
Each entrant must state in his application
that he accepts in full the conditions here
published.
2
At least three competitors must start, or no

The dirigible kite or aeroplane presents many

interesting
features worthy
of attention,
and,
doubtless, in a limited way will play a part in
aerial developments until the day comes
as come
it
must when both the present forms of aerial
locomotion will be relegated to the storehouse of
antiquities.
For the aeroplane, interesting as it is,
and useful as it may become, must remain a dirigible kite, with decided limitations to its dirigibility,
since
cannot be
it
controlled with
decision, and must await more or less favorable
atmospheric conditions in order to soar at all
for it soars and does not fly
and is, and must
remain practically undependable in starting and
in stopping; it cannot be poised or reversed in

Each

appeal.
13-

-The
the

start

shall

be under the supervision of

Chicago Evening Post,

and

officials

des-

the finish.
the Chicago Evening Post may, if they hereafter deem it advisable, delegate to a recognized aeronautical
association the supervision of the race in any
or all of its details, and within the limits
of its delegated powers, the decisions of such
assiciation shall be final.
During the past month many new machines
have made their appearance on the aviation
grounds at Mineola.
Perhaps the most interesting of these are the two Antoinette monoplanes

14 The New York Times and

belonging to Mr. F. H. Harkness.

These beautifully designed and equally beautifully constructed
machines are now being assembled and their first
flights are anxiouslv awaited bv all who have seen
them.
The Van Anden biplane, belonging to Mr.
Frank Van Anden, although finished, has not yet
been in the air, due to the fact that while tuning
up the engine preparatory to making its initial
flight the propeller broke, causing a delav of several

davs.

The Brauna biplane was more fortunate in its

trials,
inasmuch as it made two success-

first

ful

flights

with

Aviator

Watson

at

the

wheel.

On the third flight, however, Watson came to

grief through trying to fly across the wind before he was sufficiently accustomed to the maBoth machine and aviator fell to the
chine.
ground, but fortunately no more damage than the
breaking of the front outriggers was done to the
machine, and the aviator himself was not injured
in

the slightest.
Besides having

broken

America's

record

for

AIRCRAFT

224
sustained

by

flight (both amateur and professional

remaining in the air for 2 hrs. and 3 mins. on

2d, Clifford B. Harmon has several times

recently taken a passenger with him when making his daily flights over the plains of JNIineola.
He was once accompanied by his wife, and on
another occasion by Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt, both
of whom were very much pleased with the ex-

July

perience.

After several previous attempts to get his machine off the ground. Mr. George Russell (who
has a Curtiss biplane of the latest type) made a
pretty 5-mi!e flight on July 5th from the grounds
of the Aeronautical Society at liempstead Plain;^.
Scarcely a day passes now that does not bring
new arrival either on the grounds of the Aero
Club of America or of the Aeronautical Society.

The

latest of these is Mr. Babbitt Hyde, who is

building, just west of the Harkness hanger, a
larger hanger than any on the field at the present
time for his monoplane.

keel for aeroplanes has been invented by

mechanic for Clifford B. Harmon,

fin

Mallard,

F.

who

is

at the time of writing just about to exhis idea on the Farman biplane in his
The idea of the keel is to prevent an

periment
charge.

aeroplane

when

skidding

effectiveness of this

making a turn.
The
addition will be interesting.

somewhat sensational flight was made by

Dr. W. Greene (late of New York City) at the
grounds of the Aero Club of Rochester on June
30th.
The occurrence was the initial flight of a
biplane built by Frederick Schneider for Mr. G.
E. De Long of Rochester.
The machine was
equipped with a 40-60-h.p, Eldridge Featherweight
Engine and a Requa-Gibson propeller.
This combination provided a very powerful
thrust, so that Dr. Greene not only
left
the

ground

after a

run of 100

but left it at an
about 45 degrees. The machine

angle estimated at
climbed in an almost
of 50 feet and shot

feet,

straight

line

to

height

down

the field of the Rochtremendous speed.

Unfortunately, the start was made from a corner of the field, so well sheltered from the wind
that neither the aviator nor his assistants could
gauge the speed of the wind. But when well up
in the air and outside the shelter of the woods
a sudden gust carried the machine rapidly to
the left and threatened for a moment to overturn it.
Dr. Greene succeeded in righting it
only to run into a tree a moment later and dis-

ester

Aero Club

at a

machine.
Mr, Herring has withdrawn from the HerringBurgess Company, and Greely S. Curtiss, of Boston and New York, has formed a partnership
with Mr. Burgess, under the name of Burgess

able the

& Curtiss.
They are at present manufacturing aeroplanes
Marblehead and are trying them out at their
station on Plum Island, near Newburyport, Mass.
The new company, however, expect to build a
Co.

at

in the near future in close proximity to

trial grounds,
Mr. A. L. Pfitzner, formerly with the Herring-Curtiss Co., of Hammondsport, N. Y., has been engaged as their demonstrating aviator.

factory

their

The most interesting flying which has up to

present been done with the Herring-Burgess
machine has been accomplished by one of their
patrons, Mr. ^^'m. E. Hilliard. an amateur, of
the

Boston, who has made several flights varying in

distance up to five miles.
To facilitate starting
the Burgess Co. & Curtiss machine will be fitted
with small wheels as well as skids as at present.

FREDERICK

August, ipio

it.

UJIO

Law^oii I'tibli^hing i.'umpany:

KC RA FT

forward by simply changing center of

gravity, assisted by rudder.
You, perhaps, will
not be so much interested in this craft as 1 am,
but you cannot fail to sec that it will go.
A. S. AUTEULT.
driven

is

am enclosing with tins Iclicr two photos of

machine.
These 1 hcg of you to receive and
consider ns yonr own fcrsonal i)roperly without
considering yourself under any obligation wliat*
me.
soever to
Please look carefully .it the one with the wings
Mr. Harry II. Ilinde, President of the Ilindc
These wings open automatically, not as Hardware Co., of Kiversidc. California, and an
spread.
many of the daily and weekly papers have it, enthusiastic member of the Aero Club of Caliopen like a parachute by filling with air, the mo- fornia, is perfecting a model of a hcavicr-thanment they stop rising and are ready to descend air machine.
When the model is finished, and
tly
wide open.
llirv
Thus thev do not lose one the |>atents for which he has applied have been
granted, he will immediately begin building a
full-si/ed machine.
It is claimed that aeronaut iv.il
experts have expressed the opinion that Mr.
Ilindc has worked out features that will revoluionize .lorial
navigation.
When the machine.
\\ liicli
is
to be e(|uippcd with a 6o-h.p. engine
:uid 3 propellers, is completed, it is the intention
.'f
the inventor to compete for the Edwin Gould
prize of ?i5,oou.
I

my

Mil

During the wo days' meet held at Louisville

June iSth ind 19th, Glenn H. Curtiss broke

world's re --ird for quick starting, getting nff

-" very
he ground in fourr seconds Hat,
flat, startnig
starting on
ground
Un the second day, for quick
starting, ht
off the ground in 87 feet,
One
esting and exciting event of the
meet was a race between Curtiss and Mars around
the circular track.
Curtiss flew from ;:oo
:oo to
,100 feet higher than Mars and most of the time
directly
ireeiiy over
him.
mm.
On iwo
un
two occasions Curtiss
made
lade a flight with a passenger, Mr. R. 0. Ruhis
I

rough

I't^'l.

Jr.,

and

local

newspaper man.

succeeded in getting into the air

nil luo icct of the starting point in his 25-11. p.,
[Cylinder Curtiss machine.

^\

Columbus, Ohio, now

It
embodies practically every detail, both technical and mechanical, in the construction of an
aeroplane, from the best kind of fabric of which
to make the covering for the planes, to the most
cfTicient motor and propellers to use in conjunction with almost any design of machine.
Much
credit and praise is due to the author and also
the translaters, Messrs. T. O'B. Hubbard and J.
H. Ledcboer, for the very able manner in which
iicidated many of the most difficult
ch the inventor so itften finds him-

AIRCRAFT

226

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED
CO-OPERATION WANTED
TTAVING

developed a totally new device for

*^ automatically balancing and steering aerial
crafts, I wish to co-operate with a party willing
to furnish a few hundred dollars for building and
demonstrating the same in a flying craft of any
make.
This apparatus embodies principles and features of the highest importance and value, and
will become fundamental and indispensable
aerial navigation; its superior qualities are
convincing as to make persons perplexed

to

so
at

I desire a
Fastest made.
aeroplane.
PATENT
*
partner with some means to be used in
Address, for further parmanufacturing it.
ticulars, Emmitt, 261 West 15th Street, New
York.

for manufacturing MonoPerfect equi:ibrium

principle.

and control. Leaves ground

from any type now in use.
Grand Junction, Colorado.

io"xi-o"x2o"

Size

Moses Franklin,

Wright,

it

balances

any

craft,
dirigible,

nonoscillatable, vertical
all
controller
at
(fundamental requirement)
times that is perfect, and will never and can
never be radically changed or improved upon.
Relieves the operator of all the attention at
present given to balancing aerial machines.
Balances flying machines with their planes in
ascending, descending positions
tilted, warped,

FOR SALE

combined

in

SALE Five dirigib'.e

FOR100.000
Four
capacity.
/

balloons, 10,000 to
spherical balloons,

All new and in per40,000 to 78,000 capacity.

G. L. BUMSell reasonable.
fect condition.
B.\UGH, Indianapolis, Ind.

one

ascending, descending
curves of any radius

horizontal,

circular,

spiral

by predetermined action on this one handwheel without ever interrupting the automatic
balancing operations.

Embodies practica'l functions of a statoscope.

Patents app.ied for in several countries. An
early demonstration of this invention, presented
here without exaggeration, is the principal moAddress:
tive for advertising it.
G. GAWLET, 2318 Sixth Avenue,
Seattle,

WHEELS complete
WIRE
Clincher rims or single
STONE,

McDonald.

Write for

Jr.,

full

Point Prim,

S.

BREAK-

Michigan Ave., Chicago,

Price, $400.
equipped.
Jefferson Ave., Peoria,

-"

earnings.

1712

111.

r-OR SALE Record-breaking balloon Peoria,

^ 35.000 capacity. Just been overhauled. Fully

trOR
invented an air machine which I claim
solves the problem; if the gas escapes the
machine will keep on flying and cannot turn
over or upset.
The inventor will give any company or club
plans for development and then have shares of
its

28x2 J4
with
tube rims, also

28X.V' single tube, choice $3-50 each.

Eugene Brown, 127-29

111.

Wash.

HAVE

particulars to Jno.
P. E. I., Canada.

SALE One

tiss

Aerial

Price, $725.00.

40-h.p.

Eight Cylinder

Cur-

Engine in good running order.

Address Box 1S8, Monett, Mo.

KNOCK-DOWN

frames for a successful monoNewark N. J.,

plane glider, $12. so F.O.B.

H. Wells, 75 Ave. "L."

T^HE
Capital
RANTED
'^
will

to build
flying machine;
exchange for part interest in invention, or
sell
share; patent applied for; also most

folding umbrella,

up-to-date

Address
ton,

Frying

Machine,

patent

Box

applied

174,

*-

are

best and most scientifically constructed

propellers for Airships and Naphtha Launches
made by Jacob Naef, 3548 Park Ave.,

Bronx,

New York

City.

for.

Washing-

Pa.

TEACH

your son gliding the first step in avi' ation or buy yourself a Williams nominalWrite for
priced glider, and let him learn.
Frank H. Williams, 1313 Clinton
particulars.
Fort Wayne, Ind.
St.,

UAVE NEW MONOPLANE,

no freak but a

sane Langley-type machine, with absolutely

steering and balancing mechanism.
Want
Oft'er in$1,500 for construction of a machine.
terest in patents.
John G. Hanna, Box 55,
Union Sta., Austin, Tex.

new

LECTRICAL

SALE One
pOR
*

110,000 subic foot balloon,

Also one
holder of world's speed record.
40,000 cubic foot balloon conip[ete. Make offer.
C. A. Coey, 1710 Indiana Ave., Chicago.

Gyroscope and aluminum aero-

plane inventor desires financier for its conI claim projection in my invention,
of overturning in mid-air will be
eliminated, ribs are invisible, resistance completely eliminated.
For particulars address August S. Praube, 2516 Woodbrook Ave., Baltimore,
struction.
possibility

Md.

the air, it does away with the warping of

wings or tips, is operated by one steering
wheel and is driven by two propellers which de-

I P,
A I R S
<#^
Two-cylinder Curtiss engine. 12.000
'^O'j'-"-'
cubic foot capacity. Made by Capt. Baldwin. In
good condition. Suitable for exhibitions, club or
Complete with aerodrome-tent and
private use.
PRICE $1,000. Largest complete
generators.
catalogue of aeronautical supplies in the U. S.
R. O. Rubel, Jr., & Co.,
Yours for stamp.
Louisville, Ky.

^^

TWO-PASSENGER

in

the

power from a 50-h.p. revolving cylinder motor.

Its wings have a spread of 30 ft.
and are 27 ft. in length. The simplicity of this
machine does away with accidents and makes it
very easy for anyone to operate. I wish to form
a company of one or more to manufacture this
machine.
If vou are interested, address Ralph
rive their

Cole,

AEROPLANE

whee'S

for

your

flying

model.

rubber tired, extra light and very strong.

Laminated Wood and Aluminum aKoy propellers
Prices right.
from 6 inches up. anv pitch.
White Aeroplane Co.. 15 Myrtle Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

-'^

Norwalk-; Ohio.

M^ODEL
plete
TTU"ANTED- Capital
'"

all

for

12

my
work

years'

3334

am

able

experience in heavier-

services will be of great help

strictly

convincing

confidential.

sample

set.

V.

Pensacola Ave., Chicago,

Send
A.

23

LA-

111.

AVIATORS
Do

vou wish
young man

relating to absolutely automatic stabilizing device which

No heavy,
be attached to any aeroplane.
for

patents

can
power-using gyroscope, but automatic adjustment
of surfaces.
Also device for elimination of
vertical rudders.
H. S. P., Care of Aircraft.

AEROPLANES THAT FLY.

Com-

working drawings and instructions

building flying models of the following
famous aeroplanes: Bleriot, Antoinette and San-

for

tos-Dumont monoplanes, and Wright, Curtiss,

and Farman biplanes. Each 25c, or set of six,
O. K. Model Aero Works,
$1.25, post paid.
tion AlKCR.\FT.

an
to

extremely
assist

you

light

in

weight

aeronautical

Address Enthusiast,
Great enthusiast.
Care Aircraft, 37-39 East 28th Street, New
York, N. Y.
work"'

mechanism

steering

All

you

MARE,

with utmost accuracy.

directions,

bill;

positive,

hand- wheel.
Flying in

the

fill

cents

largest

the
Bleriot,

Curtiss,

ERONAUTICAL DR.-VFTSMAN.

than-air type
to

etc.

Possesses

to

Different

easily.

Leading features of the apparatus:

be

AERONAUTICAL DRAFTSMAN
A

Capital
New
W^"ANTED
plane.

inspection.

first

CASH WITH ORDER

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

10

August, ipio

DO

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

PAT E N T S

Advertisemenis

Classified

(Continued)
TWr

ECHANIC,

J.

Roman, 493 East i68th

Electrician, experimenter, Aus*'*trian, young, willing, desires position with

flying machine builders as mechanic or pilot.
St.,

New

227

'USTAVER. THOMPSON

York.

ROOM

170 Broadway,

aeroplane, constructed on the

'**
latest scientific principles; invaluable to experimenters; flies in air considerable distance,
$1.00 prepaid.
Complete materials and directions for making model aeroplane 50 cents prepaid.
MFG. CO,, 309 15th St..
Brooklyn, N. Y.
1\/T0DEL

AEROPLANE

elor at

meets

in

southern

AERONAUTICAL

Can

Work done

with regard to

DISTINCT

is
type aeroplane.
It
not a
revolutionary design, but a great improvement over existing designs, such as to make
accident-proof.
itself balancing and
It could
carry large loads and have great endurance

ability.

controlled by a principle to which avihave been opposed, but which I contend

an important factor in increasing the
safety and as a consequence the popularity of
It

is

ators

be

to

travel.

aerial

of capital and enterprise, one

and wishes, to finance construction
and experiments to completion, will soon realthat

gent'ieman
can,

plane when constructed will become a leader among flyers.

Correspondence
invited from those interested.
Tobias, Cooperstown, N. Y.
that

ize

this

its legal effect

REFERENCES

PATENTS
Obtained or no charge made
Easy payments, 15 years official Examiner U. b. Patent Office, over quarter
century actual experience, unexcelled
prompt efficient service, highExperts in mechanical
est references.
and aero navigation technique. Patents
advertised for sale free. Send sketch or
description of invention for free search
of U. S. Patent Office records and reliable report as to patentability. Send
also for beautifully illustrated invent-

U.

Holbrook Helicopter Aeroplane Company

Joplin, Mo

PAXCMTTC
to

TION.

VICTOR

J.

EVANS &

running

designed a flying machine which comThis

bines an aeroplane and helicopter.
machine will rise straight up in the air without
wise

start; the planes being turned edge-

offer

raising

little

and when

they are

pitched

resistance

in

the

air

when

the desired height is reached

forward, thus sustaining the

The propellers are

weight of the machine.
thus pitched forward and used exclusively for
driving

machine ahead.

the

From

results

and

S.

FRED.

G.

FOREIGN PAPENT ATTORNEYS

F. St., N. W., Washington, D.C.

from

make

WOULD

Advice and Books Free.

Hightest References.

612

&

CO.

Patent Lawers

^ Ne^w York *S??

^fTUB
1SB^V FInn-fROOB

NAVARRE

E.

F. St.,

SSttl Street
FAMILIES.
TOURISTS

Ma:iimum. of I^usury at IVIinimuni of Cost

Rales Reasonable
Best Services

C0LEM4N,

Patent Lawyer

N.W., Washington, D. C.

small

several

great

THAT PROTECT
AND PAY

PATENTS
WATSON

Mailed Free

DIETERICH

800 G. STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Trade Marks, Des'gns, Copyrights

606

5M!kB2!5

100 Mechaaical Movements.

ob-

models I think it
I would like to
communicate with a gentleman of money who
would like to finance the building of a large
one.
Address J. W. B., Care of Aircr.\ft, 37
E. 28th Street, New York.
tained

wiBl

CO., Washington, D. C.

PATENTS.

Se\'etitli JLve.

HAVE

or

Fee Returned

ventions sent free. Patents advertised free.

We are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents and
technical matters relatinR to .\ERI.\L NAViGA.

BUSINESS MEN,
T

SECURED

X I\ I Ej il

BUNYEA COMPANY

'30.00

free.

WRITE TO-DAY!

Guide Book on "Hoav and What

E. P.

PROPELLERS
(

Advice

fee.

facilities,

to Invent."

Screws.

moderate

Send sketch for free search of Patent Office Records.

How to Obtain a Patent, and What to Invent, with
List of Inventions Wanted and Prizes offered for In-

ors'

LAMINATED Wood True

Any Size. Any Pitch.
Why Pay More?

for a

WORK

Tenn.

secure you a Patent that will PROyour invention on a flying machine,

TECT

Printed copies of Airship patents loc. each.

OF HIGH CHARACTER

can use several aviators with machines, whether they have made
public flights or not.
Can also use a dirigible.
Local parties intending to have aviation meets
woiiJd do well to correspond with me at once.
K. F. S ephenson, 250 Vance Ave., Memphis,

JONES

5.

PATENT ATTORNEY
Victor Building, Wasliington, D. C.

Law)

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO
of aviation
p ROMOTOR
and southeastern towns

BENNETT

New York City

Solicitor of Patents

THAT'S THE THING

FLY!

1701

Telephone 4012 Cortlandt

(r<

PATENTS

success.

Aeroengine
^

PRICE I

250

LIKE TO BUY

NEW OR SECOND-HAND
c^ERO MOTOR. GNOME

25-50

H. P.

preferred.
State in writing full particulars as to
condition, make, price, etc. ^Address

CASH, c/o AIRCRAFT

GET
JERSEY

20-30

1000-1500

SKEETER

Aeroplane

Then let the winds blow

you can fly in the house.
!

you can't fly out-doors

Jersey skeeters are 8 in.

Weight

If

weigh one-sixth oz.,fly 30 feet. By mail 25 cts.

Sind for illustrated circular.
Lincoln Square
Novelty Works, 193 1 Broadway, New York City.

long,

H.R

Sin.Bore. 5in.Stroke

98

R.P.M

lbs

ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT

New Dutch Grill Rooms, largest in the City
Blectric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

EUROPEAN PLAN

A Room
A Larger

with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50

Write for a Catalogue

The Detroit
DETROIT

Aero-plane

Co.

MICMICAN

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanborn

AIRCRAFT

228

first

in

War, First

in

Hearts of Its Countrymen

Peace, First in the

By George

August, ipio

DISTINCT

yV

/~y
-^

type aeroplane.

It is not a revo-

lutionary design, hut a great

improvement over
designs, such as to make itself balancing and accident proof.
It could carry large loads and have great endurance ability.
^ It is controlled by a principle to which
aviators have been opposed, but luhich I contend to be an

important factor
increasing the safety and as a consequence
the popularity of aerial travel.
gentleman of capital
[
and enterprise, one that can and wishes to finance construction and experiments to completion will soon realize that this

Bear in mind it's a combined Helicopter, Parachute, Gyroscope, Fly-wheel, Monoplane

plane when constructed zuill become a leader among flyers.

| Correspondence invited from those interested.

TOBIAS

JOS. E. BISSELL, Box 795

Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.

Bailders of LIGHT-WEIGHT POWER MOTORS,
PROPELLERS AND RADIATORS. Our motors,

combining compactness, simplicity and power, are

the result of 20 years of practical gas
engine construction.

I.

COOPERSTOWN,

PITTSBURG, PA.

Four cylincer, 30 to 40H.P., dli in, bore

and 4>2 in. stroke, complete with radiator,
and 6 ft. X 3K ft. pitch propeller, 8650.00.
Weight per outfit, 175 pounds.
Four cylinder, 40 to 50 H.P., 5 in. bore
and 5 in. stroke, complete with radiator,
and 6 ft. X 4 ft. pitch propeller, S700.00.
Weight per outfit, 175 pounds.
Four cylinder, 50 to 60 H.P., s in. bore,
and 5 in. stroke, complete with radiator,
and 8 ft. X 4 ft. pitch propeller, S900.C0.
Weight per outfit, 210 pounds. A card will
bring our circulars with

full descriptions.

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO.

306 HOLCOMB AVE.. DETROIT, MICH.

N.

T.

ROEBLING
AVIATOR CORD
Ci,

cord of high strength galvanized

steel

wires

stranded

by

special

process.

Makes the strongest and lightest stays

for aeroplanes and flying machines.
For

prices

and other information, address

JOHNA.ROEBLINGS SONS
Trenton, N.

CO.

J.

DON'T MISS IT SAVES YOU $65.Q0

Special Limited Offer to Aircraft Readers of 300 Latest

Model 8 American Typewriters

'^'''^

special offer gives you a high grade Typewriter at S35, the lowest price at which a standard machine has ever been sold, and on easy terms. The
work of the SlOO machines at high speed, and is covered with the same guarantee. It is their equal because it has every essential featroublesome and easily broken parts of other machines have been eliminated. Its simpUcity of construction, the absence of the
kttle levers, bars, screws and springs which make the cost of SlOO machines accounts for tliis unequaled offer. The absence of all these
complicated parts makes the American tip the scales at 12 pounds. It's the only liigh grade
machine that is really portable. The fundamental point of
American supenonty is the single type-bar-one-piece of steel-non-bendable and unbreakable b-v-any
stroke that can be delivered on the key, and this is the
cause ot its simphcity, durability, efficiency and compactness.
.

tTire- lonn"^
S
"^'"'"^'some
thnTi'e
"nl
inou^ana
one

ana

THE

Compare the Essential Features

$100

MACHINE

^^h^^^^

of the $100

Machine and the SSO American as noted below

THE

Universal Keyboard

Two-Color Ribbon Shift only on Some

A few have Tabulating Indicator

You have

$100
the choice of three style;
medium for b

for public speakers,

type:

AMERICAN

Perfectly Aligned, Clear Cut Impression from American

Extremely Light, Ball-bearing Carriage on American
Fewer Parts, Less Weight
One-piece Bar, Less Complex, Longer Life
Two-color Ribbon Shift
Tabulating Indicator on Every American

Durability Varied

PRICE

$30

So Has the American

So Does the American
So Is the American
Speed Unlimited on American
1200 Less Parts on the American

Print from Ribbon

Type Bar Machines
Adaptability for Rapid Worl<
Various Deflrees of Complicated Mechanism
High Quality of Work
Carriage Action on Some, Light Others Cumbersome
Portability Impossible When Convenience is Considered

SPECIAL PRICE

Large

$35

Each machine has rubber dust cover, oil, type brush

and full directions for using. Handsome enameled

elite for

personal correspondence.

metal case S2.50 extra, canvas traveling case $5 extra.

American Typewriter Co., 265 Broadway, N. Y.

* Please have shipped to me for 5 day's free trial
one latest model American Typewriter offered In
Aircraft, the regular price of which Is $50. I authorize you to do this with the understanding that
11 I am not satisfied If the machine Is not satisfactory to me, I am to notify you within 5 days to
that effect, and hold same subject to your order
or deliver It to the express agent carefully packed
as you may direct, or, 11 1 decide to keep It, I am
to pay 55 after 5 days, and S6 per month until the
luU special price ol S38 Is paid, machine to remain your property until paid lor.

FIVE DAYS' FREE TRIAL Don't buy the Amer^^^^^^^KM^^^^^^^^^^m icau on our mere say
fill out the attached coupon, and mail it to us at
once. We will ship you an Am.erican F, O. B., N. Y.
Use it in your office, give it the severest test you can,
note its simplicity, the durability assured by the use
so,

of

American Typewriter Co.

Addi'ess

Town
Relerence required.

only the very finest materials throughout,

compactness, its superior finish and

efficiency, its

265 BROADWAY, N. Y.
Incorporated 1893

its
its

If the machine is all we say and you are

entirely satisfied, keep it, send us $5 as a first payment, not S35 all in one lump, the balance you can
pay at S5 a month for six months. Don't delay,
simply fill out and mail the coupon with references.
The machine Ti-ill answer all questions. Specify the
style of type you wish and if you wish a hard platen
for manifolding.

high speed.

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

Cnatjleb BSlertot to Crosisi

229

tfje

Cnglissf)

CJjannel

ORDER NOW
Delivery Guaranteed
12

Sole

U.

S.

A.,

Now

Agent

Canada and Mexico

Yves de

25/30 H. P.

DAYS

Villers

&

Co.

in Exhibition, 735 Seventh Avenue,

New York

ODIER VENDOME-" DEMOISELLE"

Made

in

France

READY TO FLY

F. O. B.

NEW YORK

Quick Delivery Guaranteed

Agent
Canada and Mexico

Sole

U.

S.

A.,

Yves de

Villers

&

Co.

^M^%VVt1l%VV%%%'VVVVVt%VV%%VVVt/VV'VVV'VVVV^'VVV%%VV%Vft%VVVtVVl^''l'^%%%^

"

AIRCRAFT

230

(A Flexible

Make

Designer and Builder, or

SOARING PLANES
They procure

August, ipio

Rear Attachment)

to

Own

Your

Design

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

balance automatically, increase

the speed to double the motor power, push flying machine,
if
motor slops, over twenty miles per hour, which permits
gliding and guiding and prevents destruction.
Any height can safely be obtained. Usable also for vertical guiding, as only one horizontal rudder is needed for a
lateral

Models or Propellers
Gliders, Parts

and Aeronautic Supplies

in

Stock

safe, successful flight.

Rear

flexing planes represent the

For terms apply

provides for birds.

same system

Aero Motors Always on Hand

as nature

to

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

FRED SCHNEIDER, 1020

DRESSLER, Coney Island

R.

New York Agent

for

SAMUEL

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH

F.

PERKINS

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

For Balloons, Dirigibles

Aeroplanes
An

elastic,

and

non-porous varnish for

any other fabric used

in the

Aerial Advertising

Tents
silk,

linen,

manufacture of

muslin or

By Aeroplane

aircraft.

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon Sheeting.

Send

for Free

Sample

to

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383

NEW YORK

THIRD AVENUE

110 Tremont

Santos-Dumont

'DEMOISELLE" Type

Ft.

I d?

Spread

O7 C
/ J

20 Ft. Spread
60 Sq. Feet

22 Ft. Spread
220 Sq. Feet

Cp Z,

Street, Boston, Massachusetts

Hamilton Gliders

Monoplane
Original

HAMILTON AERO MFG.

208

Kites and Balloons

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night

Advertising in which enormous beams of brilliantlycolored searchlight ravs (visible for five miles) are thrown
upon "ads" suspended thousands of feet in the sky.

QA

d?

Cpj/U

^
)

A '^

<t
CpTJ

CO.

30TH AVENUE, SEATTLE

Successors to

Hamilton
"

" Dumonoplanes"
Above Type

The

&

Palmer

Pioneers

$150 Cash Prizes

For

GLIDER FLIGHTS

SPECIAL DIMENSIONS
Write us
21

Ft.

Spread

24

Ft.

Spread

$350
$400

for full information

BIPLANES
BUILT TO ORDER

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

231

ARE YOU TIRED OF INHALING THE

OTHER FELLOW'S DUST ?
TAKE TO THE AIR, TRY

FLYING

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, water-cooled.

$750.00

3 Cylinder. 30-45 H. P., 138* lbs

...
1,050.00
4 Cylinder. 40-60 H. P.. 78 'lbs
Cylinders 4J x 4i. copper jackets, aluminum
1

hollow crank

bases,

4Cylmder.20-24H.

shafts.

150

P., air-cooled,

610.00

lbs

Cylinders 3i x 3i, flanges { in. deep.

Aeroplane Wheels, with tires, built with steel
Price
rims and special hub. very strong.
Aeroplane Hubs, turned (rom solid bar of steel,
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled
Brakes, enables aviator to stop
Aeroplane
his plane before or after alighting on ground.
1

23

E.

J.

J.

9.50

W.

4.00

Hub

W.

Length 8

in.,

outside cones

5f

in.,

10.50

bored 36 holes

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood,

perfect

50.00
60.00
70.00

screw. 6ft.,6i lbs

7

ft.,

lbs..

8ft., 121bs:

The 6

ft.

propeller gives

200

1200

lbs. thrust at

R. P. .M.

Model Propellers,
fect

Laminated wood, 10

screw

Galvanized Steel Cable

for "

Guying

in.,

5 in., per-

5.00

^^
"

breaking strength, 200. Price, 3c per

'
"
500.
3Jc
i^,

-^
800,
4'c

"
"
6c "
2300.
fg"
Oc
Rubber Bands for models, J-g in, square
12-ft. Rubber Bands for models, J| in, square
in.,

ft,

00

Complete Catalogue of Supplies, Motors, Gliders and

Light Metal Castings, Mailed Free Upon Request
E. J.

WILLIS CO.,

Dept

F,"

85 Chambers

St.,

N. Y.

9C PRESERVATIVE

WRINKLE'S BALLOON VARNISH

An

elastic

Non-porous varnish

and other fabrics used

in

for silk, linen, muslin

manufacturing of

BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLES
AEROPLANES, TENTS, ETC.

Channel

Bleriot Crossing the English

Sample Can Free

DeLesseps'

WRINKLE PAINT MFG.

CO.,

COLUMBUS, OHIO

May

21st

to ours.

flight across the

was made

English Channel on

a machine similar in type

in

Aviator Rolls has also

made

Fatigue from maintaining equilibrium

..Model Aeroplane..

wont

stop

150 feet)

fly

The outfit includes

5 full

and

illus-

scale Drawings,

trated book (London authority) showing how to

make and

fly

it.

Also

complete parts in wood,

copper and
If
ibber to
ake
.il,
send
1

Bamboo
<"

W.H

3 toot lengths,

in

all sizes

in 3 feet strips, all

si

es

3 cts. a loot
2 cts. a strip
10 cts. each
$1.25, 12 in.,

incH diameter
Wheels, each 1
Propellers, wood, 8 in., $1.00, 10 in.,
$ .50 rubber, 1 00 feet strands, $ .00
1

PHIPPS, ^l-^li, 37-39 E.28th

St.,

if

in

violent

wind

you use a

machine having complete automatic stability,

All you have to
attained by a novel patented method.
It's as easy as running an auto and ten
do is to steer.
pleasurable.
times more
the

New York, N.Y.

only

Far better than ballooning, as you can go

Two
Wood

you

Beach Perfected Monoplane

NE DOLLAR
II

a round

across the Channel.

trip

types and sizes.

Delivery

in

Write to-day

when

3 weeks.
for

and

where

Prices,

you please.

$5,000

to

$7,500

Catalogue

Scientific Aeroplane Company

Box 773, New York

132

AI

The Greatest Aviation Motor

of

CRAFT

August, igio

Modern Times

NAIAD

THE ACME OF ENGINEERING SKILL

The World Famous

WHITEHEAD
MOTOR

Aeronautical Cloth
Manufactured Especially

Aeroplanes and Used by Aviators

for

of

Prominence

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

AND
MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES
Sample books, including data and

DESIGNED BY THE NOTED ENGINEER

THE

GUSTAVE WHITEHEAD

C. E.

prices, sent on request

CONOVER

CO.

New York

101 Franklin Street

Non-Burstiug Cylinders

Vibration Negligible

.'.

Absolutely Nothing to Get

4 Cylinders Vertical

Will

Run

Out

Order

of

8 Port Exhausts

.-.

Until Fuel Is

2 Cycle

.-.

Consumed

Aeroplane Wire Wheels

PRICE
75 H. P., 200 lbs.
40 H. P., 145 lbs.
25 H. P., 95 lbs.

=
=

=
=

$1,400

1,150

950

Curtiss type in

Weight
pounds.

Monoplane

Including Bosch Magneto

stock 20"x2" AVI4TOR TIRE

pounds- Dead Load, 600

complete, 7

tail

wheels,

6" x

/s "

Weight com-

3 pounds.

plete,

30-Day Delivery

Can

New York

Aster Theatre Bldg.

Exclusively adopted by C.

&

City, N. Y.

A. Wittemann, Aeroplane Mfrs.

AEROPLANE
TIRES
Clincher

type

which

the

and

is

most

furnish

hubs any width and wheels any

size to

order.

GEO. A. LAWRENCE, Mgr.

only,

A WEAVER,

J.

956 8th Ave.

bet.

Mfr.

Jr.,

56th and 57th

sts.

Ncw York

Laminated True Screw

PROPELLERS
IN STOCK

lightest

We

satisfactory

for

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

are turning out Propellers of the

highest excellence and efficiency

type for aeroplanes.

Our
Weight Complete

Wheels

6I4

lbs.

73^

"

"

8-Foot Propellers,

"11

ANY

CO.
P.

BRANCHES

174]

Boston 67 Oliver Street Chicago

1241 Michigan Avenue; San Francisco 512 Mission Street; Los
Angeles 930 S. Main Street.
Broadway

delivers

1200 R.

^-Foot Propellers,

JEANNETTE, PA.
York

at

P.

lbs..,

S'i

loo

lbs.

M.
price

$40.00

"

"

50.00

"

"

60.00

sizes

PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER
New

Propeller

thrust

6-Foot Propellers, weight 6'i

the above

also furnished for

6-Foot

SIZE

MADE

TO ORDER

BRAUNER

& CO

335-339 East load Street

New York

Telephone

Cit}'

AIRCRAFT

August, igio

23.

Facts About Motors

The Call Aviation Engine Islinings, piston heads, valve cages, valve seats, etc. is the only dependable material for these oarts.
7th. A Superbly Beautiful Engine. The entire design is thoroughly
artistic; while all exposed parts not constructed of Magnalium a shining
corrodible metal are nickel-plated, the whole surface being polished
finish.
tot
Sth. A Phenomenally

head

1st.
A Four=Cylinder Engine. The type used on 99 per cent, of all
automobile^ anrl niotorc\'cles. The type used by all prominent aviators here
and abroad and holding all aviation records.
2nd. A Water- Cooled Engine
The only kind that can be depended
upon for extended rnns without danger of overheating. Our spiral water
jacket, together with piston

pump circulation is the most

perfect cooling system yet de3rd.

Powenul Engine.
sult is secured

This

by the use

re-

of a

comparatively small number

An Opposed Cylinder

Engine. The construction

conceded by gas engine authorto be the nearest vibrationless type. By all odds the
construction best adapted for

of cylinders of generous proportions, as distinguished from

a multiplicity of cylinders with
their numerous bearings, and

aviation purposes.
4tli.
A Silent Engine.
The only engine yet designed
fur aviation having both main
and auxiliary ports silenced.
Hence the onl.v aviation engine adapted for permanent
use, or for other than merely
exhibition purposes.
Sth. A"FooI=Proof" En=
gine. The utmost simplicity
of construction, small number
of cylinders, together with its
being of the usual four-cycle
type, enables any automobile
chauffeur to set and run it.
Not one in fifty have any exI^erience with two-cycle, revolving cylinder, or V-shaped multiple cylinder engines.
6th. A Thoroughly Dependable Engine. Our Magnalium outer casing
for cylinders and cylinder heads permits of a remarkably stong construction
'ght; while our Vanadium Grey Iron cylinder and cylinder
Other Aviation Engines possess a few of these advanti

bility to

ities

MODEL
MODEL

E-1:
E-2:

Two-Cylinder;

consequent friction, and liaderangement,

9th,
An Exceptionally
Economical Engine. It is a
matter of common notoriety
among gas engineers that

economy of fuel, as compared

with power developed, is secured by large cylinders, few
in number, rather than by a
multiplicity of small cylinders

a consideration of paramount
iniportance in aviation.

10th. A Moderate Prici d

Engine. While the material
and workmanship of this enis even superior to the
very expensive foreign makes,
and not to be classed vrit\i the
cheap engines flooding the market, yet our aim has been to furnish aviators with a moderate priced engine, cheaper than could be produced by
themselves, except in large numbers, and with an expensive shop and
foundry equipment.
',es.
This is the only engine that combines them all

gine

30 Horsepower, weight, 150

lbs.. Price,

Four-Cylinder; 100 Horsepower, weight, 250

Prices include complete equipment NO EXTRAS

lbs.,

$1,000

Price, $1,700

against Bill of Lading

^Sight Draft^^,..^^.^^^
DELIVERY THIRTY DAYS: Terms, 35 per cent. Cash, with order: Balance,
"^~'^
AERIAL PROPELLER
REVERSIBLE
SEND FOR CATALOG' C 2, WRITE for particulars and pr'

'

The Aerial Navigation Company of America, Girard, Kansas

G.

& A. CARBURETTOR
Positive

Automatic

ADAPTED FOR AIR -CRAFT

ESPECIALLY

Carburettor
THIS Aeroplanes
and

is

for

now

being

used

Dirigibles by lead-

European makers, notably SantosDumont, Bleriot, Anzani and Clement.

ing

Many

other well-known aviators and aeronauts

endorse and use the G.

Positively

A.

no ad-

Correct proportions automatically

justments.
secured.

&

Automatic; no springs;

Not

altitude, or

affected by change of speed or

by atmospheric conditions.

DESCHIl'TIVE CIRCULAR OX APPLICATION

MANUFACTURED UNDER EXCLUSIVE

A.

J.

MYERS,

INC.,

AH persons

U.

S.

PATENT RIGHTS BY

244 West 49th

Street,

cautioned against infringing on our Patent Ball

New York City

Cage

AIRCRAFT

234

August, ipio

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of HeaVier^than=air Machines

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

GLIDERS

SEPARATE PARTS
Light Metal Castings
for Connections al-

the

are

best, the safest and the

ways carried

easiest to operate.

in^

Stock, or special
castings made to

Practical Lessons in

order.

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experiments conducted

to

Order.

Large Grounds for

Also All Other Fittings

Testing.

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.
W iuemann

Works

Ocean Terrace and

de

F. E.
M

Little

"M"

Babylon, Long Island, N. V.

in

in flighi

Telephone 390 L

Tel. 34

Babylon

W-B

The Ludlow Aeroplane

place of "L")

Manufactures and also Pilots Aeroplane

PATENTS PENDING
Guaranteed as to flight. Guaranteed as to infringement of other patents.
If you are in the exhibition business, if you are an automobile dealer
and if you desire to take up the selling of aeroplanes as a business, read
this.

Now making

contracts for
Exhibitions during 1910

Flights

Glider

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

MURIAS

(Pronounced DE(L)IRIOUS-in8ert

Have the

Get our estimate for

your Flyiug Machine

f^,

positively guaranteed

slowest-flying aeroplane in the world

Here is a new aeroplane, perfected upon simple and practical lines.

a new scientific method of control which is an improvement
on what has been done before. It is like the others, but is based upon a
different and improved principle of operation, and you will not be
stopped by patent litigation.
A request from you for further details will bring you information
which will convince you of the absolute correctness of these statements
It has

Others for Speed

Entire time contracted for

No Infringements on

up

to

ISRAEL

August second

the Wright Brothers' Patent

STEEL TUBING
ALL SIZES AND GAUGES

LUDLOW

2686 Broadway, New York

City

BAMBOO
Specially selected for Aeroplanes

Strongest and lightest material for Air-Cra(t-Construction, Furnished

in Round, Square,
Rectangular, Oval and other special shapes

Tools and Supplies

Piano Wire, butted or pla.in
Motor Cra.nk Shafts a.nd Drop Forcings

PETER

A.

130-132 Worth

FRASSE & CO
St.,

New York

City

ALL SIZES
J.

IN

STOCK

DELTOUR,

Inc.

New York

49 Sixth Ave.
Telephone 5565 Spring

AIRCRAFT

August, ipio

FOUNDED

233

908

INTERNATIONAL
School of Aeronauties

The

First

Private School Established

The Only Aero

Institute

in

U.

S.

in

the

World

A. Directed by a Licensed

Pilot

Founder-Director

Albert C. Triaca
Pilot

Aero Clubs

of

Air

a,

France,

Ex-Technical Director Foreign Department

Italy.

School

of

New York

Automobile Engineers

The Aerodrome

of the

I.

S. A.

With Aeroplane Sheds, Gas, Shops, Lecture and Model Hall, Ladies'
and Juniors' Rooms and a private mile track for experiments is located at
Garden City, L. 1 N. Y., adjacent to Hempstead Plains, where flights of
10 miles in a straight line can be made.
(Take L. 1. R.R., from
or
34th Street Ferry, New York
Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn)
,

Home

Study Courses

Dirigibles and

In

Aerostats,

G.

Espitallier of the

Aviation.
Prepared
French Balloon Corps.

by Lieut. -Colonel

Resident Courses
branches of Aeronautics for Ladies and Gentlemen.
Junior Class with contests for Kites and Models.
Private lessons in

I.

all

S. A.

Sole Agents (U. S. and Canada)

and Aeroplanes.

(or the

HUE

Supply Department
CHAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS,
(Paris) Aeronautical Instruments.

holders of

COMPLETE LINE

of

all

records for

Dirigibles

Imported and

Domestic Aeroplanes, Balloons, Dirigibles, Motors, Fabrics and Parts

Models and

New

York

full size

Office;

apparatus made. Fstimafes and consultations given. Illustrated lectures arranged

Subscriptions taken for Foreign Aero Magazines
I. S. A. Aerodrome, Garden City, L. I. (near the Garage)

Care

of

H. Ducasse Co., 735 Seventh Avenue (*Phone, 1841 Bryant)

Paris Office

52 Rue Servan. Paris

AIRCRAFT

236

Atigust, ipio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

LEADING BALLOON AND AIRSHIP CONSTRUCTOR OF THE WORLD
Representing the

Continental Rubber

Company

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

Makers

Rubber

and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane

Material in the World

of the Finest

Fabrics

Passenger Aeroplanes

for

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

and Airships

W.

Flying

Models

MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to

Fifty

Passengers

Models Developed

Also representing
the Santos-Dumont
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

Government
and

The
Wilcox

to

Ninety-five per cent

of tbe clubs in tliis

Propeller

country

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

Address,

Box

181,

Madison Square, New York

.'lii^^iist,

AIRCRAFT

igio

237

PROPELLERS
IN

STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

Our True Pitch, Laminated Ash and Mahogany Propellers combine all the most valued
and proven features of foreign and home practice. ^They are built in large quantities
on the interchangeable plan. ^ We specialize. ^ You get the benefit of our experience.
^ You know the value of buying a stock article, one which is past the experimental stage.
TERRITORY OPEN FOR AGENTS

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

6
7

ft.

ft.

ft.

dia. for
dia. for
dia. for

$50.00 at our works

20-30 H. P.

25-40 H.

(Minimum

thrust

200

(Minimum

thrust

250

lbs

at

1,200 R. P. M.)

at

1,200 R. P. M.)

$60.00 at our works

P.
lbs

$70.00 at our works

30-60 H. P.
(Minimum

thrust

300

lbs. at

Larger Sizes

Small Propellers for Models, 10-16

in. dia.

to

1,200 R. P. M.)

Order
.

$5.00

AIRCRAFT

238

August, ipio

THE NAME

W. Starling Burgess Coxtd.

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
MEANS

GOOD WORKMANSHIP

OUR AEROPLANES
stand on skids, run on skids, get into
the air on skids, alight on skids, and

ARE SAFE
on

skids.

They

made by craftscareful work for

are

men trained to
many years on

racing boats.

Our men know why and how.

y^s^ the
bib:

Man

ff^ho
::

Saw One

AIRCRAFT

loio

.-iu'^usf.

239

Monopoly of the Air?

Shall there be a

Below is a copy of a bill which HUMAN LIFE the Magazine

About People has proposed for an endorsement by the public. The
Its
bill was drawn by Mr. Charles F. Dutch, of the Harvard Law School.
purpose is to prevent a monopoly of aerial navigation, to stimulate aviation, and to compensate the Wrights or their company, for their patents.
A more detailed statement will appear in HUMAN LIFE for August.

RESOLVED
of the

by the

UNITED STATES

the Commissioner of

SENATE and HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES

of AMERICA, in CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, that

Patents

be,

and

is

hereby authorized and directed

from Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, of Ohio, their executors, administrators, heirs or assigns, any and all patents, patents pending, and
application for patents for inventions or devices claimed by said Wilbur
to purchase

Wright and Orville Wright or by either of them, concerning aeroplanes or

flying machines,

and

for the promotion

to publish or make the same otherwise freely accessible

and development of the science and art of aerial navi-

gation.

Section 2.

That for the purchase of said inventions or devices the sum

much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby

of one million dollars, or as

appropriated out of any

If

money

you can support

in

the Treasury not otherv/ise appropriated.

this bill, tear off this

coupon and mail

it

to

Hiram M. Greene,
Managing Editor, Human Life,
530 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass.
Dear

Sir

am

in

sympathy with the

efforts of

Human

Life the Magazine About People to give

to

the public the benefit of the patents of Wilbur and Orville Wright, provided a satisfactory com-

pensation

is

made

to them, as provided

by the

bill

as

above proposed.

Name
Address

Business

Name
If

of your

Congressman

you can not support

this bill, write a letter

and explain why.

AIRCRAFT

240

August. 1910

THE PROBLEM
OF

Automatic Balance
IS

NOW

DEFINITELY SOLVED BY THE

Americain Aeroplane Co.

Whose

invention has received unanimous endorsement and

recommendation by a great number of competent judges,who
have examined the plans and calculations for this aeroplane
which they have pronounced to be the superior of all existing
flying machines.

Among

those who have thus declared this monoplane to

be, by far, the most perfect solution of the problem of aerial
navigation, are some of the best informed authorities on
aerial engineering in the United States.
If correct science and mathematics count for anything,
this aeroplane will prove to be the one thoroughly practical
and safe

FLYING MACHINE
and the

AMERICAN AEROPLANE COMPANY'S

stock

Gilt-Edged Investment

equalling the best in the history of American finance.

Treasury stock at $5.00 a share (par value) is offered
for sale during a limited time only.

RELIABLE AND CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT

Full information given and orders for stock received by

'%X\'\flf\

V^
VVl>OV/i^
W* /^ITlGi^lM

nV/OV/
225 WEST

49th

STREET

A. M.
::

I.

E. E., General Agent for Statfe of

New York and New Jersey

NEW YORK

CITY

American Aeroplane Co., Wilmington, N. C.

ROTARY MOTOR

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

.^^^"r"'""^^.

Made from
forged nickel

No

Aviation"

of

Light in design

steel

not in parts

Strongest aviation

cast parts

engine

No aluminum

made

50 H.

Weight 167

Normal Speed,
1200 R. P.

100 H. P.,

M.

Weight 220

to

1300 R. P.

lbs.

Perfect in

Throttle Control,

200

P.,
lbs.

every detail

M.

No

engine troubles

Even Speed

known

^'*^URS Gr^O^
Its

wonderful reputation

is

positive assurance of absolute satisfaction

USED BY

PAULHAN. FARM AN
And

All

Other

Leading

Foreign

Holds World's

Aviators

Records

DISTANCE-DURATION-HEIGHT- SPEED
Prices,

f.

50 H.
Terms:

Factory, Paris, France

o. b.

P.,

Packed

$2600

One-third

Cash

for

100
with

Order,

Marine Shipment

H.

Balance

P.,

$4800

on

Del ivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICAN
AGENTS

161

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST. LOUIS,

ORDER IMMEDIATELY TO SECURE EARLY DELIVERY

MO.

SATISFIED WITH ELBRIDGE ENGINES?

RECENT
made with

flights

have been

Elbridge

"Featherweight" Engines
by Dr. Wm. M. Greene,
at Rochester; by Captain Bumbaugh, at IndianapoHs; Edward
R. Skinner, South Beach, Staten
Island; J. "W.

McCallum, Kansas

Mo., and many others.

No one ever complained that an
Elbridge Engine lacked power or
speed. Not only do they represent
more actual horse-power for weight
than any others on the market:
but broken parts are practically
unheard of. You need never descend for "lack of power" if you
City,

use Elbridge Engines.

CIjc (Greene

Company

MANUFACTURERS OF THE GREENE AEROPLANES

To

the

ELBRIDGE MACHINE COMPANY,

Rochester, N. Y., June

Culver Road, Rochester, N. Y.

30, 1910.

wish to express my admiration for the performa

of the 40-60 "Featherweight" engine used by
yesterday in the trial flight at 'the grounds of the Aero Club of Rochester.
My machine was driven through the air at a rate of speed I had by no means anticipated. The effect
of this feeling
of speed and reserve power I can compare only to the exhilaration produced by a strong coclttail.
I
have used several different motors in my other machines, and to-day I am more than ever convinced that the Elbridge
"Featherweight" is the ONLY real flying machme engine on the American market.
Gentlemen:

Cordially yours,

Profit

(Signed)

WM. GREENE.

by the Experience

It is

of Others

expensive and dangerous

to experiment with Aeronautic

Motors unless they have

demonstrated their

efficiency in

The Elbridge
Featherweight has made good.
actual

The Best

service.

is

Always the Cheapest in the End

Catalogue and prices for askour information bureau is

at your service.

ing;

ELBRIDGE ENGINE CO.

"Acro Dcpt."

ROCHESTER,

N. Y.

Vol

SEPTEMBER,

15 CENTS

A COPY

1910

EDITED BY

Alfred W Lawson

No. 7

$1.50
a year

Aereal Cloth
The Cloth of the Hour
EXPRESSLY

MADE

AEROPLANES

T^HE

AND

PRICES

practical silk cloth in

to

wind.

rain

ON

APPLICATION

MILLS,

H. M. H.

and

sun,

Serial Dept.

608, Lincoln Bldg.

Union Square West,

Important

against

SAMPLES

Address The

Room

Thirty-six inches wide.

Guaranteed proofed

No.

and most

strongest, lightest

the market.

-*-

and

FOR
BALLOONS

Branch Office:

NEW YORK

CITY

Room

Inventors, Builders

and Owners

508, Moffat Bldg.,

DETROIT, MICH.

of

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Defects and Faults

CHARLES

of Construction in Air-craft of

E.

Every Description Remedied by

Expert Manufacturing

DRESSLER,

afid

Consulting Engineer

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL

MACHINES AND FULL SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION
Office
With

fully

and Factory. 386-390

equipped workshop,

skilled

SECOND AVENUE, NEW YORK

workmen, up-to-date

specially designed tools, apparatus

and modern machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORKING
MACHINES

THE DRESSLER GRAPH-O-VIEW MOVING PICTURE MACHINE,

Reproducing

school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.

The

actual flight of air-craft satisfactorily

The

electrically operated

once

shown by

GYROSCOPE,
and

produces

effects at

386-390

SECOND AVENUE

striking

instructive.

this

for

the home, dub, lodge room,

kinds of animal and microscopic

life.

machine.

showing the fundamental principle

This was

CHARLES
\5:

all

first

E.

successfully

of

automatic balancing of aeroplanes,

manufactured by Charles E. Dressier in

889

DRESSLER
NEW YORK

CITY

AIRCRAFT

September, 1910

241

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

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'

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BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED
"\V7ILL
'

made

last

from

U.

S.

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to six times as long

five

weather as

as well at zero

MATERIAL
balloon, as

it

No

has

as

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ten

requires

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absolute

THE

in the

strength

the

or no care,

elastic.

Any

revarnishing.

The coming

gas holder,

bound

up-to-date

is

balloon must

use

summer

AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

to

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have no

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The

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on
of

always the same, as

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VULCANIZED PROOF
can take care of his PROOF

man

subject to spontaneous combustion.

weight, width or color.

is

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Silk double-walled

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NOT

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has on a varnished material.

times

little

Very

it

as

Heat

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it

detrimental effect on

der.

IN

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balloon material, and which, through

take the place of varnished

material.

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

its

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strain

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100

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AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices and Samples on application

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

242

CURTISS

won

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the

ICAN AEROPLANE TROPHY

in succession,

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and

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third year

September, ipio

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SCIENTIFIC

has consistently

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its

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earliest days.

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Our sixty years' experience in securing patents (both domestic and
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S^cl'tcmbcr,

AIRCRAFT

ipio

ARL FISHER. OF INDIANAPOLIS.

H.

EUGENE HONEYWE

ST.

243

G. L.

LOUIS.

BUMBATJGH, OF INDIANAPOLIS.

THREE FAMOUS AMERICAN BALLOONISTS

CONTENTS SEPTEMBER.

New
Big

Flyers

Men

Herbert Sinclair

245

Denys P. Myers

246

George F. Campbell Wood

William F. TurnbuU
W. H. Phipps

247

J..

...."......"
............

Movement

News
Club News

Foreign

Some Construction
Buchanan Method

Ada
Gustave R. Thompson

Gibson

Recent Patented Inventions

Details
of

Records and Statistics

European Letter
General

Described

of the

1910
Mrs.

Summary, of Human Flight

Law and the Air
After Rheims
Imitating Birds' Wings

..........-

......._....
E.

Plane Making

George

News

Flying Machine Models

F.

L.

248
249
250

252
255

256
257

Buchanan

Wood

259

Ada Gibson
W. H. Phipps

260

Campbell

262

AIRCRAFT
ALFRED W. LAWSON

Published Monthly by The Lawsorv Publishing

37-39 EAST 28th STREET, NEW YORK. U. S. A.

President and Treastirer

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ERNEST

C.

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AIRCRAFT

244

September, ipio

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE CIE.

MINEOLA,

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AEROPLiNES
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^^m^^mm^^^m^^^m^^^^^^^^

AIRCRAFT
Vol.

No.

I.

New

CENTS A COP

15

York, September, iqio

^^m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^b^^b^l
SUMMARY OF HUMAN FLIGHT
By

Mrs.

J.

Herbert Sinclair

(Continued from the June Aircraft.)

RATHER

than discourage experimenters, the tragic end

Severe and of de Bradsky

appeared to
stimulate them to further efforts and the very year in
of

ig02,

in

which these catastrophies occurred was to witness the

ascent of tlie first of the great French dirigibles of the modern

ment, which, save in a few details, was a duplicate of the La

The same unsymmetrical form was retained, but the

Jaune.

volume of the new airship was increased by 200 cubic meters.

motor of 70 horse power was installed as against the La
Jaune's 40 horse power, and two projecting elevating planes
were fixed to the front of the horizontal stabilizing framework.
This magnificent craft, which was christened the Patrie, far
e.xcelled any other airship that up to the time had ever been
constructed; but its life was destined to be short, for a few days
after it so successfully journeyed from Paris to Verdune in
seven hours, which event was accomplished on November 23,
1907, it was caught in a gale, and while trying to land, was,
despite the efforts of hundreds of soldiers, carried away by
the wind across the Channel, passing over England, and after
dropping souvenirs in the shape of pieces of its machinery into
many little English towns; only ended its wild flight by "landing"
in the North Sea, where the huge bag, -still inflated, was found
a few days later.
The "Republique," which also met with disaster just a year
ago, was the second dirigible to be built for the French Government, though not the second to be owned by them, for this was
the Ville-de-Paris, which was built for Henry Deutsch de la
Meurthe who, immediately after the catastrophe to the Patrie,

type.

As far back as 1899 the Lebaudy brothers had commissioned a

well-known engineer, nairied JuUiot, to make investigations into
The actual work of construcwas taken in hand in 1901 by JuUiot and the aeronaut,
Surcouf, and the first ascent made in the fall of 1902.
This airship was of a new type
the cigar-shaped bag of
80,000 cubic feet (187 feet long by 32 feet diameter) was fastened
to a rigid elliptical keel-shaped floor which was intended to prevent the rolling and pitching during the voyage.
The total
weight, including 1500 pounds of gasoline, water, and ballast,
was two and a half tons. The motor was a 35-40 h.p. Mercedes
weighing 829 pounds without water or fuel there were two
two-bladed nine-foot propellers placed on either side of the car
and giving 353 pounds pull at 1056 revolutions. The dirigible
was known as "Le Jaune" because of the bright yellow German
cloth the bag was made of. Altogether some thirty experimental
ascents were made, improvements being made continuously in the
details of construction
the longest trip was one of two hours
and forty-six minutes during which 61 miles were covered.
On November 21, 1903, "Le Jaune" came into contact with a
tree on landing, tore open and burst. The motor being uninjured,
the dirigible was immediately rebuilt and was ready again for
trial in October, 1904
the reconstructed airship also made some
thirty trips until it was again torn by a tree on landing, after a
voyage of over three hours. This occurred on July 6th, 1905, at
Mourmelon, now so well known as an aviation center.
The Lebaudy dirigible was again repaired in all haste and by
the end of September was once more ready to ascend
several
most successful trips were made before it was dismantled for the
the design of dirigible balloons.
tion

winter.

offered
It

to

These experiments may be said

to

have been the starting point

the Lebaudys' balloon was, in fact, the

first

of

all

military dirigi-

took up altogether 19s passengers, on different occasions, among them the French Minister of War.
The lighting arIt

rangements for night travel were most complete. They comprised

an acetylene searchlight of one million candle-power and two
lamps of one hundred candle-power each, which lighted the car
and the lower side of the balloon, while each passenger carried a
small lamp which was fastened to his clothes.

it

to the Minister of

will be

remembered

the "Republique"

War.

that the lamentable

occurred

last

and

fatal

September, when on

disaster
its 're-

turn journey to Chalais-Meudon, after having taken part in the

military

manoeuvres

at

the breaking of one of

the gas

bag,

and the

La
its

Pallisse,

all

and was caused through

which pierced

propellers, a piece of

dirigible

consisting of four men,

fell

to the

being instantly

ground.

The crew,

killed.

The

car of the dirigible Ville-de-Paris, which was a construcwork, had two rudders attached to
one for steering laterally and the other for ascending and descending.
A two-bladed propeller, si.x meters in diameter, was
driven by a 70 horsepower motor at 900 revolution per minute
the screw, placed at the front of the airship, made, through a retion of metal tubing lattice

it

of the present aeronautical activity in continental military circles

bles.

A dirigible of the same semi-rigid type as the La Jaune was

purchased from the Lebaudy brothers by the French Govern-

ducing gear, 180 revolutions per minute.

1908, that the Ville-de-Paris sailed
It was on January 15,
under its own power from Paris to Verdun, to replace .the
wrecked Patrie.
It was also in this very same airship that the great scientific
explorer, the Prince of Monaco, who has surveyed and sounded
the ocean, received the "baptism of the air."

(To

be eontinucd in

October Aircraft.)

: :

AIRCRAFT

246

September, ipio

LAW AND THE AIR

By Denys
(Contiiiitcd

Myers

P.

from August Aircraft.)

CONTRABAND BY AIR-CRAFT
HE

conflict

goes merrily on as to what will

still

be the actual uses of aircraft, commercialh' or

for State purposes
and in all the talk very
;

some

necessarily

wrote

spring

last

that

the

convenient

it

nations

keep

to

would
foreign

now Brookins

1,500 yards above their territory;

Last year a non-stop

journey of 100 miles in air called forth columns of cable dispatches and comment
on July 9 and 10 the duration record
was thrice broken, each time with flights above 200 miles. Happily there is no war, else what I am going to write would be
antedated before it is printed.
And the part that applies to
;

peace can remain speculative only a short time.

However, contraband trade and

'

No

existing border at

worth anything as protection against hostile or felonious air-craft and in this respect they will continue to decrease in value.
Customs houses, roadsteads, port regulations,
all the complicated paraphernalia to collect duties and prevent
undesirable or unlawful importations or exportations, have fallen
below par when viewed from the coign of vantage of the air.
Already we are negotiating with Mexico to provide against
smuggling by the aerial route across the border and the International Aerial Conference, which met at Paris on May 28, adjourned on the last day of June until October, in order to study
the problems it confronted in this respect more at length.
Contraband, describing roughly those articles which one belligerent desires to keep from its opponent because of their possible value to him in waging the conflict, is particularly a seaborn trafKc. For no State sells abroad more than its surplus
is

and, in general,

So

it

its

sea-borne

traffic

represents simply this sur-

not surprising to learn that the

is

Conference, which signed

its

London Naval

declaration February 26, 1909, con-

among contraband

sidered air-craft

The

articles.

conferees di-

vided goods according to custom, into absolute contraband, conditional

contraband, and not contraband at

all.

Article 24 of

the Convention says

The following

articles, susceptible of

use in

of peace, may. without notice

for purposes

be treated as contraband of
ditional contraband
*

and

flying

wr.r.

all

war

as well as

(de plein droit),

under the name of con-

under

and

definite rules,

air-craft consigned to a belligerent port

thi

No'

will b(

subject to capture, nor all that are carried in the vessels be

longing to nationals of one or the other belligerent.
On thi
other hand, not all air-craft consigned to neutral ports, even
i:

carried in neutral ships, will escape scot free.

for

immunity or lack of

question of what

is

it

will

Modern theory has

from the

as possible

assumed as
it

the

in

it

lie

that only States are ever at

conflict, either in their

form

distinct a

list

the reasoi

always be found to

when

little

in

the

war and

inconvenienct

business or pleasure'

racing air-craft shall have

as the racing automobile

will be quite probable that provision will be

them

And

the ultimate destination.

that their individual citizens are entitled to as

made

now

has,

for placing

of articles not subject to contraband seizure,

Obviously, such a rule would scarcely apply to their component

with the constant tendency to manufacture machinerj
of an interchangeable nature or on standard gauges, parts woulc
parts, for

generally be useful for

war purposes, even though the complete

machine might be held

to be

time

when

this

exempt.

Developments toward the

consideration will have force are already evident,

both Hamilton and the Wrights having under construction machines especially designed for racing purposes. And it may also
result that other distinctive types will be designed,
as the present automobile trucks, that

as distinct

might equally escape the

prohibition of contraband, because of unfitness for war.

very interesting consideration also arises in applying the

This is an
American theory, developed during the Civil War, and is to the
so-called doctrine of continuous voyage to air-craft.

a vessel ostensibly bound to a neutral port might be

if suspected of contraband
intentions.
It was the practice of British shipowners to fit out
vessels with cargoes for the Confederacj' and consign them to
effect that

seized during any part of her voyage

Cuba or Mexican ports

just across the line

from Texas, thinking

thus to minimize the likelihood of capture and trusting to get

the goods to the enemy with ease from such convenient inter-

mediate ports. Time and again such attempts were frustrated

by capture, and the ships and cargoes usually condemned. The
doctrine has in great part been softened, it now being accepted
that the vessel

will operate

is

not liable to capture for suspicion of contra-

recognizable as intended, for use in connection with balloons

band dealings until after it leaves the intermediate port.

Here is a situation of which air-craft will be able to take
advantage both in peace and war. Probably it is worth more in
peace now that communication is easy by wireless, for few things

and

of value

(8)

Balloons

component

parts,

together

States,

machines and their distinctive

with accessories and articles

flying machines.

The Conference was

participated

Austria-Hungary,

Spain.

in

by Germany, the United

France,

Great

Britain,

Italy,

Japan, the Netherlands and Russia, the principal naval powers.

Although the United States has not yet signed the Declaration,
so far as known, the failure to do so has been due to a constitutional technicality rather than displeasure with the
it.

But the belligerents

Therefore, in the near future,

peaceful prototype, smug-

its

gling, are important features to consider.

plus.

has property at stake.

considering the conquest of the air at this stage.

500 yards beyond that with ease.

present

who

basis of their action will be the destination of the goods.

rises

ing to the aviator

few of the military experts and other experts

have injected imagination, the all-essential in

probably find
air-craft

found that air-craft in the next war will be captured in cargo

and deemed immune from capture in a manner at first bewilder-

Therefore, the above statement

may

terms of

be accepted as the law

of the United States.

The

and precise enough when its terms are

it by no means Ipys down a
hard and fast rule. Another name for conditional contraband is
"articles of ambiguous use," and that term indicates the uncertainty always present in their consideration.
So that it will be
article

is

understood, and

clear

it

will be seen that

in

military

operations,

except information,

are light

be easily carried on air-craft as we now conceive

them.
But a couple dozen of Parisian gowns or a hundred
yards of the finest lace would not weigh more than a man and

enough

to

Suppose such a bundle is

could be carried through the air.
brought to Montreal and there billed regularly by the air route
to Hemmingford, Quebec, a town almost on the New York
line.
What is to prevent the aviator from sneaking across the
border, flying low at a preconcerted point, dropping off the
bundle in the yard of a confederate, lighting by chance near the
customs station of that vicinity and securing a clean bill from
the officers.
Meantime the confederate could ship the goods to
New York City by whatever route he pleased and they would
be none the worse after a

little

pressing out of wrinkles.

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio

There is smuggling for you. False trunk bottoms and gastronomic tricks of swallowing diamonds cannot compare with that
as a sport or a safe method of breaking law.
Major BadenPowell says air-craft will spell the doom of tariffs.* They will
certainly have an effect on them so far as some schedules are
concerned, and this statement particularly applies to light goods
of great value or goods possible of being transported in small
compass.
But air-craft as a means of transportation do not
necessarily

spell

the

doom

of tariffs,

or-

anything

They

else.

work changes, and a more likely one, it seems to me, than

dooming tariffs, to make the whole world a free trade emporium, would be to equalize duties.
If, for instance, Canada adwill

247

tem of customs

Art.

13.

The

aerostats

Add

in the public service.

an isolated zone of

safety,

to such a fleet the instaland there is a complete sys-

(or aeroplanes),

intending to land,

relative to the identity of the aerostats

(or aeroplanes) met.

These aerostats (or aeroplanes)

on the ground.

will be the object of a de-

Public aerostats

escape in principle the pre-

ceding dispositions.

now

will

themselves of the contents of the manifest as well as of the

place and time of landing they shall transmit by signals to the
authorities of the earth this information with the indications

gling trade might be built up.

sels

it

coming in the zone of protection, shall be the object of a customs inspection by the public balloons (or aeroplanes) of the
territorial state.
These balloons (or aeroplanes) will inform

tailed search

lation of

whether

tell

Fauchille, the chief advocate of this latter project, says:

mitted silk wearing apparel at 10 or 15 per cent, ad valorem

where the United States taxes it 60 per cent, a profitable smug-

But if both agreed on a duty,

sajr 40 per cent., an importer might as well bill the goods to
New York as Montreal in the first place.
So there are three possibilities regarding smuggling: abolition
of all duties, equalization of them, or making all possible precautions to prevent smuggling through the air.
The latter alternative is the most likely, for it can scarcely be doubted that
mimicipal fleet of air-craft will be found necessary, cora, large
responding to revenue cutters, lighthouse tenders and other ves-

Time- alone can

inspection.

prevail.

Smuggling"
statute

(or aeroplanes)

a crime by statute.

is

revised to

will 'be

make

seems probable that the

It

special provision

for attempts

against the fiscal regime of the coiuitry by fixing a particularly

harsh penalty for smuggling

by air-craft.
Such a change,
coupled with Fauchille's project, revised to suit the legislator's
would undoubtedly furnish all that is necessary in the way

taste,

For

of protection.

it

is

a good deal to presume that the nations

customs or reduce them to a dead level

just because man has taken to the air.
(To be continued in October Aircr.\ft )
are going to abolish

all

AFTER RHEIMS
By G.
J-lii^^rJJ'k

^^i

F,

Campbell

F the great Rheims Aviation Meeting of 1909 was

epoch-making as the sudden revelation to the world
at large of the future of flyin<

no

sensational

less

in

its

that of 1910

was

demonstration of the

tremendous progress made by aviation in Europe

in the intervening ten months.
As a drawing attraction the ordinary flying meet
will, it would seem, soon cease to have the "succes
de curiosite" which it at present enjoys through
its very novelty, and may very shortly be almost entirely replaced by cross-country competitions, but it is only by such
tournaments as that of Rheims that the actual progress of the
art can be accurately gauged from year to year, and it is evidently the intention in France to make the "Rheims Week" the

at

Europe.
The remarkable results obtained show that all the previous
meetings of the year including such fine international competitions as those of Heliopolis, Cannes, Nice, Biarritz, Lyons,
yearly classic in the sport of flying

least for

Tours, Buda-Pest, Angers and Rouen were merely preliminary

"Grande Semaine de Champagne."

Practically every world's record was beaten there in many
cases several times and on consecutive days, and the end of the
"Week" revealed an entirely new set of names and figures on
to

and only "led up"

the record

to

the

lists.

Outside of this general impression of progress the most salient feature at Rheims this year was the triumph of the monoplanes over the biplanes. This was not wholly unexpected, for
at Buda-Pest and at Rouen the single-plane machines had more
than held their
previous

own and shown

main handicap in
the inadequacy of their motor

meetings had lain in

that

their

power to carry them to victory it is doubtful, however, if even

the most sanguine advocate of the monoplane expected such
a clean sweep as that made by the Bleriots and Antoinettes, to
say nothing of the newer monoplanes the Hanriots, the Nieu;

ports, the de Pischoff.

The

Officers' prize

and the Ladies' prize were the only ones

carried

Wood
off

by biplanes, and

in

neither

competition did mono-

planes compete.
true that in cross-country flying, biplanes

still hold the

Dubonnet's Tellier monoplane falling short of Curtiss', Hamilton's, Paulhan's and Grahame- White's
town-to-town flights). It is also true that Brookins has flown
higher than any monoplane driver, that Roger Sommer's com-

It

lead

is

(even the

fine raids of

pact little biplane has carried more passengers than any single
plane machine has as yet, and that if the official "two-man"

record belongs to Aubrun's Bleriot, both the Kinets have actually flown with a passenger on their Henry Farman's for many

minutes longer than he, but taking the results all in all, it may
be said that the monoplanes have suddenly leaped to the front
as equal to the biplanes in endurance

perior to

them

Speed was,

in
in

and

stability

and far

su-

speed.
fact,

the

dominant note

at

Rheims and the

six

months of aero-

real surprise of this year's meeting.

good deal had been heard

in the last

planes flying at sixty miles an hour, the claim having notably

been made

favor of Santos-Dumont

and of
Maurice Farman, Curtiss and Voisin (of the new type) biplanes, but nothing like such speed had been officially recorded
before Rheims, in fact nothing greater than fifty-two or three
miles an hour and it was with astonishment that the news was
received of the velocity at which the latest Bleriots flew at the
big French meeting.
in

"Demoiselles"

The careful and painstaking experiments which the great

Frenchman and his lieutenant Alfred Leblanc had been making for the last few months certainly bore their fruit at Rheims
and the true possibilities of the latest flat-plane Gnome-driven
Bleriots were revealed.

To Americans these results are of peculiar interest as the

Bleriot looms up as the logical favorite in the coming "Gordon Bennett Cup" race and the machine most likely to carry
away

the coveted trophy, across the Atlantic.

AIRCRAFT

248

Nor can Leblanc's time in the French ehminatories be taken

any way as a criterion of what the cup defenders "have to
beat."
Not only was this time (1 hr. 19' 13 3-5" for the 100
kilometers), which was made on a 50-h.p. Bleriot, substantially
reduced, but by identical machines later in the week (Olieslaegers
finally turning the trick in 1 hr. 8' 1"), but Morane showed

"Demoiselles" entered, neither were there any such monsters

heavier-than-air craft present as the

in

what could be expected of the

when he

riot,

astounding time of

in the

about

marvel

in

which case

it is

speed
will,

fifty-six

As regards motors,

showed a speed about equal to that of the eight-cylinder Curand proved that Levavasseur's famous featherweight en-

now

is

Gnome

portant

it

has so long lacked,

capable of menacing .the supremacy of the wonder-

(which

contests

actually

it

team,

the

beat in three of the most im-

longest

official

flight

ailerons.

thirty-five of the entries

and height

prizes).

There is no need to touch upon the records established at

Rheims, which are referred to at length in "Records and Statis-

Voisin products being the only metal ones present,

As was

to be expected with such a

tremendous entry

with an aerodrome one-half the length of

ever.

entries

numbered

forty-five biplanes, thirteen of the

Antoinettes, whilst fifteen

and nine were Sommers.

The largest and heaviest biplane was Lieutenant Fequant's big
military

Henry Farman

(44' 3" spread, 44' 11" length, 592 square

feet surface, 1,320 lbs. weight)

the smallest and lightest was
Ladougne's Goupy, which actually captured the 10-kilometer record for a two-man flight with 8' 14 2-5" (19' 8" spread, 22'
;

length, 237 square feet

Among

ports were the smallest and lightest

161 square feet surface, 500

lbs.

weight).

diminutive machines such as the

wonderful

(27' 7"

little

crowded

and

course

in

toinette

Nieu-

spread, 22' length,

There were no really

or Santos-Dumont

Vendomes

calamity to occur

was,

IMITATING THE BIRD'S WING

By William Fyfe Turnbuli
LICH has been
just

as

written to convince aviators that

success

in

come about through

cal

principles,

land

transportation

elongated.

those involved in

the running of the horse, so likewise will air

transportation be achieved through departing

from
this

the mechanical principles of bird flight.

away by

thought, aviators have overlooked one point in the struc-

ture of the bird wing, which,

make
the

Carried

if

more

possible greater stability and

closely followed,

would

speed in the navigation of

air.

During the winter of 1906-07 the writer, in co-operation with

Mr. Gilbert Small, of Waltham, Mass., conducted a series of
laboratory experiments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a view to ascertaining what form of surface was
most stable in a current of air and gave the greatest lift in proportion to its head resistance. The surfaces tested included flat
surfaces, circular and parabolic arcs of various degrees (^con-

hook-shaped curves and others resembling the letter "S"

Without going into details, it may be stated that
the most satisfactory shape of surface turned out to be one
with a slight hook at the front edge and flat in the rear. (See
After the actual tests were completed, we canie
diagram.)
across a series of cuts showing the cross-section of the wings
of different birds and were a good deal surprised to note that
our most satisfactory surface was nearly an exact trace of the
gull's wing, whereas a curve similar to that used on prevailing
types of aeroplanes resembled the wing of a pigeon.
Now the gull is known to excel in sailing flight as opposed to
flapping, and the coincidence above mentioned led us to believe
that an important reason for this is that the front edge of its
wing is not tangent to the direction of flight (as most aeroplane surfaces now are) but, on the contrary, is almost perpendicular to it, thus combing up the air as the bird sails along
and forming a whirl or eddy back of the advancing edge.

vexity,

has

the adoption of mechani-

other than

the fatal fall of Wachter's Anhowever, in no way due to "crowding"; either!

the fabric, soaked with rain, or the main stays, gave way when'
flying downwards and the wings doubled up.
The other Antoinette pilots immediately changed the cloth of
their wings and doubled the stays and no further accident of
this kind was recorded throughout the week.

the Antoinettes were, of course, the

(49' 2" spread, 39' 4" length, 377 square

feet surface, 1,150 lbs. weight), while the

pretty

The one

weight).

the monoplanes

and heaviest

largest

surface, 660 lbs.

list

last year's, the

calm weather, as many as eighteen machines being seen in flight at once; a good many accidents occurred and nearly all of them were attributable to this overcrowding, biplanes and monoplanes continually encountering each
other's airwash to their mutual peril.
There seems little doubt
that Mme. de Laroche's lamentable fall was caused by this, although with four machines flying almost together little blame
could be attached to that one responsible for blowing dowtl
("soufler," according to French aviation-slang) another flyer.

was

thirty-one
monoplanes,
former were Bleriots and six
of the biplanes were Henry Farmans

seventy-six

nearly half

About three-fifths of the 'propellers used were Chauvieres, although ten other makes were represented, the Antoinette and

on the exact results of the meetings which

figure in "Foreign News," other figures in connection with the
monster aerial tournament may not be without interest, howtics" of this issue, or

The

or

tisses,

ful

de

the others

all

had Gnomes, two of which (one on Morane's record-breaker

and the other on one of Henry Farman's racers) being the new
14-cylinder 100-h.p. engines, while nineteen machines had E.N.V.'s
among them one of De Mumm's Antoinettes the _other Antoinettes had engines of their own make and the remaining entries favored Darracq, French Wright, Panhard, Gregoire-Gyp,
Clerget, Labor-Picker and the new five-cylinder Anzani motors;
de Baeder's Wolseley engine was not ready for Rheims, while
among good French motors which were missed there were Renault, Dutheil and Chalmers and Bayard-Clement.

Nor are the other members of the French team to be despised

as. Latham and Labouchere with their magnificent Antoinette

and

minutes instead of seventy-nine that the defenders will have to

beat to be returned the winners

gine has at last acquired that reliability

Madame

the exception of

Every machine at Rheims was mounted on wheels even the

four Wrights entered by the Comte de Lambert, Rene Gasnier
and Captain Eteve being fitted with them; a great many had, of
course, skids as well (Henry Farman, Sommer, Wright, Sanchez-Besa, Goupy, Savary, Hanriot, Nieuport, de Pischoff).
The Sommers and the Wrights were the only ones not to
have regular shock-absorbers (rubber, pneumatic or springs).

perspicacity to foi'esee that by the time

necessary, use one in the cup race

in

biplane.

only machines to rely on automatic

for lateral balance with

had warping wings or

66^4 miles an hour.

condition to travel an hour at this speed, and

in

the

Cody

Laroche's Voisin of the old vertical-partition type

track on the last day,

race comes off Bleriot will have got this latest

the cup

if

much

does not take

It

48 2-5"

2'

The Nieuports were

stability

Gnome-Ble-

14-cylinder

100-h.p.,

circled the live-kilometer

September, ipio

'

The

attention

of scientists

was

first

called to

this

principle

AIRCRAFT

249
Ahead

surface.

of the center of pressure the

traveling toward the front edge.

or

arc

circular

this

air

naturally

is

In the case of a

flat

surface

would curl around the front edge

air

and form part of the so-called bow Tvave. BuY in this case the
hook prevents its escape and turns it backward, producing a
cyclonic effect, with a field of very low pressure in the center
of

the

rapidly

revolving

moving away from

the

eddy.

The

reaction

of

hook together with the

this

effort

air

of

in

the

fill up the center of low pressure produces a

which materially decreases the total head re-

air in the rear to

Air

SfrecLni:

cii>ou.f-

forward

fiooK sha-faeoC p/aMe:

sistance.

force

In addition the whirl of air referred to in some

improves the
almost twenty years ago

bj'

The

Laurence Hargravc, of Australia,

kite.
It has, however, been ig-

in so far as

writer

further believes that the under surface of main

planes in air machines should be

inventor of the Hargrave box

nored

made rough instead

much as

so as to break up the wicked cross-currents

can be judged from the subsequent literature

and practice of aviation. A partial explanation of the principle was obtained by accurately determining the direction of
the air stream lines at a great number of points surrounding
the surface and also measuring tlie pressure of the air at these
points in comparison with that of the main current. The condition of affairs then disclosed is illustrated by the diagram.
The hook of the front edge prevents the bow wave from increasing the pressure at any point of the front third of the

spill-way of a

way

stability.

dam

of smooth,
the stepped

breaks up the mass of falling water.

The

an illusion. The
aviator in a wind is rather like a skater with dull skates who
cannot glide because he slithers and slips and fails to cut the
ice.
In observing aeroplanes in flight at present nothing is more
noticeable than a certain "crawfish effect" as though the machine could not grip the air, but slid about over it, keeping
headway only by dint of maintaining great speed.

theory of gliding over the air like grease

is

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

THE BURLINGAME MONOPLANE
By W.

^AN Mineola

interest ins; monoplane wliicli lias arrived a

is
that constructed by Mr. E mei
Burlingame of Boston.
The machine is a minia
copy of the one exhibited by Mr. Burlin
game at the Boston Aero Show in February
and is, perhaps, the smallest monoplane in this

H. Phipps

MISCELLANEOUS
thouerht

ture

country.
The
Burlingj

eroplane

home-n

entirely

embodies

is

interesting

as

ar

1
also because it
ingenious details in its
it
resembles a corabiAntoinette and Bleriot
;,
and details of construc-

many

construction,
nation of the
machines.
Dir
tion follow:

WINGS
_pla

chord of

feet.

each 10 feet long and

of the usual
over
ton
with

They are

monoplane type, built up of ten double ribs

two transverse spars, and are covered both
and bottom. They are trussed to the frame
steel cable wire, forming a perfectly rigid

sup-

porting surface.

FUSELAGE
The fuselage is entirely unique
consists of four m;
long, trussed and joined as shown in the diagram.
The operator's seat is placed above and
behind the motor and is supported on the top
spars of the frame.

THE TAIL
The tail is the most
flyer and is the subject

interesting part of this

It consists
of a patent.
separate small planes each 5 feet by 4.
which are capable of being operated separately
or together, thus fulfilling the purpose of elevator and ailerons in one.

of two

THE VERTICAL RUDDER

The

ruader is placed at the rear of

It measthe fuselage, between the tail planes.
ures 4 feet by 3 and is double surfaced.
vertical

RUNNING GEAR
This consists of two Bleriot type shock-absorbing wheels arid a long skid, which runs twothfrds the length of the machine and curves up
in front to protect the propeller.

PROPULSION
furnished by a 30-h.p. four-cylinder
Harriman water-cooled motor, driving direct a 5foot laminated Burlingame propeller of high pitch.

This

is

advisable.
built at

Steel

to

Mineola

Boston

nd brouj
ig

trials.

AIRCRAFT

250

BIG

September,

1 910

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

Clement Ader

Gage . Tarbell

Sir

Hiram Maxim

prominent man to take an active in- (ELEMENT ADER is a name which will in the A Mi^XG many other notable distinctions, that
ages to come be forever known as that of ^^
of having 'designed and built the first fullterest in the development
of
aviation in ^^
America is Gage E. Tarbell of New York.
the man who first succeeded in so far overcom- sized power-driven flying machine in the British
While Mr. Tarbell was one of the early mem- ing the laws of gravity as to lift himself above Isles belongs to Sir Hiram Maxim.
It can well be
bers of the Aero Club of America, still it was the earth by mechanical means.
It was fifty years ago and at the age of sixnot until recently that he began to attract gen- argued that the short jumps which Ader's great teen that Mr. Maxim first became interested in
eral attention through his activities as a promoter bats accomplished in the closing years of the the problem of artificial flight.
Since then he
last century were not real flights, and that to the
of the sport.
has persistently studied the subject, both theoWhen the Aero Club of America first began Wright brothers belongs the distinction of being retically and practically.
Ader cannot be
to look about for a general manager of the Inter- the first men to actually fly.
It was about twenty-one years ago that Mr.
renational Aviation Meet, to be held in October, robbed, however, of the great prestige as a pio- Maxim started on the experiments which
neer to which his partially successful experiments sulted in that colossal construction which he
it was Gage E. Tarbell who was decided upon as
the best available man for the position.
At that of the solving of the problem of flight entitle built at Baldywn Park. Kent, England, and with
time it was understood that the Meet would be him.
which nearly everyone is more or less familiar.
The life of this great scientist is an admirable This machine which was designed on a remarkheld at Garden City, but later, when the location
was changed to Belmont Park Mr. Tarbell re- example of unity of purpose and intelligently ap- ably large scale was fitted with a steam engine
spring
plied
perseverence.
Born
in
the
of
1841,
signed.
which could be made to develop 350 horsepower
One great work, however, that Mr. Tarbell has Cement Ader showed early signs of the mechan- and turn propellers 18 feet in diameter.
already accomplished for the good of aviation in ical genius which was to make him one of the
For the purpose of experimenting, this machine
was fitted with wheels to run on rails; a third
America, and Eastern aviators in particular, was great figures of modern scientific research.
Aithough he had always been deeply interested overhead rail was also run a few inches above
the converting of the vast Hempstead Plains of
solution
in
the
mystery
of
flight
and
its
possible
the
top of the machine to prevent its getting
Long Island into one of the very best aviation
by mechanical means, it was the great French away when the engine was running; during one
fields in the world.
1870 the Franco-Prussian War
of the tests the machine rose from the lower rails
Gage E. Tarbell was born on a farm, situated tragedy of
an historical moment and the lifting power
on the flats of Smithville, Chenango County, New which turned his thoughts earnestly in this diIn building a flying machine it was was so great that the top rail broke under the
York, on September 20, 1856, and from his very rection.
the machine fell over, clear of the
earliest days exhibited an extraordinary aptitude mainly patriotism which prompted Ader, kindled pressure;
his
enthusiasm,
and
maintained
his
perseverance.
tracks, and was practically destroyed.
for business.
After graduating from the collegiate department It was to be many years, however, before he
Fifteen years later (a little over a year ago),
machine which he was actually after carefully reviewing the whole subject as it
of the Clinton Liberal Institute and then teach- built a full-sized
ing school for a year, he took up the study of satisfied to test.
stood up to date, Sir Hiram, who in the interval
His protracted experiments extended over many had been knighted, decided to carry out in a
law, and in 1880 was admitted to the bar in
years, and cost a vast sum of money, but on
Ithaca, which profession he followed for four
second machine the same principals embodied in
grounds
Chateaii
October
in
the
of
the
1890,
9,
years.
his first.
He decided on certain modifications
of Armainvilliers, a great bat-like creature made
and on building it on a very much smaller scale:
During this time he conducted as a side line
and rubber-cloth and propelled by a of course, a gasoline motor replaced the steam
enough life insurance business to convince him of metal
steam-engine of wonderful design was drawn engine of
1894.
that he could make more money as an insurance
along the ground by the pull of its four-bladed
agent than as a lawyer, and finally decided to
The engine which Maxim has designed for this
propeller, and at a certain point was noticed by
connect himself with the Equitable Life Assurmachine has four cylinders, each five inches in
the two witnesses Messrs. Vallier and Espinosa

NOTHER

'

ance Society.
In i8gi he was made resident secretary of the
Equitable in Chicago, with direct control of its
affairs in Illinois, Wisconsin, and northern Michigan.

He was called to New York in 1893 by the

president of the Equitable as third ' vicepresident of the society.
Mr. Tarbell is a great athlete and especially
fond of golf, billiards and horseback riding, but
his great weakness, if such it can be called, is
farming; his happiest days are those he spends
on the old farm, where he was born, and which,
after it came into his possession, he remodeled
and improved to such an extent that to-day it is
one of the most up-to-date farms to be found in
the country.
Mr. Tarbell is a member of the Aero Club
of America, Automobile Club of America, Union
League Club, Ardsley Club and many others
and is noted for his after-dinner speeches.
then

have entirely severed contact with the earth,

only resuming it 150 feet further on.
The machine was the famous "Eole," and it
was the first time in the history of the world that
a machine heavier-than-air and carrying a man
had risen from the surface of the earth into its
atmosphere.
A year later the same machine, slightly modified, left the ground for over 300 feet, and six
years after that the Avion III, with its two engines and two propellers, made two flights or
jumps, the second one being 1,000 feet.
This is the share that Clement Ader contributed
He did not produce
to the science of aviation.
a machine which could fly. and those who wish can
It
accordingly look upon his work as a failure.
is, nevertheless, a fact that he contributed largely
to the solution of the problem, and various features of his invention, such as his "curve of
sustentation." and his warping wings, were embodied in the machines built subsequently.
to

diameter with

5 5-8

stroke,

all

of the vital parts

which are made of "Vickers" special steel,

which is probably the strongest steel for weight
He is also using
that has yet been produced.
an entirely new system of oiling, and three proof

the third propeller taking the place of the

fly-wheel on the engine.
Notwithstanding his English title and associaHe is
tions. Sir Hiram is an American by birth.
at present a member of the well-known firm of
Vickers' Sons and Maxim perhaps he is best
known as the inventor of an automatic system
of firearms; he sold this invention to the English
Government, after having offered it to his own
country, and in recognition of his services was
knighted in 1901.
_^
A great figure among latterday inventors and
pioneers of modern invention he has, unlike so
many others, lived to reap the benefits of his scientific genius and to see many of his dreams, even
those of the most Utopian kind, materialize.
pellers,

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio

BIG
Keeney Hamilton
pHARLES KEENEY HAMILTON one of

MEN OF THE MOVEMENT

the
greatest aviators in the worid
was born on
:Mav 2, 1881, in New Britain, Conn.
His first practical experience in aeronautics occurred when he was a very young boy and tried
to imitate a country fair parachute jumper by
descending from one of the upper windows of
liis
home by the aid of an umbrella. In these
days he was the Feck's Bad Boy of the littl

Connecticut town
Differing with his father as to his vocatit
life, when he reached the age of twenty-on
did what many other young men
have
before him, and left his Connecticut hon
to
follow his own inclinations.
In [904 he became assot iated with Mr. Israel
d assisted him in his experimental
ivork; and when in
1905 Mr. Ludlow built a
number of full-sized aeropl: nes in order to study
the equilibrium and other unsolved problems of
the heavier-than-air machir i. it was Charles K.

Hamilton who steered th se aeroplanes, which

were towed either by an utomobile or a motor
j

boat in their

flights.

Mr. Hamilton also accompanied Mr. Ludlow to

Florida when in 1906 he went South to make
some further aeronautical experiments, and while
there he made several towed flights in connection with the automobile races which were held
on the beach.
Later on he became interested in the dirigible
balloon, and as an operator of such, quickly became famous. He toured Japan with his dirigible
and made considerable money from his performances, and on the same dav that Bleriot flew
across the English Channel, Hamilton made a
record dirigible flight across the Bay of Osaki.
It was Bleriot's cross-channel feat which determined Hamilton to take up the heavier-thanair machine, and the month follow ing his return

from Tapan last November saw hi m making record flights in a Curtiss machine and within a
very short time he electrified the ivorld with his
remarkable performances.
Then followed in rapid
_reat
flights in the West, at
G
Island, and
at Mineola, where the people of N
York first

Alfred R. Shrigley

ChaLrles Stewart Rolls

ChdLrles

the memory of the Hon. C. S. Rolls belongs

honors.
He was the first British subject to
cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine; the first aviator to fly from England to
France; the first to make the return journey;
biplane,
the first to ny across the Cham
^"o, most lame ntable fact, the first British avi^toi" to
forfeit
ife
in the interests of the

The
on

Charles Stewart Rolls

Lord and Lady

London, August

of

ier

education

at

Llangatt<
27,

the third

He was

1876;
a

Eaton,

Trinity College, Cambridge

nen were perhaps better 1
and European sporting

n in both
than the
other pioneer
years closely
-lators,
Rolls
ted with the automobile industry
Royce, the inventor of the Rollswith Mr.
Royce automobile engine which bears that name.
In I goo Mr. Rolls was the successful competitor in the one-thousand-mile automobile endurance
run, which secured for him the gold medal. Five
years later, in 1905, he drove as the representative of Great Britain in the International Automobile Race for the Gordon Bennett Cup; he
several times broke the world's record for speed.
In the first Gordon Bennett Balloon Race of
1906 he won the special endurance prize given by
the Aero Club of France, and was one of seven
contestants who successfully crossed the Channel
by night and reached their destination a point in
Norfolk, England.
Mr. Rolls won the 50 prize for making the
.rst circular mile flight on the Royal Aero Club
Grounds: the Salomon's hundred guniea trophy,
and the English Aero Club's 25 short flight prize.
He made his first notable flight on December i of
last year when he flew 64 miles in 55 minutes. His

Ho

S.

Rolls.

Like

many
many

ice

its

Aero

organization

first men in this country

faith in the future of aeronautics.
For about thirteen years his interest in the conquest of the air has continued and the club he
was instrumental in starting the first to be
started in America, by the way
has grown from
a membership of a very few to a prosperous or-

in
to

1897,
place

was one of the

his

ganization with a long waiting list.

The services of the Aero Club of New England
to the science of flight so far has been chiefly in
ballooning, but it is giving aid and encouragement to many experimenters and a crop of aeroMr.
planes is promised in the near future.
is in constant
Shrigley as the cleric of the
ambitious, alcorrespondence with many of
the fund of
though embryonic, bird-men,
information at his disposal is always at their disposal.
He is also interested at present in setting
up a formal scheme of affiliation between the
.\ero Club of New England, which is, in turn,
affiaated with the Aero Club of America, and the
many local organizations throughout his territory.
This would place the science and its devotees
upon a recognized basis, enable the co-ordination
of experimentation and strengthen interest, which
has already advanced to such an extent that one
Boston paper for nearly a year has been conducting a weekly department of aeronautics.
Mr. Shrigley is a Boston lawyer and a pioneer
automobilist, by which route he had his interest
He was born in Chile,
in aeronautics excited.
South America, although he received his education in Boston and has practised law for over
He, with a few others, decided as
fifteen years.
early as 1896 that an aeronautic club to promote
.

experimentation and foster interest in what they

believed to be the coming pastime and commercial
So they
means of locomotion was desirable.
Dover-Calais-Dover feat o' a few months ago marks tested the idea among Boston automobile enthusiasts and received enough encouragement to call
a distinct epoch in the history of aviation.
meeting.
a
He was the founder of the Aero Club of the
United Kingdom, and a founder member of the
At the appointed time twenty-one persons got
Automobile Club of Great Britain, and also cap- together to form the club, which was considered
tain of the London section of the Army Motor as a joke among their friends and by the newsReserves.

A more practical scientific worker than the late

saw him make the famous Hamilton
md jHon. Charles Stewart Rolls would be hard
York to Philadelphia flight on Ji
I3r fin.
and the real depth of the loss of his aswhich he established two new world's records sistance to the progress of aviation in England
An
it being the first return jourcan only be properly appreciated and missed by
betwci
big cities
those who worked with him.
For many reasons
day.
It
als
first
flight
ever his place can never quite be filled by anyone else.
made to scheduled time
the longest crossIt was on Tuesday, July 12. the second day of
countrv flight ever made
le United
States at the first International Aviation Meet ever held in
that date.
England, that Rolls made his last flight; and it
For daring and skill in
WHS the breaking of the rear horizontal rudder
aeroplane, this rough rid
of the sky has
of the machine he was using that robbed England
;

superior.

:retary of the

To
manv

of her foremost aviator.

papers.

The club made steady but not remarkable headway until about three years ago, when interest
in aerial affairs began to grow acute all over the
country.
Since then a full-fledged air-craft show
was given in Boston last February, while more
and more attention is being given to aviation as

opposed to aerostatics.
Mr. Shrigley has had much to do with these
advances, and has noted with especial interest that
the membership of his club has grown until its
prescribed limit of 100 has been reached, and
there is a respectable waiting list calling for revision of the limit upward.

AIRCRAFT

252

Belgium

journeyed from Farnborotigh

who has been experimenting with

Goffaux,

wing

monoplane, has announced his intention of flying from Ostend to London.

On August 1st, the Aviator Tyck rose to a
flexible

height of 5,510 feet at the Brussels aviation meet.

At the same meet Olieslaegers reached a height
of 4,991 feet in his Bleriot monoplane.

Bulgaria
The

first

flights

in

flyii

Fi

his

Sofia last

at

Canada
Count Jacoues de Lesseps continued
hibition

flights

before

leaving

made some wonderful

flights

to give ex-

He

for

France.
Toronto.

at

to

September, ipio

London and

re-

from August 6 to 13.

Prizes amounting to
$40,000 have been offered, and in view of present prospects the meet promises in every "way to
be a success.
Robert Loraine, the actor-aviator, made a fine
flight
on August i.
Starting at 5 p.m. from
Blackpool, he flew to Liverpool, crossing the
Mersey, where he passed over an ocean liner,
A. V. Roe, who recently has been making excellent flights on his latest machine, experienced
a piece of very hard luck on the first day of
the Blackpool meeting, his machine being reduced
to cinders before it was unpacked, through the
case catching fire from the spark of a passing
engine.
.\t the same time Cecil, Grace's GnomeBleriot monoplane was also consumed: the latter
was the machine on which Morane did his great
flying at Bournemouth.

Chin a.
A

Canton engineer has just asked the Viceroy

for permission to establish an aviation field in
the neighborhood of the town.

England
In the August .'\iRCRAFT, under the heading of
"Late News by Cable," we published a short but
incomplete account of the Bournemouth aviation

5,000,

3,000,

2,000

(20,000,

francs)

H. M.
1

Labouchere

2 Olieslaegers

(Antoinette), 340 kiloms. 4 37

(Bleriot), 225 kiloms.
2 55

S.
2-5
5 1-5

Tetard (H. Farman), 185 kiloms...

4 .Cattaneo (Bleriot), 180 kiloms
3

GORDON-BENNETT ELIMINATING TRIALS

H. U.
2

Leblanc (Bleriot), 100 kiloms

Latham (Antoinette), 100 kiloms...

Labouchere

Latham

(Antoinette), 100 kiloms.

HEIGHT PRIZE

(10,000

i
i
i

S.

19 133-5
24 583-5
25 24

and 5,000 francs)

Metres.

2
3

(Antoinette)

1,384
1,150

Chavez (Bleriot)

Morane (Bleriot)
De Baeder (H. Farman)

750
494
410
403
345
293

Cattaneo (Bleriot)
6 Tetard (H. Farman)
7 Lindpaintner (Sommer)
8 Wagner (Hanriot)
9 Nieuport (Nieuport)
5

Fraince

SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF RESULTS OF

THE RHEIMS MEETING
GRAND PRIX DE CHAMPAGNE (50,000
francs), TEAM PRIZE

91

MILITARY OFFICERS' PRIZE

(2,500

Antoinette

Bleriot

H. Farman

Sommer

2.601
2,303
1,902
1,269

and

2,500 francs)

KiJoms.

For the benefit of those who take more

than a casual interest in aviation we publish below the results of the meet.
For a more detailed account of the meet see "European Letter,"
on page 259.

,meet.

PRIZE FOR THE LONGEST FLIGHT

turn.
The trip lasted 3j^ hours, during which
the airship covered about eighty miles.
Scotland is to have an aviation meet at Lanark

M.
1

Lieut.

Cammerman

(H.

2 Lieut.

kiloms

Fequant

(H.

S.

Farman), 50

kiloms

Farman),

46

50

47

40

50

RESULTS OF THE BOURNEMOUTH MEET

HEIGHT PRIZES
'

Morane

2 A.
3 C.

Drexel

Feet.
4,107

(Bleriot)
Bleriot)

Grahame-White (H. Earn

ti)...

1,660

DISTANCE FLIGHT
Miles. Hrs. Min.
90
2
34
85
2
20
17
27

1
C. Grahame-White (Farman).
2 J. Christiaens (Farman)
3 C. Audemars (Demoiselle)...

SEA FLIGHT
iUor

(Bleriot)

25'

.2

speed.

i.p.h.

A. Dre.xel
C.

(Bleriot)

Grahame-White

35'

28";

speed, 35^^
(Farman) 45' 47";

m.p.h.
speed,

27.44 m.p.h.

SPEED. Five
L.
C.
L.

Circuits

(Eight miles,

Morane (Bleriot)
Audemars (Demoiselle)..
Wagner (Hanriot)

A.

Drexel

L.

Morane

(Bleriot)

1,620 Yds.)

Miles.

Sec.

Speed.

34 2-5

55-90
46.54
43.87
40.52

11

12
13

FASTEST Lap
(I

ALIGHTING
Second and third prizes divided:
C. GrahameWhite (Farman); J. Christiaens (Farman); Hon.
C. S. Rolls (French
Wright); Capt.
Dickson
(Farman).
Mr. A. V. Roe continued to make good flights
on his interesting little triplane at Brooklands.
On July 9 he made a flight of 14 minutes, which
constitutes

gained his
On July

pilot's license.
12, the British

record for triplanes.

He

has since
^ES FLYING

army

airship

"Beta"

SUCH SPLENDID RECORDS AT THE

AIRCRAFT

September, jcjio

i,i54

Labouchere (Antoinette)..

926
875
860
677

Latham (Antoinette)
Legagneux (Sommer)

Thomas

(Antoinette)

N. Kinet (H. Farman)

Cattaneo (Bleriot)
Lindpaintner (Sommer)
Hanriot (Hanriot)

59S
539
539
341
315
314
3IS

(Sommer)

Efimoffi

Wagner (Hanriot)
Bouvier (Sommer)
Aubrun

(Bleriot)

Tetard (H. Farman)

Wagner (Hanriot)
Van den Born (H. Farman)

292.

290
154

Daillens (Sommer)
Ladougne (Goupy)
Wachter (Antoinette)
Martinet (H. Farman)

1 53
144
142
135

no

Leblanc (Bleriot)
Bunau-Varilla (Voisin)

(Werner)
De Baeder (H. Farman)
Pischoif

Morane

(Bleriot,

loo-h.p.

Gnome)

Christiaens (H. Farman)

Bathiat (Breguet)
Colliex (Voisin)
Nieuport)
Nieuport
De Petrowski (Sommer)
(

Crochon (Sommer)
Verstraeten

(Sommer)

Alfred Frey (H. Farman)

Andre Frey (Sommer)

Morane

'

(Bleriot)

Cheuret (H. Farman)

De

Mumm

Metrot

(Antoinette)
(Voisin)

Raymonde de Laroche

10

(Voisin)

Balsan (Bleriot)
Noel (Bleriot)

LADIES' PRIZE

Chavez (I-I. Farman)

Deletang (Nieuport)

(5,000 francs)

Pecquet

Baronne de Laroche (Voisin)

(Sanchez-Besa)

kiloms.

PASSENGER PRIZE (5,000 francs), WITH

ONE PASSENGER
H. M.

Aubrun

137125 kiloms..

(Bleriot),

S.

74-5

WITH TWO PASSENGERS

Mamet

Morane

(Bleriot), 92.750 kiloms....

SPEED PRIZE

speed

(Bleriot),

Leblanc (Bleriot)

Olieslaegers

M.

S.

12

45 3-5
55 4-S

106. 50S

k.p.h
2

francs),

2,000

(10,000, 3,000,
20 kiloms.

12
13

(Bleriot)

i5

KILOMS.

10

M.

Morane

(Bleriot)

Labouchere (Antoinette)
Leblanc (Bleriot)

Morane

S.

42

6
6

31

48 2-5

33

KILOMS.

(Bleriot)

MICHEL EPHRUSSI PRIZE

francs)

(10,000

M.
1

2
3

Leblanc (Bleriot)
Wagner (Hanriot)
Nieuport (Nieuport)

4 Pischoff

(Werner)

Lindpaintner (Sommer)
Hanriot (Hanriot)

Aubrun

(Bleriot)

MICHELIN CUP

(20,000

S.

19

20
23
24
25
26
29

57 4-5

Olieslaegers (Bleriot,
392.750 kiloms
World's record for

Gnome

i-5

223-5
46 I'S
51 1-5

35
34 2-5

francs)

H. M.
1

2-5

S.

motor).
5

distance

and

HEIGHT TOTALIZATION PRIZE

i-5

duration.
(3,000,

1,500,

500 francs)

Metres.
8,093
6.460
4.336
2,217

-Latham (Antoinette)
2 De Baeder (H. Farman)
I

Morane

(Bleriot)
4 CTiavcz (Bleriot)
5 Cattaneo (Bleriot)
6 Tetard (H. Farman)
3.

1,162

990
651
566
328

Lindpaintner (Stammer)
(Hanriot)
8 Wagner
9 Nieuport (Nieuport)
7

DISTANCE TOTALIZATION PRIZE

8,000, 4,000,

(15,000,

3.000 francs)

Kiloms.
1

Olieslaegers

Weymann

Fischer

(Bleriot).

igh.

(H. Farman)
(H. Farman)

11' 45".

1.693
1,254.56
1,160.52

...

100
70
65
so
50
50
45
35
30
25
25
25
25
25
20
14

OLIESLAEGERS, THE PRESENl

DISTANCE CHAMPION

5
5
5
5

AIRCRAFT

254
Germany

list

pilots

steadily

is

growing,

both Lieut. Thiedemann (Sommer) and Herr

Brunlniber (Albatros) have passed their examinaat Doeberitz, near Berlin.

as

tions

September, igio

Spain

at

Before coming north to take part in the Rheims

Mamet made some very fine flights on
B.eriot at Palma; these, the first ever seen
the
Balearic
Islands,
excited
an immense

leeting,
is

Mr. Hayden Sands, the American aviator who

flying to Strassburg, and whose Anwas used by Wiencziers on his daring
flight around the
Cathedral, wi.l not give any
more performances at present.

introduced
toinette

Theelen,

who has been

so successful with the

German-Wright machine, had a nasty accident at
Berlin on July 19. very similar to the one which
cost Rolls his life.
Fortunately, in this case
the piiot escaped with a few cuts and scalp
wounds, but the biplane was, utterly destroyed.

interest
liles

gas

envelope

burst; and experts believe that it

fabric of the envelope, which
being overstrained bv the expansion of the gas when the airship" ascended
to a great height.
When the craft rose from
Leichlengen, the only unfavorable condition was
a thick mist which hovered over the ground.
After cruising for some time at a height "of 200
metres, the vessel rose to 750 metres and then
descended to 280 metres, when the accident occurred.
The five occupants of the car. Herr
Lrbsloh, the designer; a friend named Poelle;
two engineers, Kranz and Hollp, and the mechanician Spicks, were instantly killed.
Herr Erbsloh was an experienced aeronaut, and in 1907
won the Gordon-Bennett balloon race in America.
He had formed the Rhenish-Westphalian Motor
Airship Company to build the airship, with which
he had been experimenting since last Autumn.
The airship was of the non-rigid type, 176 feet
long and 33 feet in diameter, and was fitted with
a Benz motor of 125 h.p.

was due to the

was much worn,

On

July

terfield

to

the natives

many

for

interested the Turkish Mission most on

s recent visit to France was the flving witnessed
t
Issy and at Rheims.
The Turkish governlent
is
contemplating investing in a fleet of
"rench aeroplanes.

Late News by Cable

first

the

English

men

in

time

the

in

Channel has
an aeroplane.
An August 17th, John
chanic, made the Channel
monoplane, completing the
great Paris to

London

for

Calais,

ving there

10.45 he started out across the Channel

accompanied by his mechanic, steering all the
way by compass and fighting against a stiff wind
that would have halted far more experienced
avi-

What

For the

5.15

7.:

At

still

He arrived at Deal, England, at 11.30 A.

Setting out for London the next day, he was'
forced to descend about thirty miles from London.

Turkey

Essen has decided to hold a flying meet dt

ing October.
Large prizes have been offered, ai
th
meet promises to be a success.
Although it will probably never be known exactly what caused the disaster to the Erbsloh
dirigible on July 13, there is no doubt that the

among

around.

at

of mankind,
crossed by two

history

been

Moissant
crossing

and
in

his

me-

Bleriot

second stage of their

On August

17th,
Alfred Le Blanc won the
prize of $20,000 by finishing first in the
of the great aerial race of 489 miles.
race began on August 7th, and was the
first aeroplane contest in the world, wherein
the
scliedule was fixed weeks ahead, and the coml)etitoi-s
had to take the chance of wind and
weather.
The flight was a circular one of 489 miles,
which had to be covered in six stages.
The trip started and ended at Paris, and the
successful competitor covered the distance in 11
hours 56 minutes.
There were thirty-five entrants, but only nine
started.
Of these all but Le Blanc and Aubrun
dropped out at various points.
Aubrun finished
a close second.

Matin

last

leg

Ihe

flight.

By this flight Moissant

among the world's greatest
The fliglit was made for
fered by -the London Daily

has

placed

Mail.
Moissant startfrom Paris on August 1 6th, and flew to
Amiens, where lie stopped over night, leaving the

ed

dhuteau i( tlxbonnet

T.

himself

aviators.
a prize of $20,000, of-

Arriistron

England,
titude

is

Drexel, an American residing

present holder of the world's

tl

record.

At the recent
a height of
plane.
to

/.

Lanark meet
6,-50

feet

in Scotland, he rose
in his Bleriot mono-

7 /a

-^^c-c-'Ct*^

/f>

i'^eavaxtovi a/'J^eje

13, "Parseval VI." sailed from BitDresden, where a large crowd, includKing of Saxonv and Prince George, assembled to greet the airship.
It was intended
that the airship should go on to Munich or Gotha.
but on the foLowing day it returned to Bitterfield, making a descent at Wurzen for
a slight
repair.
On the same day "Parseval VIL" made
a successful trip from Breslau to Alshude.

ing the

The Baden-Baden meeting was opened on July

22.
The weather turned gusty as the day wore
on, and it was long past the time set before any
ascents could be made.
Unfortunately, Amerigo's
machine had been damaged in the rain another
danger for aviators this and he was unable to
take part in the flying, which was restricted to

Jeannin and Behrend. Jeannin's total time aloft

was 21 minutes 17 seconds: Behrend's only 12
minutes and 9 seconds, and the greatest altitude
achieved was Jeannin's

74

a^yi/-i/o-

metres.

Italy

c^

^^

The Italian government has appropriated $5,000.000 for aviation purposes.

Great excitement was
witnessed in the Italian Chamber of Deputies on
June

tor
the

2,

when

aviation.

the sum of $5,000,000 was voted

The money will be expended in

construction

and

and

maintenance

of

aeroplanes

dirigible balloons.
Lieut. Savoia. who has been practising at Mour(France) with a Henrv Farman biplane,
took one back to Italy with him.
On June 30
he made a cross-country flight of 40 miles, from
CentoceKe and back; while on the following dav
he flew from Centocelle to Braeciana, a distance
of 22 miles in 31 minutes.
During the trip he
reached a height of 3,000 feet.

melon

Duray, who was at the hospital at Verona, has

finally recovered from the dangerous
accident he
experienced at the recent meeting held there when
he was hit by his propeller in motion.

Lvjxemburg
Ibert has been making some fine flights on
Voisin biplane of M. Bettendorf at Mondorf.

R.oumaLniaL
1

illemin was flying above the lake at Chitila

his motor stopped; the biplane was smashed
vater,

and

Guillc-

Russia.
The Russian engineer Heine has been making
Mine remarkably successful experiments with a
Bleriot over the plains at Kourenevka; his speed
was about 45 miles an hour.
Outochkine recently succeeded in flying across
the Gulf of Odessa
fourteen miles on a Gnome-

WHO

BUILT THE FIRST

AIRCRAFT

September, iQio

CLUB

turned liv a gust of wind, as he was passing the

grand stand at a height of 25 feet. He expects
to be readv to try out his second machine, which
most enthusiastic is to be installed with a Hall-Scott 8-cylinder Vthe
Pashaped. 50 H. P. motor, in a short time.
Committee of meeting on July 19 at the clubrooms in
cific
Building,
San Francisco.
Judge Murphy
F. 'P. Gi.lette is building a monoplane, which
.\ero Club of
is
a combination of the Bleriot and Antoinette,
at which it was of Oakland gave an interesting lecture on aeroMr. T. A. Miller of the Al- the dimensions of which are as follows: 34 feet,
aviation meet nautics in general.
Great interest from tip to tip; 6 1-2 feet cord, 4 1-2 feet camh Aeropl
Co. also spoke.
in this country should be sanctioned un!
prints
blue
show
all
present
in
the
by
ber,
29 feet fore and aft.
who
was
desired
and
who
entry of every aviator
Ml
dirigible which he is
ell's
There are 208 square feet in the main surfaces
in good standing in the parent body was acbuild,
and 50 feet in the rear surfaces.
cepted.
At the same time the following resoluis that
f the membership roll conThe planes will be covered with No. 6 Naiad
tions were adopted:
rapidiy as heretof
cloth, and an engine of 50 horsepower, built by
"Resolved, That no sanction for a meet, con-

Nationa.!

Council
of

of

Ca^liforniaL News
By W. C. Wheeler

Aero Club

America

The

contest

gress,

or

exhibition

shall

granted to

be

any club by the National Council except upon the

express condition that any such event shall be
d Ticensed
open to entrance by any qualified
aviator, and no ground or reason other than
that formulated by the National Council or the
reasufficient
deemed
Committee
shall
be
Contest
son for refusing the entry of such aviator, and
of this rule shall annul such sanction.
"Whereas,:^ ;t^e Executive Committee has considered the question involved in the Curtiss and
Hamilton controversy, so far as the same affects
the National Council and nothing therein has
any way
been charged or developed which
personal or official conduct of
reflects on the
Jerome S. Fanciulli, the Secretary of the National
Council.
"Resolved, That this committee hereby takes
the occasion to indorse Mr. Fanciulli's conduct
in all matters pertaining to the office of Secre"
tary

violation

"

It was for the Harvard Meet that the entry

of Charles K. Hamilton was refused after it had
been solicited repeatedly, and received finally, because Jerome S. Fanciulli, Glenn H. Curtiss's
business manager, so it was claimed, stated that
entry was accepted, Curif Hamilton's personal
tiss. J.
C. Mars, Charles F. Willard, Thomas S.
Baldwin and other Curtiss aviators would not
compete.
It was said that Fanciu'.li told the promoters
of the Cambridge tournament that Hamilton was
under contract to Curtiss for two years
still
more. After Curtiss had been notified by Hamilton on July 8 at Atlantic City that he would
no longer fiv Curtiss biplanes, Curtiss sued Hamilton for $6,200. alleged to be due for unpaid
Hamilton filed a counter suit against
royalties.
Curtiss, claiming abrogation of the contract by
written release, damages of $14,000 for nonfulfillment of contract, delay in sending aeroplane repairs, etc., and ever since July 8 has
denied that he was under contract with Curtiss.

The Executive Committee, in

which Fanciulli was barred, then
lution concerning sanctions and
the application of the Harvard

session

Aero Club held

Pacific

look the Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co., will be

directors will find it necessary
roomy quarters.
installed.
It will also be fitted with a Bleriot
The weight of the monoconvinced that aviation has taken a type landing device.
strong hold out in this section of the country plane when finished will be 600 pounds.
has but to look at the number of Aero Club;
One of the largest aeroplanes ever designed is
that have been started around San Francisco Bay, being constructed by H. P. Neilson for Adrian
which further convinces one that the art of fly- Merle, of 2i6j Alameda avenue, San Francesco.
ing has passed the experimental stage and is fast The machine is being built along the line? of
It
becoming one of the most popular sports.
the Curtiss, but will be about twice as large.
There are now six clubs around the bay within wi 1 be fitted with a 6o-horsepower engine, and
^ .^, of 50 miles The Pacific Aero Club, The will have seats for two passengers, in addition to
g^^ p, ncisco Aero Club, the Palo Alto Aero the operator.
Club, Oakland Aero Club. The Greater Oakland
Mr. Glenn H. Curtiss has been engaged by the
Aero Club, The University of California Aero California State Fair Association to give a series
(^j^b^ aji of which are in a flourishing condition,
of exhibitions during State Fair Week.
There are about 20 heavier-than-air machines
George Loose has his monoplane nearly fin^^ ^ dirigibles in the course of construction at ished, and is about ready to install his motor; he
the present time.
using a Hall- Scott 2S-hor5epower, 4-cylinder,
is
The Farman type machine seems to be the most vertical motor.
popular, the Bieriot comes second, and the CurThe Aero Club of Pennsylvania will hold an
First Regiment
tiss third.
in
the
aeronautical exhibition
There are one or two Antoinette type of ma- Armory, Philadelphia, October 22 to November
chines being built, but they do not seem very 5, and has offered $1,000 in cash or plate to the
aeroplane race
PoPular.
York
winner of the Chicago-New
O'B
Ciitt
:.
for the privilege of exhibiting the machine in
machim having
which the race was won during the week of the
J-meryv e Track
e.-chibit.
.

CLUB NEWS
Harvard Aeronautical

Aeronautical Society of Cambridge, Mass., through its president. Professor

Abbot Lawrence Rotch. announces that it will
hold an aviation meet on the society's new
aviation field at Atlantic, on Dorchester Bay,
from September 3 to 13, inclusive, with the exThe
ception of the two Sundays intervening.
programme of events and prizes already scheduled
are

follows:
First.

from

$3,000
3i00o
2,000
2,000

Duration
Distance
Slowest Lap

1,000

Getaway
Accuracy

100
500

Second.
$2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000

Third.
$1,000
1,000

500
So
250

To the above must be added the two most im-

flight against
portant events of the meet, viz.:
time from Soldier's Field to Boston Light and
hack, for which a prize of $10,000, offered by
the Boston G/o&ff, awaits the successful contestant;
also a prize of $5,000 and the Harvard Cup for
the aviator who makes the best record in dropping bombs on a battleship model, which will be
set up on the field.
There will also be contests and prizes for nov-

of the American team of three t.'

defend the international speed prize against tin
challenging French and British teams, held
Baltimore, was read and filed.

applications of the Aero Clubs of Cliicagc

Philadelphia, Pasadi
meets then
City for sanctions f
favorably, as well as one
tion at St. Louis.

The

A
the

applications have bt

large

number of

leading

of meets and nearly a dc

applied for membership since the organization of
the National Council.

MONOPLANE STANDING ON IT!

AFTER MAK: NG A SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT AT
THE LOS A MGELES MOTORDROME.

.\TON-TWININ(
5E

aviators

entries from the ranks of

of America, England and

already been received by the society, thus assuring the success of the meet, which
is not only the first to be held in New England,,
but by far the most important attempted in AmerFurther entries will
ica up to the present time.
be received and fully detailed information furnished prospective entrants at the temporary headouarters of the society, 164 Washington street,
Boston, Mass.

France have

tions

file all publiThe Council propose to keep c

of the Councations of interest to the membe
organizacil; and the secretaries of the
d such publications as
tions are requested to
connection.
will be of interest in

as

Altitude

selection

Many

Harvard

Speed

passed the resofurther ordered

Aeronautical Society for a sanction returned, disapproved.
After sanctioning an aviation meet which is to
be held in Pittsburg, the request of the Aero Club
of Baltimore to have the elimination contest f"i
the

Society

By Edwin C. Brown, Secretary

The

AIRCRAFT

256

September, igio

Mr. Eaton was thrown into the frameThe Harvard Aviation Field, which consists of shown.
approximately 500 acres, has quite recently been work, but escaped unhurt.
On another occasion the machine turned turtle.
leased by the society for a period of five years.
Grandstands to seat 20,000 people are being This was before the main planes were put in
place.
In turning the machine skidded and rolled
built, as also are other necessary structures for
Warren Eaton was driving,
the accommodation of aviators and their machines, over on its back.
There will be a parking enclosure for 10,000 au- but he escaped unhurt.
tomobiles and standing room for 100,000 will be
J. J. Slavin tried out his biplane August 5 on
the new course.
The Los Angeles motordrome is
provided.
The Harvard Aeronautical Society, which is one mile in circumference, thus making it 1,700
On account of the space occuholding the meet under the sanction of the na- feet in diameter.
tional body and with the co-operation of Har- pied by the track and the field fence, there is
vard University and the City of Boston, includes scarcely 1,000 feet for a straight run inside the
course outside has been graded and a
in its membership and management many of the track.
In the
leading scientists of the university, and a large track a mile in length has been provided.
number of the most prominent of the Harvard afternoon this faces the ocean breezes directly.
Slavin made an attempt to win the Knabenshue
cup on this course this afternoon.
After running for some 500 feet he left the ground. This
biplane is provided with automatic devices for
securing automatic fore and aft stabi.ity and also
By H. La V. Twlnin'
The main planes are so arfor lateral stability.
two photos accompanying are the "Aerage" ranged that the reaction under the plane on one
of the Aero Club of California, and the side automatically shifts the opposite plane.
The same thing is arranged for fore and aft
Eaton-Twining machine, standing on its nose.
The automatic device and hand conThis machine is a biplane of the Bleriot type, stability.
except that it has sliding planes at the wing tip trol are connected by a catch so that the hand
When the
control
can be used when desired.
This machine has
for securing lateral stability.
been making small jumps for a couple of weeks. machine rose the catch failed to work and it
shot up into the air for 25 feet on a stiff grade.
It is equipped with a Ford automobile engine of
The power This brought the machine to a standstill and it
22j^ h.p., four-cylinder, water-cooled.
Owing to the fore
plant weighs 200 pounds, and the whole ma- dropped back to the ground.
War- and aft automatic devices, it righted as it came
chine 700 pounds, including the aviator.
Otherwise it would have stood on its tail.
ren S. Eaton was driving the machine when it down.
Coming down on an even keel, the damage was
It was running on
went over on to its nose.
have been. The runthe ground at the rate of 25 miles per hour less than it would oth
gear was smashed
some stanchions were
As the tail was
when the front axle broke.
roken.
high in the air at the time, the tins of the
monoplane
uses a vertical fin
r-Robbins'
skids stuck in the ground, and it ended up as

Los Angeles News

HE

".A.ER.^GE"

S.

Patent 962,172.

June

21,

1910.

U.

S.

elastic-band motor,
July 5, 1910.

Patent 963.543-

W,

of incidence is presented to the air and elevation

or descent attained.
July 5, 1910.
H. M.
U. S. Patent 963,516.

Chase and M. F. H. Gouverneur.

stability
is
maintained
by vertical
Lateral
planes interposed between the supportmg planes,
which are given a helical or tortional twist to
produce the desired stabilizing effect.

aldson.

Pittsb\irg

Aero Club Meet

The recent aviation meeting at Pittsburg, although marred by high winds and handicapped
by the site fixed upon for the holding of the
event,
Erunots
Island,
nevertheless
counted
among its features some daring flights that naturally called for so^ne very ,fine showings of skill
During the
on the part of the contestants.
three-days' meet, Mr. Glenn Curtiss in particular gave some hair-raising exhibitions, while other
aviators to give evening flights of note were
T. C. Mars in his "Skylark," and Captain Thomas
Baldwin in his "Red Devil."
It is suggested that the Pittsburg Aero Club
(under whose auspices the meeting was held)
may with advantage choose another venue for its
next meet, where the aviators will not be so
subjected to the variations of air currents and
treacherous winds which were encountered at
Brunots Island, and which Curtiss declared would
lead him to make radical changes in the construction of the steering gear and control of his
aeroplane.

MACll

..

car is pivotally suspended

from the framework of the supporting plane. By
moving the two relatively a greater or less angle

In this patent

the

U.

U. S.

PATENT

07:1. S16.

in

bi-

has
off
the ground.
It
is
equipped with a
Mitchell automobile engine, 30 h.p., four-cyliniier,
water-cooled, weighing 300 pounds.
While trying out his machine recently the
front control broke and the wind blew it back
in his face, cutting his nose.
He was otherwise
unhurt.
There are thirteen machines housed in the
aerage, and others are being built.

Thompson

Ger-

;.

Smith.

Toy aeroplane with

by Gustave R.

arc

has

been

OF THE AERO CLUB OF CALIFORNI.\ LOCATED AT THE LOS ANGELES MOTORDROME.

RECENT PATENTED INVENTIONS. Briefed

U.

for securing lateral stability.

The planes ,
close to the ground and the fin is situated
the middle of the machine.
This machine
been off the ground for 95 feet.
George Duessler is driving a Farman type
plane of his own construction.
This machine

S.

U.

PATENT

S.

963,5.

3.

PATENT 962.173.

AIRCRAFT

Septemher, ipio

357

SOME CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Fig.

the method of jo
of
the
i-spar
the
:a.
It
at
Mil
Frisbit
bipla
consists of a tubular socket with a
bolt brased to it as shown.
-Shows a joint used on the Wilcox biplane.
The upright is joined to the
spar by a meta. strap, which is held
in place by a steel tube.
-Shows another method of joining the
uprights to the main-spars as used on
Note the method
the Wilcox biplane.

-Illustrates

nethod.

.a

of

a joint noticed on
being built at Mineola.

-Illustrates

attaching

used on the Edwards

Edicic

Mineola-,

at

bipli

a simple method of adding seDoubling the

to a wire joint:
wire over as shown makes a very
strong joint.
-Illustrates the method of_ conducting the
control wires around corners as used

-Shows

pjg

curity

^'^=-

-Shows an aluminum
Farman biplanes.

Fig.

socket

the

tail

used on

machine

of

nbuckle

on the Farman biplanes.

of locking the turnbuckles.

the English Humber

monop.ane.
The chassis consists of a
tapered hollow spar in place of the
usual trussed framework.

-Shows

on many

shock-absorbing de

Walden

the

used

monoplane

THE BUCHANAN METHOD OF PLANE MAKING

By
URING

the course of a series of experiments

with aeroplane models, which had for its object the devising of an automatic lateral stability

r)

device, some interesting facts were noted. It is the

object of the experimenter to record them in this
little paper in the hopes of their being of some
slight assistance to those who are interested in the
furtherance of the art of mechanical flight.
The first experiments of the series were made
with a model of the Antoinette type, with a diheThis model gave some
dral angle of 170 degrees.
outdoor flights, but showed a strong
pectedly
inclination to duck
type model was then ried, and acted so well that
it was decided to use
t with different attachments,
designed to produce automatic lateral stability.
Among these attache ;nts may be mentioned the
use of ailerons, sv nging tips, sliding panels.

changing of angle
incidence of the tips, etc.
ged to be automaticalThese devi(
ly operated by light springs, pressure on the
or
the
action
of
a pendulum. The results
faces
by
were varied, the very erratic action of the models
being the most noticeable feature, when there was
any wind blowing.
A device was then tried which belonged to the
preventative class rather than the corrective, as
were the others, and gave surprisingly good results.
A straight plane, A, Fig. 1 (with a parobolical
curve of 1 in 18) was made up and connected
by a small stick, E, with the following plane C,
which was pivoted to permit an adjustment of its
angle of incidence in relation to that of the main
plane.
A vertical fin, D, was then placed below
in the center of the large plane, with the idea
that a side gust which would tend to tip the plane
over would strike the vertical fin, which, if properly proportioned, would counteract the dipping
effect.
After a few trials the proper size was
found, which would permit of the plane being
flown with, against, across and quartering into

the

E. L.

wind without

its

Buchanan
It

tippi

right

side up.

There

still

,'ery readily rectified

That, however,
by supplementing with nanual control, which is
always desirable beyond ,vell-defined limits,
The most astonishing r<esults of the experiments
with the wooden plane was the remarkable in-

velocit3\

uld

building.
be flown around t"
of the peculiarities of this pli
to gain a higher altitude when struck by a sudden
side gust; this feature, however, was not conThe tendency to dip
sidered very objectional.
was overcome reversing the usual order of things
and the
by placing the main plane
small plane in the front it would then take up a
ccord, after the progliding flight of its own
pe.lers had stooped running, and continue to glide
until it landed.
The problem of automatic righting, in the event
of being dropped from a height, was taken up and
dihedral angle
s -lived by giving the plane a slight
(approximately 170 degrees), and making the
vertical fin slightly larger to balance the greater
rotating effect of the dihedral angle in the side
This plane could then be dropped in any
wind.
position, and after a slight fall would begin to
find its normal gliding position, always landing

remained the question of compensat-

ing for a difference in the velocity of the air

meeting the plane, as in turning corners, and also
encountered in entering or leaving swirls in
flights.
This problem was considered
straight
many points, the experimenter favoring the
of having valves in the planes at the tips,
contemplate
the mechanical difbut hesitated" to
However, a
ficulties which were bound to arise.
special plane was carved out of wood so as to
eliminate the mechanical problem of putting in
These were made something on the
the valves.
order of a trap door, being very carefully fitted
and extending from the front to the back of the
plane, and were normally held closed by the tension of a pair of springs, which would allow the
This
valve to open at a pre-determined pressure.
scheme worked well where there was a plus velocity, but, of course, would not act with a minus

crease in efficiency it shi )wed

constructed cloth-covered .pla

over

the

carefully

doubtedly due to its rigidity and all lack of warpThis led to the
ing or bellying under pressure.
conclusion that a plane might profitably be covered with wood, provided it could be done with a
minimum of weight and still retain the smooth
rigid surface so much to be desired.
After many failures the Buchanan Method was
evolved, which combines great strength and abil;
with very little weight,
ity to retain
white wood is taken and
sponged with hot water and laid out
rface is then planed and made perfectfiat, the
jn one side, after which strips of clear
lin are selected for the making up of
Light
piece of canvas
sheets for laminating.
or other suitable material is then stretched tightly
over a flat surface and given a coating of glue,
the strips are placed diagonally across the long
dimension and after being weighted are left to
After drying the sheets are then ready to
dry.
be planed down to the final thickness.
The form is
the form.
ady fo:
of wood, and c< isists of two pieces, built up to
proposed cu; 'e of the plane to be made, and
so arranged as to be clamped together while
Two sheets
drying.
sheets
npened with hot water to help them take the
They are each
glue and to bend more easily.
given a thin even coating of glue and placed in
the form, so that the grain of one sheet crosses
together
and left
the grain of the other, clamped
to dry, after which the plane is removed from
the form and after taking off the canvas is
smoothed up for finishing.

AIRCRAFT

258
This consists of giving at least two coats of
shellac to the surface and as much to the edges
as they will take (usually about four coats).
are now ready for the final coat, which should
be a good quality of spar or other weather-proof
elastic varnish.
This method of plane covering, or more properly,
plane making, gives
an absolutely perfect
curve under all conditions and adds quite materially to the strength of the structure as a
whole, rendering it unnecessary to place the ribs
so close together as is the present practice.
It is the writer's belief that this method of
plane covering will, before long, entirely supplant cloth covered surfaces.
It will not distort
under pressure and will give a maximum of lift
with a minimum of head resistance or drift and
skin friction.
It will also become more efficient
as the speed is increased, provided that the curve
has been
properly designed
laid down by
as
Prof. Montgomery in his very able treatise on
that subject.
This type of plane also lends itself very readily to any form of fastening to the
main spars and can be made so thin (less than
1-16 inch if desired), that the additional weight
is negligible and more than compensated for by
the increase in efficiency over cloth-covered surfaces at equal speeds, with the added advantage
of greatly increased speed, with the same power.
few figures to show this would not be out
of place
For example the Curtis bi-plane contains approximately 250 sq. ft. of lifting surface
which is capable of carrying 4 pounds per sq. ft.
when in flight with approximate angle of incidence of 4.
The cloth covering weighs about 3
ounces per sq. yd. or 1-3 ounce per sq. ft.
decide to replace this cloth covering with the
Buchanan Method of plane covering and wish to
make this very heavy for test purposes, say 1-8
inch thick; cubing the surface or

September, ipio

We

fAEJtiOB OFPLAt^E M//CIN6

We

S^ri/'S f7^iPd to Sai2c7at^ ?^

form ealU/

36,000" X 1-8"
:.6

cu.

ft.

X72S
entire
25

in

from
to

grain

the

two

lifting

to
40 pounds
and seasoning.

weights,

White

surface.

per

32.5x2.6

or

cu.

wood
ft.

varies

according

Taking the mean

84.5 +

15.5

of
for

glue, varnish, etc.

100 pounds minus
pounds for weight of cloth replaced
94.75
pounds, added weight. The increase in efficiency
shellac,

5.25

over cloth plane we will conservatively estimate

as being 25 per cent., this increases the carrying
power of the surfaces, owing to installing of the
Buchanan Method, to 1 250 pounds for the entire
plane minus 94.75=1155.25 or an increase in the
total lifting power of the plane of 155 pounds.
This corresponds to one additional passenger or
extra fuel supply with the same effect and the
same angle of incidence or the -angle of incidence
may be decreased i giving greatly increased
speed and greater radius of action with the same
quantity of fuel, etc.
the ideal plane would
vhich the elevato
the front, togethe
vith all possible
vices.
In the case of tht
hedral angle.
A vertical
the plane to make possible easy flight across the
wind, a vertical rudder in the rear with as little
outrigging for it as possible.
The aviator's seat,
passenger accommodations, engine, tanks, etc., in
front of the propellers, which should be behind
the main planes to recover as much power as

yz affarm
ftf.^
Buchanan Method planes with valves planes and the manner in which the valves are
set in the tips with manual and spring control to placed in the tips.
For these he does claim origitake care of turns and differential tip velocities. nality, having no knowledge of any similar device.
A coincidence of the center of pressure with the However, he has taken out no patents on either
center of gravity, but if that is impossible, then
have center of gravity slightly below the center
of pressure, rather than above.
For a landing
device a combination of wheels and skids seems
preferable, especially where rough country landings are encountered.
The writer claims no originality for any of the
devices employed during these experiments, with
the exception of
the method
of
making the

of these devices, nor does he intend doing so, his

desire being solely to be of some small assistance
in the furthering of an art which is destined to
cause vast changes in the transportation methods
and social economy of nations, in the not distant
future.
If these devices are tried by the reader and
are not found wanting it will be more than sufficient reward for his efforts.

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

TTNDER

heading we have recorded month

by month the progress being made in the
art of flying as indicated by what accurate figures were available.
As regards actual aviation records we have
referred almost wholly to those of duration of
flight, as being of more genuine interest, through
being more easily and accurately ascertained and
less dependent on outside conditions than others,
such as height, speed, distance, starting, etc. The
recent Rheims meeting, however, affords an opportunity of recording many remarkable and accurately determined performances in every line
of competition which, excelling as they do all
previous feats of flying, give a very clear insight
this

"^

of the

present state of the art.

The duration and distance records prior to the

Rheims week were: 4 hrs. 17' 532-5" and 144.29
mi.es (Henry Farman, November 3, 1909).
It
was not until the fifth day of the meeting that
these long-standing figures were seriously threatened.
On this day (Thursday, July 7th) Latham
and Labouchere on their Antoinettes, and Olieslaegers on his Bleriot started off early in the

was 244.04 miles, just 99-}4 more than Farman's

on^ November 3d, and Z^Va more than Labouchere on the previous day.
As Orville Wright had been the first to fly for
one hour, Wilbur Wright the first to fly for two
hours, Henry Farman the first to make a threehour and four-hour flight, Jan Olieslaegers is the
first

5 kilometres circuit.
will be noticed that

It
the interval between
the two Rheims meetings is but little over ten
months; on July 10, a year ago. the four rec-

ords were, respectively, 2 hrs. 20' 23 1-5"; 77

miles; 38 miles an hour; and 360 feet, so that
the progress in the full year preceding the 1910

meeting

is

even more marked.

mark.

'

Below are compared the results of the four reached the world's distance record after 3 hrs. 20'
40
main competitions at Rheims in igog and 1910
of flight (thus taking 58' less than Farman had
50
August 27-2S, 1909 Duration. 3 hrs. 15'; Far- to cover the 144-odd miles), and did not land
60
man.
Distance, 118.06 miles; Farman.
Speed, until he had raised the record to 158.45 miles
70
48.72 miles an hour; Bleriot.
Height, 500 feet; (in 3 hrs. 39' 29"), the flight counting for the
80
Latham.
Michelin Cup.
90
July 7 and 10, 1910 Duration, 5 hrs. 3' 5 1-5";
Two days later Labouchere not only smashed
Olieslaegers.
Distance,
Morane. this new distance record by over fifty miles, but 150
244.04 miles;
Speed, 66.18 miles an hour; Morane.
Height, also surpassed the old duration record which had 200
4,540 feet; Latham.
withstood the previous assault of the monoplanes, 250
The course in 1909 was a rectangle. 10 kilo- distance and time being 21 1.27 miles and 4 hrs. 300
metres in circuit, while in igio it was a hexagon 37' 2-5" the first time a man had ever flown
of but

to top the five-hour

bent on record breaking.

In speed, Morane, Olieslaegers, Leblanc, Latham
The three
monoplanes raced neck-and-neek for about three and Labouchere fought it out all week, the final
hours. Labouchere being the first to run out of result being as follows:
gasolene and land after covering iiS miles; at
2' 48 2-5"
three hours Latham led Olieslaegers by about
5 kilometres (Morane)
"
two miles, but he had to land twelve minutes
10
5' 42 2-5"
"
"
later, and the famous Belgian kept on.
20
12' 45 3-5"
"
At the great speed at which he was flying he
20' 43 1-5"
(Olieslaegers)
30
afternoon,

"
"

27' 2^"
34' 06 3-5"
40' 56"
.47' 46 1-5"
54' 44 3 5"

"

"

"

"
"
I

^^

'J^

"

"

"

"

hr.

hr.
2 hrs.
3 hrs.
3 hrs.
I

01^'

23 1-5"

53' 28 3-5"
31' 40"
08' 44 3-5"
47' 33 2-5"

All these world's records were made on GnomeOn this occasion Labouchere lunched in the driven ^leriots; the 5 and 10 kilometres on the
and claims never to have enjoyed a repast so new 14-cylinder loo-h.p. racer and the others
much.
50-h.p. racers.
His triumph lasted but a day, for, on the last
The five kilometres figure out at 66.18 miles
day of the meeting, Olieslaegers once more set hour, and when it is considered that starting and!
his Gnome awhirl and soared aloft, not to touch finishing line were one and the same (in otherl
earth again for 5 hrs. 03' 05 1-5"!
The distance words that it is a performance over a 5-kilometreI
air

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio
circuit), it is obvious that the straightaway speed
of this monoplane is upward of seventy miles an

hour.

The passenger-carrying records

Rheims by 50 H. P.

"Two-man"

established at
Bleriots were as foLows:
Duration (Aubrun), 2 hrs.
(Aubrun), 85. ii miles.

Flight
09' 07 4-5"; distance
"Three-man" Flight Duration (Mamet), i hr.
39'; distance (Mamet), 57-63 rniles.
Aubrun's time is really only a record for monoplanes,
both the Kinets liaving made longer
flights
with a passenger, as indicated in Aircraft for June and July.
Aubrun's and Mamet's intermediary times were:
Aubrun and one passenger: 20 kilometres, ig'
391-5"; 30 ki.ometres, 29' 10"; 40 kilometres, 38'
51"; 50 kilometres, 48' 28"; 60 kilometres, 57'

58 2-5"; 70 kilometres, i hr. 07' 31 1-5"; 80 kilometres, I hr. 16' 59 2-5"; 90 kilometres, i hr.
^6' 33"; 100 kilometres, i hr. 36' 06".
Mamet and two passengers 1 kilometres, 10'
18 2-5";
20 kilometres, 21' 14"; 30 kilometres,
31' 53 1-5"; 40 kilometres, 42' 32 2-5"; 50 kilo03'
i
hr.
metres, 52' 361-5"; 60 kilometres,
,203-5"; 70 kilometres, i hr. 14' 363-5"; 80 kilometres, I hr. 23' S3"l 90 kilometres, i hr. 36' 04".
Xne lo-kilometre record for a "two-man" flight
was captured by Ladougnc on his little Goupy
biplane, the time being 8' 142-5".
In height Latham not only duplicated his victory of the previous year, but raised the European record to 4,540 feet.
This is, however, several hundred feet below
the great heights reached by Brookins on this

trinper

r'ui

down irom

te-\vu

see

"this

flyin'."

'ere

G. F.

Besides Brookins, those

who have been making

aerial history in the past' few weeks

Curtiss, de Lesseps, and America's premier
amateur, Clifford B. Harmon.
l-Iarraon now holds tne American records for
duration of flight, for both lighter and heavierthan-air craft, and there is an interesting anal-

American

are

ogy between the two performances, for, whereas

his balloon record with Augustus Post (48 hrs.
26') is the first time in American history that
a balloon has stayed aloft for two days, his
aeroplane record (2 hrs. 3') is the first time in
America that an aeroplane has made a flight of

two hours.

CAMPBELL WOOD

barely as wide and we knew it must have risen

feet above our far above its previous position, a. though the eyes
and roar of en- constantly following it became too quickly accusgine chains and propellers peculiar to Wright tomed to its slowly diminishing span to have
otherwise realized it.
machines, and which
seeing what immediate.
On the next turn it was "half the size" of the
followed I am hardly likely to forget for a time.
I got a very clear vision of Rolls drawing on moon and then if one took one's eyes off it for
a greyish
his left lever (as he rea.ized he couldn't make it a moment it was hard to find it again

This he proceeded

to

came swooping down not

heads with that compound

thirty
rattle

safely, at that angle) at tlie precise intant he

passed over and as we instinctively ducked and
As he did so a clear
moved from the railing.
snap of breaking wood was audible above the
noise of the engine and several small pieces of
spruce fell among us from above; in an instant
the biplane pointed downwards and with a sickening crash smashed itself to matchwood right
in front of our eyes and not sixty feet away.
The propellers literally drove the biplane into
the ground and Rolls was, of course, instantly

'

feet.

do and the great biplane

At the Burangton Hotel where we were and

which was the headquarters of the Royal Aero
Club, it was "elevators," "ailerons," "fuselages," killed.
The accident was, without doubt, caused by
especially motors
"propellers," and "motors"
from morning to night and with no other subject the rear horizontal rudder (which French Wrights
now carry), breaking loose under the strain, as
of conversation in the running at all.
The meeting opened on the i ith in most pro- the plunging bip.ane was suddenly pointed uppitious weather and the first day's flying was weA wards.
The consternation caused by the accident needs
Christiaens
up to expectations, if not beyond.
and Graliame-White made two very fine flights no description. Rolls was very popular and recboth well over two hours. ognized the world over as a thorough and game
for the distance prize
Christiaens started on his racing Farman just sportsman.
Mr. Post had given me a letter of introduction
three minutes after the meeting opened eleven
o'clock, while Grahame-White started only two to him, which I left for him at the hotel" officeAs the official closing hour he was staying at the Burlington the night behours before sunset.
for the flying was sunset, I could not imagine fore his deatli, and as he started on his fatal
why he started when he did for this prize, es- flight I remarked that I was looking forward 'to
pecially when he had had all afternoon to avail meeting him that afternoon.
He was of a tvpe of pioneer that one could not
himself of, but it turned out that permission had
been granted him to go on flying, officially, until help admiring and when following big contests
it
was dark; the result was that he beat Chris- in France some years ago I saw him competing
tiaens's distance; it seemed terribly hard luck for several times, notably at the Tuileries, in Paris,
at the start of the first aeronautic Gordon Benthe latter, not to sav unfair.
nett Cup (balloons) in 1906. in which he was
It so happened that the hero of the day was
Armstrong Drexel of Philadelphia; he made some one of the seven who crossed to England that
magnificent flights for height on his Gnome-Ble- night, and in which he won the special duration
England, prize, and also at the Circuit d'Auvergne in 1905,
riot by far the best ever seen in
reaching 2,490 on his second attempt; Grahame- where at the wheel of his Rolls-Royce he also
White and Rolls also flew high, and others, such represented his country in a Gordon Bennett Cup
com- the last Gordon Bennett Cup of the motor world.
Barnes,
Boyle
as Dickson. Gibbs, Radley,
To return to "Bournemouth" the remaining
peted for the various prizes. Dickson and Gibbs
on Farmans, Radley on a Bleriot, Barnes on a days of the week saw the tritimph of the great
Humber (English Bleriot) and Boyle on an Avis. Bleriot driver, Morane.
Piloting his 50-horsepower monoplane he won
The competition for the speed prize five cirvery keen, but Christiaens makes the the speed, height and over-sea prizes with concuits
is
best time of the day in a wonderful flight close summate ease, in a series -of the most magnificent
flights
imaginable.
to the ground, coming at times within a foot of
impossible to conceive anything more
It
is
it after taking a sharp turn.
In the slowest circuit contest Rolls was easilv masterly than his flying, and as he soared up and
first with 4'
i?" for the 3.T40 yards, in a very up in the blue he held the whole crowd entranced with the apparent ease and security of
fine demonstration of slow flying.
It was on the second day that the tragedy oc- his bird-like progress.
It was on Wednesday, the 13th, that Morane
curred, which was to create such a sensation the
world over and of which I was such a very first flew at Bournemouth. It was a perfect day;
a little haze and some fleecy clouds attenuating
close witness.
The wind was blowing toward the grandstands, the glare, but leaving the sea clearly visible,
and it was naturally surprising, under the cir- glistening to the South, with the chalk cliffs of
cumstances, that this time should have been se- the Isle of Wight as a distant background, hazily
lected for the landing competition, which could visible twenty miles away.
The flying had not been of a very striking
have easily been put off.
It was quite obvious
that the best results would be secured by land- order; the bird-men seeming reluctant to once
ing against the wind and equally obvious that the more undertake to violate Nature, after the horcompetitors would have to fly right over the rible toll exacted the previous day, and had only
r-randstands and enclosure at a low altitude to treated the onlookers to a few short flights. After
spending some hours in and out of the sheds,
do so.
Gra- five o'clock found us (on the principle of "Do
At first the flyers did not attempt this.
hame-White stopped within 43 feet of the bull's- in Rome as the Romans do") before the inevieye, flying across the wind; Rolls, doing the same, table tea tables on the lawn with many hundreds
of others; it was then that we saw the Bleriot in
landing 79 feet beyond the mark.
Dickson then landed against the wind but tow of its whirling Gnome-Chauviere powerplant, soar upward at an angle indicating plenty
came down hard, breaking his chassis.
Rolls then came out again, having decided to of reserve power, and quickly gain unaccustomed
swoop around over the grandstands and land heights above the aerodrome.
In great spirals Morane climbed in the sky,
dead against the wind.
Tlie wind which was blowing gustily at about while we and those about us leaned backward
silently watched
the rounded grey wings
fifteen miles an hour seemed to bother Rolls quite and
a little as he circled the pylon, in accordance getting smaller and smaller above us, the purr of
By the time he the engine occasionally wafted down to within
with the rules of the contest.
It became
was over the grandstands he was still quite high our hearing by a turn in the wind.
up perhaps 100 feet, and he thus had to literally hard to tell from one moment to another if he
plunge down to land in the circle, between which was still rising, but when the monoplane hid for
new
moon,
this
of
the
and the grandstands I was standing with several an instant the crescent
others at the railing (at the nearest point in the novel sort of eclipse immediately suggested a
the Bleriot was fullv twice as wide
enclosure to the landing circle and immediately comparison
as the lunar diameter, on the next turn it was
opposite it).

of the Atlantic, the figures returned -for his

great effort at Atlantic City being actually 6,175

side

EUROPEAN LETTER FROM

I
did not have to
My Dear Mr. Lawson
wait until I set foot on European soil to become
acquainted with the aerial happenings of the
Aeronautic
day on tiiis side of the Atlantic.
news is now considered of sufficient moment to
be dispatched by wire. ess, and when in mid- Atlantic
I
already knew of the first series of
smashed records at Rheims and of Wachter's terrible accident on the first day of the meeting.
On arriving at Bournemouth. I found the
place already in the grasp of aeroplane fever in
an acute form; everything sold or hawked appeared to relate to flying, from postcards and toys
10 books and pa^mphlets calculated to make an
expert on matters aviatistic of any and every

259-

'

speck in a greyish blue sky, with filmy,

It seemed
wraith-like clouds pasing beneath it.
incredible that a man was up there, lost in the
clouds, and suddenly as eyes were strained tokeep the tiny insect-like thing in sight, a murmur
which was almost a cry arose from the gazing
thousands; the monoplane had dipped suddenly
downward and was sweeping toward the earth
vellow

speed which increased its apparent size from

second.
It then turned at_ a wonderand sped on downward in a sharp
one wing, so to speak yet as graceful
as a sweeping albatross and as steady and speedy
It was
as an express taking a banked curve.
soon apparent that Morane had all but stopped
his motor, the blades of the propeller revolving
He started the
lazily and being plainly visible.
Gnome humming once more when close to the
ground and after a series of beautiful turns at
and floated t&
entirely,
it
off
speed,
shut
high

at a

second to
ful angle
spiral
on

earth

literally,

act

moment

to

determine.

of

as lightly as a feather the excontact being almost impossible

Morane had risen well over 4,000 feet, and,

had the weather been clear, could have easily discerned the coast of France seventy miles across
Channel.
After this Morane was of course easily the
of the meet, although Wagner on his racylooking Hanriot and Audemars beneath the diminutive wings of his Clement-Bayard "Demoiselle" did much to entertain the crowd.
Among the biplanes. Captain Dickson the hero
of the Rouen meeting and Grahame-White, the
popular idol in England, showed off to the best
advantage, both bein^ very much at home on
their Farmans, and driving them with great skill.
Altogether, the flying was well up to expectations, but it must be said that the organization
Perhaps it isn't quite
was a little disappointing.
fair to judge all meetings by the high standard
set up at the big French tournaments, and it may
.seem churlish to make easy criticism where somuch good will and desire to please are manifest,
but the fact remains that less crudeness in the
general arrangements and especially more competency in the actual management might well
have been expected of the principal English meeting of the vear; the license accorded to GrahameWhite to fly after sunset (on the first day)
seemed tactless, to say the least, especially if one
considers that his direct antagonist in the contest was a foreigner, and White himself can hardly be blamed in the matter; neither can he be
blamed in the two other cases where he appeared
to be given an unfair advantage over other competitors; these were in the landing and starting
In the former the aeroplane was to land
prizes.
in a circle one hundred yards in diameter, as
the engine was tonear the centre as possible
be stopoed before crossing into the circle and the
aeroplane was not to touch ground outside the
In Grahame- White's winning effort, hecircle.
most obviously and certainlv touched the ground
with one wheel, just outside the circle, neither
was he able to entirely choke off his ambitious
(^nome before having crossed the circumference;
both infractions were without doubt unintentional,
but whv they should pass unnoticed officially on
this account it Is hard to understand: the offithe

star

were no doubt quite sincere in their belief

that he had won the contest fairly, and that is
In the
perhaps the most astonishing part of it.
same way in the starting prize, the competition
was to be decided between twelve and one: the
competitors of course faced the wind to start,
and as the breeze was increasing it wap obvious'y to their advantage to wait until the last
minute that the contest was open; this GrahameWhite wisely did, but when he got off beating
was fully three minutes
his competitors
it
all
he was nevertheless proclaimed the
after one;
winner, whereupon the foreigners in the competition very naturally put in a protest; this, howcials

AIRCRAFT

26o

September, ipio

was not recognized as well founded until RawHnson sustained a broken leg and Christiaens
the foreigners, Christiaens. Audemars, Wagner and his mechanic had a very narrow escape, the
Cthe latter with the compliance of biplane being smashed into
matchwood, when,
who was present) had closed up their after flying against the wind, it turned the acute
sheds and taken down their flags from over them. angle of the course, which brought the wind
It was then admitted that Dickson was first, and behind it and thus temporarily deprived it of
that the mistake had arisen through the fact that momentum sufficient to sustain it with its heavy
the watch of the oflicial in charge was four min- load (this was in the weight-carrying prize).
utes slow
On the last day Boyle's Avis monoplane fell
In the over-sea flights to the Needles (Isle of over and he was badly hurt through being thrown
Wiglrt) and back, the Gnome-driven Bleriots of on his head.
A plucky and popular aviator, and
jNIorane and Drexel had matters all their own one in whose company Mr. Grey and I had been
way; Drexel's machine was one of the first Ble- only the evening before, at one of the many
riots to be built to carry a Gnome engine; Mo- entertainments
got up in Bournemouth during
rane's tremendous advantage in speed was mainly the week
in this instance a
fancj'-dress ball,
owing to his having racing wings on his mono- where poor Boyle thoroughly entered into the
plane much lesser span and much flatter; it also snirit of the thing and amused all those about
had many improvements of detail.
On the Saturdav, Mr. Bishop turned up at the
There were no totalization prizes at BourneBurlington: he had been at Rheims and had betn mouth; it was thought these would tempt the
much impressed with the speed of the Bleriots men to fly when the wind made it risky for
and wondered who could be found to oppose Le- them to do so; this is certainly their main drawblanc in the Gordon Bennett; both he and Mr. back, but it is a question whether it isn't counterWallace, the president of the Royal Aero Club, balanced by their advantage, as affording a conseemed to think that the suggestion that Drexel tinuous "background" of flying, monotonous permight be persuaded to drive a loo-h.p. Bleriot on haps, but substantial.
the American team was a good one.
At Rheims they had distance-totalization, but
I was motoring
over to the aerodrome that as I wrote in Aircraft a month or two ago, I
afternoon with Mr. C. G. Grey, whom you know can't help thinking duration-totalization is a better
as the editor of The Aero of London (and whose plan.
competency in matters aeronautic is, by the way,
You must have noticed that the Rheims course
such as one does not meet in many a long day). was hexagonal this -"par, which of course delighted
but a soaking rain drove us to cover, and I me, fulfilling as it did my prophecy to Mr. Ludthought I had seen my last flying at Bourne- -ow; the six-sided course has enormous advanmouth.
tages over the four-sided one, both for the specLater in the afternoon, after the sky had cleared tators, for the aviators, for the speed and the
and as I was walking in the town, an unmistak- accuracy of the distances recorded as flown.
able sound coming from the clouds above made
To make a meeting a financial success in these
me look up, and there, perhaps 2,500 feet up, days when the mere sight of a machine in flight
was a Bleriot gliding through space.
Every one is no longer sufficient to cause enthusiasm, calls
seemed to be aware of it at the same moment, for a mighty careful selection of events to enand al! gazed in speechless wonder at the start- sure constant interest and to eradicate the absoling apparition
ailording them a glimpse into the lute monotony of the eternal circling of lylons.
future.
It
may be deemed advisable to hold certain
And here let it be said that the general pub- events which belong more to a gymkhana than
lic
in
England seems at present to know con- to pure sport, but in most cases they will insiderably more about aviation than in America; crease the danger (as in the case of poor
Rolls),
for instance, on this occasion, "A monoplane!" and it can hardly be recommended
to appeal to
was the exclamation heard on all sides, where morbid curiosity to fill the grandstands, if other
in New York it would have been "An airship!" wholesome means can be devised
to bring about
and those who had visited the aerodrome won- the same result.
I think there are two
such
dered if it were Morane or Drexel and discussed means which have not as yet exhausted
the inthe differentiating points of the machines.
It terest of crowds.
One is flying for height, and
was, however, McArdle. and after a short trip the other is cross-country flying.
over the town (but within safe gliding distance
For the former, the essential is the use of such
of the beach) he returned to his hangar at Christ- instruments as will
ensure the accurate calcuchurch.
lation
of the hei'i'hts reached; also
more
The most successful of- the all-English machines monoplanes entered the better; they the
are more
was certainly Cecil Grace's short biplane, which graceful and bird-like than the
and apmade several magnificent flights, notably one at a peal far more to the crowd (as biplanes
regards America,
heieht of 1,000 feet.
as they are almost unknown there, they should
There were a good manv accidents during the be a great drawing card, when
they perform as
week, outside of Rols' fatal, fall; RawHnson and they do over here).
A monoplarte's spiral glide
Christiaens had bad smashes in their Farmans from two or three thousand
feet is worth going
on the northeastern portion of the course, where ni?ny miles to see.
the wind was tricky and the grour
Regarding cross-country flying, the great future
ever,

all

and Morane
Bleriot,

of competitive events seems to lie right there;

the aeroplane which has gone out of sight, which
is
temporarily visible, which is awaited, interests more than that which relentless, y and obviously encircles the aerodrome hour after hour.
In cases where a cross-country race is held in
conjunction with a meeting, both start and finish
should be at the track, and, if possible, the machines should start several at a time, or at
thirty seconds interval.
If the machines fly part
of the way over water, so much the better, and
the things to avoid as much as possible are of
course towns and woods on the course selected.
Here again the presence of monoplanes will enormously increase the interest.
Heats reserved to
monoplanes and others to biplanes, with the final
a Iiandicap between the winners, established on
the times made in the heats, should make great
sport^ (although, of course, when a machine is
winning a heat easily it may delay crossing the
finishing line to get a better handicap).
For the aerodrome itself, smooth and level
ground seems the greatest requisite; over 70 per
cent, of the accidents occur through landing on
uneven ground; for the rest, a wide expanse with
no obstacles to cause air disturbances, and easy
curves (this is where the hexagon comes in)
are,
if
not necessities,
certainly desirabilities.
And then, of course, the presence of real stars
seems a sine qua nan for success. A great many
small meetings are held over here which attract
no attention because none of the really great
flyers take part in them; any meeting will fall
flat if men like Curtiss and Brookins, and especially virtuosos such as Hamilton, Latham and
Morane, are not there to arouse enthusiasm by
their mastery of the air, and to fly when there
is any possibility of flying.
It is to be hoped for the coming big meet in
America that Bleriot will take over a representative
team besides Leblanc who, although a
great aviator, is by no means the
wonderful
natural bird-man that Morane is.
With Morane, Olieslaegers, Leblanc, Aubrun,
Mamet, and perhaps de Lesseps, Barrier, Drexel,
Cattaneo success would be assured with the Bleriot
team alone
add to that Latham and

Labouchere with Gordon Bennett Antoinettes and

perhaps some of the new European monoplanes
Hanriot. Tellier, Nieuport, de Pischoff seeking to
invade the American market, and the single-deck
type of machine would be more than well represented.
In biplanes, America can handsomely
hold her own, although a few Sommers and
racing Voisins and one or two more H. Farmans
would certainly be welcome and would make the
meeting an absolute triumph.
There appears to be still some fear here, among
the aviators I have spoken to, of patent complications if they come to America: the sooner this
is made clear to all concerned, the better.

With remembrances
the

to

all

at

Aircraft and

at

Mineola "aviaries,"
I

July

sincerely,
29,

G.
1910.

F.

Campbell Wood.

GENERAL NEWS
By
InternaLtionaLl Aviation
At
lield

the

Meet

a meeting of the Aero Corporation. Ltd..

on August 3, Mr. GageE. Tarbell resigned

genera]

-Aviation

agership

of

the

International

Meet.

At the same meeting it was decided to hold the

International Aviation Meet at Belmont
Park
Track instead of at Garden City, L. I., as previously announced.
The following statement issued by Mr. Gillespie, chairman of the Subscribers' Committee, puts
the present arrangements for holding the meet in
a

nutshell.

"The

international

aviation contest to be
held in America will be held at Belmont Park,
L. I., from October i^ to October 23. 1910, inclusive.
The meet will be given by the Aero
Corporation. Limited, having ofBces at 12 East
Forty-second street. New York, with the consent
and under the supervision of the Aero Club of
America, and in accordance with its rules and
first

re.eulations.

The
Bennett
Club of
country
with a
over a

international

Gibson

presidency of the meet has been tendered

o .August Belmont, who has accepted the
honor.
Ihe vice-pres:dents, most of whom are also subscribers,

are

Andrew Freedman, Alan

R.

Hawley,

Charles Jerome Edwards, Bradish Johnson A

Krech, J. C. McCoy. Allan A. Ryan. Samuel
H Valentme, J. J. Van Alen, J. L. Van Alen,
John Alvin Young, John Jacob Astor, Cornelius
Vanderbilt, Otto H. Kahn, J. C. Breckenridge,
George W. Perkins, Russell A. Alger. Henry
Clews, T. p. Shonts, V. Everit Macy, George F.
Baker. Jr., De Lancey Nicoll, R. A. C. Smith,
George C. Boldt, Cortlandt F. Bishop, Tames
Gordon Bennett, Bernard N. Baruch, Redmond
Cross, Richard Croker, Jr., Mortimer L. Schifl,
J. A. B:air, Jr., William B. O. Field, and Lawrence L. Gillespie."
'

The
in

committee in

plans

large

for

the

charge is actively engaged

proper transportation of the

volume of people who.

it

is

anticipated, will

wish

to witness the events, and when they arat the grounds to see that they are properly
provided with boxes, seats, or parking spaces.
Officials of the ^ong Island Railroad have
assured the management that the crowds will be
bandied in a manner worthy of the event and
rive

for the James Gordon

by a member of the Aero
to be contested for in this

race

Trophy, won
America, and

this year, will be given in connection

general tournament of aviation, running
series of nine davs. comnrising contests
speed, altitude, endurance, and skill.
It wi
include an elimination race for the selection of
the American contestants to represent this country in the sixty-mile international race.
The funds required for giving the meet have
already been entirely subscribed, and the list
of subscribers is about to be closed.
Such funds
as are needed wil be loaned by the Subscribers'
Committee to the Aero Corporation, Limited, which
will use them as required.
in

Adeit

The

the

On the following dav, August 4th, at a meeting held by the Board of Directors of the Aero
Ciub of America, who represent the International
-Aeronautic Federation in the LInited States, it
was announced that- Mr. K. L. Bernai
his offer of last June to put up $40,0
prizes to be competed for during the International
-Aviation Meet and to pay the Aero Club of
-America lo per cent, of the receipts.
Mr. Bernard's stipulation being that he be made general
manager of the meet and that it be held on Long
Island.

Following the meeting of the Board of Govthe Subscribers' Committee held a meetat which the heads of the different committees were elected as follows:
Executive Committee,
Andrew Freedman; Finance Committee,
T-awrence L. Giilespie; Aviation, J. C. McCoy.
These committees will immediately organize, and
take hold of the or'^anization work for the meeting at Belmont Park.
Mr. Gillespie also named
the following additional vice-presidents:
Clifford
B. Harmon, Philip T. Dodge, and Dave Hennen
Morris.
ernors
ing,

CKicsLgo-New York ICsLce

locality.

FuETHiEE additions

be made to the list

officers, and announcement will later be made
t'-e
oersonnel of the Executive Committee,
the Finance Committee, and of the Committee
will

sanction has been granted bv the Contec*

Committee of the National Councii of the Aero
Club of America to the InTcw York Times, for
the Chicago-New York race, which will start on
October 8, for a prize of $25,000 offered by the
New York Times and the Chicago Evening Post.
Amohg tbe aviators who have filed entries for
the race are:
Todd C. Schriver. American, Schriver biplane: Joe Seymour, American, Curtiss biplane: J. OHeslaegers, Belgian, Bleriot monoplane:
Charles K. Hamilton, -American, Hamilton bi--\

of
of
of

on

Aviation.

The stables of the Belmont track will be used

3S aeroplane sheds, and fences probably will be
b"ilt around the northern and western ends of
the park to prevent people from seeing the show
for nothing, if the proposed meet is held there.

AIRCRAFT

September, igio
Glenn H. Curtiss
American, Curtiss biplane;
plane;

J.

261

representative),

(or

A.

McCurdy,

D.

Canadian, McCurdy biplane; Capt. Thomas A.

Baldwin, American. Baldwin biplane; T. C. Mars.
American, Curtiss biplane; Oscar P. Hellins,
American, Helans tandem biplane; Phillip Wilcox, American, Wilcox biplane; Charles F. WilAmerican, Curtiss biplane; James Radiey,
lard,
English, Bleriot monoplane.
A further interest to the ChicagQ-New York
Race has been added by Cifford B. Harmon s
a prize of ? 1,000 to the contestant who
the first 500 mi.es of the race in fifty con
secutive hours.

offer of
flies

Mineola
The usual daily flights, when the weather ha^
permitted, have taken place at Mineola, L. 1
during the month.
The steady influx of machines of all types
continues, with the consequent erection of addi
tional hangars and tents in which to keep them
The Aeronautical Society of New York hab
enlarged 'its shed sufficiently to accommodate at
least half a dozen extra machines.
,

Before
which is

Walden

to
grief
on his monoplane
design, on August 3, Dr
The
several
successful trials.

coming

unique

of

made

machine was little damaged, but Dr. Walden

was unfortunate in breaking his collar bone.
Another interesting monoplane on the Aeio
nautical Society's ground is that of Mr. Elmer
Burlingame.
A drawing of this diminutive ma
chine, which is fitted with a 30-horsepower Har
riman motor, and which its owner calls the
"Imp," appears on another page of this issue
Mr. Wilcox has removed his Farman type bi
plane to White Plains, N. Y., for the purpose
of demonstrating the principles and uses of the
aeroplane to the New York Signal Corps, now carrying out field maneuvres on the Plains.
During the last few days four Curtiss type
machines, built by the Witteman brothers, have
arrived on the field for different members 01
either the Aero Club of America or the Aeronautical Society of New York.
A good deal of excitement has been caused by
the painting on the aviation ground of a huge
battleship over which the aviators fly and compete with each other in dropping bombs from
their aeroplanes from diff^erent heights on to the
dummy ship in an endeavor to ascertain the
possibilities of the aeroplane in war time.
Mr. George Russell is fast becoming a prominent flyer at Mineola; he is making flights nearly
every dav with his Curtiss biplane, which is installed with a Harriman engine of 30 H. P.
The
Vananden biplane, which is also fitted with a
Harriman motor, is awaiting some part of its

The inventor believes that a full-sized machine

on the lines of the model and fitted with an
engine of 250 horsepower will easily carry three

built

Mr. H. J. Willard of Providence. R. I., is

Mr.
building a monoplane of unique design.
Willard, who until a few months ago was connected with the American Locomotive Co., is
also said to be perfecting an engine which, it is
claimed, will weigh 150 pounds and develop 100
feature of the monohorsepower.
special
plane is a patent automatic landing device, while
the helicopter method of rising from the ground
is adopted.

The most successful flights which have taken

in Alameda County, Cal., have been made

p ace

St.

Louis Aero

Show

That exhibits of complete aeroplanes and motors

built expressly for
of the St. Louis

aerial use will be the feature

National Aero Show in the
Coliseum, October S to 13, is now assured by
contracts for floor space, which have been made
bj' several well-known concerns, among them the
agents for the French Gnome motor.
Complete aeroplanes and a new aero motor will
be shown by the Aerial Navigation Co. of Girard,
Kan.
This concern has already completed three
machines of the same type, which are reported
to have been sold, and has now constructed three

Aeromotion Company of America (St.

has taken space in which to exhibit the
Gnome motor, and has reserved additional room
for exhibiting two types of foreign-made aero-

The

Loiiis)

planes.

Another type of rotary motor which works upon

practicallv the same principle as the French-made
Gnome will be exhibited by the Holmes Rotary
Motor Company of Denver, Colo.
The Western
Oil Pump and Tank Company (St. Louis) has
taken space and will exhibit its regular line of
tanks and self -measuring pumps, but in addition
to this it is rumored that this company will show
something novel in the way of an aerial accessory which will be of considerable importance to
aviators.

The Aeronautic Supply Company

will

be another

St.
Louis exhibitor, showing practically everything for the construction of complete planes, as
well as the finished machines.
G. L. HoltoUj manager of the show, has received such a vast number of inquiries from inventors of all sorts of aerial apparatus throughout the country who wish to reserve a small space,
in which to explain to the visitors the merits of
their various inventions.
The demand for space
from these
nventors has been so great that
spaces are now being arranged for small exhibitors and can be obtained for a nominal sum.
i

S. L. Saunders, assistant mechanician to Tames

V. Martin, has completed and successfully flown
a model aerojjlane of new design.
In this model
the steering gear and aviator's seat are placed
beneath the lower plane of the main planes.
The
model is four feet wide and three feet six inches
long and is claimed to flv more rapidly than
any model aeroplane yet designed.

Blaine Selvage in a monoplane, which he

himself.
Three times on the same day he
flew several miles and returned to the starting
place without the slightest hitch.

by

built

Selvage's monoplane, which is a combination

a Bleriot and Antoinette, is equipped with an
engine designed by himself, which deve.ops 30
One of the
horsepower and weighs 1 03 pounds.
means by which he secures lightness in his enThe whole
gines is by using an open crank case.
of the machine has been carefully thought out
Not
and constructed with exceptional neatness.
an ounce of superfluous material has been used
anywhere, but at the same time strength has not
ambition
Selvage's
lightness.
been sacrificed for
is to be the first aviator to fly across San Francisco Bay.

plane construction,

Among

the airship inventor.^ of Lynn, Mass.,

is

Ernest Begin, who has already won a reputation

an inventor of domestic labor-saving devices.
He is working on two machines, a monoplane
and another machine of the ornithopter type, with
wings 24 feet in length and 12 feet wide.

Congressman Buf.er Ames of Massachusetts

recently demonstrated his machine for navigating
the air at the Naval Academy. Annapolis, before
the board of officers, composed of Lieutenant-

Commander Frank Lvan and Lieutenants

P.

Snyder and Charlton R. Kear.

Charles

Six members of the Thousand Islands Yacht

Club, which has a home on the St. Lawrence
River, have constructed an aeroplane of the conAn attempt was made
ventional biplane type.
to fly the machine at Morristown. N. Y., which
ended in failure through the breaking of a propeller.

The six men interested in the new flier are

Dr. Mi'es T. Gibbons of Brooklyn, general attorney for the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Railway,
Alfred G. Miles, chairman of the
its designer;
regatta committee of the Thousand Islands Yacht
Club; Frederick K. Eurnham. C. L. Hayden of
Columbus. Ohio; Price McKennev of Morrisburg, Ontario, and Lee Rumsey of St. Louis.
The biplane measures 8 feet from tip to tip,
and is one foot less in fore and aft measurement. The planes are five feet \^ide and six feet
Ailerons S feet long and 3 1-2 feet wide
apart.
The front control is of single
are employed.

rear control likewise

con-

Seven aeroplanes, among wliich was the Farman biplane with which the French aviator won
a world's record and which subsequently became
the property of J. W. Curzon of Hawthorne, 111..
were all recently wrecked during a wind storm in
The other machines which were
East St. Louis.
destroyed belonged to local amateurs.
It

is

signed

reported that the Wright brothers have

contract with the Chamber of Com-

merce of Dayton, Ohio, to make a series of flights

during the Fall Festival and Industrial Exposition, which is to take, o.ace September 19 to 24.
There will be prizes for altitude, speed, endurance, long glide and accuracy in stopping at a
predetermined point.

of

as

the

sisting of one horizontal plane and, of course, a

vertical rudder.
The machine is driven by a fourcylinder, 40-horsepower motor of the two-cycle
type.

A
at

training school for aviators has been opened

Aerodrome, Chicago, 111., under

Hawthorne

the able direction of Mr. M. L. Kasmar. author

of "First Lessons in Aeronautics." where both
piloting and constructional work will be taught.
The services of Mr. J. W. Curzon have been secured as instructor and demonstrator.

We

are informed that Cleveland now has two

aeroolanes, one belonging to Mr. Winton of the
Winton Automobile Co., and a Demoiselle, which
Neither mais
owned by the Country Club.
chines have as yet made a flight.

Frank Goodale recently made a

dirigible from Palisade Park

baby

flight

to

the

in

his

Times

Building and back in 40 minutes, beating his own

time of last year over the same ground by nine
minutes.

A verv fine aeroplane cloth, being manufactured by' The H. M. H. Mills, is of silk dressed
with a secret preparation, which, it is claimed,
It is
makes it sun, wind, rain and air proof.
exceptionally light, weighting only six ounces to
the square yard, .while the tensile strength is 50
pounds to the square inch.

A new type of monoplane is being manufactured by J. W. Curzon. of 1806 North Thirtyninth street, St. Louis, 111., specification of which
Main planes, 35 x 7. chassis simis as follows
ilar to Farman, but with bottom plane entirely
removed with exception of middle section, which
and is placed lower down
narrower,
is made much
so that the driver sits immediately above the
wheels with engine at his back and propeller,
which is chain-driven, far above the engine, thus
placing man and motor far below the main lifting surface, which is 12 1-2 feet high in order
kinds of weather.
stability -in
all
to maintain
Single plane stabilizer behind as well as horizontal rudder in front, 15 and 18 souare feet,
respectively.
It is fitted with an Eldridge Power
Plant and a Curzon patent stability device.
:

AIRCRAFT

262

Septemberj ipio

At the Asbury Park, N. J., Aviation Meet, to

be held under the auspices of the Asbury Park
Aero and Motor Club, prizes amounting to $20,000
will be competed for by both professional and

president;

of fuel, as well

W.

ders.

amateur aviators.
The meet will take place
bury Park suburb, and it

prises

ust

an Ashscheduled for Aug-

at Interlaken,
is

10 to 20.

New

CompaLrvies

C. L. Bernays, second vice-president;

Walters,
third
vice-president;
Meyer
secretary and treasurer; J. W. Oman,
manager.
The board of directors comthe officers and the following additional

H.

Isaacs,

general

members:

H. C. Andree, William A. .Harris, John

Elisperman, D. A. rletcher, R. Muehlberg, T. P.
P.umridge, J. Fred Schaberg, Jr., and Louis
Boight, Jr.
Claud D. Hall is attorney for the

corporation.

Non-Capsizable Aeroplane Co. of Patterson, N. J., with Peter L. Alberse as agent, has
an authorized capital stock of $50,000.

The

of the company are to build and

The incorporators are William P.
Gary, Joseph Van Walraven and Peter L. Alberse,
objects

air-crafts.

scave

of

cylii
'

proof.

The

sell

absolute

as

In the construction of the intake valves and

manifold, the company has gotten away from the
adopted form, and has adopted a system
own, which is absolutely unique ii ofar as compactness and simpHcity are concer
The exhaust is effected by a peculiar cam
operation, giving an easy rotary irlovement, combined with quick action, and is absolutely fool

New Motor

Another
T^HE

Detroit Aeronautic Construction Company

of Detroit, Mich., has constructed a new
lightweight aeroplane motor.
Its 30-40 horsepower
motor weighs well inside of one hundred and
seventy-five pounds, including a double ignition
system, carbureter and propeller.

The company has also gotten away from the

ordinary, in its oiling system, which consists of
a very sma.l rotary gear pump, built in the crank
case, so as to be easily accessible in case a repair should be necessary, which forces the oil to

all
cylinder and connecting rod bearings.
Paterson men.
The
oil
being pumped from a sub-base to the cylinders and to the crank case, makes a splash
The Latendorf Aerial Navigation Company filed
sytem,
articles of incorporation with Clerk John F. Crosby
a
level overflow pipe to the sub-base, takThe company realized that in order to secure
ing care of all excess oil.
of Hudson County to manufacture and deal in efficient service,
all friction must be reduced to the
airships.
The office will be at 34 East Twenty- very minimum, is using in the construction of its
Years of experience in building motors for
eighth street, Bayonne.
The authorized capital motors ball bearings wherever the same are at all racing boats has taught the company that in
all

is

$50,000, divided into

incorporators are

The

1,000 shares of $50 each.

Lowell B. M. Hoig of

practicable or applicable.

With the exception

Orange, G. Edward Menzel of Maplewood, and
and crank shafts, the.
Howard W. Forsyth of Mount Vernon, N. Y.

A company has been organized and incorporated

under the laws of Arizona, with $5,000,000 capto be known as the Universal Aerial NaviCo., and is formed for the purpose of
manufacturing, patenting, improving, purchasing
and operating of airships of every descriotion.
The company has in course of construction a
craft which is the invention of J. W. Oman and
which he calls a gyroplane.
Embodied in this
machine are the principles of both the gyroscope
ital,

gation

and

helicopter.

The officers and directors of the new company,

who are. St. Louis men, ajre as follows: F. A.
president;

Siefert,

Ramsey,

William

first

vice-

of the cylinders, pistons

entire motor is built of
alluminum,
including the
Schebler carbureter,
which is being made especially for this motor,
thus reducing the motor to the very minimum of
weight, without sacrificing strength in any way.
The 30-40 h.p. motor occupies but about eighteen
by nineteen inches of space over all.

The cylinders on all motors are cast en-block.

The crank shafts are cut out of solid block
of chrome nickel steel, and are carried on two
large Hess-Bright ball bearings.
All rotary parts are thoroughly balanced and
in every way made as light as possible, without,
however, sacrificing strength for lightness.
The intake, as well as the exhaust valves, are
made especially large, thus i!isuring perfect intake

order to secure absolute ignition its motor must

be equipped with a double ignition system.
This
system consists of a Bosch magneto and' of a
primary and secondary distributer with a single
coil, making a perfect ignition system.
The carbureter, as already stated, is the famous
Schebler carbureter, especially made of alumi-

num

for this company.

That the motors built by this company are a
success is proven by the many orders which it
has received from persons who have spent much
time and money in experimenting with other
motors.

The company

is

now making arrangements

the building of a larger

enable it to take care of
business.

a)luminum

AH

motors

fly-wheels

are
or

factory,
its

for

order to
increasing
with either

in

rapidly

furnished
laminated

wood

pro-

I)ellers.

FLYING MACHINE MODELS

By W.
FLYING MACHINE MODELS
'ITE contests and model
Ki
cup donated by Mr.

competitions

given,

sions

for

the

tached

to

after

dive

H.

PHIPPS

and a pin or other small weight atthe head as shown.

If the gliders
leaving

the

hand, it is a sign
Edward Durant are the pin is either too far
forward, or that
being held every Saturday at Mineola.
The win- weight is too heavy.
To rectify this push
ners so far are Frank Krug,
Kinsella

John

Carl Morehouse.
Exhibitions of models and
the Oriental and Manhattan

on July

and

31-

P. W. Pierce, with a beauAntionette

model.
Frank
Schober
showed
his
record-breaking
Langley
model.
The other exhibitors were boys from
Public School, No. 77.

constructed

MODEL GLIDERS
Fig.

back or lighten the nose of the model.

kites

The exhibitors were

tifully

pin

were held at
Hotels, Manhattan,

that
the
the

shows scale-paper gliders of the Bleriot,

Antoinette and Demoiselle types.

The models are
to be cut from stiff writing paper to the dimen-

MODEL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

2 shows a method of balancing a Bleriot
A small lead weight is strapped with elastic bands to a small spar as shown.
The correct
balance of the model is obtained by shifting the
weight backwards and forwards until the centre
of gravity is found.
This method of balancing
only advisable in models using tractive prois
pellers, as the front of such must necessarily be
weighted to bring the weight of the elastic motor

Fig.

model.

off

the

Fig.

tail.

illustrates

curve in the

ribs.

two methods for keeping the

Fig. 4 shows an excellent

ing a rubber-band motor to a

Fig.

shows

method of

attach-

Farman type model.

successful belt-driven rubber

motor.
The gear is for use on a biplane, and
it
may be seen from the sketch how it is constructed.
The bearing for the propeller shaft
is fastened to one of the canes that support the
upper plane.
To keep the shaft from sfipping
about, two rings of metal are placed one at
each end of the bearing, as illustrated, and then
soldered down to the shaft.
The bearing for the
lower shaft is screwed down to one of the cross
members of the plane. The power is transmitted
from the large cog-wheel to the small one by
means of a strong but thin leather belt, with
holes punched in to suit the cogs, which must
be kept very well oiled to keep it flexible.

We

have the London magazines, The Aero and

Flight to thank for several of the originals shown
here.

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio

Designer and Builder, or

SOARING PLANES
(A Flexible
They procure

Rear Attachment)
balance

lateral

263

Make

to

Your

Own

Design

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

automatically,

Models or Propellers

speed to double the motor power, pu=h flying machine,

motor stops, over twenty miles per hour, which permits
and guiding and prevents destruction.
Any height can safely be obtained. Usable also for vertical guiding, as only one horizontal rudder is needed for a
the
if

gliding

Gliders, Parts

and Aeronautic Supplies

in

Stock

safe, successful flight.

Rear

flexing planes represent the

provides for birds.

For terms apply

same system

Aero Motors Always on Hand

as nature

to

New York Agent

SAMUEL

F.

PERKINS

SCIENTIFIC KITE FLYING

Aerial Advertising
By Aeroplane

Kites and Balloons

y^

y^~

d,A

steel

cord of high strength galvanized

stranded by a special process.

Makes the strongest and lightest stays

for aeroplanes and flying machines.
For prices and other information, address

JOHNA.ROEBLINGS SONS CO.

Street, Boston, Massachusetts

DISTINCT

type aeroplane.

Trenton, N.

It is not a revo-

improvement over
designs, such as to make itself balancing and accident proof.
It could carry large loads and have great endurance ability.
^ It IS controlled by a principle to which
aviators have been opposed, but which I contend to be an
important factor in increasing the safety and as a consequence
lutionary design, but a great

^A

Builders ol

COMPLETE LIGHT-WEIGHT
AERONAUTIC POWER PLANTS

gentleman of capital

and

enterprise, one that can

tion

and experiments to completion will soon realize that this

when constructed will become a leader among flyers.

and wishes

J.

Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.

^-

the popularity of aerial travel.

for

ROEBLING
AVIATOR CORD
wires

Special Attention is called to the Spectacular Night

Advertising in which enormous beams of brilliantly
colored searchlight rays (visible for five miles) are thrown
upon "ads" suspended thousands of feet in the sky.

110 Tremont

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

FRED SCHNEIDER, 1020

DRESSLER, Coney Island

R.

to

finance construc-

plane

Correspondence invited from those interested.

TOBIAS
COOPERSTOJTN, N.

T.

PRESERVATIVE VARNISH
For Balloons, Dirigibles

Aeroplanes
An

elastic,

and

non-porous varnish for

any other fabric used

in the

Tents
silk,

linen,

manufacture of

muslin or
aircraft.

This varnish saves the big expense of Balloon Sheeting.

Send

for Free Sa

VICTOR BRUNZEL
1383

THIRD AVENUE

NEW YORK

For prices and

4 cyl. 30 to 40 H.P. 4' 2"x4l

descriptve circulars,

4 cyl. 40 to 50 H.P. 5"

x5"

just write to

6 cyl. 50 to 60 H.P. 5"

x5"

^^,

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO.

306 Holcomb Ave., Detroit, Michigan, U. S.

A.

AIRCRAFT

264

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

10

AERONAUTS! ATTENTION!
T

HAVE

discc

September, igio

CASH WITH ORDER

FOR SALE

AVIATORS

red the only way to rubberize

your ballo

or airship; will not crack in

ather.'
correct blue-print on
how to set up your gas generators and purifier,
also direction on how to make Iiydrogen gas
fully explained; with a blue-print how to cut
an airship bag cigar shape. I will sell my formula on my rubberized material and explain the
drying process, "pattern cutting," sewing the
balloon, rubberizing the seams.
I explain everything, from cutting the raw material to the inflation.
All blue-prints and neatly typewritten
description of the above.
Price $2.00; best material for aeroplanes.
Jos. F. Bush, Aeronautical
Engineer, 385
Carrie
St.,
Schenectady,

pOR SALE Curtiss

two-cylinder,

gine; fine running order; 50

Address Alaska Sail Loft, 68 \V.

en$125.00.

7-h.p.

lbs.

Marion

St.,

Wash.

Seattle,

AN AEROPLANE We
B UILD
blue-prints and
instructions
at

LaFayette,

lowest

the
Ind.

send you

for
building
Propellers, wheels, wire,
of aeroplane parts and

monoplane for $i.oo.

and a complete line
supplies

will

prices.

J.

Horat

Co.,

N. Y.

yS/AJVITED Capital to develop or construct

"Man-Carrying Aeroplane," entirely original invention on new scientific principles.
Patents granted in all civiliztd countries on miniature models, which will be sent to interested
parties for the price of one dollar.
No other
miniature Flying Machine stands comparison in
its simplicity and stability of construction and
wonderful action. Will fly under any condition
of wind.
For further information write; E.
Eichenfeld, 11 South Seventh St., Minneapolis,

Mil

monoplane,

37-ft.

York.

Vy ANTED Capital

for manufacturing Monoprinciple.

Perfect equilibrium

New

plane.

and control. Leaves ground

from any type now in use.
Grand Junction, Colorado.

easily.

Moses

Different
Franklin,

flying
instructions

Canada.

treal,

rjO

you wish
young man

^^

an
to

extremely
assist

you

light

in

weight

aeronautical

complete

with propeller, spring wheels, detachable

laced planes and everything ready to take to
the air except motor.
Worth $3,000. Will sell
at a sacrifice'; also portable house for it.
Inquire G. L. Fisher, 1003 Wayne St., Sandusky,
Ohio.

pNGINE FOR SALE One

new

30-h.p..

WANT

T\0 YOU

an operator of

light

weight

for your dirigible or aeroplane?

Address:
"Pilot." Care Aircr.^ft, 37-39 East 28th Street,

New York

City.

four-

cylinder, air-cooled aviation engine equipped

with new Bosch magneto and Laminated truescrew, 6-foot propeller, 200 lbs. thrust.
Engine
weighs 197 lbs.; outfit just cost us about $600
Will sell for about half or will exchange foi
Address "Aero Dept.," Steb
5o-7S-h.p. motor.
bins & Geynet, Norwich, Conn.

pATENT

aeroplane.
Fastest made.
I desire a
partner with some means to be used in
manufacturing it.
Address, for further particulars, Emmitt, 261
West isth Street, New

.a
position with some Aeronautical
Society as an Aviator or instructor.
Have
the Bleriot monoplane under the
of the Count de Lesseps.
Have
been a constructor and pilot of dirigibles all
my life. Cromwell Dixon, 24 Victoria St., Mon-

been

work?
Great enthusiast.
Address Enthusiast,
Care Aircraft, 37-39 East 28th Street, New
York, N. Y.

SALEOne

"pOR

CO-OPERATION WANTED

WANT

TA/ ANTED

CONTRACTS
FOR
AERO''
NAUTICAL EXHIBITIONS a n d a
CHANCE at PRIZE MONEY FLIGHT
GUARANTEED.
TWO MACHINES ONE
THE SLOWEST in the world OTHER FOR
SPEED.
APPLY TO F. E. de MURIAS,
BABYLON, N. Y.
Pronounced DE (L) IRIOUS insert "M" in
place of "L.**

A/rODEL AEROPLANES THAT FEY.

No

Com

infringements on Wright machines.

plete working drawings and instructions

for building flying models of the following fa
mous aeroplanes: Bleriot, Antoinette and San

tos-Dumont monoplanes, and Wright, Curtiss and

Farman biplanes.
Each 25c., or set of
O. K. Model Aero Works,
$1.25, post paid.
1525 Grace Ave., Lakewood, O.

MISCELLANEOUS
POSITION

HAVE

invented an air machine which I claim

if the gas escapes the
will keep on flying and cannot turn

solves the problem;

machine

over or upset.
The inventor will give any company or club
plans for development and then have shares of
its

earnings.

McDonald,
VX/-

Write for

Jr.,

full particulars to

Point Prim, P. E.

ANTED Capital

I.,

Address

Frying

Canada.

build

Machine,

Box

174,

no freak but a
sane Langley-type machine, with absolutely
new steering and balancing mechanism. Want
$1,500 for construction of a machine.
Offer inin

Union

Sta.,

John

patents.

G.

Hanna,

Box

AEROPLANE whee-:s for your flying model,

rubber tired, extra light and very strong:.
Laminated Wood and Aluminum alloy propellers
frnm 6 inches up. any pitch.
Prices right.
White Aeroplane Co., 15 Myrtle Ave., BrookN. Y.

lyn,

T HE

best and most scientifically constructed

propellers for Airships and Naphtha Launches
made by Jacob Naef, 354S Park Ave.,

New Y6rk

>nx.

City.

npEACH
Gyroscope anc
plane inventor desires financier for its construction.
I claim projection in my invention,
possibility
of overturning in mid-air will be
eliminated, ribs are invisible, resistance completely eliminated.
For particulars address August S. Praube, 2516 Woodbrook Ave., Baltimore,

Md.

FLYING MACHINE.

This
machine is automatically balanced
in the air, it does away with the warping of
the wings or tips, is operated by one steering
wheel and is driven by two propellers which derive their power from a so-h.p. revolving cylinder motor.
Its wings have a spread of 30 ft.

and are 27 ft. in length. The simplicity of this

machine does away with accidents and makes it
very easy for anyone to operate. I wish to form
a company of one or more to manufacture this
machine.
If you are interested, address Ralph
Cole, Norwalk, Ohio.

your son gliding the first step in aviation

or buy yourse^lf a Williams nominalpriced glider, and let him, learn.
Write for
particulars.
Frank H. Williams, 1313 Clinton
St.,
Fort Wayne, Ind.

patents

desired in Aeronautic factory as

assistant, mechanic, electrician; woodwork a
specialty; neat worker.
Ai references. P. O.

relating to absolutely automatic stabilizing device which

can be attached to any aeroplane.
No heavy,
power-using gj^roscope. but automatic adjustm.ent
of surfaces.
Also device for elimination of
vertical rudders.
H. S. P., Care of Aircraft.

TF

you consider quality and you are looking

for balloons or dirigibles, get mv prices and
samples of O. F. Lewis Balloons, fully equipped.
Hydrogen generators for making gas for sale.
Have applied for patent on a new steering
device for aeroplanes that will not vary from
an even keel. Would like to hear from parties
interested, with capital.
Oscar F. Lewis, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

A
W^'ANTED the

^
pOR SALE One

no, 000 cubic foot balloon,

Also one
holder of world's speed record.
40,000 cubic foot balloon complete. Make offer.
Indiana Ave. Chicago.
C. A. Coey, 1 7 1

press representative in every

city in
world to keep Aircraft posted
latest aeronautical doings.

on the

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

37-39

AERONAUTICAL DRAFTS-

MAN

T F your machine
will

find

to

fails

remedy

and make your machine

fail

to

furnish

Ten
all

make good.
you with

years'

work

3334

any

information

I will

gladly

you

desire.

heavier-than-air

confidential.

Pensacola Ave., Chicago,

MECHANIC

WANTED One

N. Y.

ask nothing if

Consult me;

experience in

strictly

ASSISTANT

who has a thorough knowledge of aeroplane

construction. Apply to Albert C. Triaca, International School of Aeronautics, Garden City, L. I.,

convince you

will

fly.

me.

consult

fly,

that

CO.

East 28th Street,

York, U. S. A.

New

for

POSITION

C, Care Aircraft.

^c

FLECTRICAL

WANTED Capital

present teaching machine-shop practice in a wellknown Trade School. Age 31. Best of referK. S., Care Aircraft.

ences.

Austin, Tex.

FUTURE
YHEwonderful

desired as Mechanical Superintendent

with
Aeronautical
Engineering or
Manufacturing Company, expert mechanic with
technical education.
Ai designer and draftsman. Resourceful, inventive, good executive. At

Washing-

fJAVE NEW MONOPLANE,

terest

Five dirigible balloons. 10.000 to

100.000 capacity.
Four spherical balloons,
All new and in per40.000 to 78,000 capacity.
fect condition.
Sell reasonable.
G. L. BUMBAUGH. Indianapolis, Ind.

"

Jno.

flying machine;
exchange for part interest in invention, or
will sell share; patent applied for; also most
up-to-date folding umbrella, patent applied for.
to

SALE

T7OR

V.
111.

A.

type;

Lamare,

OSITION

wanted, with a firm building, or

about to organize a company ^o
Advertiser is the designer of
Also a man of wide
a practical monoplane.
experience designing and building automatic maExecutive, inventive, five years
chinery, etc.
RESOURCEFUL, Box 725,
study "of aviation.
Aircraft.

'

parties

build aeroplanes.

AIRCRAFT

September, jpio

PAT E N T S
GUSTAVE R. THOMPSON
ROOM 1701
170 Broadway, New York City
Telephone 4012 Cortlandt
Law)

(Counselor at

PATENTS

GET
JERSEY

THAT'S THE THING

FLY!

BENNETT

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO

ivith

regard to

PATENT ATTORNEY

legal effect

REFERENCES

PATENTS
Obtained or no charge made
Easy payments, 15 years official Examiner U. b. Patent Office, over quarter
century actual experience, unexcelled
facilities, prompt efficient service, highest references.
Experts in mechanical

and aero navigation technique. Patents

advertised for sale free. Send sketch or
description of invention for free search
of U. S. Patent Office records and reliable report as to patentability. Send
also for beautifully illustrated invent-

Guide Book on

"How and What

to Invent."

BUNYEA COMPANY

E. P.
U.

New York

City.

for a

moderate

fee.

Advice

PROPELLERS

free.

L.'VMIKATED Wood True Screws

.^ny Size, Any Pitcli.

Printed copies of Airship patents loc. each.

Why

WRITE TO-DAY!

I'ay

C
^

'30.00

More ?

Holbrook Helicopter Aeroplane Company

Jop.m, Mo

5H!ilB2_k

PATENTS.

Mailed Free

FRED. G DIETERICH

&

^?i^

800 G. STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Advice and Books Free.

612

E.

Rates R<
Best S(

COLEMAN,

F. St., N.

Sei'enfft Jive.
SStli Street
BUSINESS ftlEN. FAMILIES. TOURISTS
Maximum of I.uxury at Minimum of Cost

THAT PROTECT
AND PAY

PATENTS
WATSON

^J^%^

IVB^r FIRE-1'ROOI'

NAVARRE

Patent Lawers

Hightest References.

NeMT York

THE

CO.

Patent Lawyer

W., Washington, D. C.

Aero Engine

PRICE I

250

FOREIGN PAPENT ATTORNEYS

and

S.

out-doors

fly

secure you a Patent that will PROTECT your invention on a flying machine,

100 Mechanical Movements.

ors'

you can't

Novelty Works, 193 1 Broadway.

Victor Building, >Vashington, D. C.

WORK

its

If

Jersey skeeters are Sin.

long, weigh one-sixth oz.,fly 30 feet. By mail
25 cts.
Send for illustrated circular.
Lincoln Square

OF HIGH CHARACTER
Work done

""Acropla

Then let the winds blow!

you can fly in the house.

JONES

5.

SKEETER

Can

Solicitor of Patents

AERONAUTICAL

265

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606

F. St., N. W., Washington, D.C.

How to

llIN i

Send sketch

List of Inventions
ventions sent free.

Fee Returned

ib

for free search of

Obtain a Patent, and

20-30 HP

Patent Office Records.

What to Invent, with

Wanted and

Prizes offered for In-

Patents advertised

We

are e.xperts in AIRSHIPS and all patents and

technical matters relating to AERIAL NAViGA-

1000-1500

J.

EVANS &

Weight

CO.. Washington, D. C.

-Xy

PATENTS

about Patents
and the-r cost.
Shepard &
Campbell, =00 P., Victor Building, Washington, D. C.
Free books,

Electric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

R.P.M,

EUROPEAN PLAN

TION.

VICTOR

ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT

New Dutch Grill Rooms, largest in the City

Sin.Bore. Sin.Stroke

free.

all

98

A Room
A Larger

lbs

Where two persons occupy one room

Write for a Catalogue

The Detroit

Aero-plane

with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50

$1.00 extra will be

added

to

above prices.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. SanborT

Co.

FOR SALE

..Model Aeroplane..

Farman Bi-Planewith

(Which

Gnome

will Fly

for

150 Feet)

ONE DOLLAR

The outfit includes 5 full

scale Drawings, and illus.rated book (London auhoritv) showing how to

Engine

nake'and

tiy

Canada.
Has never been operated, having been imported from France solely for exhibition purposes.
Is standard Farman machine fitted with
"Gnome" engine. The same machine as used by European
aviators,
linson,

at present

Paulhan,

rubber to

in

Grahame White, Lancelot Gibbs. Raw-

Cockburn and

Also

it.

oniDlete parts in wood,

aluminum,

Machine

sent by mail,
cents extra.
ilt

to order.

and

one.

If

send

20

Model Gliders, 35 cents

MODEL SUPPUES
[Send stamps or inoncy orders)
Finished propellers, wood, Sin., Si.. 10 in.. Si. 25. irin. ,81.50.
Spec d.1
propellers with sh ft, "-octs. each; Unfinished prope lets Sand lom -sets.
WHEELS, each, ijin. diam.. locts.
(

others.

copper

make

Can

RUBBER.

deliver

in

one week.

Apply box 724. Aircra?t

W. H. PHIPPS,

2";

feet, 3s in. strand. Si. 00.

Care
Aircraft

37-39 E.28lh

Wood,

St.,

in 3 feet lengths.

New York,

N.Y.

AIRCRAFT

266

Sole

S.

Agent

A., Canada and

Yves de

September, ipio

Villers

&

Mexico
Co.

735 Seventh Ave.

New York

Aviation Motor

ANZANI
3-CYLINDER
lo H.P., 15 H.P., 20 H.P., 25 H.P., 30 H.P.
35 H.P., 40 H.P.,
45 H.P., 50 H.P.

4-CYLINDER
35 H.P.

70 H.P.

5-CYLINDER
50 H.P.

100 H.P.

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio

EDWIN HOPKINS
MONOPLANES

BIPLANES
REAL

THREE
WEEKS DELIVERY

$2000

FLIERS

Subject to previous sale, one

is

ready

delivery

for

in

INATE PROPELLERS.
else right,

is

not a

this feature of

PASSENGER

$2,500

COORDAnd

right.

if

COORDINATE PROPELLER,

efficiency,

AEROPLANES
30 H.P.

you have every thing-

you then want the propeller

your propeller
you are losing-

Get

When

days

best results can only be obtained with

"

"AMERICAN STANDARD"

machine
ten

COORDINATE
PROPELLERS
The

267

MEYER & DREW

MANUFACTURERS

MATTE AWAN, NEW YORK

speed and power.

Send for
Don't order

your equipment right.

my COORDINATION SHEET.

Free.

We

your propeller until you see the advantages of the

Also Supply

COORDINATED PROPELLER.
Wait

A NEW
ENGINE

EDWIN HOPKINS,
Tel.

for the

new

aviation engine.

Send

me

your name and address in order to receive the

information about this great engine. It
reliable,
will be the ideal motor for aviators
light, flexible, powerful and durable.
And
the price will not be inflated.
first

Knocked-down Frames
$100

UP

1533 Broadway, Cor. 45th

3791 Bryant

Price $400

NEW

YORK,

RIBS

UPRIGHTS

WHEELS

SEND FOR PARTICULARS

St.

N. Y.

MEMBERS AMERICAN AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY

READY TO RUN, INCLUDING

MAGNETO AND CARBURETOR

Detroit

no

Lbs.

Weight

Rotaero

TWO

FIVE

BY

CYCLE

ROTARY

FIVE

Michigan Airship Co.

MANUFACTURERS

BRAKE

H. P. 30

MINIMUM
At 1200 R. P.M.

Detroit, Mich.
Home

of Gasoline Engine Industries

GUARANTEE
WEIGHT, QUALITY
H.P.

AIRCRAFT

268

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

September, ipio

ARE YOU TIRED OF INHALING THE

OTHER FELLOW'S DUST ?
TAKE TO THE AIR, TRY

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, water-cooled,

FLYING

3 Cylinder, 30-45 H. P., 38i lbs

$750.00
4 Cylinder, 40-60 H. P., 78 'lbs
1,050.00
Cylinders 4 x 4i, copper jackets, aluminum
1

hollow crank

bases,

shafts.

4 Cylinder, 20-24 H. P.
Cylinders

20

air-cooled,

flanges

W.

W.

2 Aeroplane Wheels, with

E. J.
J.

x 3^,

50

61 0.00

lbs

deep.
with steel
rims and special hub, very strong. Price
Aeroplane Hubs, turned from solid bar of steel,
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled
Aeroplane
Brakes, enables aviator to stop
3^-

in.

built

tires,

9.50
4.00

Hub

his plane before

Length 8

or

outside cones

in.,

on ground.
bored 36 holes

alighting

after

5^

in.,

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood,

screw, 6
7

ft.,

ft.,

lbs..

50.00
60.00
70.00

R. P.

200

propeller gives

ft.

lbs. thrust at

200

M.

Model Propellers,

Laminated wood, 10

screw
for "

Galvanized Steel Cable

^
^
^

10.50

perfect

lbs

12 lbs

The 6

fect

6i

ft.,

Guying

in.,

15

per-

in.,

5.00

"

breaking strength, 200. Price, 3c per

"
500.
3ic "

800.
4c "
"
}-g
2300.
6c
Rubber Bands for models, J^ in. square
Oc
12-ft. Rubber Bands for models, J^ in. square
in.,

ft.

1.00

Complete Catalogue of Supplies, Motors, Gliders and

Light Metal Castings, Mailed Free Upon Request
E. J.

WILLIS CO.,

Dept.

85 Chambers

F,"

St.

N. Y.

PRESERVATIVE

WRINKLE'S BALLOON VARNISH

An

elastic

Non-porous varnish

and other fabrics used

in

for silk, linen, muslin

manufacturing of

BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLES
AEROPLANES, TENTS, ETC.
Sample Can Free

WRINKLE PAINT MFG.

CO.,

Blerioi Crossing the English

Ch

C ount

COLUMBUS, OHIO

de Lesseps' thrilling flight across the English Channel, on May

and his remarkable high flights above Montreal and Toronto rewere all made with a monoplane similar to ours.
This type of
aeroplane
holds the records for speed, passenger carrying and enI,

cently,

durance.

NOGYROPLANE FOR HIM

"STOP THIEF!!
As

Thou

and Nature gave

Willie dove to Death and

hast

How

mv

model

choicest

shall I see to

make

veil

At Rheims, recently, Morane flc

while Olieslaegers made a conti
tion, traveling

speed
Ibi.

Hell

of

245 miles as

an express

extra weight

far

M'

train.

a speed of over 60 miles an hour,

5 hours 3 minutes durafrom New York to Boston at the
ne also carried 2 passengers 412
.t

ius flight of

successfully.

Three monoplane) have been chosen to rep: sent France in the Bennett
Cup Race here in October. America has none. Why not have us

ta'en

build you a

Fool again.'"

Beach Perfected Monoplane

above event?

This machine is the only one having automatic

sfabUity attained by gyroscopic means.
You can fly in perfect safety
without danger of capsiiing. For crosscountry traveling it far surpasses
the auto, and even now is almost as practical.
You can go

tor the

WHEN

and

WHERE

Delivery

you please,

in three
Il'ii'^e

SEE

THAT HUMP

It';

Gyroscope,

JOS. E. BISSELL,

lonupsettable

Helicopter,

Parachute,

vheel Monoplane.

Box 795

PITTSBURG, PA.

weeks.

to-day

Scientific

at a

much

faster rate.

Two

types

and

sizes.

Prices, $5,000 to $7,500.

.for Cafulor/iw.

mentioninci "Aircraft"

Aeroplane Company
Box 773,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

September, ipio

The Greatest Aviation Motor

of

Modern Times

THE ACME OF ENGINEERING SKILL

The World Famous

WHITEHEAD
MOTOR

BESIGNED BY THE NOTED ENGINEER

GUSTAVE WHITEHEAD
Non-Bursting Cylinders

Vibration Negligible

.'.

Absolutely Nothing to Get

4 Cylinders Vertical

Will

Order

of

8 Port Exhausts

.\

Run

Out

Until Fuel Is

.'.

2 Cycle

Consumed

PRICE
75 H. P., 200 lbs.
40 H. P., 145 lbs.
25 H. P., 95 lbs.

=
=

$1,400

1,150

950

Including Bosch Magneto

30-Day Delivery

GEO. A. LAWRENCE, Mgr.

New York

Astor Theatre Bldg.

Exclusively adopted by C.

&

City, N. Y.

A. Wittemann, Aeroplane Mfrs.

AEROPLANE
TIRES

269

AIRCRAFT

270

The Call Aviation Engine

Is

September, ipio

Facts About Motors

1st. A Four=CycIe Engine.

The type used on 99 per cent, of all
automobiles and motorcycles. The type used by all prominent axiators here
and abroad and holding all aviation records.
and. A Water Cooled Engine
The only kind that ran be depended
upon for extended runs without danger of overheating. Our spiral water
jacket, together with piston

head linings, piston heads, valve cages, valve seats, etc., is the aly depe
able material for these oarts.
_7th. A Superbly Beautiful Engine. The entire design is thoroughly
while all exposed parts not constructed of Magnalium^a shining
non-corrodible metal are nickel-plated, the whole surface being polished
to a mirror finish.
Sth. A Phenomenally

artistic

pump

circulation is the most

perfect cooling system yet devised.

Powenul Engine.

This reby the use of a

comparatively small number

sult is secured

3rd. An Opposed Cylinder

Engine.
T h e construction
conceded by gas engine authorities to be the nearest vibrationless type. By all odds the
construction best adapted for

of cylinders of generous proportions, as distinguished from

a rnultiplicity of cylinders with
their numerous bearings, and

consequent friction, and liaderangement.

An Exceptionally
9th.
Economical Engine. It is a
matter of common notoriety
among gas engineers that

aviation purposes.
4th. A Silent Engine.
The only engine yet designed
for aviation having both main
and auxiliary ports silenced.
Hence the only aviation engine adapted for permanent
use, or for other than merely
exhibition purposes.
5th. A **Fooi=Proof" En=
gine. The utmost simplicity
of construction, small number
of cylinders, together with its
being of the usual four-cycle
type, enables any automobile
chauffeur to set and run it.

bility to

economy of fuel, as compared

with power developed, is secured by large cylinders, few
m number, rather than by a
multiplicity of small cylinders

a consideration of paramount

importance in aviation.
10th. A Moderate Priced
Engine. While the material

and workmanship

Other Aviatio:

MODEL
MODEL

les

E-1
E-2:
:

possess a few of th

Two-Cylinder;

of this en-

is even superior to the

very expensive foreign makes,
and not to be classed with, the
cheap engines flooding the market, yet our aim has been to furnish aviators with a moderate priced engine, cheaper than could be produced by
themselves, except in large numbers, and with an expensive shop and
foundry equipment,
'dvantages
This is the only engine that coinbiiies them all

gine

Not one in fifty of whom have

any experience with two-cycle,
revolving cylinder, or V-shaped multiple cylinder engines.
6th. A Thoroughly Dependable Engine. Our Magnalium outer casing
for cylinders and cylinder heads permits of a remarkably strong construction
with minimum weight; while our Vanadium Grey Iron cylinder and cylinder

50 Horsepower, weight, 150

lbs., Price,

Four-Cylinder; 100 Horsepower, weight, 250

Prices include complete equipment

lbs.,

$1,000

Price, $1,700

NO EXTRAS

THIRTY

DAYS: Terms, 35 per cent. Cash, with order: Balance, Sight Draft against Bill of Lading.
FOR CATALOG- C2.
P,^^JJ^^y
for particulars and price of our
PROPELLER. Also of our
constructed oj aluminum tubing.
Utilize the heat of your engine for the comjort of your passengers.
Weight, l^lbs. per gallon of jacket water.

WRITE

SEND
COMBINATION RADIATOR AND HEATER,

REVERSIBLE AERIAL

The Aerial Navigation Company

G.

&

of America, Girard,

Kansas

CARBURETTOR

A.

Positive

Automatic

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR AIR -CRAFT

Carburettor
THIS Aeroplanes
and

now

is

for

being

used

Dirigibles by lead-

European makers, notably SantosDumonl, Bleriot, Anzani and Clement.

ing

Many

other well-known aviators and aeronauts

endorse and use the G.

Positively

justments.

&

A.

Automatic; no springs; no adCorrect proportions automatically

Not

secured.

altitude, or

affected by change of speed or

by atmospheric conditions.

DESCItlPTIVB CIRCUItAR ON APPZ,ICATION

MANUFACTURED UNDER EXCLUSIVE

A.

J.

MYERS,

INC.,

U. S.

PATENT RIGHTS BY

244 West 49th

Street.

A// persons cautioned against infringing on our Patent Ball

New \ ork City

Cage

AIRCRAFT

'cptcmher, ipio

271

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of HeaVier=than=air

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

GLIDERS

are

Machines

SEPARATE PARTS

the

Light Metal Castings

for Connections al-

best, the safest and the

ways carried

easiest to operate.

in

Stock, or special
castings made ^to

Practical Lessons in

Gliding.

order.

Experiments conducted

Clear Spruce Finished

to

Order.

Large Grounds for

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.

MUttemaTin Glider

Works

Ocean Terrace and

de

F. E.
M

Little

Clove Road, Staten

MURIAS

(Pronounced DECDIRlOUS-insert

"M"

Babylon, Long Island, N. Y,

in place of

Tel. 34

Babylon

N. Y.

Telephone 390 L

W-B

PATENTS PENDING
Guaranteed as to flight. Guaranteed as to infringement of other patents.
If you are in the exhibition business, if you are an automobile dealer
and if you desire to take up the selling of aeroplanes as a business, read
this.

contracts for
Exhibitions during 1910

Flights positively guaranteed

the slowest-flying aeroplane in the world

Others for Speed

Entire time contracted for up

to

Here is a new aeroplane, perfected upon simple and practical lines.

It has a new scientific method o control which is an improvement
on what has been done before. It is like the others, but is based upon a
different and improved principle of operation, and you will not be
stopped by patent litigation.
A request from you for further details will bring you information
which will convince you of the absolute correctness of these statements

ISRAEL

August second

the Wright brothers' Patent

STEf:L
TUBING
ALL
AND GAUGES
.:^
Strongest and lightest material (or Air-Crah-Construction, Furnished
in Round, Square, Rectangular, Oval and other special shapes

Tools and Supplies

Piano Wire, butted or pla,.in
Motor CroLnk Shafts a^nd Drop Forgings

A. FRASSE & CO.

130-132 Worth St.. New York City

LUDLOW

2686 Broadway, New York

City

BAMBOO

SIZES

PETER

Island,

The Ludlow Aeroplane

Now making

No Infringements on

in fliKliI

"L")

Manufactures and also Pilots Aeroplane

Have

Jet our estimate for

your Flying Machine

Specially selected for Aeroplanes

ALL SIZES
J.

IN

STOCK

DELTOUR,

Inc.

New York

49 Sixth Ave.
Telephone 5565 Spring

AIRCRAFT

272

September, ipio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

WORLD
LEADING BALLOON AND AIRSHIP CONSTRUCTOR OF THE
Representing the

Continental Rubber

Company

OF HANOVER. GERMANY

Makers

Rubber

and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane

Material in the World

of the Finest

Fabrics

for

Passenger Aeroplanes

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

and Airships

W.

Flying

Models

MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to Fifty

Passengers

Models Developed

Also representing
the Santos-Dumont
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

Government
and

The
Wilcox

to

Nincly-livc per cent

of the clubs in this
country-

Propeller

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARI i, FRANCE

Address,

Box

181,

Madison Square, New York

AIRCRAFT

September, igio

273

PROPELLERS
STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

IN

Our True Pitch, Laminated Ash and Mahogany Propellers combine all the most valued
and proven features of foreign and home practice. ^They are built in large quantities
on the interchangeable plan. ^ We speciaHze. ^ You get the benefit of our experience.
^ You know the value of buying a stock article, one which is past the experimental stage.
TERRITORY OPEN FOR AGENTS

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

6
7

ft.

20-30 H.

dia. for

ft.

dia. for

ft.

$50.00 at our works

P
(Minimum

thrust

200

(Minimum

thrust

250

lbs. at

1,200 R. P. M.)

$60.00 at our works

25-40 H. P

dia. for

1,200 R.

lbs. at

P.

M.)

$70.00 at our works

30-60 H. P
(Minimum

300

thrust

lbs. at

Larger Sizes

Small Propellers for Models, 10-16

to

1,200 R. P. M.)

Order

$5.00

dia

in.

CLIFFORD B. HARMON
NEW YORK
NeiD York, June joth^ igio.

THE RE^UA-GIBSON COMPANY

22j West

4gth

Dear Mr. Gibson:

wtth

this

seems

to

Street

In regard

to

the last propeller

propeller I broke the amateur record of

you furnished me, tuould say tha

America of one hour and ft'

he gitjing entire sattsja

Yours ^'ery truly,

CLIFFORD

^Mail

or telegraph

10%

of

amount, and

we

will ship

ordering state the direction of rotation of propeller

peller,

clockwise or anti-clockwise.

your engine and

its

If

HARMON.

for balance, plus

cratage.

stand facing the breeze

made by

^ When
the pro-

uncertain as to the size you require, state the horsepower of

speed.

THE REQUA-GIBSON
Phone 7200

C. O. D.

when you

B.

COLUMBUS

CO., 225 West 49th Street,

:ing please

mention Air

New

York, N. Y.

50th Street Subway Station

AIRCRAFT

274

September, 1910

THE NAME

Burgess Co. and Curtis

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
GUARANTEES

EXCELLENCE IN DESIGN
AND WORKMANSHIP
OUR AEROPLANES ARE SAFE
They Fly Well, Too.
Our Model

flew successfully

but our Model

beats

it.

Our new Model C

even

The

is

better.

price remains the same.

Call any day^ weather permitting^ at our Aviation Grounds

Newbury, Massachusetts^ for a convincing demonstration

September, jpio

FLY

AIRCRAFT

275

AIRCRAFT

276

September, 1910

THE AERONAUTIC CENTRE OF THREE STATES

Hangars of Aero Club

Four
All

sections

have been engaged

They come from

New

The two end

of these hangars are done.

six

for

various sections of

Clementon, N.

of Pennsylvania, at

J.,

now

nearly finished

ones are being rapidly completed.

the entire Winter

by members building

THE THREE STATES Eastern

Cost over $12,000.

or buying aeroplanes.

Pennsylvania, Delaware and Southern

Jersey.

There

be from 12

will

more

tracted for

15 aeroplanes

to

We

buildings.

Ahead

propose

to

Do You SeU

by the end

IS

Now we

quietly.

in

We

the Winter.

of

have already con-

the Country

Engines, Propellers,

(Surfacing, Tools,

EVERYTHING THAT
have been working

sheds

next Summer.

Any Club

of

We Win Need
We

these

in

start

USED

IN

Wood, Wire,

Parts,

Books

THE ART OF AVIATION

are prepared to

let

know what we

the country

are doing.

Have You a Live Agent

in
If

Let us

you cannot handle your goods

boom

Come
duce

to

New

This
in

person

in

Territory ?

this

territory,

us.

Come

let

us find

a hustling

and responsible

agent for you.

your business with our growth.

over here and get

Come

you.

in

personal touch with

over and choose from

among

the agents

we

will intro-

over and help us spend our money.

THE THREE STATES AERO SHOW

First

Regiment Armory, Philadelphia^ October 22 November

5,

1910, inclusive

Sanctioned bf the National Council, Aero Club of America

AMERICA'S GREATEST AERO

A
day.

space here will do wonders for your business.

All

live

people,

just

getting the craze for the

The Blue Book

For

HENRY

M. NEELY,

Exhibition Committee.

we
The list

For two weeks

new

of

science.

will

SHOW
show

to

over

5,000 perso

of our exhibitors will

every

be

American Aviation

further particulars, write to

AERO

CLUB,

of

Pennsylvania.

BETZ BUILDING,

Philadelphia.

ROTARY MOTOR

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

of

Aviation"

^J>iTJWA.CTXrj.

Made from

Light

forged nickel

No

steel

design

in

not in parts

Strongest aviation

cast parts

engine

No aluminum

made

50 H. P,

Weight 167

lbs.

Normal Speed,
100 H. P.,

1200 R. P.

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Perfect in

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200

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every detail

M.

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Its

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STJRS Gnsr5^

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USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

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Records

DISTANCE-DURATION-HEIGHT- SPEED
Prices,

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o. b.

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on

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AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICAN
AGENTS

161

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST. LOUIS,

ORDER IMMEDIATELY TO SECURE EARLY DELIVERY

MO.

SATISFIED
RECENT
made with

flights

WITH ELBRIDGE ENGINES?

have been

Elbridge

"Feathenveight" Engines
by Dr. Wm. M. Greene,
at Rochester; by Captain Bumbaugh, at Indianapohs; Edward
R. Skinner, South Beach, Staten
Island; J.

W. McCalhim, Kansas

Mo., and many others.

No one ever complained that an
Elbridge Engine lacked power or
speed. Not only do they represent
more actual horse-power for weight
than any others on the market;
but broken parts are practically
unheard of. You need never descend for "lack of power" if you
City,

use Elbridge Engines.

d)c

dSrcene

Company

Manufacturers of the Greene Aeroplanes

To

the

ELBRIDGE MACHINE COMPANY,

Rochester, N. Y., June

Culver Road, Rochester, N. Y.

30, 1910.

the 40 60 "Featherweight" engine used by

to express my admiration for the perform
grounds of the Aero Club of Rochester.
yesterday in the
My machine was driven through the air at a rate of speed I had by no means anticipated. The effect on my nerves of this feeling
of speed and reserve power I can compare only to the exhilaration produced by a strong cocktail.
several different motors in my other machines, and to-day I am more than ever convinced that the Elbridge
I have used
"Featherweight" is the ONLY real flying machme engine on the American market.

Gentlemen:

\A'ish

trial flight at the

Cordially yours,

Prolil

(Signed)

WM. GREENE.

by Ihe Experience

of Others

expensive and dangerous

It is

to experiment with Aeronautic

Motors unless they have

demonstrated their

efficiency in

The Elbridge
Featherweight has made good.
actual

The BesI

service.

is

Always the Cheapest in the End

Catalogue and prices for askour information bureau is

ing;
at

your

service.

ELBRIDGE ElVGINE CO.

"Aero Dept."

ROCHESTER, N.

Y.

IfliBB
Vol.

OCTOBER,

1910

THE BOSTON-HARVARD AVIATION MEET, SEPTEMBER

15 CENTS

A COPY

EDITED BY

Alfred WLawson

No. 8

3-13

$1.50
a year

AEREAL CLOTH
The Cloth of the Hour
MADE EXPRESSLY FOR
AEROPLANES

T^HE
^

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Room

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Moffat Bldg.,

guilders and Owners of

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

Mechanical Defects and Faults

CHARLES

of Construction in Air-craft of

E.

Every Description Remedied by

and

Expert Manufacturing
Consulting Engineer

DRESSLER,

THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK. DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS. EXPERIMENTAL

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school and college, has no equal as an entertainer and educator.

The

actual flight of air-craft satisfactorily

The
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operated

shown by

GYROSCOPE,

once striking and

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SECOND AVENUE

all

This was

for the

home, club, lodge room,

kinds of animal

and microscopic

life.

machine.

showing the fundamental principle

CHARLES
386-390

this

Reproducing

first

E.

successfully

of automatic balancing of aeroplanes,

manufactured by Charles E. Dressier

in

889.

DRESSLER
NEW YORK CITY

AIRCRAFT

October, igio

277

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

Miles.

"New York

"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

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24,200

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Mins.

12

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

PRIZE
30-KILOM.

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"New York"

AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE

PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES

QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA

2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H. Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

last

from

THE

IN

U.

five to six times as

S.

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The weight

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Heat and cold have no effect on

summer time.
The chemical action

not require further treatment.

well

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mental

balloon,

00

on

effect

TERIAL
1

lbs.

weather as

zero

as

has
it

as

it

ten

it

has on a varnished material.

times

requires

No

the

little

or

Very

per inch width.

talcum powder.

the

in

strength

no

care,

elastic.

holder,

varnished

NOT

and

is

weight, width

is

bound

to

have the up-to-date balloon must use

U.

S.

of

Silk double-walled

material.

Any

The coming

revarnishing.

and being an absolute gas

of

it,

subject

to

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man

always the same, as

place

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Breaking

combustion.

Will not crack.

varnished

as

detri-

VULCANIZED PROOF MAcan take care of his PROOF

balloon material, and which, through

to take the

does

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oxygen has not the same

spontaneous

color.

is

and ascensions can be made

material.

its

No

superior qualities

The man

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

strain

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SIGNAL CORPS.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

and Samples

on' application

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

278

October, ipio

has won the SCIENTIFIC AMERCURTISS AEROPLANE

TROPHY for the

Church

ICAN

year

third

down

the

by anyone
permanent owner.

surpassed
its

THE
and

by

succession,

in

Hudson

River, and

else during

SCIENTIFIC

faithfully fostered

his
if

splendid
his feat

1910, he

AMERICAN

will

flight

not

is

become

has consistently

the science of aviation since

Aeroplane

its

Company

earliest days.

Brooklyn, N. Y.

Heavier -Than - Air Machines

Separate Parts

Working Models
Flying Models

Aeronautic Specialties

Supplies for Model Builders

Special Notice
We

have received so many inquiries

and orders are coming

propositions,

in

our mail has grown to the extent where

unable

selves

v/e
as

will

fill

The

Scientific

American'AeropIane Trophy

Slfr ^rtPitlifir
the only and oldest weekly in

now

America dealing with aeronautic and

of

ready, but

fore our

are so

it

Supply

Machines

Amrrtran

is

we

however, and answer

facilities to

Price List

you have taken up the new sport of aviation, we should be

pleased to have you try for our trophy.
If you are interested in the well-nigh magic progress that is being
made in dynamic flight, by all means read
If

agency

fast,

that

find our-

keep up with our correspondence;

to

orders,

quickly as possible until

creased our

for

so

we have

all

letters

further

in-

Parts

is

still

deal with them.

Models
will

and

be some

Catalog

little

for

time be-

Full

Size

ready for distribution, as there

many new

things to

list.

mechanical progress.

Subscription price, S3.00 per j-ear

SPECIAL TRIAL OFFER

Send

we

us

$1.50

the

first

three months of 191

MUNN &

6 months" subscription and

American to you for the balance of 1910

regular price for

will send the Scientific

and the

CO.,

In

Inc.,

which

one you want.

I.

361 Broadway,

New York

Aeronautic Patents
Our sixty years' experience in securing patents (both domestic and
foreign) is a guarantee of prompt and efficient service. We pay especial attention to aeronautic apparatus, and will be pleased to
advise you regarding: the patentability of your invention
write us and submit sketches.

MUNN &

asking for catalog, please state

CO., 365 Broadway,

New York

if

you will

CHURCH AEROPLANE ^COMPANY

Main Office and Factory,

Brooklyn, N. Y.

Chicago Office, 49 Wabash Avenue

H. S. RENTON, Manager

AIRCRAFT

October, iQio

HUGH

CORTLANDT

L. WIIvLOUGHBY,
Scientist, Scholar, Soldier, Inventor and one
of the first Americans to take up the study of
Aviation.
The builder of a biplane and a
Charter Member of the Aero Club of America.

279

CONTENTS-OCTOBER,
Law and

the

in

Month

LEWIS D. DOZIER,
pioneer in the aeronautical movewas four times elected President
0 Club of St. Louis, which position
i recently in favor of Albert Bond

FIEI.D BISHOP,

President of the Aero Club of America and the

possible the International Aviation jVIeet to be held at Belmont Park this
month, by advancing the expenses of Glenn H.
He will
Curtiss to the Rheims Meet in 1909.
arrive back from an extended EJuropean tour
about September 29.

man who made

1910
Myers

281

Wood

282

Edward H. Young

286

Denys

Air
Letter from G. F.

France:

Evolution of the

Curve

W.

Some Construction Details

New

Flyers Described:

The Cromley M'onoplane

at the

The Boston-Harvard Aviation Meeting

News

in

288

H. Phipps

Denys

Boston-Harvard Meet

Statistics

289
290
292

294

Claude Grahame- White

295

Mrs.

Wood

J.

295

Herbert Sinclair

296

Thompson

297

Briefed by Gustave R.

Inventions

288

Ada Gibson
G. F. Campbell

Genera!

Recent Patented

Myers

P.

Illustrated

Better Aeroplane Engines

Records and

287

John M. Cromley

...............
.......................

General Details of Machines Entered

News
Club News

H. Phipps

W.

Flying Machine Models

Foreign

P.

Campbell

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by The Lawson Publishing

ALFRED W. LAWSON

37-39

EAST

President and Treasurer

28th STREET,

ERNEST

WHEN YOUR

C.

LANDGRAF

Secretary

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Entered as "second-class n latter" February 18, 1910, at the Post Oifice, at New York, N. y
under Act of March 3, 1879,
Copyright, 1910, by the Lawson Publishing Co.
"Ai; raft"
registered as a trade-mark by the U. S. Patent OfRce, under date of August 9th, 1910

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Islands,

NEW YORK,

AIRCRAFT

280

October, ipio

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

MINEOLA,

L.

CIE.

I.

AEROPLANES

MOTORS
PROPELLERS

OF CONSEQUENCE
This Company, having long since passed the experimental stage, proposes to give
benefits achieved by

its

experts

DESIGN

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

who have

for years

its

been profound students

patrons, at the lowest price, the

of Aerial Navigation

RIGHT

Monoplanes, Biplanes with Motors, Propellers, Complete for Assembling and Flight

FIRST PRIZE
IN

AT

W'e Mtnploy only the Best Designers

Product

is

FIRST TRIAL

AMERICA FOR FLIGHT

and Experts on Aerodynamics.

Our

therefore ScientiUcally, Mathematically and

Mechanically Correct
For excellence of workmanship, construction and durability, we stand without a peer.
Our up-to-date method of keeping
in touch with each new^ improvement and embodying it in our product, stamps Us as being Without Competition.
Our wind-proof surface covering and non-rusting wire are specially manufactured for our use

We

can furnish specially the best constructed foreign or domestic motor obtainable in the world or build to order a
motor powerful enough to exceed any now of any power desired.

GOODS TO DELIVER

BRAINS IN BUILDING
Delivery 30 days

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Terms on

appIii.-ation

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

Address direct to Factory, Mineola, L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

^*"*+*****+*^*****JV4*****t**J^*'^+^^^

JhJ*>J**Jh*-.^**^JhJ+*J*+*4>^^

Vol.

Ni:w York, October, 1910

No.

I.

LAW AND THE

By Denys
(

AIR

Myers

P.

Continued from September

Aircraft)

NEUTRALS AND THE AIR

HE

innocent bystander will

be an important person

much

bound

is

to acquire

no doubt,

at

to be a

ot airmen,

and he

ia

a grouch, tainted

with jealousy,

deeds r.nd misdeeds of

escapades,

the

In peace or

take to the aerial highway.

entitled to

him than

larger quantity of

in

bound

There

the legal lore of aeronautics.

war he is
some

as a nuisance has

some consideration, and even

rights.

Individuals at

first

have well-developed cases of nerves

will

when aviators become common enough to fill the air above while
on the way to work or pleasure, but they will recover from that
state and, with the- aid of a few lawsuits, learn to know their
When stability becomes an automatic
rights and limitations.
attribute

of

air-craft,

as

will,

it

aviators will be following the

whereby the individual makes a dollar by the deal and the government fails to refuse it as a legal tender.
One of the first sweeping changes the advent of air-craft will
bring about in hostile relations
nearly

is

to

make

the belligerents

independent of foreign supplies for aerial work.

more
The

Wrights already have factories in the United States, England,

France and Germany, and doubtless will increase the number.
Chiefly, however, it is to be noted that, whereas warships, armament and ordnance are elaborate constructions, requiring extended periods for building and a large amount of material very
restricted as to sources, aeroplanes and even dirigibles, while
delicate to manufacture, require comparatively little material,
and that, in great proportion, of a nature very widely distributed
in area throughout the world.

and the pedestrian will doubtless acquire a new

code of swear words with which to berate the airman, who, flying

Under these circumstances, every state will be independent in a

very large degree of neutrals so far as its fleet of war air-craft is
concerned. At this moment, without any preparation toward that

low, splashes the landscape with

end, any of the powers could build a hundred aeroplanes out of

course of streets quite in the same

for

way

that vehicular traffic has

centuries,

oil.

In those days the legisla-

whether a man has a right to cross the street

without casting an eye upward, how far he should stand from
under to be free from the imputation of contributory negligence
in case anything happens, and finally what scale of fines shall
be imposable upon sky pilots who scorch so as to throw oil or
cut up didoes to the detriment of the piece
or is it peace? of
mind of the ground sticker.
It is pretty generally admitted that statute laws follow their
tors will determine

own sweet

will,

containing as

much

have been able to secure by log

or as

little

rolling,

as their sponsors

swapping votes, and

materials normally in the national stock.

fact lies in

gage

in

its

tendency

contraband

The importance

to free neutrals of the

trade,

enabling

belligerents

nearly self-supporting in a department that

of this

temptation to en-

many

to

of us

be

more

now

be-

whole character of hostile strategy.

Conditions under which belligerency is prosecuted remaining as
they are, it is unlikely that any warring state would go to the
trouble of making its own flying apparatus when it could be imported. For while a non-participating state is forbidden ofiicially
lieve will alter the

provide war materials to a belligerent,

to

its

nationals are en-

law to such peccadilloes as have been

any forecast of
what rules will have to be abided by in these cases.
Another sort of innocent bystander is the unconcerned state
in matters of war and peace.
The war status offers some par-

engage in any trade they please, the only risk being

that pertaining to contraband goods.
The liberty recognized in
the matter was illustrated when the Franco-Prussian war broke
out in 1870, and the belligerents were able to purchase from an
American firm surplus arms and ordnance, relics of the Civil
War. A Congressional investigating committee decided that no
unneutral action had been committed, although it was fairly understood that the government's sale of the materials at that time

Time was when every country was

now have been reduced

was designed to place the arms and ordnance into the hands of
the French and Germans, although the original purchasers were

other tricks of the legislative trade.

able

that

the

It is also

more than prob-

innocent bystander will interest the

case of the

solons long before the courts have had an opportunity to apply

the general theory of the

enumerated, so that

it

is

fairly futile to attempt

ticularly definite situations.

a probable party to a war, but conflicts

to a ring

mix

it

combat.

up while

An
all

aggrieved few go within the enclosure and

the other states look on and insist that their

interests not be interfered with,

merce be stepped on or

nor their

toes, territory

nor com-

afifected.
In any war the neutral states
predominate, furnish the cash and hitherto a good deal of the
armaments and munitions, not ofiicially, but by that subterfuge

tirely free to

dealers in such implements.

The

state that

becomes an innocent bystander

in

respect to a

war

will doubtless acquire quite a collection of enemy air-craft,

unless aviators learn to defy the weather to the limit of its ferocity.

It is a

that

if

recognized principle now, for both land and sea forces,

a belligerent enters neutral territory

he

is

to be interned.

AIRCRAFT

282

The

October, igio

case of the

Neutral territory will be a veritable harbor of refuge for sick

Russian warship Lena, which was laid up at San Francisco, will

occur to many. In respect to naval vessels, a period of twentyfour hours of grace, or longer in special instances, is granted an

and wounded airmen, who, as all belligerents in similar condition,

are a paramount care in war. No question will arise as to the
propriety of landing them, and it will be readily agreed to permit
the air-craft burdened with them to proceed from neutral terri-

or impounded, for the duration of the conflict.

enemy

ship to

make necessary repairs or to take on coal sufficient

home port. If she remains after that

tory after leaving them.

to carry her to the nearest

is

interned, usually

So, applying the principle

Also he figures that operations should be

prohibited horizontally from the boundary, setting the distance
at the ordinary range of field artillerj', which he puts at 6.835

The

fleets of

It

would obviously be too strict to intern a craft because

minor motor troubles that require only a minute
disagreement from Fauchille,

who

land until

holds that enemy

to doubt the stupendous

importance which the aeronautic movement is assuming here in France, the few weeks just spent
here would have fully convinced me of it.
There is no gainsaying the fact that aviation is
the question of the hour and it is hardly too much
to say that it is the topic of general interest most
often broached, whether among friends or among
chance acquaintances. Almost everyone one meets
is more or less of a "competence" and has views
of his or her own on such questions as the relative
merits of biplanes or monoplanes, of ailerons or
wing-warping, of forward or rear elevators, of flat
This is especially true of the
or curved planes.
younger element, and it is very evident that in
France at least, the technique of flying will hold
no secrets for the coming generation, the active
imaginations of which have been fired by the recent developments and the almost limitless possi-

they suggest.
of the first things I did on reaching Paris
was to take a stroll along the Avenue de la Grande
Armee. Fifteen years ago, when in the throes of
the bicycle craze, I used to do this, examining critically the countless glittering wheels in the endless
row of shops, detecting every novelty or improvement carried out on the latest models, joining the
crowd of "badauds" gazing with a certain awe at
the dust-covered machines on which some celebrity
had pedaled his way to added fame over the highroads of France.
Ten years later, there were still a great many
bicycle shops on the Avenue de la Grande Armee
(there are still, for never was this industry more
prosperous than it is at the present time, with the
bicycle become an object of general utility in
France after being a sport and a fad), but in most
cases the "becanes" had made way for the "autos"
and it was the inspection of these which now interested me; I forgot the thousands of miles
wheeled over the roads of Europe and the countless hours of exhilarating and arduous sport derived from the racing and touring; it was no
longer Gladiator, Clement or Humber, but Panhard, Mors, de Dietrich which concerned me as I
once more compared the points of the vehicles exposed before making a choice.
And now I returned to the Avenue de la Grande
Armee wondering if I would find what I had the
audacity to hope to see there; an aeroplane shop.
It appeared almost before I had expected it, and
bilities

One

The

for

own

its

There

is

and

safety

stands
tirely
I

rival

for

asked

if

laj

to be

It is

easy to determine

and, because

state

its

in hostilities,

is

at

should be

it

its situation.

event whose

Should the onlooker

at

who

sporting

comdamages even the price of ad-

panies, be entitled to collect for

mission?

abuse of

principals are refused as risks by insurance

The

question has arisen from a suit instituted by a

person injured when Brookins

fell

at Atlantic City,

and

it

is

court that will decide the matter.

{To

found myself face

be continued in

from the firm

the flying schools at

Bu'

Farman) and at Mourmelon (Plenry Far

be visited and was cordially invited

freres"
is

en-

Maurice

which

of

(Maurice
i)

could

to

There is as yet but little personal rivalry between

the various makers who, as fraternal co-operators towards the triumph of a Great Idea, have
so far stood shoulder to shoulder in the first phase
of the struggle: ihe overcoming of the natural hostility of Public Opinion,
to so new a thing as

aviation.

This was most apparent

at

the monthly dinner

of the Aero Club of France, given that very evening at the Carlton Hotel, where were gathered
many of those who have made the present great
successes possible:
the enthusiasm
the enthusiasm
of toilers long disappointed and ridiculed who see
the first signs of their ultimate triumph
and the
good-fellowship and free exchange of ideas among
those popularly supposed to be the keenest of

November Aircraft.)

CAMPBELL WOOD

to face, not with

biplane factories.
("Farman
Henry and Dick Farman and

distinct

going on.

to prevent

an aviation meet.

attends

Henry Farman but with his brother Maurice,

which shows that the news of their reconciliation
was perfectly correct notwithstanding their actively

who have

another kind of innocent bystander, the person

letter from G. F.

advisable to

subjected only to those special regulations necessary to provide

Kow and Automobile Row.

in,

it

convenient, at any rate, to cross

it

is

receives authorization

it

make

neutral air-craft, public or private, should not

the sign "Farman Freres Aeroph es" showed up

within a few steps of the Etoile on ny way towards
the Porte Maillot; the windows revesaled propellers
and every conceivable accessory to flying; it
seemed natural that Henry Farman1, famous as a
lould be one of
cvclist, a motorist and an aviator shi
the first to figure on what will soorn be the Aeroplane Row of Paris after having be
its Bicycle

Going

keep down

to

they are in a position

innocent bystanders

profound peace with the one engaged

on neutral territory should be permitted to leave

it,
provided that enemy craft may not leave the same neutral
point together, the one being held until the other has left the
neutral atmosphere. The Institute of International Law, to which
Fauchille reported, does not now accept his document in toto,
and at its next meeting will receive a revised report on aerial law,
so that he may be overruled at that time on this point.
He attempts to assimilate the rules for air-craft to maritime law, and
there is a growing belief that such is not the proper solution,
except by general analogy, on account of the aeroplane's dependence upon the motor for sustentation.

A MONTH IN FRANCE:

of locomotion

the field where the shooting

air-craft landed

Dear Mr. Lawson:

Had I ever any reason

means

rather than by other

down some guiding lines for

in the vicinity, or who find
a proper rule.

in

good

is

when

fall on the neutral territory.

On the other side, the ease of carrying contraband and the
added danger of traversing the theatre of war by aeroplanes

to fix.
is

far too low.

from which stray ammunition would

of any of the

This

now

behind these precautions

idea

the temptation of aiming at air-craft

of war, together offer a bunch of nuts that will be very difficult

to crack.

range of cannon.

miles (1,000 metres), a figure

we may

of internment,

good

(5,300 metres), or twice the ver-

state at a height of 17,056 feet

tical

machines hung up in neutral towns.

The question of a period of grace will have to be decided, and
For, presumably, aeroplanes will be
will prove a tough problem.
of the utmost importance to warlike activity, and this consideration, coupled with their freedom of movement and the fact that
they will in every case descend comparatively near the theatre
expect to see whole

in

condition would be entirely free to manceuver above a neutral

operations.

zone prevails, aircraft

If the Fauchille idea of a neutral

by partial dismantling, unless the

state owning the port is an ally, as was France m the RussoJapanese fracas in which case, you wink hard.
Even with the science of aviation developed to the ninth power
above its present status, it is likely that numerous landings will
have to be made on one pretext or another during extended
time, she

I had not seen Paulhan since his disappearance

from New York last March: he was most inter-

ested to learn of American doings and especially

of the progress and prowess of Clifford Harmon
on his old record-breaking Farman.
One who was being congratulated on an early

recovery from what might have been a very bad

accident was Captain Eteve.
Eteve is the only
man who holds pilot licenses for all three branches
of aeronautics
spherical, dirigible, aeroplane, and
is thought very highly of, both as a technician and
as a demonstrator.
He drives a Government
Wright, on which a few weeks ago one of the
chains snapped; this same accident happened to
Wilbur Wright in November, 1908, but he instantly shut ofl? the power and was able to bring
the machine down on an even keel; it also once
happened to the Comte de Eambert when he was
running along the ground; in Captain Eteve's
case, the biplane was some seventy feet up and
the aviator was unaware of the breakage when it
occurred; the machine under the propulsion of the
remaining propeller started, of course, to turn and
tilt sharply, but luckily the broken chain swung
round the other chain and stopped it; the machine
landed sideways on a wing-tip, pivoting around
and throwing Eteve out, without, however, much
damaging him.
When I asked how it was that
such an accident could occur with chains tested
far
beyond the strain required of them, he
shruggred his shoulders, saying: "On ne salt
jamais, avec les chaines," whereupon Archdeacon,
who was present, declared he was going to try a
Wright with a single propeller!
Like almost everyone in Europe who flies a
Wright, Eteve has adopted a rear horizontal
stabilisator to his machine but unlike the fixed
stabilisators such as the boxkite of Englehard, the
small plane on Rolls' Short-Wright at Nice, the

formed the most exhilarating atmosphere

imaginable and one in which the most sceptic
terrestrian could not fail to become a believer in
the ultimate triumph of air-travel.
The hero of small horizontal vanes between the vertical rudthe evening was Louis Paulhan, who had just ders used on OUgivie's machine, those of some of
been decorated by the French C^overnment
my de Lambert's machines and those used at College
right-hand neighbor proudly commented on the Park and Dayton, unlike also the rear horizontal
meteoric career of Paulhan who not many months rudders used both in America and Europe (notably
ago was a mechanic earning fifty francs a week
on the machine in which Rolls was killed) Eteve's
explaining that in the new industry every man had stabilisator is neither fixed nor hand-controlled,
an even chance, even in the Old World. Paulhan, being two hinged surfaces dependent on a vane.
the ex-mechanic was toasted by the Comte de la He claims to have acquired much automatic staVaulx, the thorough sportsman who still holds the bility from .the contrivance, the dipping of the
world's distance record for ballooning and who biplane being much diminished and the strain on
has done so much to get the French powers-that- the aviator much relieved, whilst no hindrance is

rivals,

be interested in Aeronautics.

noticed

when purposely

rising or descending.

AIRCRAFT

October^ igio
De L,ambei-t then spoke of the experiments he
had made to test just how far the wing-tips could
be warped with efficient results, and said the limit
where the lifting effect was entirely superseded by
the retarding effect, was quickly reached.
While at this dinner, I arranged with M. Clerget,
(whose motors have carried several Hanmonoplanes to success) and Mr. Blin of
riot
Malicet & Blin, the motor truck builders to take
a balloon trip with them the following Sunday,
and on the advice of Mr. I^ahm, who represents
America so ^bly in French aeronautic circles, applied to Mr. Mallet for the balloon.
This was
for August 7: on Saturday, 6, I went to Issy-lesMoulineaux to see the preparations being made

for that greatest of all aeroplane races to date,

the Circuit de I'Est, the start of which was scheduled for the next morning at five.
I had never been to Issy, the scene of Farman's early triumphs, of the winning of the
Deotsch-Archdeacon Prize in January, 1908, of
Delagrange's and Bleriot's first real successes, and
it
was not without a certain curiosity and a remembrance of these feats and of many others performed there in the early months of aviation, that
I
passed the fortifications and came upon the
great sandy expanse where so many men had acquired wings and learned to use them.
I found it a scene of seething activity; in the
many hangars lining its outskirts, and in front of
them, the competitors of the Circuit de I'E^st were
completing their preparations for the great flights
across France, putting finshing touches and making
final tests and examinations of aeroplane and engine; a continual roar of engines and propellers at
work with the not-to-be-mistaken note of the
Gnomes predominant filled the air, whilst monoplanes and biplanes tugged and strained at ropes
or dynamometers, or were held in check by their

283

plainly visible, the one driving, the other consulting a small square of canvas or paper which must
have been a map: the biplane never stopped or wavered; no sign came from the unknown figures as
they sped on their course, and they went as they
had come; tl'.e biplane grew smaller and smaller,
the stacatto clatter of the motor became once more
a drone which imperceptibly became melded with
at the
the waning murmur of country sounds
hour of the Angelus and we looked at each other
almost wondering if the apparition had not been
a phantom of our imagination although the faint
smell of burned castor oil (!) wafted down from
above clearly confirmed our visual and aural im-

pressions.

hard to describe the sensation; we knew

not who they were, where they came from,
whither they were bound it was a true glimpse
into the future and nothing previously had impressed me so strongly of the impending change
in the order of things.
Who will trouble to lift his head to see a passWho, indeed,
ing aeroplane a few years hence?
but the man just cured of blindness
ated convict for
11 be as
novel as it is in civili ^ed climes for us now.
It was only on the morrow that I learnt that
it
was I^ieul enants G onier and Jostpractically
It

is

3n their way from Caen to

as aviators
125 milei )
they had stopped at
finishing an eventless
calm of th late afternoon they had
chosen the sheds of B
as one of their "points
de repere" and a
t place to halt if neces-

unknown

Vincennes

Evreux for lunch and were

trip

in the

sary.

The following

at

five

o'clock,

vit-

nessed with about

human beings

start

the

quarter
of

of a million
the Circuit de

other
I'Est,

at Issy.

Pans,
which
usually
stays
abed
Sunday
morning, got up on this seventh of August in the
middle of the night and set out for Issy, and at
four o'clock, the first signs of dawn found the
streets in

ing

southwestern Paris

filled

with a hvirry-

mob

at Issy

of pedestrians and vehicles: the crowd

was truly colossal and such a one as only

aviation could at this time bring together at such

The
hitch,

start

of

machii

succession, o'
Parisians.
The Bleriots

big race went off without a

setting out for Troyes in rapid
the lifted heads of thousands of

th.

Leblanc, Aubrun, Noel, Busson,

Mamet ^seemed to particularly call forth the
popular enthusiasm, but the biplanes got their
greeting also, especially those of the more popular
pilots: Legagneux, Weymann, Bregi, etc.
For the
first time I saw Sommers and Voisins of the new
type in flight and also for the first time a Tellier
monoplane piloted by Chateau.
Whilst the excitement was at its height a pigeon-tailed twoseater Bleriot was seen coming over Paris: it first
appeared exactly above the Eiffel Tower "comme
un point sur un I," as Musset referred to the
moon above the steeple.
Two men got down from it on landing at Issy
and to those who greeted them they introduced
themselves as Moisant and Garros, aviators. To
those following aeronautics, Moisant of Chicago,
was already well-known, for his experiments at
Cannes and for the remarkable aluminum monoplane recently designed by him; Garros is, with

In the huge dirigible-sheds many aeroplanes

were quartered whilst aviators and makers saw
that nothing was overlooked which might contrilnite to ultimate success.
Many machines were ther
which were not
entered in the big race: the
rnen just learning to fly or those, less f;
in appearance,
which embodied new idea;
their first trials at the hand:
Although the scene was
fascinate an enthusiast in matters aeronautic, I got
away at five in order to motor to the Maurice
Farman School at Buc: as I left Issy, I noticed
some of the crowd pointing skyward towards the
north, where the Eiffel Tower stood out beaconlike above the grey sea of the roofs of Paris: I
saw that they were looking at a bird soaring in
the distance and my first glance made me instantly share their suspicion as to the character of
that bird
a suspicion which a moment later became a certainty as it quickly revealed its true
-

A monoplane was flying towards us, far

above the chimney pots and gables of Paris and
the wide, square-tipped wings quickly proclaimed
it
an Antoinette the first I had ever seen in
nature.

flight.

A few moments later the magnificent machine

was roaring over our heads to the frenzied delight
of the crowd: a beautiful glide brought it to earth,
and Ivatham jumped down, unmistakable even in
distance with his cap and rubber coat, the
characteristic slouch
nd the
by which he is know
to
lillion
He

had

lost his

left

way

Mou

that
but had
low-flying clouds

th

me

neighborhood of Epernay and Meaux.

evening Weymann reached Issy in
a similar manner on his Henry Farman of the
latest pattern, but by that time I was at Buc, beyond Versailles, at the very busy flying school of
Maurice Farman. A long row of sheds stands out
from the road and each contains one of the speedy
biplanes, most of them Government machines undergoing trials and tests.
Five or six were taken
of the evening and several officers given les
is,
Maurice Faniian, Tabuteau
and Barra, who
ith Renaux, are the best drivers
of these machin
making flight after flight,
few watching the great planes
swooping and circling like big bats in the waning
light, when near the horizon and more to the
I,ater in the

we noticed a greyish speck standing out in

distance against the deepening blue of the
evening sky and moving with comparative speed
over the black tree-tops; the glasses revealed a
Wright biplane flying high and straight, perhaps
three
miles
away,
evidently
at
Villacoublay,
where the Wright School has its headquarters.
This extraordinary impression of seeing machines
in flight on all sides in the open country was to
be increased a thousand-fold when a few moments
later the distant drone of a many-cylindered motor
became audible from behind the hangars and
struck one instantly as different from the roar of
the Renault motors of the Maurice Farmans.
We
all knew at that moment that an aeroplane was
coming towards us from the West but we could
thing, as we were standing before the sheds
which masked
Only aft
had increased so that we
had recogn
engine as being its origin,
did the mysterious visitoir of the skies burst into
view, a Henry Farman biplane flying due East
at about 200 feet altitud
and making its natural
speed of 45
evening calm.

north
the

lilitary

liform

it

RCUIT DE l'EST: TKE great 500 MILE CROSS-COUNTRY RACK WHICH FOR ONE
SEATED SUCH A FEVER OF EXCITEMENT THROUGHOUT EUROPE. LEBLANC
PASSES THE EIFFEL TOWER A WINNER OF FAME AND FORTUNE.

WHOLE

AIRCRAFT

284
bantos-JJumont and Audemars, one of the few
men wlio have mastered tne caprices of tne "Demoiselle" type of tiyer.

Moisant was a few weeks later to be known as

the first man to travel from Paris to London in
a heavier-than-air machine and the first to cross
Straits of Dover with a passenger.
lyeaving the crush and excitement of Issy, I
for the Aero Club Park at St. Cloud and,
shortly after eleven rose in the air in the basket
of the 1.200 cubic metre Aero Club III., with
MM. Clerget and Blin.
This is a little late in the day to give even a
succinct description of a balloon trip, but however
familiar and banal the impressions of ballooning
may seem nowadays, nothing will ever affect the
peculiar, silent, motionless cnarm of drifting above
me clouds and gazing, as on a picture, on the
Stupendous panorama slowly unfolding nselt seven
or eiglit tnousand teet below, the clean cness-board
toy-like appearance of which makes it hard to recognize as the cultivated and built-on surface of
the busy man-bearing planet Earth.
We drifted rignt over Pans at a height of three
thousand teet an experience which no succeeding ones could ever make one torget and Dy a
curious coincidence passed precisely above the
Princess Hotel^ where i was staying, immediately
afterwards crossing the Arc de Triomphe, the Pare
Monceau, the Gare St. Lazare, etc., identifying
the toy buildings, miniature streets and tiny monuments in the great picture below, wliicn it was
hard to look upon as a distant reality, unless the
motion of the black specks oblong or commashaped accordmg to whether they were motordrawn or horse-driven vehicles was obseiwed.
Thus the panorama slowly unfolded itself
towards the west, as we drifted eastward.
Soon we were over the suiilit fields of Seineet-Marne, and the roar of Paris had become a
murmur in the West. We continued rising: great
tiie

made

October, ipio

first time I saw a Savary biplane in flight: Picard of Bordeaux, drove this novel machine, which
first showed its paces at Kheims: the power plant
consisted of two chain-driven propellers or rather
tractors in front of the main planes; the vertical
rudders are between the planes and the elevators
at the rear of the fish-like tail; the motor: an Scylinder ^. N. V.
Later, at Havre, I was to see
Picard piloting a Savary with a single tractor.
On returning to Paris on August 23rd, I went
to Mourmelon by train to avail myself of the Antoinette Company's invitation.
Instead of getting off at Bouy, as I should, I
alighted at Mourmelon: an omnibus took me and
some ofiicers going to the Camp de Chalons barracks, to the village of Mourmelon-le-Grand, from

the

well turn out to be as good as their 50-h. p., and

is not saying little.
Latham and Lafont were absent from Bouy and
the only Antoinette pilot flying that afternoon was
the Comte de Robillard-Cosnac, a new comer, who
in the previous few weeks had become a true
bird-man.
Pie made two or three beautiful flights
in a one-seater monoplane, finishing with finely
judged vols planes; he then took out a two-seater,
taking up a pupil, who inadvertently shut off the
engine.
Luckily the monoplan* was at a good
safe height and was brought to earth in masterly
style.
It was a fine piece of airmanship (as the
"Daily Mail" would say!)
and one which called
forth commendation from those present.
It so happened that I was immediately afterthis

fleecy vapors appeared on all sides and we passed

through the dry fog of a mile-high cloud; soon this
was below and we enjoyed an unusually hne vista
of that ever-wonderful aeronautic treat: the sea

of clouds.
La mer des mtages stretched out its
intensely white billowy mass below, whilst uur
shadow drifted across it with all the wonderful
prismatic effects of which I had heard so much.
The barograph indicated 7,UU0 feet and whilst
the scorching sunbeams reaching us through trie
pure and thin air prevented our feeling the cold
where they had access, our frigid extremities confirmed the low reading of the thermometer.
After lunch the only untoward feature of
which was the sweetness of the sparkling beverage brought along!
the earth became visible again
and 1 quickly identified the winding Marne ano
the cathedral and bridge of Meaux looking for
all the world like a little ornamental inkstand, and
a grey penholder to match.
Un our third culmination we reached 8,000 feci
and I was able to jttdge exactly how the eartli

looked to Drexel
in

Bleriot

his

when he approached
(it

has

ballast just sufficing to

In the

last

been

since

Morane and Chavez).

Our final descent was

rapid,

check

few hundred

its

feet

this artituttc
reached b\

our

remain int,

speed.
the earth

caiiu

surging up toward txs, every detail growing will

bewildering rapidity; the fall was swift enough for
the upward breeze to be clearly felt as we leant
over, and with it came faint cries from below,
cries with a strong nasal intonation, which alone
would have told us the part of France we were

coming
tombe!"

qui
upon:
"L,e
ballon!
ballon,
le
I waited to see the guide-rope strike and
check our descent: we were then above
some trees but we cleared them and it was into a
clover field that we bumped.
The church bells of
Couilly were merrily urging the villagers to the
afternoon celebration, but our sudden incursion
into their peaceful existence had diverted those
who were on their way there, to our clover field,
and they came running breathlessly in their Sunday-go-to-meeting accoutrements,
and with the
looks of wildest exhilaration on their well-tanned
and well-washed countenances.
The little bell
stopped, the little church emptied and Monsieur
le Cure himself appeared shortly, beaming with
hospitality,
followed by a frantically hurrying
garde-champetre, his rubicond countenance oppressed with perspiration and importance.

note

it

was altogether a delightful day's sport.

The next day I visited the Antoinette factory at
Puteaux, where Ivcvavasseur himself, with neverfailing courtesy, insisted on piloting me around
and explaining the fine points of the wonderful
works.
To any one who doubts tlie mushroomlike growth of this industry I recommend a visit
to one of these French factories and the roaring
activity of the great shops, the great army of workers,
the tremendous "hustle," the dozens upon
It

dozens of fuselages, wings, chassis-port eurs, in

every stage of completion; and the busiest and
noisiest portion of all: the motors.
It was a revelation, even to one deemed by most of his acquaintances an incurable optimist in aerial matters.
On leaving, M. I/evavasseur asked me to visit
the Antoinette Flying School at Mourmelon.
left on the morrow for Biarritz and I did

We

expect to be in touch with the aeronautic

my return north: Biarritz was having
a small aviation meet of its own, however.
Most
of the participants were but little known, but they

not

world until
could

all

fly.

Tabuteau, on his Maurice Farman,

and Chateau on his

Tellier,

were the

stars.

For

TWO-SKATER ANTOIN

which I proceeded to walk, until seeing a bicycle

shop I hired a wheel for the remaining two miles.
By automobile is the only sensible way to get to
of course.
Two of the big monoplanes were just being
taken out when I finally reached the long row of
tlie

place,

hangars which housed

tlie Antoinettes.
The same bustle and activity prevailed here, in
the "assembling" building, as at Puteaux, in the
factory also the same courtesy at the hands of
the directors, M. Gastambide, in this instance.
great interest in all I saw had its reward, for

My

M. (Gastambide (who, you remember, built with

M. Mengin, the first Antoinette, early in 1908)
me into a closed hangar, saying, "I want to
show you what we hope to bring the Gordon Bennett Cup back to France with," and he pointed at

took

splendid 16-cylinder engine on a testing bench.

This was indeed interesting, as. outside of one of
Bleriots,
no aeroplane had flown
the
early
with a 16-cylinder Antoinette, which had only
been tried in motor boats.
Evidently Latham and his associates have determined to wrest from the all-conquering GnomeBleriot its speed laurels,
and they recognize the
obvious incapability of their standard S-cylinder
model to do so.
The racing Antoinette is to have smaller wings
a

with the same curve, but set at a slightly different angle; they count on 125 kilometres an hour,
which of course is necessary if they want to beat
Whether this latter mathe 14-cvlinder Bleriot.
chine the Bleriot can go 100 kilometres at a
stretch is, however, an open question up to this
time.
It is thought in many quarters that the
rear set of cylinders are too masked by the forward set to keep adequately cool and it is a fact
that this racer has never flown ten miles at a
stretch and that the 14-cylinder Gnome-Farman
of Van den Born didn't do anything at Rheims.
With the Seguin brothers it is well to be

optimistic,

however;

their

100-h.

p.

engine

wards

to experience
a first flight.

the exhilarating sensation

of

My flight with de Robillard amply repaid me

for the long journey to Mourmelon, and it was
certainly satisfactory to have one's first taste of
flying, in a monoplane, and in the most bird-like
of them, at that.
Two-man flights in monoplanes are so far unknown in America (although Harkness can inaugurate them at any time with his two-seater
Antoinette), but they are quite usual in France.
The sun had already set when we went up but
there was ample light to fly by; neither were we
alone in the air; three Farmans from the near-by
school were likewise soaring over the famous
plains ^one of them far above us
and below a
small Koechlin monoplane was being run over
the ground by a would-be aviatrice: Madame Niel.
The actual sensations of flying have been described so many dozens of times that I am not
going to make my first experience in the line an
excuse for inflicting upon you an addition to the
collection of "impressions."
I
will hazard the
opinion, however, that even when flying has become the most ordinary thing in the world, each
individual's first experience will still remain one
of the greatest and most easily recalled of his life.
The constant roar of the engine and the onrush
of air, the difficulty of gaging the first moment
of flight or the height at which you are flying,
the illusion, when you are well up, and the
ground appears to be slowly passing below, that
you are facing a strong wdnd which is holding
you back and making you move but slowly, can
be imagined, but the almost ludicrous sense of
security cannot: it is in fact out of all proportion to the actual security (however great that
may be), for you feel as if nothing could affect
the structure carrying you irresistibly through the

As the key-note
may and quiet that of

of ballooning is absolute peace

flying is energy let loose and,

AIRCRAFT

October, 1010

285
What

Drexel,
Chavez.
Morane, Olieslaegers, Tyck and Cattaneo, the Gnome-Eleriots
seem to have matters their own way in high
I

am

with

have been delayed in finishing this letter: I

following it across the Atlantic and will see

you in a few davs.

ely,
F.

September

CAMPEKLL WOOD.

1910.

Letter from Geo. A.

Lawrence

In your issue .of Aircraft for July there is an

item to the eft'ect that Mallard, a mechanician for
Clifford B. Harmon, has invented keels below
to prevent skidding.
A description of my 1908 aeroplane in which I
used skids covered to act as keels to prevent skidding, was published in April, 1909.
I corresponded with Mr. Octave Chanute on the
subject, and have a letter from him still in my
possession, stating that with such an arrangement,
I might have some trouble in making turns, owing
to the numerous keels.
He was right and I reduced the number to four, two under each plane,
using the lower skids for the lower keels. I find
in experimenting that this reduces the skidding
considerably, the more keels being used the less
the skidding, but the more difficult to make the
|.)Ianes,

FAMOUS

AVIATOii,

HUBERT

SIS AND SIMIL:

iWN THOUSANDS O? MILES ON
THE GORDON-BENNETT CUP R

the novice at least, is certainly intoxicating in

exhilaration.
were up ten minutes, most of the time 150
feet; the clamor of the eight cylinders did not
prevent a running conversation throughout the
flight and as we came back towards the hangars I
asked de Robillard if he would land "en vol
plane," but he said he thought we were not quite
high enough at that time.
The flight, banal as it was (in these days), would
two years ago have constituted a world's height
record and passenger record for any type of
aeroplane and a monoplane record for duration!
Such is the march of progress.
Thanks to an obliging man who took me 'down
to Bouy station in his car, I just caught the train
for Rheims and thus, what with horse-drawn omnibus, walking, cycling, flying, motoring, and railway, I indulged in six diiiferent forms of locomotion within a couple of hours.

Our Ureton

to

its

We

I had an hour in Rheims, to dine, before goI suppose Rheims might be

on to Paris.
called the present aviation-centre of the world;
all the great flying schools cluster around the old
town, in the neighboring plains, and Rheims is
the rendezvous of all aviators and would-be aviThere are many hotels there, but the
ators.
hotel is the lyion d"Or; last time I was there was
four years ago: I was motoring from Brussels to

ing

see the start of the first aeronautic Gordon Bennett Cup, the balloon race won by Lieut. Lahm,
and stopped there for lunch. At that time flying
was considered more or less as a dream although
in that very month Santos-Dumont had got off the
ground for a few seconds, at Bagatelle, and the
practical Remois would have been more amused
than startled if the character of their town as a
flying sentre in A. D. 1910 had been prophesied

them.

to

Paris I went to my old home at Havre,

official at the meet which began there
I had a very welcome opportunity to
those things are got up and run in
France.
The organization was perfect and made
me forget my disappointment at Bournemouth.
The only accident was a bad fall of the popular
IvCgagneux, who hit a pylon, either through inattention or because of a broken rudder-wire.

From

and, as

an

August

25,

how

see

The
of

ed

and

to

wood, part

was smashed to kindlii

bipl;

it

clinging to the pylon

badly hurt but he sc
present at the aerodrome

Legagneux
1
I

recovered
days

few

later.

The Havre-Trouville

across the estuary

of the Seine (11 miles) were extraordinarily sucThis wide expanse of tidal water was
cessful.
in
three
days by mneteen
crossed eighty times
different aviators on
seven different types of
aeroplanes without one machine having to come
down in the water and without the sn lallest
hap.
Most of the motors were, of cour; 5e, Gnomeb
or Antoinettes, but Renault, Clerget i md LaborPicker motors also carried machines across in
flights

safety.

of the contest, c
thr
afte
boat, a thirty-footer, and _we
estuary, exactly on the line
of flight, where
ere quite alone and several
miles from eithi
e; during the hours set for
flying monopl;
biplanes roared over our
1
continuous procession, some so near
that it would seem they would carry away our
topsail, whilst others soared by a thousand feet up.
I have never
seen flying under such an inspiring and thrilling aspect.
Lath;

teen times
th
father ha
went right out

My

THIS MONTH.

lid

boy)

,vell they might bi

Ma
(Morane, Lebli
incoming Antoinettes (Latham,
the five monoplanes whizzing by all
n-s)
space of two

:onder
going

Blei-jots

in
-ee
t),

two

an hour

with

fastest crossing: 6314

a five mile wind to help him.

When Latham

miles

finally bade goodbye to Havre

(yesterday, Septemto Trouville
1,) he flew over the town to the house of his
uncle to wave au revoir to his cousins; turning

on
ber

Iiis

last trip

turns and the less the number of keels, the easier

the lateral steering, but the more the skidding.
I found that keels below used alone do not act
as well as keels under each plane, so I adopted the
latter arrangement in my machine of 1908-9.
Again, I note an English patent by the Wright
brothers on a small rudder, vertical, fixed behind
the planes, one on the right and one on the left of
'
to operate in conjunction with the'
warping wings, instead
vertical
der.
I used that syste
in 1906 successfully,
'

'

I am constructing n
fourth machine and I am
using my 1908 keels
ith front and rear lateral
control in conjunction
The front and rear elevator control is separate
This is to be in readiness
in case of a situation trising such as resulted in
the fatal
dent of Rolls.

from there he passed right over our house, which

I use ailerons at the rear side of my planes, exjust beneath the Lathams; and plunged down* tending beyond with my right and left retarded as
the slope, sailing over the town and port and out on my No. 3, which operated in conjunction with
to sea towards Trouville.
the aileron automatically, by an electrical gyroscope,
were over at Trouville to-day; the aero- a system which I have perfected after working on
drome of Deauville was merely the race track in it for two years, and of which I made my first
which six posts had been stuck; the course was successful tests May 19, 1909, This is the only
only a mile around, yet the more skilful pilots part of my machine which I am having patented,
rushed around the dangerous little track, within because tliis control can be used on any type of
a few feet of each other, and a few feet over flyer.
the heads of such an ultra fashionable crowd as
only Trouville can provide.
Also, I note in your August issue, page 217, a
The most interesting machine at this meet was sketch of a method of joining the uprights to the
the little Goupy biplane which, unless all signs main spar. This
fail, has a great future; it was one of the revela;d on my 19
-,
tions at Rheims in June and
where it was inspected by
Park all last
lenge the monoplanes' recently acquired superiority in starting and handling.
Liblish
this letter or parts of
probThe high flying by Morane ai id Latham
rmon and Mallard know that
ably the two greatest monopla
with me, and that proof of
world was magnificent.
On a perfectly clear day
statements can bt found in various newspapers
Morane rose up into the blue in wide spirals, until
I can refer them to.
it became quite impossible to see him.
is

We

'

'

'

"

AIRCRAFT

286

October, ipio

EVOLUTION OF THE CURVE

By Edward H. Young

HE

curves in the surfaces of an aeroplane are vital

and play a most important part in its success, irrespective of vifhether it is a monoplane, biplane or
multiplane. As too little attention has been given
to the curve by the general aeronautical world and
is

it

will

amateurs,

by

especially

hoped

that

given

be

in

to

whom

the

future

subject.

this

this

article

more

Amateurs,

is

scientific

addressed,
attention

starting

in

the fatal mistake of going after speed, instead of going

"Head-resistance" is not the big
after lift as they should do.
"bugaboo" that most amateur aviators imagine, and a deep curve
of

scientific

speed)

build giving a powerful

is

lift

(even

if

not with so

far preferable to learn to be proficient

formed.

This rushing

air being

suddenly stopped by the under

lift was obtained.
was the remarkable discovery

surface of the aerocurve, a powerful

out,

make

much

The next improvement was a discovery made about the

shown in Figure IV. Curving the front portion
rather abruptly down, and thus making the surface a parabolical
rather than a true curve, caused the air to be shot upward. The
air underneath of the plane then shot in to fill the vacuum thus
front curve, as

The next
made, that
has as

if

much

point of evolution

properly constructed, the upper surface of the plane

lift as, if not more than, the under surface gives.

This was obtained by reverting to our old construction illustrated

in Figure II., and abruptly bending the front portion down until

and expert

with, than a shallower and speedier curve. Besides, a deep curve

has the advantages of being easier to manipulate, easier to keep
in balance and easier to get off the ground with, than a shallow
curve.
Then, too, professional aviators have at their command
complete and well-equipped laboratories, built for the express

purpose of digging these little refinements out, which can only be

speedily found after practical knowledge has been obtained by
the aviator.
Most amateurs will find that it will take the third
construction at least before success will begin, generally because
they go for a shallow curve that is not properly built and angled.
The evolution of the aeroplane curve has been so minute and
apparently so insignificant, that the general .public has failed to
notice

its

instance

really

the

Fi$ir.

F-? X.

Take Figure L, for

First experiments were
amount of "head-resistance" dethe amount of resistance developed from

remarkable development.

straight-plane cutting edge.

tried with this device to find the

veloped and to find

what has become

termed "skin-friction." All of the early

Maxim, and Langley, tried for
Probably Langley's device was the most
this
knowledge.
accurate, comprising a rotating table with a collapsible arm holding a straight-plane cutting edge of a given area at a given speed
and circumference. It was finally found that about 356 square
feet of skin-frictional surface at about thirty miles an hour speed
developed about one ;^ound resistance. It was also found that
cutting edges with straight surfaces and sharp angles developed
just about double the resistance of a cutting edge with a spherical
surface and again a cutting edge with an elliptical surface has
just about half the resistance of the sphere.
Figure II. shows the next stage in the evolution of the curve.
This is simply a straight plane thrown at an angle to the line of
Experiments were made with this to develop the lift and
flight.
resistance at difl^erent angles to the line of flight. It was found
experimenters,

to be

Stringfellow,

r/fisE-

r.^

that the

maximum

lift

with the

minimum

head-resistance

was

had with the angle of the plane thrown at about 36 degrees

above horizontal. The best lift, however, that has been developed
with a straight-plane thrown at an angle of incidence, as it has
become to be called, is had only with the box kite. Seeking for
the reason of this it was found that air rebounds from a flat
surface at right angles to the line of impact, the same as light-

waves rebound from a looking-glass.

any grip of the plane on the air.

Therefore, there was not

Therefore, the true arch of a sphere was next introduced as

shown in Figure III. With this curve, the feat of lifting a
man was accomplished. This was accomplished primarily by the
fact that the air was not thrown off at such a sharp angle as in

F/>-sr

P:?^.
it

was absolutely

ure v.).

By

vertical to the line of flight (illustrated in Fig-

this construction the air

was abruptly

thrust verti-

upward, while the air rushing in underneath to fill the

vacuum gave a powerful upward thrust as it hit the aero-curve,
and was in turn pushed forward towards the butt-edge, thus assisting to overcome the head-resistance. But the most important
point was found in that the air that was shot vertically upward
by the butt-edge of the aerocurve endeavored to carry the aerocurve with it, giving an upward action as strong as the thrust
underneath. This action is best illustrated by the foUo.wing Take
a piece of writing paper cut 6 inches square and fold a flap of
one inch underneath. Insert this flap inside the closed cover of
cally

a book.

With the

flap-edge held directly in front of the mouth,

This arrangement allowed of the air

being compressed more and more to the rear of the aero-curve
(as it should properly be called). Or, in other words, it allowed
of__the aero-curve catching a good sound grip on the air tmder-

You will find that as you blow

up until it even hits your face.
This will prove to you that the upper surface plays an important
part, as by sticking one edge in the book, it is absolutely impos-

neath

sible for air to get to the underside.

the straight-plane device.

it.

blow directly upon the paper.

directly against

it,

it

will

rise

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

Figure VI illustrates an improved curve based on this prinIn this construction the front portion is composed of a
true quarter circle, while the rear portion is a shallow inverted
curve. Be careful that every portion of your curve is concentric
and that there are no abrupt curves or angles in the surfaces, for
otherwise you will get a resistance without getting an upward
ciple.

machines

say

30 or 35 miles an hour.

Your

equilibrium will be

and gain confidence

quicker, and you will be safer if your engine should happen to
this, you can get
air.
Besides
stop running while you are in the
off of the ground three times as often, which is very encouraging
Always try with the latest standard improveto a beginner.
ments in aerocurves, as it will save you a lot of experimenting.
easier

In this construction just mentioned, the upward thrust obfrom underneath is accentuated forward to overcome
head-resistance, while the suctional sweep on the upper surface is

lift.

tained

lengthened so as to give greater

287

As advised before, amateurs are urged not to try for high

speeds through the help of shallow curves, but to go for slow
speeds and deep curves with high lifting powers on their first

lift.

to

maintain,

you

will

learn

easier

SOME CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

By W. H. Phipps

Illustrates a new brake fitted to the

Fig. 1
It consists of a piece of strip
Curtiss machines.
iron bolted loosely to the skid and connected to
a hand lever as shown.

Fig. 2

Shows

the Bleriot control.

Pushing the

Fig. 5

Shows

steering

pj^ g_si,ows a sketch of the new Gnome

Bleriot fuselage, showing the flat tail, posr

two

wheel forward or backward, lifts or depresses the the motor and the
Steertail; pushing it sideways, warps the wings.
ing to the right or left is accomplished by a foot
7

Fig.

tiller.

Fig. 3
Shows an angle plate, fitted to the HarThe object being to have
ris biplane at Mineola.
the upright set yerpendicular on the rib.

Illustrates the wooden skid fitted to

Fig. 4
the end of the planes of the Harkness Antoinette

monoplane,

now

at

Mineola.

column used

Pointer machine,

Fig.

seats,

Sommer

Illustrates

biplat

Fig.

9 Shows

method of control

onoplane.

used on the
the tail
type monoplanes.

Bleriot

the

Fig. 14 Shows a novel tail wheel fitted

George and Jobling biplane, England.

the

We

the English Lane

U Shows

Fig. 12
Shows how the skids protecting
ends of the Curtiss planes are attached.

control le

8 Sho

Brauner

Fig.

cross-channel

to

indebted to the London magazines

".-Vero" and "Flight" for several of the originals

shown

are

here.

AIRCRAFT

October, 19 lo

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

THE CROMLEY MONOPLANE
By John M. Cromley
This monoplane
but is built much

of the Santos- Dumotit type

stronger and has several new
and original features, one of which is a box tail
that controls four directions the only monoplane,
perhaps, in the world, with this kind of a tail.
The machine also has ailerons at the rear of the
wing tips to maintain lateral stability.
The main plane has a total span of 20 feet,
with a fore-and-aft chord of 6'6"; the overall
length^ of the machine is 19'.
The ribs are of
one piece with a special curve; the under sides
are covered with Naiad aero cloth.
The total supporting area of the main plane is
117 square feet, and the complete machine without engine and propeller weighs 90 pounds.
The
machine is constructed throughout of spruce and
is graced __with piano wire.
'"'
"'
f_the popular box type, but is
supported
different manner than is usual.
It is hung
a universal joint that permits it to
is

'

move in different directions.

The fuselage is of triangular shape with two o
the angles at the top; they are braced with suitabl
stanchions and trussed with piano wire.
The thre.
members extend rearwardly, approaching each othe
but not joining together, and form a holding for th,
universal joint that supports the tail. At the fron
of the fuselage are attached two wheels that sup
port the machine, and these are braced by suitabh

members that extend from the

The horizontal rudder is 4x3

fuselage.
feet in size and is
of the biplane type with a gap of 3 feet.
This
rudder is composed of the top and bottom of the

box

This monoplane wil

ket for the sum of
already been disposed
parties in

New York

shortly be put on the mar$80( I.

Several have
minus n: otors, to various

about
if,

tail.

The

vertical

rudder

is

3x2 feet in size and forms

the two vertical partitions of the box tail.

The running gear consists of two 20x2 aeroplane
wheels in front, and a skid in the rear. There are
no shock-absorbers on the wheels.
The control is effected with a wheel as used on
the Curtiss machines and controls both the horizontal and vertical rudders.
Ailerons are attached to the
edge of the
main plane and are 3x1^ feet
^e; they are
controlled by shoulder forks.
The seat for the pilot is beneath and back of the
motor and is on the lower member of the fuselage,
which position gives him good judgment in making
landings and for general direction.
The motor is mounted on the two upper members
of the fuselage at the front, which form a solid bed
for the engine; this counteracts the low position
of the pilot.
The writer has been experintenting on heavierthan-air machines for over three years, having
built numerous models and several large machines.
He has also invented an anemometer that can
be made by anyone at a very small cost.

^Wi^

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

n3

ilj-oual

CO

o
eft

(d

Q
In

CO

O
O
Z
H
2
O

>
<
a
<
>
<
O
H
CO
O
QQ

2
<
On

O
2
O

289

AIRCRAFT

290

October, ipio

THE BOSTON-HARVARD AVIATION MEET

This Meet took place at Atlantic, near Boston, from September 3rci to 13th inclusive; so successful was it and so
it was continued two extra days, (September 14 and 15
during which special prizes were ofTered.
The Boston-Harvard Meet was the second great competitive meet ever held in America, the first being held at Los
Angeles, January 10th to 20th, last (Aircraft for March).

large the attendance that

GARDNER G. HUBBARD AT THE WHEEL OF HIS MONO

PLANE FITTED AVITH AN ELBRIDGE 2 CYCLE
ENGINE AND A REQUA-GIBSON PROPELLER.

October, ipio

AIRCRAFT

Official Results of the

POINTS

BARRY RYAN AND CLIFFORD B. HARMON EXCHANGING JESTS BETWEEN FLIGHTS. HARMON
WON EVERY AMATEUR PRIZE OFFERED AT THE
MEET. MR. RYAN AND ME. HARMON ARE THE
ORIGINATORS AND PRIME MOVERS TOWARD THE
ORGANIZATION OF AN AERONAUTICAL RESERVE
FOR THE UNITED

(ilIN

291

Meet

AIRCRAFT

292

Australia

An interesting machine, somewhat on the lines

of the Curtiss, has been undergoing trials at MiaMia; it is constructed by Mr. Duigan, of that

Short hops have already been made in it,

town.
and the inventor hopes to accomplish longer flights
as soon as it is fitted with a new propeller.
This is (as far as can be ascertained) the first
machine built entirely in Australia, which has
succeeded in leaving the ground.

Austria

On August 18, Warchalowski, using a Vindobona biplane, flew across Vienna at a height of
He

700 metres.
metres,

distance

covered a

from Vienna-Neustadt

flying

of
to

90 kiloStefan-

Sturm and return.

Belgium
Another

martyr

squall.
.

crushing

of

can

lile

3,

machine
and

his

Something
its

the

to

On August

Nicholas Kinet.
Brussels Meet,

broke

the

aviation

is

flying at the

caught
bipk

a
in
fell.

driver.

Helene Dutrieu, the young French aviaflew with a passenger from Ostend to
tress,
Bruges and back on September 2.
At Bruges Mile. Dutrieu circled the famous
belfry at a height of 1,300 feet, with the chimes
ringing in honor of the feat. This is by far the
most wonderful flight accomplished by a woman.
Mile.

Canada

Flying Meet is to be held at Winnipeg during

.As this is just prethe last week in September.
vious to the International meeting in New York,
it is hoped that some of the flyers entered there
will visit the Canadian city first,

England
Starting from his hangar at Cardiff at 8 P. M.
recently, Mr. E- T. Willows successfullv navigated his dirigible "Willows 11" to London, landHe passed over
ing on the Winn estate at Lee.
the Crystal Palace, where he intended to land,
but his grapple failed to hold, and, having run
out of petrol, he was obliged to travel some four
miles further before finding a suitable landing
place.

has leen built in Lii

Cu rtiss type
This machine
rpool by M. C. C. Paterson,
the first tira
particularly interesting b^
ssfully flo
Curtiss type ha
nolo
The best flight so
Anz
country.
one of 8

Tieetm_
far
the most successful
that which took place
Great Britain wa
The
Lanark, Scotland, fror August 6 to 13.
e: .Armstrong Drexel
aviators who took part v
Marcel Hanriot, A. And lars. Tetard, Champel
Cattaneo, S. F. Cody, G, Barnes, A. Ogilvie, L
Chavez, Graham Gilmou
L. Blondeau, H. T,
ecil Grace, H. KuUei
Harding, .Tames Radley,
1
results of th
eet
;
and Captain Dickson.

Perhaps

held in
at

Radley;
Ei
Fastest
Mile Monoplane:
Grace.
Fastest Kilometre Monoplane: Radley; Bi
Grace.
Greatest Altitude Drexel, 6,750 feet, \
record; Chavez, 5,250 feet.
Speed for Five Laps Radley, 58.32 mih
hour; Cattaneo, 56.27 miles per hour.
Slowest Lap 'Dickson, 21.29 miles per
Ogilvie, 21.4 miles per hour; Cockburn,
miles per hour.
Fastest Lap
Radley, 58.32 miles per hou
Monoplane:
Fastest Cross-Country Flight
Ardle, 23 minutes 4 1-5 seconds; Biplane:
32 minutes 21 2-5 seconds.
Aggregate Cross-Country Dickson, three

October, igio

Longest Single Flight CattaneOi 141 miles 188

fBritish Record) in 3 hours, 18 minutes

young Marcel Hanriot, with

1-5

fitted

ards

nds.

Aggregate

Distance

Cattaneo,102

399 1-4

miles

1-2 miles.
Drexel, 317 1-2 miles; Grace,
Starting Prize Radley, 57 feet; MacArdle, 5<
feet; Gilmour, 101 feet; Dickson, 102 feet.
Delivery of Dispatches Grace, 23 feet 10 inches
Weight Lifting Grace. 353 1-2 pounds.

minutes 56
with

1-5

a total of 9 hours 57
seconds, using a Hanriot monoplane
Clerget engine.
-

The second man was Martinet on

a Farman,
6 hours 49 minutes 10 2-5 seconds.
The
third. Paillette on a Sommer, 6 hours 38 minutes

with

22 seconds; fourth, De Chauveau (Antoinette), 3

hours 41 minutes; fifth, Crochon (Sommer), 2
hours 43 minutes 23 2-5 seconds; sixth, Renaux
(M. Farman), 2 hours 38 minutes.
The speed
Blackwere
rom
Two remarkable flights
prizes went to Morane (Bleriot). 4 minutes Z2
The first was by Mr. Rob- seconds; second, Aubrun (Bleriot), 4 minutes 52
pool on August 10.
ert Loraine.
He arrived at the Blackpool aero- seconds; third, Renaux (M. Farman). 5 minutes
drome at 6 o'clock on Tuesday morning, and 59 seconds; fourth. Martinet (H. Farman), 6
found the weather conditions almost ideal for minutes 33 seconds. The height prize was won
flying.
He therefore determined to try a cross- by Morane with 1,250 metres; the cross-country
country flight. The Gnome was soon started, and flight by Morane, -w'ho did 13 minutes 56 seconds
at 6.26 A. M. Mr. Loraine was in the air; climb- for the
21 kilometres.
The prize money was
ing to a good altitude, he eventually darted off in divided as follows: Morane, 16,000 francs; Hanthe direction of Southport, and, crossing the town, riot, 13,000 francs; Martinet, 6,500 francs; Auturned out to sea, direct across to the Welsh coast, brun, 5,000 francs; Paillette, 3.500 francs; Restriliing it at Rhos and landing on the golf links naux, 2,000 francs; De Chauveau, 1,500 francs;
The time Crochon, 1,000 francs.
there after a flight of about 60 miles.
taken was a little over an hour and a half.
About 11 o'clock on tlie same day, Mr. GraThe first of August was notable for two very
hame-White started up his Farman machine and fine passenger flights. At Mourmelon Henry Farpaid a visit to the Fleetwood Barracks, 10 miles man took up with him three passengers, M. Vuilaway.
From there he re-ascended and flew to laume. Roth, and Lepoix; the three passengers,
He landed just pilot, oil, and petrol weighed 235 kilos. The
Barrow, across Morecambe Bay.
by the shed for the big naval dirigible, and, after flight lasted 1 hour 4 minutes, from 5.48 P. M.
a ten-minute rest, started off on the return jour- to 6.52 P. M.
This performance, however, was
ney to Blackpool, where he landed safely on the beaten on the same day by de Baeder at Douai,
aerodrome at a quarter to one. He was flying at who, on a Ereguet biplane, succeeded in flying
a good height, varying between 1,000 and 1,500 with three passengers, weighing 322 kilos, includfeet.
The weight was made up of
ing oil and petrol.
20 kilos of petrol, 13 kilos of oil. de Baeder himFrance
self 69 kilos, Castro 79 kilos, Bianeon 74 kilos,
The flnal results of the Caen meeting .give the Cuilbert 66 kilos. This flight was only a short one,
Prix de Caen for totalization of time in the air to however.

AIRCRAFT

October, jpio
Gnome Company
tvoe of engine,

are

wliicli

experimenting
is

of the

293

witli

same

di-

but fitted witii meclianclaimed to give considerably more horsepower for the same weight
with less gasoline consumption.
tlie

SO-li.

operated valves.

ically

p.,

It is

On August 4 Mr. Henry Farman was out tryhis new monoplane, and some good flights
It is to he hoped that one
were accomplished.
of these machines will be entered in some of
the, coming meets.
ing

Ladougne, a picture of whose machine appeared

the September number of Aicraft, page 253,
to maice good progress on his Goupy
On August 8, he flew for over an hour
biplane.
in

continues

with a passenger.
is that constructed
This interesting machine somenew headless Wright matwo chain-driven propellers
made a flight of 40 minutes
with Picard at the helm.

Another successful biplane

M.

by

Savary.

resembles the
\vhat
chines, but has the
It
located in front.

August

on

7,

It is reported that Bleriot is building an "Aerial

'Bus" which will be capable of accommodating four

passengers.
14, Poillot, the new Savary pilot,
magnificent flight of 30 minutes, at a
200 metres, over the country around
A remarkable thing in connection with
this flight was the magnificent glide he made from
He had only
this height when his motor stopped.

On August

made

height of
Chartres.

got his pilot's license on

August

11.

the object of rendering aviation more

the Ligue Nationale Aerienne will organize
three competitions.
One will be for protective
clothing for aviators, the second will be for appliances for reducing the shock of sudden landings,
and the third for a system of parachutes or
spreading surfaces, wdiich should open out and
retard the speed of an aeroplane's fall.

With

safe,

It
is
reported that Princess Dolgorowki is
learning to fly a Bleriot and has already made
several short flights.

Although it was at first feared that the injuries

sustained by de Baeder as the result of his accident on the opening day of the meeting at Camon August 20 would prove fatal, later reports
are reassuring.
After mastering the Voisin biplane, de Baeder took up the Farman, while recently he had been using a Breguet biplane, with
which he had made many successful flights.
For
some time he had been at Douai, and wanted to
fly from there to Cambrai.
The elements, however, rendered this out of the question, and on
his arrival at the aerodrome, de Baeder found the
weather conditions all against flying.
He nevertheless promised to go up at six o'clock, and although the wind was then very strong, he started
brai

The machine swayed

off.

good

deal,

and

it

had

got past the crowd when

the ground.
The machine

dived suddenly
it
was badly broken,
de Baeder remained in his seat.
He was
rendered unconscious, and subsequent examination showed that one of his wrists and one of
his ankles were broken, and his skull fractured.
At first the doctors gave little hope of recovery,
and the injured man did not regain consciousness
until the following day.
It is now reported, howthat he is out of dang
just
to

but

On Au.gust 29, Morane in a Bleriot monoplane,

rose to a height of 7,054 feet at Havre, according to oflicial figures.
He has since then bettered
this record, for on September 3 he rose to the
remarkable height of 8,741 feet; both of these
were world's records.
M. Bielovucci, after accomplishing his wonderful flight from Paris to Bordeaux, announced his
intention of continuing his aeroplane iournev to
Milan, Italy.

On September I. the American aviator, Weyman, flew in a biplane from Mourmelon to Paris,
distance of 105 miles, carrying a passenger.
at Montmirail, 40 miles from the
start, for luncheon, and, on again ascending, went
to Massy, 55 miles from Montmirail, where he
stopped to replenish his gasoline.
As soon as possible Mr. Wevman will start
for the special Michelin prize of $20,000 for a
flight from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, a distance
the
fli(
a

He landed

Germany
The following

of the Parseval airships in

action and in course of construction affords interesting reading:
P. L. I. 3200 cubic metre-capacity, 85-h. p., owned by the Imperial Aero Club;
P. L. II, 4000 cubic metres, S5-h. p., owned by
the German War Ofiice as P. I; P. L. III. 6600
c. m., 200-h.
p., owned by the German War OfP. L. IV, 2300 c. m., 50-h. p.,
fice as P. II;
Austrian War Oflice; P. L. V., 25-h. p., 1200 c.
m., owned by tile Aerial Navigation Company as
Sport-Airship No. 1
P. h. VI, 220-h. p., '6800
c.
m., destined for the Munich Parseval Aerial
Navigation Co.; P. L. VII, 220-h. p., 6700 c. m.,
destined for Russian Government; P. L. VIII,
300-h. p., 5600 c. m., destined for Brussels; P.
I,.
IX and X, both of 70-h. p. and 1350 c. m.,
will be known in future as Sport Airship 2 and
3; P. 1,. XI, 320-h. p., 5600 c. m., destined for
the Prussian War Oflice.
list

tiev,

18,000

marks

German War

Ofiic

ng been presented by
encourage aviation in

Fatherland.

Italy

On August 8 the official opening ceremony of

the new flying school at Pardenone, near Milan,
took place, when about 30.000 persons assembled
to witness a series of exhibition flights by Cheuret,
on a Henry Farman biplane and Ehrmann on a
Bleriot monoplane.
In the evening a banquet, at
which the Government was represented, was given
by the municipal authorities.
On August 20, the Italian Army officer. Lieutenant Vivaldi Pasque, was killed in a flight near
Centocelle, due to the sudden stoppage of the engine.

Japan

It is reported from Berlin that the Japanese

Government has ordered twentv-seven Wright
They are
aeroplanes from the German builders.
The two aviation days at Mulhouse in Alsace to be delivered as soon as possible, and meantime
were greatly interfered with bv the inclement Captain Engelhardt is to instruct a similar numA little over a vear ago there were less than weather. Thelen on a Wright machine won the ber of Japanese officers in the manipulation of
machine.
Seven oflicers commenced their
100 aeroplanes in Europe, most of these being in duration prize for the longest flight total, Jeannin the
France.
tuition on August 5.
Recently Bleriot has built 250 monoling hi:
with his Farman.
Othe.
planes like the one in which he crossed the Eng- petitors
Gorrissen, Eehrend and Amerigo.
Switzerland
lish Channel, and Farman has manufactured more
than 100 biplanes.
Count Zeppelin and his party will have arrived
Other types bring the French
During the month that the airship "Ville de
production up to about 800, which have sold for at Spitzbergen long before these lines appear; Lucerne" has been in commission she has regusomething^ over $2,500,000.
Factories are work- among the participants in the preliminary Arctic larly made daily trips, except of course, when the
ing to their full capacity.
Airship Expedition is H. R. H. Prince Henry, of weather has been bad.
On several days more
The small Bleriot sold at first for $2,000, but Prussia, who will remain there until the party than one trip has been made as, for instance,
the latest types now cost from $3,000 to $5,000. returns to Germany tliis month.
The expedition on the 8th inst., when five excursions were made,
The catalogue price of other important makes are: proper with its two airships takes place in the the total number of persons carried during the
for the Farman. $5,600; for the Voisin, $4,600; year 1912.
dav being 48. In 15 days 21 ascents were made
for the Antoinette. $5,000; for the Wright, $5,000,
and there was no difficulty in obtaining the full
and for the Sommer machine, $5,000.
The second of the two national meetings sched- complement of passengers at $30 per head.
On August 29 Louis Breguet took up five pas- uled this year for Berlin-Tohannisthal took place
On the 14th inst., four trips were made in varisengers in his biplane at Lille.
The total weight between the 7th and 13th of August. This meet ous directions over the different lakes, and also
sustained by his machine was 921 pounds.
had a sum of 50,000 marks guaranteed for prize over the city of Berne.
-

AIRCRAFT

294

October, igio

CLUB

taARY AT GARDEN CITY.

these residents having turned, in remarkable num- ailerons, which consist

of Pennsylvania
bers, to the manufacture and sale of aeronautic used in the same way as a window shade.
Show which had been announced and aviation goods. The recent growth of the are placed on the front of his planes,

Aero Club
The

big Aero

by the Aero Club of Pennsylvania to be held in the

First Regiment Armory, Philadelphia, October 23nd
to November 5tb, has been postponed a few days
and will now be held November 2nd to 12th.
This postponement has been found necessary
because a number of the aeroplanes which will be
on exhibition and which will be the principal at-

of

situation of Philadelphia as the centre of its territory and the claim of the Aero Club of Pennsylit is the controlling body in that territory seems amply borne out by the fact that all
arrangements have been made to open the show on aviation events which have been held during the
the Wednesday following, thus giving plenty of past month within a radius of seventy-five miles of
time to ship the machines from Long Island to the city have been first referred to this club for
Philadelphia and to set them up in the armory.
approval and in many cases have been held under
In response to a number of requests .from ex- the auspices of the organization.
hibitors who are also going to show their goods in
The Three States Aero Show has been
St. Louis, the Aero Club of Pennsylvania is ar- placed by the club entirely under the management
ranging to have a special car engaged to be packed of Henry M. Neely, the Secretary, who is also
with goods from the Philadelphia show immediately Chairman of the Committee on Contests and Exon the close. November 12th. and to send this car hibitions, and who has had many years* experience
by express to St. Louis so that tl^e exhibits can be in show management and publicity.
set up there in time for the opening.

tractions for the public, will be competitors in the

International Races at Belmont Park, and as these
races have been put off until October 22nd to 29th,

vania that

it last until August 27.

While no records were broken at this meet, still
some splendid flying was done by Brookins, Coffyn,
Johnstone, Hoxsey and La Chapelle with biplanes,
while Fred L. Owen made daily flights with his

another week, making

dirigible.

Aeronaut Johnny Mack's force of parachute

jumpers also gave daily exhibitions in this line of
work.
The meet was held under the auspices of
the Aero and Motor Club of Asbury Park and
was a success in almost every particular.
Among the officers who deserve particular mention for the splendid way the meet was handled
are Colonel Mahlon R. Margerum, the director
genera], and Louis P. Randall, his assistant.

Southern California News

By M. Fer-Don

A novel feat in ballooning was accomplished at

Los Angeles when the captive balloon "City of
Los Angeles" ascended with a Flanders automosuspension ropes in lieu of the
usual basket.
Stevens brothers and Lunt also have a captive
bag here with which two prominent society women
made the ascension clinging to ropes with basket
bile attached to the

removed.
The envelope of Burns and Grant had been lately
Roy Field,
varnished and the bag was inflated.
engineer, climbed between net and envelope to
remove wrinkle at the top. His foot punctured the
bag and the out-pour of gas made Field lapse into
unconsciousness and release his hold making a
record of falling through a balloon.

trip was made in a 75,Q00 cubic ft. spherical

bag to San Bernardino, a distance of 78_ miles, in
This is the best time made
3 hours 15 minutes.
with an balloon in California.

Mrs. Gordon, of Los Angeles,

to have made an ascension.

man

is

the oldest wois 85 years

She

of age.

MATfiUR

REWARD

The Philadelphia show is attracting unusual mamong dealers in aeronautic and aviation
supplies because of the great activity that has recently been shown by the Aero Club of Pennsylvania.
This organization has gone into ballooning
terest

on a very wide scale and is having more frequent

ascensions than any other club in the country. Its
new grounds for aeroplane flights at Clement on,
N. J., have been pronounced by those who have
seen them to be far ahead of most other grounds
both in their natural advantages and in the buildings which have been put up on them.
The hangars on these grounds are the very last
word in housing for aerial vehicles, being three
hundred feet long and so constructed that there are
six separate compartments each fifty feet wide and
forty feet deep, each containing work -bench and
two sleeping compartments to accommodate four
persons. The club is also installing a complete
machine shop to be run by a five H. P. gas engine,
and the fact that every one of these "stalls"
has already been leased for the entire winter is an
indication of the busy days that are in store for

members

of this organization,
large percentage of the space in the Aero
already been taken by residents of Eastern Pennsylvania, Southern New Jersey and Delaware, of which Philadelphia is the natural centre,

Show has

These

Pennsylvania has been one of the

Asbury Park Meet
most notable features of American aviation news,
and the club is being run upon a business basis
as the September number of Aircraft was
The show onJust
well for its future.
promises
which
the press, the Asbury Park Aero Meet was held
which it is now preparing is called The ThreiC at Interlaken, N.
J,, between the days of August
Show because of the natural 10 and 20. The meet
States Aero
was prolonged, however, for

Aero Club

The Aero Club of California have a dozen maSome of these are comchines in their hangars.
plete, while others are finished excepting that motors have not yet been installed.
Knabenshue is offering a cup to the first member of the club to make a flight of 500 feet. F, J.
Slavin attempted a flight for the cup on August 6th.
In the morning he succeeded in clearing the ground
for about 125 feet; in the afternoon he made five
attempts, breaking two propellers, but the sixth
time he rose to a height of 30 ft., with the machine running smoothly for 75 feet; it then crashed
to the ground, completely wrecking the running
Slavin. however, escaped injury.
gear.
The accident was due to a slight mechanical defect in the control of the fore-and-aft stability:
the control running to the elevator broke, thus
leaving the elevator free.
Slavin's patent attorney, Mr. Blakeslee, and his
backer, Harvey Bissel, son of the millionaire carpet-sweeper manufacturer, believe they have solved
The
the problem of automatic lateral stability.
planes are of the type of rocking wings.

'TO

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

295

BETTER AEROPLANE ENGINES

By Claude Grahame-White
From the "Daily Mail,''* London

the aviator's demand.

In speed he sees
Gradually it
a solution of his greatest problems.
has dawned upon him that the air is the ideal
traffic
that
through tlie air,
element for high-speed
before very long, speeds will be attained which are
impossible with vehicles on land or ships on the sea.
To the makers of engines the aviator says: "Give
me more power, which spells speed." To the build"Construct me planes
ers of aeroplanes he cries:
capable of the maximum of speed."
And the speed of aeroplanes has been creeping
At first it was tliirty-five miles an hour.
up.

Speed

is

Soon this was

Then came forty.
Round prepared aerodromes a pace

left
behind.
of forty-five
miles an hour was attained. Nor did the
With racing monoseeking of speed end here.
planes a rate of fifty-five and sixty miles an hour
Not satisfied with this, pilots
became possible.
have added mile by mile, until the latest records
stand at sixty-six miles an hour.
Personally, I believe that this is only the beginning of the speeds that aeroplanes will be able to
attain.
Someone was discussing this vitally interesting aspect of aviation with me only the other
He asked the question: "What rate will
day.
aeroplanes be flying through the air in a comparatively short space of time?"
My answer was:
"In six months I fully expect that a monoplane
will be registering speeds of 100 miles an hour."
Friends of mine who are experts upon the scientific
aspects of aviation predict that eventually speeds
of 200 and even 300 miles an hour will be possible.
At this one's imagination is apt to reel. But this

and

fifty

experts a few years ago. From my point of view,

as a pilot of aeroplanes, the improvement in engines has been astonishing.
Last year, although
long flights were occasionally made, the undertaking of a cross-country journey was a matter of
considerable uncertainty.
Now, however, although
our engines are still admittedly imperfect, one can
fly from point to point with a growing confidence

much

Although

of the future of aviation is

still in
doubt, the establishment of regular "airstations" in the vicinity of large towns is an innovation which will soon be an accomplished fact.
I am, in fact, preparing one now myself at Park
Roval the point from which I started upon my
first 1,-ondon-Manchester flight.
The idea of the
"air-station" is simple.
It will, rouehly, correspond to the garage for the motor-car.
There
will be a large, smooth open space for machines

from and

also to alight upon.

There will
be a number of sheds in which air-craft will be
housed. There will be repair shops; also depots
in which oil and gasoline will be stored.
The
aviator, studying a special map before he starts
upon a long cross-country flight, will locate the
position of the various "air-stations" en route and
halt at some of them filling up his tanks, having
his engine overhauled, and perhaps garaging his
machine for the night in one of the sheds provided.
While speaking of the utility of the "air-stations." I should mention my belief that what is
w-anted to develop the practical phases of aviation
is
more cross-country flying. Making circuits
to start

is certain:
If the flying machine is to become
ally
of real importance, and not remain always a tie use.
But, in this connection, I certainly hold
sporting toy, it will need to be speedier than any the view most strongly that spectacular and demmethod of transit on land.
onstration flying although it is often condemned
The aeroplane engine is the crux of the situa- by those who regard aviation from the purely
tion.
Upon its development rapid or slow
represents a really useful
scientific point of view
depends also the development of aviation. For- phase.
Before anything was done in England it
tunately for the new science in which we are all became absolutely vital to intere_st_ the public. How
so interested, the fiying-machine_ motor is already has that been done?
Bv oreanizing great contests
As a well- such as The Daily Mail's 10,000 prizes and
making quite extraordinary strides.
known maker remarked to me the other day: also by arranging flying meetings and individual dis"Each motor which we turn out nowadays marks plays by aviators.
By these devices the public
And the mind, which was apathetic before, has been thora step up the ladder of progress,"
engines for air-craft are no.t only being made more oughly interested in the significance of aviation.
reliable, but they also weigh less than they did at
WJien
it is considered that sufficient publicity has
first for each horsepower of energy produced.
will
This is all-important. In this respect alone en- been given to the possibilities of flying, then
gineers have been achieving results of late which come tlie time to cease displays and devote one's
would have been declared absolutely impossible by energies solely to the development of the industry.

much

When I have been discussing this point some

people have said to me:
"Ah! but these displays
lead to accidents."
reply has been:
"In such
a new and untried science as flying, accidents are
inevitable.
can only learn by our experiences
while actually in the air.
And, above all, remember
this
every accident, however small, teaches an
absolutely invaluable
lesson.
Every disaster I
look back upon in the brief history of aviation
has taught such a lesson that a similar catastrophe
is never likely to occur again."
Already a convincing proof of the development
of flight
international authorities are discussing
seriously the immediate lying down of regular
"airways."
Simply described, an "airwav" will
direct the passage of air-craft over a given tract of
land when in flight from city to city or from, one
country to another. These "airways" several have
already been provisionally mapped out in England

My

We

'Will

craft

make
over

whenever

it

incumbent upon

sparsely

possible,

populated

and

pilots to fly their

tracts of country

will also obviate flying over

towns.

We

not want to hamper aviation with too

many rules, but danger to the people on the earth
must be obviated, and the risk of involuntary descents in crowded districts must be avoided.
The
rights of private property must be considered also;
it
is
clear that machines cannot be allowed to
descend haphazard just where they like. Hence the
need both for "airways" and "air-stations."
So far, the whole attitude towards flying has
been to encourage it a striking contrast to the
condemnation of the railway train when it was
introduced.
This toleration the aviator must do
nothing to undermine.
Motoring would not have
been discredited in many people's eyes had it not
been for the "road-hog."
must have no "airhogs."
As aeroplane owners increase many perplexing problems will arise.
What is wanted is a
sensible code of rules, framed in the public interest by practical authorities and tactfully enforced
before there is possibility of any outcry against
the new sport.
For rapid transit generally; for fast mail traffic;
for express passenger services; for naval and
military reconnoitring work; as instruments of
destruction although this phase may be far distant
these are some of the possibilities of the
aeroplane. What we now want is a machine which
will fly reliably in any wind short of a gale.

do

We

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

By G.

F.

Campbell

Wood

Height Records
Aviation records for time and distance have
been improved upon with bewildering rapidity in
the past few months; their betterment, however,
seems actually tame and slow compared with that
of the record for height.
The history of this record properly begins, of
course, with the first fledgling-like hops made a
few inches or feet above the ground by Clement
Ader in the "nineties" of last century and with
the first flights of the Wright brothers in 1903,
In 1906, Santos-Dumont, EHe1904 and 1905.
hammer and Vuia got off the ground for a few
seconds but nothing like as high as the Wrights.
In the next year an "altitude" of thirty feet was
still
considered a dizzy height, but towards its
close this w^as exceeded by several aviators, notably
by Esnault-Pelterie, who, being carried up seventy
feet against his will, and unable to check the rise,
shut off the engine, escaping unharmed from the
hard landing. This was long quoted as the greatest height reached by an aviator.
It was only in 190S that aeroplanes really got
away from the immediate neighborhood of the
earth
the bottom of the aerial ocean
with its
treacherous eddies and currents.
In May, 1908, several sportsmen in Paris started
a subscription list for a height-prize, the money
2,500 francs to go to the first aviator to pass
over a captive balloon 25 metres (82 feet) above
the ground; this initiative raised quite an outcry
at the time, it being claimed that the aviators were
being encouraged to needless recklessness; the
money was raised nevertheless and the prize
founded.
It was ultimately won by both Wilbur
Wright and
Henry Farman, at the Camp
d'Auvours near Le Mans and at the Camp de
Chalons, respectively; they had both, however,
flown at a greater height, on previous unofficial

trials.

Wright then won a prize for flying at 30 metres

whereupon another was immediately of-

(98 feet)

fered

to

the

aviator

exceeding

100

metres

(328

feet)

Wright

startled

mediately

accomplishing

December

18,

1908,

w^orld by almost imfeat

this
was on
in a flight which closely

the

when

this

followed that on which he had broken the world's

records for distance and time, he rose to 360 feet.

Notwithstanding
progress

of

flying,

enthusiastic belief in the

was earnestly questioned
be surpassed in 1909, and as
stood for seven months; at

tlie

it

this would
a matter of fact it
this time (fourteen months ago) Louis Paulhan
had just learnt to drive an aeroplane- a Voisin
and was competing in the first real aeroplane meeting, that of Douai.
It was on July 18, that he
filled his countrymen with
pride bv taking his
biplane up 120 metres (394 feet), thus being the
first to rob the Wrights of one of their world's

whether

records.

A few days later came the first cross-Channel attempt of Latham and, when it was noticed at
what great height he flew above the sea (it is
said at one time to have been in the neighborhood of 1,000 feet), it began to be understood that
flying in the upper reaches would not be confined
to the foolhardy but might be purposely selected

flagstaff of the Eiffel Tower; officially he was only

allowed 300 metres (984 feet): the height of the

On November 5th, at the Brooklands motorEngland, Paulhan reached 977 feet; he

returned to France and renewed over the
Chalons Plains his struggle for the record, with
Hubert Latham. Several flights reaching between
1,300 and 2,000 feet in altitude were made by
both the famous flyers but the difficulty of measuring the heights reached, and the lack of officials to do so made it very uncertain which had
gone the highest. Latham gained an official record of 453 metres (1,486 feet) on December 1,
and this remained until January 7, when, notwithstanding the cold, he carried it to 1,000 metres,
being the first to fly a kilometre above the
ground.
Notwithstanding this magnificent eft'ort the record only remained his five days longer, for -on
January 12, many thousands of miles from
"Chalons at Los Angeles his countryman and
rival, Louis Paulhan^ climbed into the California
sky for forty-four minutes, on his Farman, reaching 4,600 feet according to his barometer and
4,165 feet according to the measurements made
from below- the latter figures being declared oftrack,

then

A keen struggle between Paulhan and Latham

was expected at the great Rheims meet for the
unfortunately Paulhan's Voisin was
The record remained Paulhan's throughout the
in a smash-up two days before and could not do
Spring and was not broken until Erookins made
itself justice; the prize went to Latham with 155
metres (508 feet), which became the oificial world's his great flights of June and July at Indianapolis,
record, although the actual altitude reached by Montreal and Atlantic City, reaching 6,175 feet
at the last named place, in a flight which lasted
him was about twice this height.
Henri Rougier. known only up to that time as an hour and which still constitutes an altitude

height prize

automobile race-driver, then entered the

and flew on his Voisin at 190 metres (623
this was at Brescia^ Italy; then Orville
Wright gave the aeronautic world a thrill by
climbing to 1,600 feet in an unofficial flight, near
Berlin.
This height was approached 'or equalled
by the Comte de Lambert, when he flew over
Paris, passing several hundred feet above the
a

great

field

feet);

record for biplanes.

At the recent Rheims meet Latham was up
4,5^0 feet, beating the French record; this is the
greatest
altitude
at
which an Antoinette has
flown.
Then came the Bournemouth meet where
great flights were
made, by Morajie and by
all
Bleriots,
Gnome-driven
brexel,
on their
British records for height being broken; after this

AIRCRAFT

296
several Bleriot pilots seemed to make a concerted
attack on the dizzy record; the Belgians, Tyck
and Olieslaegers, in their own country, the
Parisian-Peruvian Chavez, and the Italian Cattaneo, at Blackpool, in !E)ngland, the American
Drexel, at I^anark. in Scotland, climbed one and
all skyward on their wonderful little monoplanes
driven by the no less wonderful little whirling
engines.
Below is a list of those who have flown a
thousand metres above ground; it will show the
Cattaneo missed the
result of this onslaught:
"vertical kilometre" by a few yards, but the
others not only achieved this but the "vertical

The

first

Drexel;

was

this

to

pass

was

at

the 2,000 metre mark was

Lanark on August 11.
He

in the clouds and only rejoined his

several hours later; the height reached
at first given as 6,750 feet, but later as 6,600
lost

friends

was
and

this was not beaten until August 29, in an

extraordinary flight by Morane, made between two
showers, at Havre, and of which the writer was
one of the fortunate witnesses. Here again there
seemed to be some uncertainty as to the exact
figures 6.888 feet, 6,691 feet, and finally 7,052
being given out.

October, igio

And now this great record has been made al-tudes

most insignificant by the stupendous performancesstrike
of this same Morane at Deauville on Septemberborne
3, and of Chavez at Issy on September 8th.
times
The height reached by Chavez was 8,692 feet, world
liight
thousand six hundred and ninety-twohighe
feet!
The figures are well worth dwelling on forNew

=ached in spherical balloons, they do not

ne as so marvellous, but what should be
1 mind is that Morane flew nearly nine
s
high as the highest building in the
:he Eiffel Tower
more than twelve times
than the Metropolitan Life Building in
rk, three thousand six hundred feet higher
a moment, if only to bring one's self to realizethan
official record for dirigible balloons and at
just what they represent.
Compared with thea height at
:h very few real birds are known
heights of the greatest mountains and the alti-to fly
latitudes.

'

AVIATORS
AVIATOR

WHO HAVE

RISEN

A KILOMETRE INTO THE

AIR

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

297

will take place directly in front of the grandstand.

The programme will open each day at 1:30 P. M.
and will continue until 5 P. M. It will be necessary to begin the flying at this early hour in the
afternoon in order to hnish each day's events and
give opportunity for the big crowds to get home
Every indication at present is that
before dark.
the Belmont Park meeting will be the most interesting and successful exhibition of human flight
ever given in this country, if it does not rival any

Occurring as it does
of the big events abroad.
after the close of all other meetings here and in
Europe, all of the foremost airmen will be at liberty to enter, and added to this advantage is the
great opportunity given to the world's aviators of
winning large prizes. The oflicial programme includes a list of varied events for which $50,000
in cash prizes is offered.. Every prize is put up
to be won and the events are so arranged that
each aviator and each type of machine will have
In addition to the
a fair chance at the money.
prizes the managers of the meet have arranged a
sharing system under which all the net
after deducting the necessary expense of
the meeting, will be divided among the men who
It is expected that about thirty
do the flying.
aviators will take active part in the meeting, and
the events have been so classified tbat there will be
something doing in the air every minute.
profit
profits,

Recent Patented Inventions

Briefed by Gustave R.

Two European countries, France and England,

have named their contestants for the Gordon Bennett Trophy.
Those from France are Alfred Ee
blanc, who will come over with a Bleriot monoplane, and Hubert Eatham and Rene Labouchere,
The Engeach of whom will use Antoinettes.
lish team, as now selected, is Claude GrahameWhite, James Radley and Alec Ogilvie. Glenn H.
won
trophy
in
France
last year,
Curtiss, who
the
has been invited to head the American team with-

VT 965.491.

U. S.
Stites.

out entering the elimination contest, and the other

two members of the trophy-defending team will be
selected from America's half dozen best aviators.
Aside from the contestants in the international
classic, applications have been received from half a
dozen other Europeans and it is expected that before the time arrives for closing the entries at
least a score of the best known aviators in the
world will ha
listed for the Belmont Park
meeting.
d other buildings at Belmont
The grandstand
deled in such a manner as is
Park are being re
necessary to
big crowds at that
All of the structures will be
time of the year,
decorated in the
slors of the various nations,
reserved seats will be added
additional boxes ar
and ample space p' ivided for automobiles.

Curtiss Flyers at

to

19th,

U-

S.

Patent 964,828.

July

19,

1910.

T.

Win-

means for attaining lateral stability.

Diskshaped planes mounted at an oblique angle on
vertical

shafts.

U. S. Patent 965,289.
July 26, 1910.
J. t.
Garsed.
Steering wheel arrangement for operating the
steering and balancing planes of aeroplanes.

and

intended to last but three days.

the splendid success of these three days
and the great interest taken in the experiments by
the public as well as by the aviators, the meet was
extended and lasted three additional days: Friday, August 26th; Saturday, 27th, and Sunday,

August 28th.
After the meet

Curtiss, who went to Cleveland,

the 120 mile water flight from Euclid Beach
Cedar Point, Ohio, and return. Willard went
Boston. Post to Boston. Ely to Kalamazoo.
Mars to Minneapolis, and Curtiss to Boston, following his over-water flight.

F.

field.

originally

&

hip-roof.

New York

The meet opened on Friday. August

Due

G.

del.

with their Curtiss aeroplanes.

Several experiments that proved the aeroplane's
value in a new sphere were successfully accomplished during the six days the birdmen were fly-

was

J.

construction of supporting plane.

Instead of
making the longitudinal cross-section curved, the
planes are made angular after the manner of a

New Yorkers were given their first real aviation

meet during the last two- weeks in August at the
old Sheepshead Bay race-track. Long Island, when
Glenn H. Curtiss and his flock of birdmen, composed of J. C. "Bud" Mars, Charles F. Willard,
Eugene B. Ely, J- A. D. McCurdy and Augustus
Post, performed many daring and sensational, as
well as novel and scientific, feats and evolutions

ing at the

Patent 965,491, July 26, 1910.

The

Thompson

made
to
to

PATENT 965,289.

AIRCRAFT

298

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED
^

CENTS A LINE

10

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

W. Marion

engine;

Address

Wash.

St., Seattle,

BUILD AN AEROPLANKWe

will send you

blue prints and instructions for building monoPropellers, wheels, wire, and a
plane tor $1.00.
complete line of aeroplane parts and supplies at
the lowest prices.
J. Horat Co., LaFayette, Ind.

FOR SALE One

monoplane,

37-ft.

complete

with propeller, spring wheels, detachable laced

planes and everything ready to take to the air
except motor.
Worth $3,000. Will sell at a sacriInquire G. L.
fice;
also portable house for it.
Fisher, 1003 Wayne St., Sandusky, Ohio.

ENGINE FOR SALE One

new

30-h.p.,

AEROPLANES THAT

FLY.

-*

24 Victoria

St.,

Montreal, Canada.

POSITION

desired as Mechanical Superintendent

-*
with Aeronautical Engineering or Manufacturing Company, expert mechanic with technical
education.
Al designer and draftsman. Resourceful, inventive, good executive.
At present teaching

machine-shop

Age

School.

practice

in

well-known Trade
K. S., Care

Best of references.

31.

WANTED
ICAL

CONTRACTS FOR AERONAUTEXHIBITIONS and a CHANCE

at PRIZE MONEY FLIGHT GUARANTEED.
TWO MACHINES ONE THE SLOWEST in the
world OTHER FOR SPEED. APPLY TO. F.
MURIAS, BABYLON, N. Y.
DE(L)IRIOUSinsert

E. de

"M"

Pronounced

in

place of "L."

No

infringements on Wright machines.

POSITION desired in Aeronautic factory a.s asmechanic, electrician; woodwork a speworker.

Al references.
P. O. C,
Care Aircraft.

sistant,
cialty; neat

EXCHANGE
To
WANTED
mile speed
control

bile

twenty-two

trade for aeroplane,

boat, six-cylinder, sixty horsereverse gear, automoself-lockii

power engine,

complete

months;
Aircraft.
three

perfect

used
particular
Address Box 746,

every

;r.

you consider quality and

balloons or dirigibles, get
Lewis Balloons,
drogen generators for making
applied for patent on a new
aeroplanes that will not vary

IF

ples of O. F.

Would

AERONAUTS!

gas for sale.

Have
steering device for

to

ATTENTION!

HAVE

discovered the only way to rubberize

your balloon or airship
will not crack in
cool or warm weather.
A correct blue-print on
how to set up your gas generators and purifier,
also direction on how to make hydrogen gas fully
explained; with a blue-print how to cut an airship

you are looking for

my prices and samfully equipped.
Hy-

from an even keel.

hear from parties interested, with
Oscar F. Lewis, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

like

capital.

Com-

working drawings and instructions for

building flying models of the following famous
aeroplanes: Bleriot, Antionette and Santos-Dumont
monoplanes, and Wright, Curtiss and Farman biplanes.
Each 2Sc., or set of six, $1.25, post paid.
O. K. Model Aero Works, 1525 Grace Ave., Lakewood, O.

MISCELLANEOUS

WANT

a position with some Aeronautical SoHave been

ciety as an Aviator or instructor.
flying the Bleriot monoplane under the instructions
of the Count de Lesseps. Have been a constructor
and pilot of dirigibles all my life. Cromwell Dixon,

four-

cylinder, air-cooled aviation engine equipped

with new Bosch magneto and Laminated trueEngine
screw, 6-foot propeller, 200 lbs. thrust.
weighs 197 lbs.; outfit just cost us about $600.
Will sell for about half or will exchange for 50-75
"Aero
Dept.,"
Stebbins
&
motor.
Address
h.p.
Geynet, Norwich, Conn.

MODEL
plete

CASH WITH ORDER

Jt

AVIATORS

FOR SALE
Curtiss two-cvlinder, 7-h.p.
FORfineSAIvB
running order; SO lbs. $125.00.
Alaska Sail Loft, 68

October, ipio

shape.
I will sell my formula on my
rubberized material and explain the drying process,
"pattern cutting," sewing the balloon, rubberizing
rything, from cutting thi
the
I expla
All blue-prints and
material to the i: iflation.
Price
neatly typewritten de= cription of the above.
Tos. F. Bush.
$2.00; best material i )r aeroplanes.
Aeronautical Engineei 385 Carrie St., Schnectady,
N. Y.

A press representative in every

WANTED
in the world to keep Aircraft posted on the
city

latest aeronautical

doings.

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

CO.

37-39 East 2Sth Street,

New

York, U.

S.

A.

bag cigar

SALEFive dirigible
FOR100,000
Four
capacity.

balloons, 10,000 to
balloons,
spherical
40,000 to 78,000 capacity. All new and in perfect
G. L.
condition.
Sell reasonable.
Indianapolis, Ind.

BUMBAUGH,

EROPLANE

wheels for your flying model, rubber tired, extra light and very strong. Laminated Wood and Aluminum alloy propellers from
Prices right.
White Aero6 inches up, any pitch.
plane Co., IS Myrtle Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

-^

best and most scientifically constructed propellers for Airships and Naptha Launches are

--

made bv Tacob Naef, 3548 Park Ave., Bronx, New

York City.

TEACH

*'^

flyer;

type

aeroplane complete

with

price of one dollar.

No other miniature
Flying Machine stands comparison in its simplicity
stability of construction

full

Address F.

$3,000 complete; delivery immediate.

M., care Aircraft.

aero'plane.

partner

and wonderful action.

lars.

PIAVE
solves

machine

West

made.

means

Address,

it.

Emniitt, 261

Fastest

some

with

manufacturing

motor

latest speed design; wonderful little

size and guaranteed perfect condition;

the

designing and building automatic machinery, etc.

Executive, inventive, five years study of aviation.
RESOURCEFUL, Box 725, Aircraft.

construct

or

for the

PATENT
type aeroplane, guaranteed to fly; conAddress
struction perfect in every detail.
"Aeroplane," care Aircraft.

of

develop

to

Will fly under any condition of wind. For further

information write: E. Eichenfeld, 11 South Seventh St., Minneapolis. Minn.

CURTISS

CURTISS

Capital

"Man-Carrying Aeroplane," entirely original

Patents
invention on new scientific principles.
granted in all civilized countries on miniature
models, which will be sent to interested parties
and

your son gliding the first step

tion
or buy yourself a Williams n
priced glider, and let him learn. Write for
Frank H. Williams, 1313 Clinton Si
ulars.
Wayne, Ind.

wanted, with a firm building, or

parties about to organize a company to build
Advertiser is the designer of a pracAlso a man of wide experience
tical monoplane.

CO-OPERATION WANTED
\X7"ANTED

npHE

POSITION

aeroplanes.

for

I am the inventor of sevkinds of heavier-than-air type

like the help of some

gentleman who is interested along that line of air
start to
travel, and who is in a financial position to
type preferred. I
any
of
lines
the
along
one
build
am anxious to have a partner who means busi-a
bund
to
ness as I am not in a financial position
machine alone. I have the most modern methods

and would

of obtaining equilibrium, lateral stability, balancing,

-Add^ss:
steering for altitude, direction, etc.
Hatch, Care Aircraft, 37 E. 28th St., New

desire

York.

be used
further partic

to

I5th Street,

New

York.

invented an air machine which I claim

if the
gas escapes the
the problem
keep on flying and cannot turn over
;

will

or upset.

ventor will give any company or club

development and then have shares of its
Write for full particulars to Jno.
McDonald, Jr., Point Prim, P. E- I., Canada.

The

ANNOUNCEMENT.
eral different
of flying machines,

plans fo

AMERICAN AVIATION SCHOOL.on

T-HE
-1
final trials

Cor-

best
respondence course and
Employment furnished to competent
Under the
Best of teachers assured.
aviators.
Society.
Aeronautical
auspices of the American
Address: 1950 W. North Ave., Chicago, 111.

aeroplanes.

ings.

Instructive to ex;periSelf-propelled.
Flies considerable
Miniature flying machines
distance.
50c prepaid.
as souvenirs for aviation meets at very low figures
Sample 25c. Agents wanted.
for large quantities.

AEROPLANE MFG.

CO., 309 15th

St.,

Brooklyn,

N. Y.

WANTED^Capital

WE

sell

your motor.

to build flying machine; exchange for part interest in invention, or will

share; patent applied for; also most up-to-date
Address
folding umbrella, patent applied for.

your machine

find a

remedy

ur machine
od.

fails to

fly.

Consult me;

y information

you

ask nothing

ult

fail to

furnish you with

years' experience

work

strictly confiden-

all

Gyroscope

inventor

desires

and

aluminum

financier

for

its

aerocon-

For particulars address August

Praube, 2516 Woodbrook Ave., Baltimore. Md.

S.

EROPLANE FRAME DETAILS:

12

figures.

showing most approved methods of joinine

frame members, styles of turnbuckles, etc., all
M. S. LEWIS, 778 West
25 cents.
easily made.
ty-

nth

St..

Oakland, Cal.

make

Ten

desire.

plane

claim projection in my invention,

struction.
I
possibility of overturning in mid-air will be eliminated, ribs are invisible, resistance completely
eliminated.

you and make

if I

I will gladly

heavier-than-air type
1.

fly,

that will convince

on piston rings for all

Get more power out of
Let us make your rings. WHEELER
Bridgeport, Conn.

ENGINE WORKS,

Flving Machine, Box 174, Washington, Va.

ELECTRICAL

AERONAUTICAL DRAFTSMAN

ARE EXPERTS
makes of engines.

V. A. Lamare, 2442 Blaine Place, Chicago,

111.

Capital for patents relating

WANTED
solutely automatic stabilizing device

to

ab-

which
can be attached to any aeroplane. No heavy,
power-using gyroscope, but automatic adjustment
Also device for elimination of verof surfaces.
H. S. P., Care of Aircraft.
tical rudders.

Address of
WANTED
chain and sprockets
Address, Anton,
town, Pa.

HEINDL,

concern that can supply

for aeroplane propellers.
305 Franklin St., Johns-

'

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

PATENTS

299

GET

PATENTS

SKKETER

THOMPSON FLY! THAT'S THE THING

ROOM 1701
BENNETT S. JONES

USTAVE
I

R.

170 Broadway,

New York

City

Then

PATENT ATTORNEY
Victor Building. Washington, D. C.

nt I,nwt

Can secure you a Patent that will PR( iTI-XT

your invention on a flying machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice free.

Solicitor of Patents
KSl'HClAI.l.V

L'l

Al.llli:i>

1(1 Ill>

OF
Work

Hir.Il

WRITE TO-nAY

payments,

FRED.

-/

oU.UU

lllicial

^l^''

Mailed Free.

DIETERICH

&

P A TF NT<N

""1%^

Aiill' I'lleli-J'ROOF

NAVARRE

Patent Lawyers

Kxaiii-

New York

TUB

CO.

WASHINGTON,

Mo.

Se\'entU ^X\-c. At .'if^lli Street

BUSINESS ."ilEN. FAMILIES. TOURISTS
Maximum of l,uxurj- nt Minimum of Cost

D. C.

THAT PROTECT

actual

facilities,

prompt,

references.

est

15 yisirs

G.

800 G STREET,

Patent Dflice, over quarter

experience, unexcelled

S.

-.

Any Pitch
More ?
Joplio,

PATENTS. Gki55k

Obtained or no charge made

I".

Pay

Holbrook Helicopter Aeroplane Company

PATENTS
liasy

Size,

Why

CHAKACTKR

100 Mechanical Movements.

century

PROPELLERS
Any

ilonc willi rcnard to its k-unl ctTcct

REFERENCES

iner

let

LAMINATED Wocl rme Seri-u

Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each.

AERONAUTICAL WORK

"^Aeropla ne

the winds blowl

If you can't fly outdoors you can fly in the house. Jersey skcetcrs
.are 8 in. long, weigh one-sixth oz.. fly 30 feet.
Ily mail 25 cents.
Send for illustrated circular. Lincoln Square
Novelty Works. 1931 Broadway, New York City.

Telephone 4012 CortUndt

(Counselor

Jl'.RSKY

efficient ser\-ice, liigliKxperts in ineclianical

Advice and Books Free

Highest References.

and aero navigation technique.

Patents
advertised for sale free. Send sketch or

WATSON

description of invention for free search

off. S. Patent Office records and reliable
report as to patentability.
Send also for
lieautifully illustrated inventors' Guide
Hook on
How and What to Invent.
'

612 F

E.

St.,

Rules Rea
Best Scrv

COLEMAN,

Patent Lawyer

N. W., Washington, D. C.

'

'

S.

and

Aeroengine

BUNYEA COMPANY

E. P.
U.

FOREIGN PATENT ATTORNEYS

PRICE

$250

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606

F. St., N.

W., Washington, D. C.

PATENTS
sktlcli

..1

l^'i^'l^Lz

lu

I'alu

Iftic.

Obtain a Patent, and What

to Invent, with List of Inventions Wanted and
Prizes offered for Inventions sent free.
Patents

20-30

advertised free.
We are experts in

5in Bore.

AIRSHIPS and

all

1000-1500

and technical matters relating to .\i^RI.\I,

.NA\'IG.\TION.
VICTOR J. EVANS
CO.,
Washington, D. C.

&

PATFNTQ
rn-lI-'l^lO
C.inipl>ell,

r''^ books,

and

their

all

cost.

ACCESSIBLE QUIET ELEGANT

New Dutch Grill Rooms. Largest in the City

H.R

5iii.Stroke

Electric Cars pass Hotel to all Railroads

patents

Weight

A
A

lbs

Write for a Catalogue

about Patents
Shepard &

The Detroit
DETROIT

500 P., Victor BIdg.. Washington, D.C.

PATENTS

98

EUROPEAtM PLAN

R.P.M.

Y E A R S'
EXPERIENCE
25

Aero-plane

Room

with a Bath for a Dollar and a HaU

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50
AMiere two i>ersons occupv one r'-nm
fl.uO e.-<tra will be added to nhivL- i.riccs.

Larger

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanbor

Co.

MICHIGAN

..Model Aeroplane..
Which

FREE,

Ill\istr:itis Hill

Trlliiig

All

About

outfit includes 5 full

scale Drnwincs. andiHusIratcd hook (I^oiuluii authority) sliowinjf liow lo

make and fly it. Also

complete parts in wood,
nluniinuni, copper and
rubher to make one. If
sent hy mail, send 20

BROCK

E.
PATENT ATTORNEY

914 F

Street,

MODEL SUPPLIES

Washington, D. C.

(StnJ )t,imf

w.Kid.

with

can gioe Special Allenlion

o^ce Copia of

all palenia

lo Jlcfial Invenlinns

granted for Aeroplanes.

ONE DOLLAR
The

I'.ileiils

Mechanical Movent. nt^

CHARLES

150 Feet

will Fly

for

BOOK MAILED

as I hare in mi/

..
.

RUBBER,

W. H PHIPPS,

.V.

u,

1,

^fr^rif.

'

ni

t'er

{atiihg)

Sin.. SI.

Ill

in..

<\St.

.Ml, -I-

e.ii'li:

WHEELS,

enoli.

!^liiift.

sli.nul, ?l

iki.

37-39 E. 28th

Wood,
St.,

11 in., .Sl.Vi.
I'Tifinislle.l pro-

in. diiiiii. 10c.

in ^ feet lenElhs.

New York,

N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

^00

The DeChene Motor

A

50

lb.,

motor

cylinder, water cooled

of

35 H.

P., that

does the work.

PRICE

$650.00
WRITE FOR BULLETIN

PROPELLERS
any

size,

any pitch

$30.00

Why

Pay More?

HOLBROOK AERO SUPPLY

JOPLIN, MO.

CO.

October, Jpio

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

301

A REAL AERIAL MOTOR

MOTOR BUILDERS WHO KNOW THEIR BUSINESS AND WHO
HAVE BUILT MANY THOUSANDS OF AUTOMOBILE MOTORS

BUILT BY

BUILT
Eight Cylinder

Shaped 3

IN
'^

x 3

TWO

Shaped 4" x 4^

WE CAN MAKE IMMEDIATE

WRITE FOR INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATIONS

THIS

SIZES

Eight Cylinder

7^

IS

DELIVERIES

THE

Motor Per Horse Power Made

TO STAND ANY LEGITIMATE AMOUNT OF PUNISHMENT

Lightest Practical
THIS

MOTOR

IS

BUILT

AGENTS W^ANTED

DAVID

L.

HERMAN,

Moffat Bldg.,

DETROIT, MICH.

MINEOLA AERO SPECIALTY COMPANY

MINEOLA, LONG ISLAND,

One

o( our

Standard Bi-pianes

now making

N. Y.

daily flights

MONOPLANES

BIPLANES
Full Line of Accessories

and Parts Always on

Hand

AEROPLANES BUILT TO ORDER

Standard Types Delivered

in

Thirty Days

Affiliated with the Mineola Aviation School, the only organization of

Aviators and guaranteeing flights in specified time.

its

kind in America employing practical

AIRCRAFT

302

Make

Designer and Builder, or

Your

to

Own

Design

October, ipio

Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.

Builders of

COMPLETE LIGHT-WEIGHT
AERONAUTIC POWER PLANTS

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

Models or Propellers
and Aeronautic Supplies

Qliders, Parts

Jlero Motors jilways on

in

Stock

Hand

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

FRED SCHNEIDER, 1020

New York Agent

for

WIRE
^

Aviator

Wire

supplied in

plate finish

making

This wire

is

quality

Cord

specially

grade

high

sizes

with a

soldering easy.
drawn from

of twisted wire.

extra

Also Aviator

steel.
;:

::

::

::

For

John A. Roeblings Sons Co.

TRENTON, N. J.

International Aviation

Tournament

prices

and

.^V

"y^-

'

^^ ^- ^- ^'A'^^V^'

descriptive circulars

^^B

4 cyl. 40 to 50

just write to

^p

cyl.

50

to

H.

P. 5"

xS"

5"

x5''

60 H. P.

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO.

306 Holcomb Avenue,

Detroit, Michigan, U. S.

Curtiss Flying at the Boston- Harvard

A.

Meet

BELMONT PARK
From

OCTOBER

\l^-

22nd

T O

OCTOBER
Owing

to

the large

demand

been decided

to set aside

one interested

in

this

30th
for exhibit spaces

it

has

space for exhibitions, and any-

matter should address letters imme-

diately to the

Above

International Aviation

Tournament

Exhibition and Concession Department

FIFTH

is

Sample of the Aerial p h o

work done by

og

ph

ji full

York, N. Y.

LEOPOLD LEWIS
New York

915 Eiahtli Avenue

AVENUE BUILDING

New

line

of Eastman

KoJaks and Supplies always on hand

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

AIRCRAFT

October, igio

EDWIN HOPKINS
MONOPLANES

BIPLANES
REAL

$2000

FLIERS

THREE
WEEKS DELIVERY

"AMERICAN-STANDARD"

AEROPLANES

Subject to previous sale, one machine

is
ready for delivery in ten days

30 H.

COORDINATE
PROPELLERS
The

best

can

results

only

be

obtained

COORDINATE PROPELLERS. When

with

my COORDINATION SHEET.

the

COORDINATED PROPELLER.

MATTEAWAN, NEW YORK

Send

We

Free.

Send me
for the new aviation engine.
your name and address in order to receive the
It
first information about this great engine.
will be the ideal motor for aviators
reliable,
light, flexible, powerful and durable.
And
the price will not be inflated.

Wait

Also Supply

Knocked -down Frames

$100

UP

ENGINE

EDWIN HOPKINS,
Tel.

PASSENGER

MANUFACTURERS

Don't
order your propeller until vou see the advantages of

A NEW

MEYER & DREW

you have

right.

for

P.

$2,500

everything else right, you then want the propeller

right.
And if your propeller is not a COORDINATE PROPELLER, you are losing efficiency, speed

and power.
Get this feature of your equioment

303

1533 Broadway, Cor. 45th

NEW YORK,

3791 Bryant

PRICE $400

RIBS

St.

N. Y.

UPRIGHTS

MEMBERS AMERICAN AERONAUTICAL SOCIETV

READY TO RUN, INCLUDING

MAGNETO AND CARBURETOR

Detroit

WHEELS

SEND FOR PARTICULARS

110

Lbs.

WEIGHT

Rotaero

TWO

FIVE

CYCLE

BY

ROTARY

FIVE

Michigan Airship Co.

MANUFACTURERS

BRAKE

H. P. 30

MINIMUM
At

200 R.

P.

M.

Detroit, Mich.
Home

of Gasolene Engine Industries

GUARANTEE
WEIGHT, QUALITY
H.

P.

AIRCRAFT

304

ARE YOU TIRED OF INHALING THE

OTHER FELLOW'S DUST?
TAKE TO THE AIR, TRY

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

FLYING

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, water-cooled.

H.
40-60 H.

3 Cylinder, 30-45

4 Cylinder,
Cylinders

P., 138>^ lbs

$750 00

78

1,050.00

P.,

lbs

4^ x 4 J^, copper jackets, aluminum

hollow crank shafts.
4 Cylinder, 20-24 H. P., air-cooled, 150 lbs.
Cylinders 3% x 3 '2, flanged 1^ in. deep.
bases,

610.00

20 X 2 Aeroplane Wheels,

with tires, built with steel

Price.
rims and special hub, very strong.
Aeroplane Hubs, turned from solid bar of steel,
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled
Aeroplane Hub Brakes, enables aviator to stop
his plane before or after alighting on ground.
Length 8 in. outside cones 5 ^4 in., bored 36 holes
.

E. J.

W.

E. J.

W.

9.50

4.00

1 0.50

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood,

7

ft.,

6 ft., 6>^
9 lbs

ft.,

12 lbs

screw,

The 6

ft.

R. P.

Model Propellers,
fect

propeller gives

,'.

in.,

15

at

in.,

200
per-

5.00

"Guying"

for

breaking strength, 200.

500.
800.
'

2300.

;s

12-ft.

200 lbs. thrust

Laminated wood, 10

screw

in.,

50.00
60.00
70.00

Galvanized Steel Cable,

.\,-

perfect

lbs

Rubber Bands

for

models, ^4

in.

Price 3c per
"
'

ft.

3',c

"

4c
6c

"

1.00

square

Complete Catalogue of Supplies, Motors, Gliders and Light Metal

Castings, Mailed Free Upon Request.

E. J.

WILLIS CO.,

Dept. "F," 85 Chambers

St.,

N.

PRESERVATIVE

WRINKLE'S BALLOON
An

elastic

Non-porous varnish

for silk,

VARNISH

linen,

muslin

and other fabrics used in manufacturing of

BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLES
AEROPLANES, TENTS, ETC.
Sample Can Free.

WRINKLE PAINT MFG.

JOS.LBISSELL, Box
"Tell nie not in mournful

numbers

This is but an empty dream,

For the soul is dead that slumbers
To the wisdom of the scheme.

JOS.

E.

CO.,

795,

COLUMBUS, OHIO

PITTSBURG, PA.

Their features have perhaps another

Sailing: o'er l,ife's solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother
Suing may take heart again."

BISSELL, Box 795, PITTSBURG, PA.

October, ipio

AIRCRAFT

October, JQio

Communications

All

Intended for

Glenn H. Curtiss
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED
TO

Aviation Headquarters
1737

BROADWAY

NEW YORK
JEROME

S.

FANCIULLI,

Business Representative.

AEROPLANE

305

AIRCRAFT

306

Facts About Motors

The Call Aviation Engine IsA

The type
Four-Cycle Engine.
Ist.
The type uS'
automobiles and motorcycles.
here and abroad and holding all aviation r
The
Water
Cooled
Engine.
2nd.
pended upon for extended runs without c
spiral water jacket, together
with piston pump circulation

all

all

prominent aviators

Vanadii
tion with minimum weight; while o
cylinder head linings, piston heads, valve c
only dependable material for these parts.

7th.

the most perfect

is
system yet devised.

3rd.

on 99 per cent, of

October, igio

artistic;

Superbly Beautiful Engine.

mirror

finish.

8th.
A Phenomenally
This rePowerful Engine.
sult is secured by the use of

cooling

The

a comparatively small number

of cylinders of generous proportions,
as
distinguished
from a multiplicity of cylinders
with
their
numerous
bearings, and consequent friction, and liability to derange-

construction
Engine.
conceded by gas engine authorities to be the nearest
type.

By

odds the construction

aviation
for
adapted
poses.

4th.

An Opposed Cylinder

vibrationless

all

best

pur

Engine
Silent
yet designed
both
having

The only engine

for

aviation

main and auxiliary ports

ghly

''-

vhile all exposed parts not constructed of Magnalium

a shining
dible metal
are nickel -plated, the whole surface being polished

An

9th.

Exceptionally

Economical Engine.

si

common

matter of

Hence the only a\

lenced.
for
adapted
engine
ation
permanent use, or for other
than merely exhibition pui
poses.
"Fool-Proof" En5th.
The utmost simplicit\
gine.
of construction, small number
together with its
cylinders,
of
being of the usual four-cycle
tvpe, enables any automobile

among

gas
economy of

It is a
notoriety
that

engineers

fuel,
as compared with power developed,
is secured by large cylii
nber
athe
tha
by a multiplicity of small

cylinders

consideration

paramount importance

of

in avi-

ation.

Moderate Priced
10th.
While the material
Engine.
nkmanship of t
even superior to the very expensive
foreign makes, and no
:lassed with the cheap engines flooding the
cylinder engines.
market, yet our aim h
to furnish aviators with a moderate priced
uter casir
engine, cheaper than
uld b. produced by themselves, except in large
Thoroughly Dependable Engine. Our Magnal
6th.
arkably strong construeds permits of
numbers, and with an expensive shop and i<
equipment.
vlinders nd cylinde
Engine possess a few of these advantages. This is the only engine that combines them all.
Othe Az

chauffeur to set and run

it

whom

hav
cylinder, or V-shaped multiph

Not one

in fifty of

any experience with two-

MODEL
MOREL

E-1

E-2

Two-Cylinder; 50 Horsepower, weight, 150

Four-Cylinder; 100 Horsepower, weight, 250

lbs..
lbs..

Price, $1,000
Price, $2,000

NO

Prices include complete equipment

EXTRAS
enns, 35 per cent. Cash, with order: Balance. Sight Draft against Bill of Lading.
FOR CATAL0G-C2.
Also of onr
of our REJ'ERSIBLE AERIAL PROPELLER.
Utilice the heat of \our engine for the comfort of your pa.ssengcrs. ircight. 1 '/z lbs. per gallon of jacket water.

SEND
COMBINATION RADIATOR AND HEATER

DELIVERY THIRTY DAYS:

WRITE for harficnlor.<: and

j^r.

constructed of ahimuiuni tnbvu

The

Aerial

Navigation

Company

of

America,

Cheap Insurance While

Girard,

Kansas

In the Air,

WIRE TRUSSING MADE ESPECIALLY

for

AEROPLANES
Any

Size

and Gauge.

325,000

Guaranteed Tensile Strength

lbs. to

square inch.

GUARANTEED TO BEND WITHOUT BREAKING.

GUARANTEED NOT TO STRETCH.

Address

David

L.

Herman,

508 Moffat Block,

Detroit, Michigan

AIRCRAFT

October, ipio

307

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

Our

Gliders

best,

SEPARATE PARTS

GLIDERS

AEROPLANES

Light Metal Castings

for Connections alw ays carried in
Stock, or Special

the

are

the safest and

the easiest to operate.

castings made

Practical Lessons in

Gliding.

to

order.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experimentsconducted
Large Grounds for

to Order

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

Get our estimate for
your flying Machine

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.
Wittemann Glider

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Cove Road,

MURIAS

de

F. E.

Little

"M"

(Pronounced DE(L)IRIOUS insert

Babylon, l/Ong Island, N. Y.

in place of

Tel. 34

in

Flight

Staten Island,

Babylon

Now making

contracts for
Exhibitions during 1910

PATENTS PENDING
Guaranteed as to flight.
Guaranteed as to infringement of other patents.
If you are in' the exhibition business, if you are an automobile
dealer and if you desire to take up the selling of aeroplanes as a
business, read this.
Here is a new aeroplane,

perfected upon simple and practical

It has a new scientific method of control which is an improvement on what has been done before. It is like the others, but is
improved
principle of operation, and you
different
and
based upon a

lines.

be stopped by patent litigation.

request from you for further details will bring you informawill convince you of the absolute correctness of these

will not

Flights positively guaranteed

A
tion

slowest-flying aeroplane in the world

which

statements.

Others for Speed

ISRAEL

Entire time contracted for up to August second

No Infringements on

W-B

The Ludlow Aeroplane

"L")

Manufacturers and also Pilots of Aeroplanes

Have the

Telephone 390 L

N. Y.

the Wright Brothers' Patent

TUBING
STEEL
ALL
AND GAUGES
SIZES

LUDLOW

2686 Broadway, New York

City

BAMBOO
Specially Selected for Aeroplanes

Strongest and lightest material

in

Round,

Square,

for

Rectangular,

Air-Craft-Construction,

Oval and other

Furnished
Special Shapes

Tools and Supplies

Piano Wire, butted or plain

J.

Motor Crank Shafts and Drop Forgings

PETER

A.

FRASEE

130-132 Worth Street,

&

CO.,

New York

ALL SIZES

IN

STOCK=^=

DELTOUR,

Inc.

49 Sixth Avenue,

City

Telephone 5565 Spring

New York

A\

308

KC

R A

1'

OctolhT,

IQIO

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

LEADING

BALLOON

AND

AIRSHIP

CONSTRUCTOR

OF THE WORLD

Representing the

Continental Rubber

Company

OF HANOVER, GERMANY

Makers of the Finest and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane Material

in the World

Rubber Fabrics

for

Passenger Aeroplanes

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

Flying

Models

and Airships
W. MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to Fifty

Passengers
Also representing the

Models Developed

SANTOS-DUMONT
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

The

Government
nnd

Wilcox

to

Ninety-five per cent, of

Propeller

the cluba in this country.

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

Balloon and Airship Builders

OF PARIS, FRANCE

Address Box 181, Madison Square,

New York

Oiii'hrr,

loin

]<

\<

A KT

309

PROPELLERS
Our True Pitch, Laminated Ash Propellers combine
They are
proven features of foreign and home practice.

We

the interchangeable plan.

You know

specialize.

You

dia. for

ft.

20-30 H.

is

dia. for

ft.

25-40 H.

dia. for

ft.

30-60 H.

valued and
on

TERRITORY OPEN FOR AGENTS

$50.00 at our works

thrust

200

lbs.

Minimum

thrust

250

lbs. at

Minimum

thrust

300

at

1,200 R.

P.

M.)

$60.00 at our works

P.
(

most

past the experimental stage.

P.
(Minimum

the

get the benefit of our experience,

the value of buying a stock article, one which

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

all

built in large quantities

1,200 R. P. M.

$70.00 at our works

P.
(

lbs.

at

1,200 R.

P.

M.

Larger Sizes to Order

Small Propellers for Models, 10-16

in. dia.

$5.00

CLIFFORD B. HARMON
NEW YORK
Nc-iv York, lunc JOl/l, 1910.

THE RESJJA-GUiSON COMPANY

225 West 49th

Dear Mr. Gibson:

Street

In regard

to

the last propeller you furnished me, luould

say that luith this propeller I broke the amateur record of America of one hour
fi've jninules.

It

seems

to

and

he f^iving entire satisfaction.

Yours 'very truly,

Cl.irFOIil)

Mail or telegraph 10^ of amount, and

When

we

will

ship

ordering state the direction of rotation of propeller

propeller, clockwise or anti-clockwise,

your engine and

its

uncertain as to the size

for

IIAKMON.

balance, plus cost of

stand facing the breeze

you

require, state the

boxing.

made by

horsepower

the
of

speed.

THE REQUA- GIBSON

Phone 7200

if

C. O. D.

when you

li.

COLUMBUS

CO., 225 West 49th Street,

New

York, N. Y.

50th Street Subway Station

AIRCRAFT

310

October, ipio

CDOZ

THE NAME

Burgess Co. and Curtis

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
GUARANTEES

EXCELLENCE IN DESIGN

AND WORKMANSHIP
OUR AEROPLANES ARE SAFE
They Fly Well, Too.
Our Model

but our

flew successful

Model B

beats

it.

Our new Model C

even

is

better.

Hi

The

price remains the same.

Ca// any day^ weather permitting^ at our Aviation Grounds

Newbury^ Massachusetts^ for a convincing demonstration
loo:

October,

wio

FLY

AIRCRAFT

n\

AIRCRAFT

312

October, ipio

Great Lakes Pattern

SPECIALISTS

Co.

ON

Patterns for Motors and Parts for Aeroplanes

and
All Kinds of

Dirigibles

Woodwork

for Airships

Send Your Prints for Estimates

We do nothing but the very highest grade work

Light Alloy Castings, Etc., a Specialty

Office: Moffat Building, Detroit, Mich.

The Three-States Aero Show

Announced

to

be held

in

Philadelphia October

22 -November

been postponed a few days because of the postponement

tional Contests at

Belmont Park, and the consequent

5, has

of the Interna-

conflict of dates.

THE THREE-STATES SHOW

will

be held

November 2-12, 1910

ten days instead of

prices of all floor spaces has

to

suit

secured,

exhibitors

inclusive.

two weeks, a reduction

been made.

large.

If

you

As

25 per

this

is

only

cent, in the

Spaces can be subdivided

and any desired number

whether small or

of

of square feet can

desire to

be

make such an

arrangement, address the manager,

HENRY
Aero Club

of Pennsylvania

M.

NEELY
Betz Building, Philadelphia

ROTARY MOTOR

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

Aviation"

of

Made from
forged nickel

Nc

Light in design
not in parts

steel

Strongest aviation
cast parts

engine

No aluminum

50 H. R,
Weight 167 lbs.

Normal Speed,
1

100 H. P.,
Weight 220 lbs,

200 R. P. M.

Perfect in

Throttle Control,

every detail

200 to i^oo R. P. M.

No

engine troubles

Even Speed

known
fiURS

Its

made

wo?iderful reputation

is

GNOMt'

positive assurance of absolute satisfaction

USED BY

PAULHAN, FARMAN
And

All

Other

Leading

Foreign

Aviators

Holds World's Records

DISTANCE DURATION HEIGHT SPEED

Prices,

50

f. o. b.

H.

Terms

P.,

Factory, Paris, France

^2600

One-third

Cash

.'.

with

Packed

for

100
Order,

Marine Shipment

H.

P.,

Balance on

^4800
Delivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICAN
AGENTS

1611

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST.

LOUIS, MO.

ORDER IMMEDIATELY TO SECURE EARLY DELIVERY

Remarkable Achievements

S'

FRISBIE

J. J.

Whose

York

would more

papers,

every page of this magazine,

more than fifty successful flights

than

fill

made

during the

Mayor

Made

two weeks he had

first

Flew

'plane.

after

New

of

York

Successfully exe-

dark.

when
I

to

engine

slickest

"

great

B. F.

down

leave the ground.

have the

It's

Am

to spare.

learning to throttle

City.

grounds at

circuit of the

cuted a sensational spiral drop.

his son as passenger.
Mr. Frisbie says " Power

can use and

his

the rain for acting

in

Mitchell

a double

Mineola

S ^

Engines During the Month of August

accomplishments as chronicled

New

the

in

Featherweight

Elbridge

of

Carried

have

all

only just

have speed
Everone says
i

n Mineola.

ROEHRIG

of Santa

Anna, Cal.

Carried Miss Blanche Scott, the transcontinental

Automobile

cessful flight of

two

tourist, in

miles after only

suc-

two

i.

i.

AT MINEOLA,

FRISBIE,

N. Y.

or three days practice in flying.

M.

Has made

PARIDON

of Barberton,

WM. EVANS
Two
28

weeks

after delivery

of

his

J.

ing Farman.

discarded

He

will

cylinder

Featherweight.

of Kansas City

Greene biplane equipped with an Elbridge Featherweight, made a

miles across country at an estimated height of

Has

Ohio

several successful flights in his Paridon 'plane equipped with a

300

flight

of

feet.

W. CURZON

of St. Louis

imported 40 h. p. motor and purchased an Elbridge Featherweight

use the Featherweight in all 'planes that he builds.

his

GEO. RUSSELL

for his

record -hold-

of Mineola

Has adopted the Featherweight and

made a very successful flight the day he installed his new motor.
All these achievements and many others
by men who are not experienced in aeronautic navigation prove that the Elbridge
without a rival in the aero-

Featherweight

is

nautic field.

No

Aeroplane
power.

is

matter what

type

of

used, this motor furnishes ideal

Every Elbridge Featherweight engine in

was purchased from this company

use today
at full

list

price.

No man

is

getting free use

one of these motors or being paid to use

Their owners have bought them for the
it.
Their success has
best motors obtainable.
proven their superiority.
of

Elbridge Engine Co.

" Aero Dept."

ROCHESTER,

N. Y.

iniBE
Vol.

NOVEMBER.

LATHAM AND MARTIN

15 CENTS

A COPY

IN

1910

NECK AND NECK RACE

EDITED BY

Alfred Lawson
,

No. 9

$1.50
a year

AEREAL CLOTH
The Cloth of the Hour
MADE EXPRESSLY
O R

AEROPLANES

T^HE
^

strongest, lightest

the market.

PRICES

AND
Address

Room
1

BALLOONS

and most

to Inventors,

'

practical silk cloth in

against

sun,

SAMPLES
H. M. H.

rain

and wind.

APPLICATION

ON

MILLS,

Aerial Dept.

Western

608, Lincoln Bldg.

Union Square West,

Important

The

and

Thirty-six inches wide.

proofed

Guaranteed

No.

NEW YORK

Room

CITY

509,

Office:

Moffat Bldg.,

DETROIT, MICH.

TELEPHONE GRAMERCY

guilders and Owners of

1728

AEROPLANES AND FLYING MACHINES

CHARLES

DRESSLER

E.

EXPERT MANUFACTURING AND CONSULTING ENGINEER

Office

and

Factory,

SECOND AVENUE,

386-390

NEW YORK
THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED IN RESEARCH WORK, DESIGNER AND MAKER OF MODELS, EXPERIMENTAL
MACHINES AND FULL-SIZE MACHINES FOR ACTUAL USE. WORK GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION
With

fully

equipped

workshop,

skilled

workmen,

up-to-date

specially

designed

tools,

apparatus

and

machinery.

PROMPT DELIVERY GUARANTEED OF THE SMALLEST MODELS OR THE LARGEST CONTRACTS FOR WORKING
MACHINES

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

313

Great Lakes Pattern

SPECIALISTS

Co.

ON

Patterns for Motors and Parts for Aeroplanes

and

Dirigibles

Woodwork

All Kinds of

for Airships

Send Your Prints for Estimates

We do nothing but the very highest grade work

Light Alloy Castings, Etc., a Specialty

Office

508 Moffat

Building, Detroit, Mich.

The notable achievements of Mrs. Raiche, at Mineola, have proven the power and
endurance oi
ia actua/ ^{g\\t.

VOX AERO MOTORS

FOX AERO MOTORS are the

st?npiest,

most

reliabie

and most powerful Aero-

nautic Motors yet produced.

They are two-cycle water-cooled, and are guaranteed against
overheating under a/l conditions.
They are equipped with the Fox Fourth Port
Accelerator, the greatest improvement ever made for increasing the speed, power and
flexibility of two-cycle motors.

REMEMBER, Fox
RECORD for motor-boats,
attention

Marine

Motors

hold the

WORLD'S ENDURANCE

and even our first aero motors, have commanded instantaneous

by their remarkable and consistent performances.

FOX AERO MOTORS

are made

in six sizes,

24

Full details and prices on application.

to

150 H.

P., four, six

and eight cylinders.

Deliveries Guaranteed.

AIRCRAFT

314

VICTORY
FOR

Diezemann i% Carbureter
Mulford the

Lozier the

Ca

The Carbureter

The Winning Combination

IN

THE

GREAT ELGIN ROAD RACE

Note Mulford' s time,
consistent
Flexibility

driving

due

A remarkable

lap

by

to

the wonderful

lap

record of

Power Reserve

and Uniform Mixture made possible by the

Diezemann Carbureter.

November, igio

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

r [-

[ii iu niiir

315

AERODROME.

short,

and 48% of the

hexagonal

present a good landing surface;

lo

the balar

of

the long

ntry.

When

flying,

aviators will leave the pylons on their

left,

in other

words

will

circle

the

in the direction contrary to that of the

hands

which will be used for the Elimination Race to determine the American Team in the Gordon Bennett Cup Race, on October
26th, and for the Cup Race itself, on October 29th, is five kilometres long, the distances between pylons being 1371,72 metres, ISS m., 376,09 m.,
276,04 m., 683,97 ni., 390,61 m., 527,56 m., 534,01 m., 160 m. and 295 m.
(Total: 5000 metres.)
The six sides of the short two-and-a-half kilometre
course, which will be used tor all other aerodrome-events, are respectively 770 metres, 171,92 m., 143,45 m., 959,63 m., 160 m. and 297 m.
(Total:
2500 metres.)

The long

conrse,

CONTENTSThe French Team

Di.stances

The

in the

and Speeds

at

Gordon Bennett Cnp Race

Behnont Park

International Aviation

Meet

Rules and Regulations of the Meet

....
....

AIRCRAFT

316

November, igio

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AIRCRAFT

'

Vol.

I.

No. 9

New

The French Team

Leblanc, Hubert

Alfred

York, November, 1910

in the

Latham and Rene Thomas

are

the

Gordon Bennett Cup Race

but they are actually

formidable aspirants to world-championship honors, whom France

is sending across the Atlantic as her challenging team to "lift"

and qualified.
Labouchere has had

Gordon Bennett Cup.

The French eliminatory trials (see Aiecrafi' for August and
September) were held at Rheims on July 5th, over the full Cuprace distance of one hundred kilometres (62.14 miles), resulting

country

the

as follows

First

Leblanc,

50

H. P. Gnome-driven Bleriot monoplane;

hour 19 minutes 13 3-5 seconds.

Second' Latham, 50 H. P. Antoinette monoplane; 1 hour
24 minutes 58 3-5 seconds.
Third Labouchere, 50 H. P. Antoinette monoplane; 1 hour
35 minutes 24 seconds.
In the above remarkable picture (taken during this race) not
only are the three successful candidates caught on a single plate,
1

in the

shown

in the

order in which they finished

to relinquish the

honor of representing

his

great international event of the year, having dislo-

cated his knee a

named Thomas

few weeks ago

to

replace him.

the Antoinette

Company have

In the coming race Leblanc

world-famous, both as a balloonist and as an aviator will drive a

Bleriot fitted with a 14-cylinder, 100 H. P. Gnome motor; this
combination has already shown a speed of well over 65 miles an
hour. Latham considered by many the greatest of all flying men
will drive a special Antoinette racer, fitted with a 16-cylinder 100
H. P. Antoinette motor in its first trials, at the end of September, it is said to have shown a speed of nearly 70 miles an hour.
Thomas, who recently covered over thirteen hundred miles in

eight consecutive days flying, on a 50 H. P. Antoinette, will also

have a 16-cylinder machine, if it can be got ready in time.

318

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

TABLE OF DISTANCES AT BELMONT PARK AND OF

RECORDS WHICH MAY BE BROKEN THERE
Compiled by G.
Short Course.

F.

Campbell

Wood

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

319

THE INTERNATIONAL AVIATION MEET

Belmont Park,

By G.

New

York, October 22d-30th

Wood

Campbell

F.

open competition was without doubt that of Kiel,

like the first open competition for automobilesheld just nineteen years previouslythe starters numbered exbut the

first

Germany, and
actly.
It

.one.

was on June

28, 1908, that

EHehammer,

the Danish aviator

claims to have flown in 1906 before Santos-Dumont, made

there the "flight" of 160 feet, which gave him the first prize
offered for open competition at an aviation meet. The prize was

who

4,000 reichmarks, say one

thousand

dollars.

other competitions materialized in 1908, the latter half of

which was made memorable by the demonstrations of the Wright

No

Myer and Le Mans.

the end of the year a company was formed in Paris
Leon Delagrange was an active member, to organize
contests at the very doors of the French capital, at Juvisy.
The opening, of the aerodrome was put ofif several times and

brothers at Fort

Toward

of which

OR

who

the vast majority of those

ternational Aviation

Meet

at

finally took place in the Spring of last year, several events being
held there on consecutive Sundays, and two subsequent martyrs
to the cause. Captain Ferber (flying under the pseudonym of

will attend the In-

New

^^

It

may

thus be of interest to establish just what

the
occupies

position this big aerial tournament

held

yet

in

this

hemisphere

greatest of
in

the

brief

its

kind as

history

of

organized aviation competitions.

THE MEET'S PLACE IN AVIATION HISTORY.

few days after Henry Farman had succeeded in November,

making a straightaway flight

was reported in European newspapers
1907

in

of nearly half a mile,

that the organizing

it

com-

mittee of the Turin Exposition of 1911 had decided to set asidr

an appropriation for competitions

among

air-craft heavier-than-

air.

This was hailed as a bold and somewhat premature venture,

although the more enthusiastic hazarded the opinion that in the
four years intervening before the Exposition, progress in aviation
It

might be

was

sufficient for the contest to actually

just about this time, however,

come

ofif.

that things aeronautic

began to move with the bewildering rapidity which has taken the
world's breath away and, as yet, given it no respite to regain
it.

Before the close of 1907 it was already suggested that com

could be organized in the ensuing year, the go-ahead
Belgian watering place of Spa announcing $10,.500 in prizes fur

petitions

Summer

contests to be held in the

won

of 1908.

Even before Farman

the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for a circular kilometre flight,

strenuous efforts were being

hibitions

by those pioneers

made
:

have exH. Farman, Delagrange,

in several quarters to

Bleriot,

Esnault-Pelterie, Captain Ferber, as a sort of side-show to the big

automobile event of the year, the Grand Prix of the Automobile

Club of France, which was held for the last time at Dieppe, in
Jidy 1908.
The next place to announce aviation contests was Spa's French

famous resort Vichy, which promised $4,000 for the

men, and a little later, Munich, Bordeaux and Venice announced aeroplane competitions for the Summer and Autumn
of 1908, but neither at Spa nor at Vichy, any more than at Dieppe
or at Bordeaux, at Munich or at Venice, did the few flying men
of the time perform
rival as a

flying

The first paid exhibitions were those of Henry Farman al

Ghent and of Leon Delagrange at Rome, in May, 1908, the
former coming subsequently to New York (Brighton Beach)
and the latter visiting Milan and Turin before returning to Paris,

^^^^_^

Delagrange, contributing mainly to their

success
^^^

novel one.

'Ijl

^^^^

York, the expen-

ence of competitive flying on such a scale will be a

^^^

meanwhile-in December, 190S-James Gordon Bennett

AIRCRAFT

320

November, ipio

The time
and

Gordon Bennett Cup against

for the defense of the

European challengers was

the

definitely

later,

fixed

to

October
day of the

set for the latter half of

ante-penultimate

the

month October 39th.

On that day three representatives

of the

Aero Club

of

America

for the further possession of the trophy against the six

battle

representatives

the challenging

of

Aero Clubs

of

France and

Great Britain.

THE DEFENSE OF THE CUP.

According
individual

to

the

for the year, the contest consists in

rules

against time

trials

over a distance of one hundred

kilometres (63.14 miles) landings being permitted, but only one

being allowed, the

trial

his

Challenge-Trophy for International Competitionsimilar to the Automobile and Balloon trophies bearing his
name it was decided to hold the first contest for it near Rheims

had offered

The minimum perimeter

the ensuing August and to

in

make

it

the

main event

of a week's

course

of

just

this

contestant in which to

flying tournament.

great meeting of the bird-men,

Rheims-1909 was
although it had been preceded by Douai (July 12-19, 1909)
where Bleriot and Paulhan were the stars, and by Vichy (July
25-August 3, 1909), where Tissandier and the above-named Paulhan had a battle royal for supremacy and where a "totalization
of duration" contest was held for the first time.
The big tournament at Rheims was a revelation to the whole
world and was followed by innumerable meetings all over Europe,
Brescia, Berlin, Cologne, Frankfort, Ostend, Blackpool, Doncaster, Juvisy, Spa, Antwerp, etc., etc.
In America, the Aeronautic Society, at New York, had endeavored to organize flying contests at the Morris Park racetrack in the Fall of 1908 and again in the Spring of last year,
but with the exception of Glenn H. Curtiss and his Herringthus the

first

fore sunset

of the course allowed

and the event

(3.11 miles)

is

length.

make

As

New York

sunset at

hours

The meet

foreign

Aero Clubs

first

if

is

expected to bring forth.

In the Elimination Contest, which takes place October 36th, to

designate the American team, the course, distance and starting

same as for the big event, except that only two

hours are allowed contestants wherein to start (from 1.30 to
the contest will, however, be considered at an end at 5
3.30)
;

M.,

P.

at

which time competitors

flying

still

will

be classed

full laps covered.

to who are going to qualify for America and have the honor
defend the Cup, the largest of question-marks is here in

As
to

order.

Those who are going to

few days before the race
;

try for the

team

at this writing

known

will only be

October 10th

it is

not

even known if Curtiss will avail himself of the invitation extended to him to defend the Cup he won for his. country last
year,
in other words whether two or three men are to be
selected through the Elimination race.
It is known, however, that Curtiss has had two machines built
especially for the contest, one of entirely novel design.
If the flyers of the Curtiss team are entered, C. F. Willard,
J. C. Mars, E. B. Ely, A. Post, J. A. D. McCurdy and G. F. Rus-

the time

came

to defend the Cup and the recent tournament at Boston,

say nothing of innumerable meets and exhibitions held in
almost every state and in Canada, showed the steady spread of

to

the

down

which means, that

in,

weather conditions occur in the early morning, the

great event may be all over by ten o'clock and be run off before
a mere handful of spectators compared to the crowd which the

manifested

when

until

propitious

days of the present

year gave a foretaste of what might be expected

will certainly not agree to cut

the time allowed competitors to start

over the country.

held at Los Angeles in the

on October 29th occurs at 5.03, the

from 8.32 A. M. to

later.

The

according to the number of

now

Seven hours are allowed each

and an hour and a half bewhich a contestant may cross the

a start

November 15th, it is very obvious that when the seven hour

rule was made it was with the idea that the race would be held
earlier in the year, at a season when sunset occurs two or three

rules are the

all

kilometres

M.
Although the Gordon Bennett Cup may be competed for

Leaving aside Henry Farman's ill-success in 1908, Curtiss and,

later, Charles F. Willard were the first to undertake bona fide
exhibitions of flying on this side of the Atlantic, but it needed
just such a stirring and startling event as the great American
triumph in Europe to shake the lethargy and destroy the scepticism prevailing here, and it may be said that the lifting of the
Gordon Bennett Cup by the Aero Club of America's champion,
the starting point of the interest

is five

Belmont Park over

3.33 P.

petition.

was

in

starting time allowed competitors will extend

afternoon

competitions

starting line

line.

Curtiss biplane fitted with a Curtiss four cylinder motor, neither

in flying

will be decided at

the latest time at

men, machines nor motors had previously accomplished any performance warranting the probability of a successful demonstration, especially on the ill-adapted grounds selected for com-

last year,

crossing of the

after

to cover the distance.

set,

is

first

due notification that he is making

attempt for the Cup, being timed at his start. No time-limit

by the contestant,

flight

THK CURTISS

movement.

sell,

used

At

no doubt toe the mark

will

if

such an expression

may

be

in this instance.

this date the

new double-surface

and monoplane elevator

usually

driving

driven by
it

in his

is

Curtiss

Curtiss with rear ailerons

the fastest machine of this type;

himself,

Chicago-New York attempt

plane and last year's famous Cup-winner

Europe and

in

in

is
is

other eight cylinder

Curtisses are Willard's large passenger-carrier, Russell's

flown by Curtiss

it

although at present Ely

new

bi-

which after being

California and by Hamilton all
itself,

New York-Philadelphia flight)

now handled by either Mars or Ely.
Probably the greatest speed performance realized on a Curtiss

over the country (notably in the

is

biplane

THE ANTOINETTE MONOPLANE.

was when Curtiss himself flew against Grahame- White

he used a Hendee motor on this occasion

on September 15th

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio
his speed straightaway cannot

321

have been much under a mile a

minute.
Curtiss elects to defend the Cup, the challengers will do
well to consider him, as there are not many known instances on
which Glenn H. Curtiss did not accomplish what he set out to do.
If

Another who might have given a good account of himself is

who has recently learned to pilot his Kirkham-driven

T. Shriver,

Dietz-Shriver biplane with such dexterity; he, however, broke his

and may not be able to compete, although

ankle on October 4th,

he claims he will be in condition to

H.

P.

motor

Captain

and

fly

will

have a new 100

at his disposal.

Thomas A. Baldwin and

J.

Frisbie

J.

others

are

Baldwin has a new double-surface

machine which should prove considerably faster than his older
likely

to

try

qualify

to

biplane.

Concerning the Cup-defending plans of the Wright brothers

known although rumors of high-speed biplanes and
is
monoplanes being built for the event occasionally come from
Dayton. The fact that Wright biplanes have not shown great
speed, in no way proves that the great pioneers cannot turn
out a racer; the problem of speed is a minor one compared to
some they have already solved and the remarkable utilization
of their carrying-surface augurs well for any attempt made by

MONOPLANE.

little

them to turn out a racer.

Should such a racer materialize, the men are not lacking to
drive it; Brookins, Johnstone, Hoxsey, Coffin, La Chapelle, Parmelee, are flyers of no mean ability more than anybody since the
late Ernest Lefebvre, can Brookins make the most of the Wright
;

biplane's

wonderful capabilities

to take sharp turns, while

mean

stone and Coxsey are stayers of no

John-

American

order, as their

Clifford

B Harmon,

the

amateur,

millionaire

breaker

his old

has

with having acquired a racing Bleriot.

Harry Harkness is an Antoinette pilot

two

who

learned to

fly last

he has two of the graceful monoplanes a single-seater

and two-seater, but has not succeeded as yet in getting out of
them what one is entitled to expect of the machines and of the
man that is partly owing to the points differentiating the control of his present machines from that of the one on which he
winter

learn to

fly,

entailing the acquisition of

new

reflexes.

Harkness's Antoinettes are most up-to-date

records for duration and distance show.

has

also

Henry Farman Paulhan's Los Angeles recordbeen almost entirely renovated since his Boston
accident, and he is having built a monoplane to carry his two
50 H. P. Gnome motors harnessed together; he is also credited

machines

flyers,

but of course

cannot compare in speed with the 16 cylinder racer of this

One man remains to be spoken of among the favorites for the

Charles
American team who drive American-built machines

which Latham

Keeney Hamilton.

to be fitted with an

is

to drive at the Meet.

make

Harkness's two-seater

is

As an

writer ventures the opinion that

day exists than Hamilton, and this
said advisedly, after seeing such men as Latham, Mois
rane, Paulhan, Leblanc, Aubrun, Mamet, Simon, Legagneux,
aeroplane-pilot

none greater

the

Emerson engine

he also

is

said to be im-

porting another machine.

at the present

Martinet, Dickson, Drexel, Grahame-White, Moisant, Grace,

Farman, Tabuteau, and many

others, in action

M.

on both sides of

the Atlantic.

Hamilton has recently been using a biplane built after h'a

own design and known as the "Hamiltonian." He has in turn
used two motors on this machine a 70 H. P. Hall-Scott and a
115 H. P. engine built by Christie of "front-drive" fame in the

THE FOREIGN INVASION

The
Park,

foreigners
are

all

making the

stars

of

the

transatlantic trip, to
first

magnitude

firmament, but some of them stand out even

in

fly at

the

among

Belmont

aeronautic

this brilliant

and outshine their fellow-invaders as stellar performers;

among these may be cited the crack French monoplane-pilots who
are coming with the firm resolve of "lifting" the Gordon-Bennett
gala.xy

The speed

attained by the Hamiltonian

bigger engine

is

when

propelled by the

nothing short of sensational, and must be con-

siderably in excess of a mile a minute.

With

all

his

Hamilton has some

skill,

difficulty

in

making

which is very much:

wings and recently had a nasty smash
(September 9th) at Sacramento, which, it was thought at the
He is
time, would incapacitate him for the International Meet.
about, however hobbling and cheerful and has already driven
clean landings in this latest juggernaut

engine and very

little

his latest

speed-product at Garden City.

driving foreign-built

Among Americans
Moisant,

Harmon and Harkness

are those

machines,

Drexel,

whom New

Yorkers

are likely to see in flight at the big meet.

Armstrong Drexel, of the well-known Philadelphia family, has

done practically all his flying in England, and has proved himself to be one of the very best of Bleriot drivers
he was the
first man to rise 2,000 metres into the air (last July, at Lanark)
and this feat has since then been exceeded by but four other
;

aviators.
If

Cup.

was expected that the well-nigh invincible combination of

and Gnome would sweep the board in the French
"Eliminatoires" for the Cup, held at Rheims, and to the Antoinette company and its famous engineer, Lavavasseur
"papa"
Levavasseur, as he is affectionately called among the bird-men,
all credit is due for qualifying two machines on the challenging
It

automobile world.

he has the use of a 100 H. P. Bleriot, he should prove a

valuable recruit in the Cup-defending camp.

Moisant, the Chicagoan who carried a passenger from Prance

England is also a Bleriot pilot of note he has recently supplemented his cross-country capabilities by some aerodrome racto

ing at Folkestone.

Bleriot

team.
Leblanc, Latham and Labouchere were the original French
team selected (see page 317) but Labouchere who has flown

further and

longer in

single

flight

than any other French-

man dislocated his knee in a bad landing last August, and

Thomas who has flown further in a week than any other aviator
was selected to replace him. On October 1st Thomas was

with Captain Dickson the crack English biplane-pilot,

at Milan, both being hurt
at this time it is doubtful if he can

in collision

at

Belmont Park.

Dutch, but there are several good French Antoinette drivers to

choose from to replace Thomas if necessary: de Robillard,

Ruchonnet,

Gobe, the latter two being teachers of flying

If Antoinette waives its right to third place

Laflfont,

Mourmelon.

on the team, Aubrun, the well-known Bleriot

logical choice for

would be the

pilot

it.

and Latham's 100 H. P. AnOf Leblanc's 100 H.

toinette it is hard to say which will go the faster both carry abnormal engines that is, abnormal at this time, the Bleriot a
fourteen cylinder Gnome (two 7 cylinder Gnomes harnessed together, one in front of the other) and the Antoinette a 16 cylinder
Antoinette engine, which is probably more powerful than the
Gnome, although both are referred to roughly as being of 100
H. P.
When at Mourmelon six weeks ago, the writer had occasion
to see the big Antoinette engine mounted on a bench
it is preP. Bleriot

cisely similar to the 8 cylinder, but will need, of course, a greater

length of condensing tubing, to keep cool throughout the

five

minutes the monoplane

distance

fifty-

expected to cover the Cup-race

is

in.

Gnome and Antoinette perform as

lower-powered models do, and the two monoplanes
should show an equal speed, the Antoinette will have the advantage over the Bleriot in drivers Latham has no peer in geting around pylons, and notwithstanding 'the greater breadth of
his racer, could beat any Bleriot driver on a circular track
exIf

both the big motors

their

cept the peerless

Morane

provided

the Antoinette were equal in

speed to the smaller monoplane.

In a letter published in this magazine last month, the writer referred to the possibility of the rear set of the big Gnome's cylin-

when he questioned Leblanc on the French

where he had gone to greet him on behalf of the Con-

ders not keeping cool

Line

pier,

test

Committee, the great

Frenchman admitted

little

longest flight on the speed-monster had not exceeded

that

his

fourteen

minutes, but expressed the hope that the cooling and lubrication

motor might have been so improved since he left France

that Bleriot would feel justified in shipping the monoplane,
which, by the way, has shown a speed of nearly 76 miles an hour.
That these engines can run for a protracted period is shown by
Morane's using one in his recent attempt for the Michelin Grand
of the

Prize, unfortunate

though

it

Morane

was.

flown for forty minutes with this big engine.

is

also said to have

long enough to cover

five-sixths of the cup-race distance.

Morane's accident on October

national Meet, as he
of

any

is

.'ith

is

a great loss for the Inter-

about the most wonderful

flyer to

watch

he was not, however, on the French Cup-challenging

team, the chances of which are therefore entirely unaffected by

his absence.

not the natural bird-man that Morane is. but Bleriot's

and right-hand man can be counted on to give a good
account of himself
he has been flying on Bleriots now for
fourteen months and usually has his machines in perfect shape,
for what is expected of them.
As a cross-country driver he is of course without a peer and
the winner of the Circuit de I'Est owes this largely to his vast
ballooning experience he is able to identify localities from above
without trouble where novices in aeronautic experiences get

Leblanc

is

first pupil

hopelessly

Simon, and the well-known

Emile Aubrun, the hero of

de Lesseps (who only recently

of the Circuit de I'Est

the second Channel Crossing:

J.

distinguished himself in Canada)

the latest long-distance star:

flyer

company: Rene
on Gnome-Bleriots

of the Borel

Frenchmen who

Barrier, are the other

will fly

the various events of the International Meet.

in

With Morane injured and poor Chavez gone

through

perhaps

most pitiful aviation tragedy since Self ridge put his name at the
head of the list of martyrs to the cause ,de Lesseps and Drexel,

the

thousand

risen to seven

should have a great

which some good homemade American biplanes will without doubt join, to the possible
discomfiture of the single-surface flyers, the small wings of which
tussle for the altitude prizes

make

feet,

tussle in

the risk of reaching air too thin for efficient carburation

and of the ensuing precipitous "glide" with the propeller idle, a

rather serious one to the aviators's physical welfare.
Simon and Aubrun will "cover" the endurance contests and, if
it can be so arranged that their effort will count outside their own
country, may resume their duel for the Michelin Cup, begun a
few weeks ago in Bordeau.x.
Other French monoplanes to be driven at the meet, are two of
the diminutive "Demoiselles," conceived by Santos-Dumont and
built by Bayard-Clement.
They will be handled by the best men
in the world at driving them
Audemars and Garros it is said
.A-udemars will also bring over a Nieuport monoplane, one of the
most interesting of the new French flyers the diminutive Swiss
bird-man will no doubt give a good account of himself.
The British team for the Cup will consist of James Radley,
Alec Ogilvie and Claude Grahame-White, with McArdle, Drexel's
partner in England, as substitute. There was also a question of
Grace coming: we believe, however, that Grace is an American
one of the California Graces in fact.
Radley, Grahame-White and McArdle will drive Gnome-Ble;

but

riots,

it

is

racers or not

doubtful at this writing

if

they will be 14-cylinder

they are, Grahame-White's chance becomes very

if

one of the best all-around aviators in the

been done on Henry Farmans,
but he first learnt to fly on a Bleriot XII, the "White Eagle," and
later piloted a Bleriot XI, whilst the speed he showed around
the Boston aerodrome was remarkable for a comparative novice
evident,

world

as

he

nearly

at driving a

is

all

his flying has

high-speed Bleriot.

Radley won a straightaway event at Lanark at 77 miles an

hour; this means, of course, that a good eighteen to nineteen
mile wind was blowing at his back, but the performance is interesting as showing that his machine was faster than any of the
other Bleriots there.
is a daring flyer who doesn't seem to care much what
ground he is flying over had he Leblanc's facilities for
"knowing where he was" he would make a great cross-country
flyer
and may yet for that matter he is liable to spring some
surprises if his machine is tuned up to his satisfaction.

McArdle

sort of

Alec Ogilvie

is

staunch supporter of the original biplane

the Wright; he has driven Wright machines in England for

some months now and with more than ordinary success. He
has been at Dayton for several weeks, but not a whisper has
come East of what is being hatched there. The Wrights are
no doubt jealous of the world-wide reputation as secret-keepers
they established some years ago and perhaps the world is to get
just such another surprise from them as it did in 1908.
The Aero-Club de France and the Royal Aero Club of Great

Britain are the only foreign clubs to have sent over challengers

for the

Gordon Bennett Cup

the other events has been

Warchalowski, to
aeroplanes
rat at the

in

pilot

existence

the arrival of an Austrian team for

announced, Karl Illner and Adolph
;

monoplanes the most bird-like

Baron Economo and Count Kolow-

Etrich

and

helm of Henry Farman

new comer,

biplanes.

but the other three have done

The last named is a

some fine flying in

Austria, Illner in particular on the wonderful machine of Etrich

(described elsewhere in

The

lost.

The second

November, ipio

who have both

The best Antoinette racers outside of Latham, Labouchere and

Thomas, are not French, Wiencziers being German and Kuller,

at

AIRCRAFT

322

fly

writer

is

-this

number of Aircraft).

of the opinion, however, that none of these flyers

will actually turn up.

On page 315 is a photo-plan of the Belmont Park courses

which renders any description of them superfluous the Gordon
;

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

323

Bennett Cup and the Elimination race as well as the Michclin

Cup will be contested over the five kilometre course, the other
distance and speed events will be held on the two and a half

a few months ago it would have been out of the

question to expect punctuality of aviators in contesting a given
event, but with the constant betterment in machines and men

kilometre course.

and especially with such a standard of excellence

One of the pylons on the latter course has since been moved,
it now forms the starting post as well
to make the course safer

received,

this

weather.

If

time of day

is

some

not

asking too

much

in the entries

anything like good

in

of the regulations strike the

layman

as offering

unwarranted complexity

as a turning-post.

The

short course

long one, which

is

a very good one and infinitely safer than the

really a cross-country course.

is

it is because it has been sought to cover

every possible contingency, where previously constant disputes
arose in the interpretation of rules.

might be pointed out that the rules and regulations which

appeared in various newspapers and magazines have
been almost entirely modified.
Those printed by this magazine are the correct ones and, to the
spectator at Belmont Park, should lend added comprehension to
what he is witnessing.
It

The

regulations governing the

Cup Race and

Contest have been referred to above

the Elimination

those under which the other

events at Belmont Park are to be run are given below.

These events have been framed so as to provide a maximum of

and are mostly to take place at a given

interest to the spectators

RULES AND REGULATIONS

IN

recently

FORCE AT BELMONT PARK

be held under the rules and

regulations of the Federation Aeronautique Inter

same totalization of duration to their credit at the

end of the day's hourly contests, the prizes shall

nationale.

be divided accordingly.

All the events will

The following is a list of the prizes offered, to

gether with rules governing competition for same
Gtwdon Bennett Cup
Gordon Bennett Elimination
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Daily Totalization of

Duration

Fastest Flight, Ten Kilometers

Grand Altitude
Grand Altitude, if World's Record
Aero Club of America Altitude Prize
Grand Speed

Cross-Country
Cross-Country Passenger Carrying
Passenger Carrying
Kilometer Straightway
Totalization of Duration
Totalization of Distance
Michelin Trophy, if unbeaten at end of year
Scientific American Trophy, value
Amateur Trophy, value
Mechanics' Prize

FASTEST FLIGHT:

To be awarded to the aviators who shall during

the course of the meeting have made the fastest
time for any four consecutive laps of the 2,500
metre course during hours assigned for hourly
distance contests.

''^n"
1,700
6,000
3,000
4,000
2,500
1,000
1,000

To be awarded in the above order to the aviators

who shall while contesting in an hourly contest for

$1,500.00
Second 1,000.00
Third
500.00
First

GRAND ALTITUDE

250.00
$1,000 additional for World's Record.

altitude throughout the course of the meeting, or

during the special periods devoted to the prize,
attain the highest altitudes; the additional prize of
$1,000 will be added to the first prize if the winning effort beats the World's Record at the time
ade.
ods specially devoted to this prize will
be the last hour of the oflicial flying hours during

$74,800

Hourly Distance and Altitude Contests

$9,600.00
$4,800 for Distance:

every day of the meet. Contestants may leave the

ground at the time they please, but the same flight
cannot count for both the special contest for
Grand Altitude Prize and the hourly events preceding it.
There will be a suitable interval between the
last hourly contest and the special contest for the

hours
Third, $50
$4,800 for Altitude: 12 hours
Third, $50
Second, $100
First, $250
seventh
days, one
and
fourth
the
Except on
hour or more will each day be set aside for hourl
12

Second, $100

$250

distance and altitude prizes.

The Distance Prize will be awarded to the
three aviators covering the greatest distance (in
one or more flights) during the hour designated.
Aviators may leave the ground before the be
ginning of the' hour; the distance will be credite
to them from the first passage of the starting lin
made in flight after the beginning of the hou
and until the last passage made in flight before
the end of the hour, only entire laps bemg considered.
Laps during which aviators have alighted, will not be credited to them.
The Altitude Prize will be awarded to the three
aviators reaching the greatest altitude during the
The measurement of altitude
hour designated.
will cease to be made at the end of the hour;
contestants are, however, at liberty to start before the beginning of the hour.
If two hours are set aside for hourly contests
on the same afternoon they will be separated by a

Grand Altitude

interval.

An aviator cannot compete in two consecutive

hourly contests in a single flight: neither can he
compete

for

distance

and altitude

in

the

same

flight.

The beginning and ending of hours designated

for hourly events will be signalled by a bomb or
cannon: a similar signal will be given five minutes before such hours begin.

DAILY TOTALIZ.\TION OF DURATION

$5,950.00

$850.00 Seven Days

First

$500.00
250.00

Second

Third
100.00
be awarded in the above order
daily, to the three aviators who shall remain in
the air the greatest period of time, to be determined by adding together the time of all the
flights (whether for distance or altitude) in the
hourly events made during the day.
Duration will be credited to aviators making
a flight for an hourly distance prize, from the
This prize

time

made

of
in

will

their
flight,

first

passage of the starting line

time of the last passage

until the

Prize.

AERO CLUB OF AMERICA ALTITUDE

PRIZE^$5, 000.00
.\ prize of $5,000 will be given to the winner of
the Grand .-Mtitude Prize provided the altitude
attained is 10,000 feet or more.

suitable

PRIZE^$3,750.00

$2,000.00
1,000.00
Third
500.00
Fourth
First

Second

HOURLY PRIZES

First,

KILOMETERS

10

$3,000.00

$ 5,000
2,500
4,800
4,800
5,950
3,000
3,750
1,000
5,000
4,500
3,400
2,000

GRAND SPEED PRIZE $4,500.00

made

in flight, both passages to occur within the

hour designated.
Contestants in an hourly distance prize, who, at
the time of the second signal (that indicating the
beginning of the hour) are obviously in flight, will,
however, be credited with duration from the beginning of the hour, irrespective of their position
on the track at the time; similarly aviators obvi-

ously in flight at the time of the signal marking

the close of the hour, will be credited with duration until the close of the hour, irrespective of
their position on the track.
Contestants in hourly distance prizes landing before the close of the hour will in no case be
credited, for tlie duration prize, with the time intervening between their last passage of the starting line and their actual landing.
Contestants alighting between two passages of
the starting line will not be credited with the
time elapsed between them.
Duration will be credited to aviators making a
flight for an hourly altitude prize, provided they
pass the starting line, after leaving the ground.
It will be credited from this moment and until the
moment of landing, providing this landing takes
place within the precincts of the aerodrome, and
prior to the end of the hour.
An exception will be made in the case of contestants in an hourly altitude prize who, at the
time of the signal announcing the beginning of
the hour are obviously in flight.
There will be no
necessity for them to cross the starting line to be
credited with duration, which will be credited to
them in this case from the beginning of the hour.
Similarly, duration will be credited to the end of
he hour should they be obviously in flight at the
closing signal.
In the case of two or more aviators having the
I

First

$3,000.00

Second

1,000.00

Third
500.00
This prize will be competed for in heats of three
contestants, to be arranged bv the -Aviation Committee.

The distance shall be 25 kilometers (10 laps).

.-\t the hour fixed by the Committee for a heat the
three machines will be on the starting line.
Contestants will be despatched one after the
other, the winner being the contestant to make
the distance in the shortest time.
At a given signal the engine of the first machine will be set in motion; one minute later at
a second signal the first machine will start and the
engine of the second machine will be set in motion; so also with the third.
Thus one minute will be given before the start
for the engine of each machine to get going and
machines w^ill be despatched at one minute intervals.

No allowance will be made for time lost at the

start and any contestant whose engine is not in
inotion within five minutes of the signal to set it
going, will be disqualified.
.'Xnv contestant not in flight at the first pvlon to
be turned after the start will be disqualified.
Landings are allowed but the performance of a
contestant will be annulled if his time exceeds
forty minutes, such forty minutes not to include
the minute during which he is exjjected to have
his motor set in motion, prior to his actual starting signal.
In case of two heats being held, the winners
will meet in a final, governed by the same rules
as the heats; the two second men in the heats will
similarly meet to determine the attribution of the
third prize.

AIRCRAFT

324

November, ipio
The

In the case of three heats being held the winIn the case of more
ners will meet in a final.
than three heats and less than ten, semi-finals
shall be held.
The preliminary heats will be held on the second
day of the meet and the final on the last day; if
semi-finals are necessary they will be held on the
third day.

Experiment Association of Hammondsport, N. Y.

distance to be covered in 1908 was
one kilometre (3,280 feet) and Glenn H. Curtiss in
the "June Bug" biplane, made on this date a flight
of 5,090 feet, which remained unbeaten that year,
thereby winning for him the trophy for 1908.
This was also the first official public flight for a
record made in the United States.
In 1909 the trophy was also won by Glenn H.
On July 17th, he fulfilled the new coiidiCurtiss.

CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT$3,400.00

The minimum

Four Days
First $500
Second 250
100

$850.00

Third

This prize is offered for a flight from the starting point around a given mark outside the course

and return.
prize will be awarded in the above order to
Contestants
aviators making the best time.
be advised of the location of the outside
mark prior to time of departure.

The

tions of the competition for that year by covering

The actual
a minimum distance of 25 kilometres.
distance covered was 25.002 miles (in 52 minutes
30 seconds).
In further accordance with the deed of gift, providing that the minimum conditions for the yearly
winning of this trophy shall be made progressive in
their severity in conformity with the progress of
aerial navigation, the 1910 conditions give the
trophy for that year to the aviator who shall have
made the longest flight in point of distance pro-

the

will

CROSS-COUNTRY PASSENGER-CARRYING
PRIZE $2,000.00
To be awarded the aviator who during the course
of the meeting shall carry a passenger for a flight
from the starting point around a given mark outside of the course and return in the best time.
The passenger carried must be at least twenty-one
years of age and weigh not less than 125 pounds.
In case two contestants cover the course in the
same time the prize will be awarded to the one
carrying the greatest live weight, determined by
adding together the weight of the aviator and the
weight of the passenger.

$1,000.00

First

Second

PRIZE FOR MECHANICS $1,000.00

400.00

chine accomplishing the distance in the best time.

STATUE OF LIBERTY PRIZE

$10,000

Donated by Mr. Thomas F. Ryan.

will be awarded to the aviator, who
the best elapsed time in a flight from
the starting line at Belmont Park, around the
Statue of tiberty in New York Harbor, and reThis prize

shall

make

The Committee reserves the sum

of $1,000 for

mechanics of the aviators engaged in the

meeting as a recognition of the good will of these
mechanics. In this connection the contestants will
submit a list of their mechanics to the Committee the first day of the meeting.
The conditions
governing tliis prize will be published in the final
the

regulations.

Michelin Trophy
During the course of the Meet an opportunity
be ofl'ered for any member of the Aero Club
of America who desires to enter for the Michelin
will

Under the regulations governing compefor this trophy, it is to be awarded to the

Trophy.
tition

aviator, who during the year will have made the

longest flight in a closed circuit without touching
the ground.
prize of 20,000 francs (about $4,000) in cash goes with the trophy at the end of
the year.
It is at present necessary to exceed 197

turn to the starting line.

The prize shall be open to all aviators who shall miles the distance made by Emile Aubrun at Borhave remained in the air in .^ne continuous flight, deaux, on September 16th last, to win the Micheone hour or more, during the previous contests lin Trophy.
This will require more than the regular hours
in the International Aviation Tournament.
The contest will take place on Thursday after- set aside for events in this programme and any
noon, Oct. 27th; competitors will start between aviator qualified to compete for this trophy who
2:45 and 3:45, during which period they are at desires to do so, will have to give special notice
The to the Aviation Committee in order that his flight
liberty to start at the time they choose.
elapsed time of any aviator shall be the interval may be officially observed outside of the regular
of time between the moment of crossing the start- programme period.
ing line in full flight for the first time, after giving official notification of their intention to start.
and the moment of crossing the same line after
having flown around the Statue of Liberty.
In starting competitors must fly in the usual direction around the track, which they are at liberty
to leave after passing the fifth pvlon.
The flight must be completed before 5:30.

TOTALIZATION OF DURATION PRIZE

$6,000.00
$3,000.00
First
Second 1,500.00
Third
1,000.00
Fourth
500.00
This prize will be awarded in the above order,
to the aviators who will have during the meeting
remained in the air the greatest period of time:
this to be determined by adding the time credited
to each aviator under Daily Totalization of Dura-

tion.

In the case of two or more aviators having the

same totalization of duration to their credit at the
end of the meeting, the prizes shall be divided accordingly.

Mr. Glenn H. Curtiss on May 29th, 1910, competed under these conditions and made a flight from
Albany to Camelot, near Poughkeepsie, a distance
Unless this is exceeded before the
of 74J-4 miles.
end of the year by an aviator regularly entered for
the trophy, Mr. Curtiss will, for the third year in
This trophy
succession, be awarded the trophy.
mav be competed for during the International
Aviation Tournament at Belmont Park, on the Sth
and Sth days of the Meet, provided twenty-four
hours' notice is given to the Contest Committee.

Distribution of Profits
In addition to the prizes herein provided for,
aviators are offered participation in profits, as determined by the Financial Committee of the Meet,
to the extent of 70 per cent, of the first $100,000
of such profits and 40 per cent, of any sums beyond the first $100,000 of such profits, to be determined under the following plan:
In each event every aviator who actually
(1)
makes a flight shall receive the number of points
to which his rank in the contest entitles him, according to the Table of Points given below.
The total number of points won in the
(2)
Meet by each contestant shall be recorded.
Each point won shall entitle the winner to
(3)
one share of the amount to be distributed.
The value of each share shall be deter(4)
mined by dividing the amount to be distributed
by the total number of points won in all the
events by all contestants.

Table of Points.

(5)

To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To

Time may be credited to this prize by the Comaward for other performances.

First

1,000.00

ing.

AMATEUR PRIZE
A

silver cup of the value of $1,000 will be

given to the amateur aviator whose total duration
of flights during the meet shall be the greatest.
In order to win the cup, the aviator shall have
remained in the air throughout the Meet a mini-

mum

of five hours.

Flying

$1,500.00

Second

Winner

Second best
Third best
Fourth best
Fifth best
Sixth best
Seventh best

Eighth

best

Ninth best
Tenth best

750
500
333
250
200
166
143
125
Ill

100

Eleventh best
Twelfth best
Thirteenth best
Fourteenth best

91

Fifteenth best
Sixteenth best

66
62
58

Seventeenth best
Eighteenth best
Nineteenth best
Twentieth best
Twenty-first best

Twenty-second best
Twenty-third best
Twenty-fourth best

83
77
71

55

52
49
47
45
43

JUST PUBLISHED

TOTALIZATION OF DISTANCE PRIZE

500.00
Third
This prize will be awarded in the above order
to the aviators who will have during the meet
covered the greatest distance, this to be determined by adding the distance covered in the
hourly contests for distance throughout the meet-

the

41
Twenty-fifth best
39
the twenty-sixth best shall receive one less point
than the 25th; the 27th one less point "than the
26th, and so on, continually diminishing by one.

mittee as an

$3,000.00

vided he be regularly entered for the trophy and

that the distance be not less than forty miles across
country.

PASSENGER-CARRYING PRIZE $1,600.00

200.00
Third
To be awarded in the above order to the aviators who during the course of the meeting shall
carry the greatest weight of passengers twice
The weight
around the course of 2,500 meters.
of passengers will be determined by including the
weight of the aviator and passengers carried, so
as to make the total live weight carried by the
In case two machines should carry the
machine.
same weight the prize will be awarded to the ma-

American Trophy

Scientific

Scientific American Trophy for heavier-thanflying machines was offered by the Scientific
American for annual competition under rules and
regulations formulated and promulgated by the
Aero Club of America in 1907.
The first trial for the trophy was held at Hammondsport, N. Y., on July 4th, 1908, by the Aerial

The

air

Machines Construction and

Operation
By Jackman-Russell-Chanute

This practical book shows how to build

and operate Flying Machines. The book is
as the "Aeronautical Bible." Pocket
250 pages, fully illustrated, bound in
size
cloth.
Price $1.00 postpaid. Sold by Book-

known

sellers

generally.

The Charles C. Thompson Co.

Publisher.

545-549 Wabash Ave.,

Chicago

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER

Calendar of Events

SATURDAY, OCTOBER

Daily Duration

1:30 to 2:30
1:30 to 2:30

Fastest Flight

Grand Altitude
Cross-Country
Totalization of Duration,
Totalization of Distance,

first
first

1:30 to 2:30
1:30 to 2:30
2 :45 to 3:45
2:45 to 3:45
2:45 to 3:45
2:45 to 3:45
4 o'clock
4 o'clock

day.
day.

SUNDAY, OCTOBER

1:30
1:30
2:45
2:43

Totalization

of
of

to
to

3 :45

4 o'clock
4 o'clock

Duration, second day.

Distance, second day.

MONDAY, OCTOBER

24TH.

Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance

1:30 to 2:30
1:30 to 2:30
2 :45 to 3 :45
Daily Duration
1:30 to 2:302:45 to 3:45
1:30 to 2:302:45 to 3:45
Fastest Flight
Grand Speed (Semi-finals if necessary) .4 o'clock
.

Grand Altitude

4 o'clock

Totalization of Duration, third day.

Totalization of Distance, third day.

TUESDAY, OCTOBER
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Daily Duration
Fastest

Flight

Any

1st.

4 o'clock

THURSDAY, OCTOBER

27TH.

Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude

1:30
i:30
1:30
1:30
2:45

Daily Duration
Fastest Flight
Statue of I,iberty Flight

to 2:30
to 2:30
to 2:30

to 2:30

4 o'clock

Totalization of Duration, fifth day.

Totalization of Distance, fifth day.

minimum
1:30
1:30
2:45
2:45

to

2:30

to 2:30

3:45
3:45
Daily Duration
1:30 to 2:302:45
3:45
fastest Flight
1:30 to 2:302:45
3:45
Cross-Country Passenger Carrying
4 o'clock
Grand Altitude
4 o'clock
'Totalization of Duration, sixth day.
Totalization of Distance, sixth day.
to
to
to
to

pass

may as stated above, fly to his right at a

distance of 75 feet or pass above him at
least ISO feet greater than his.

3rd,
When two machines, of which one is passing the other on its right, are taking a turn on
about even terms or are on the point of reaching
it is imperative that the aviator on the inside
makes no deviation from his course, in other
words does not crowd toward the outside of the
course, the contestant traveling faster than he
who wishes to pass him. The two aviators must
in any case so pilot their craft as to avoid an

accident.

At

all
times machines in flight should
direction opposite to that of the
clock, that is, leave the towers on the
hand, and it is positively forbidden for a machine to fly at any time counter track, that is tp,
say, in the direction of the hands of a clock, even'

4th.

in

the

hands of a

8:30 A.

M.

Michelin Cup.
4 o'clock

left

they be within the area bounded by the towersi

which indicate the track.
jH:';
Sth.
A machine which after landing for aits''
reason is being towed to its shed must cross the
track as quickly as possible in the most direct line,
if

2:30
2:30
3:45
3:45
3:45
1:30 to 2:302:45
1:30 to 2:302:45 to_3:45

Cross-Country

to
to
to
to
to

4 o'clock
4 o'clock

Grand Altitude

30TH.

Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance
Fastest Flight

Passenger Carrying
Cross-Country
Grand Speed (Final)

11:00 to 12:00
11:00 to 12:00
11:00 to 12:00
1

Grand Altitude

:30 to

2 :30
3 o'clock
4 o'clock
4 o'clock

Totalization of Duration, seventh day.

Totalization of Distance, seventli day.

Michelin Cup.
Scientific .\mer!can Trophy.

fourth day.
fourth day.

to the infield after making sure that it will not be

in the way of any other aviator in so doing.
6th.
lic

Aviators are forbidden to

and above the

fly

over the pub-

stands.

Violation of these rules will subject the delinquent to a penalty in accordance with the rules
of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale.
In
the event of a second oft'ense the aviator may be
disqualified from participating further in the Meet.
7th.

NEW FLYERS DESCRIBED

By W. H. Phipps
The 1910

Etrich

Monoplane

The remarkable monoplane

ticle

described in this ar-

was designed and constructed by Igo Etrich,

It is the result of
the noted Austrian engineer.
years of patient study and earnest scientific research.
Mr. Etrich, and Mr. Wels, with whom his name
was linked during many years of fruitful experiment, are, as pioneers, looked upon in Austria as
the direct successors of EiHienthal, many of whose
principles they have adhered to.
Dimensions and details of the latest Etrich machine follow:

General Description
This single-surface flyer resembles in appearMr.
ance the pigeon after which it is named.
Etrich has embodied in this machine all the essential principles of his earlier models, and has
sought to obtain automatic stability by the peculiar complicated construction of the flexible wings
and tail, the last patent on which is referred to
and illustrated in the May Aircraft, (page 113
of this volume).
The wings are made in four sections, two of
which are small and form part of the main fuselage and are shipped attached to it (see shaded portion of main wings). The other two sections SS,
attach to these by the joints DD.
The total spread
of the main wings, including width of fuselage, is
14 metres, and their chord 3 metres, the carrying
surface being 35 square metres.
The main rigid carrying surface measures
really only 1 1 metres spread, the flexible extensions at the ends acting simply as stabilizing
ailerons.
The fan-shaped wing-tips are constructed of bamboo and trussed in such a manner
as to be capable of being parabolically curved.
One should also note that the area of these ailerons
can be increased at will by the tightening of the
brace R.
Their action is controlled by the wires
T, operated by the pilot and is not left free as in
many other machines.
Considerable automatic
lateral stability is produced by these upturned wing
tips which grip the outwardly flowing air from the
planes and steady the machine while in flight.

At

the rear of the fuselage

is

another

one,

travel

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29TH.

Scientific American Trophy.
Grand Altitude

wishing to

ing the pylons to be turned.

2nd. A contestant wishing to overtake another
must follow the above rule unless he can pass
above the other or below him.
He must not pass below another contestant unless the latter is at least 150 feet above the ground.
If the contestant to be passed is less than 150
feet above the ground, the contestant about to
pass him,

Gordon-Bennett International

contestant

must pass to his right, at a minimum distance of

75 feet, on condition, however, that the contestant about to be passed is no more than 150 feet
from the inside of the course the line connect-

an altitude at

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28TH.

Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude

of the Air

-30

Cross-(_ountry

SUNDAY, OCTOBER

25TH.
1:30
1:30
2:45
2:45

'Totalization of Duration,
Totalization of Distance,

4 o'clock

3:45

Flight

Grand Speed (Preliminary Heats)

Grand Altitude
'Totalization

to 2:30
to 2:30

1:30 to 2:302:45 to 3:45

1:30 to 2:30
2:45 to 3:45

Daily Duration

Elimination

Code

Scientific American Cup.

Grand Altitude

Grand Altitude

23RD.

Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude
Fastest

Gordon-Bennett
Michelin Cup.

22ND.

Hourly Distance...
Hourly Altitude
Hourly Distance
Hourly Altitude

325
26TH.

situated the fan-

shaped horizontal tail p, constructed also of bamboo qq, capable of being warped up or down by
wires controlled by the operator.
The vertical rudder consists of two triangular
rudders pivoting on the vertical fins.
A 2m. 20 Chauviere propeller is situated at the
front of the fuselage and is driven by a 50 h.n.

4-cylinder Clerget motor.

The most important feature of this novel machine IS the use of a biplane bridge truss for
strengthening the wings (see diagram, front view)
In concluding this description if i interesting

to note that two of these machines have been entered at the coming International Aviation meet
at Belmont Park, and also to give a list of the
fli,ghts

already

On May

12,

made with them.

Mr. Etrich, with Lieutenant Hirscii

as passenger, flew for 5 kilometres at a

10 metres.
On May 14, Mr. Illner piloted the
chine for 84 kilometres, in 1 hour 11 mil
height of 1,000 feet.

AIRCRAFT

326

November, ipio

GORDON BENNETT BALLOON RACE

start

is

1910

17,

jreat yearly international balloon race

to press, the start of the

is

being

riven at St. Louis.

The order

of the

as follows

France (Jacques Faure)

France (Alfred Leblanc)

1.

5.

OCTOBER

LOUIS,

ST.
As AiRCRAHT goes

2.
6.

America (J, H. Wade, Jr.)

America (H. E. Honeywell)

3.

7.

Messner)
4. Germany
(Lieut.
Vogt)
(Engineer Gericke)
8. Germany
(Col. Schaeck)

Switzerland
Switzerland

(Oapt.

America (A. R. Hawley) 10. Germany (Captain Abercron).

Winners in previous years were: 1906, America (Lieut. Lahm, balloon "United States," 401 miles); 1907, Germany (O. Erbsloh,
1909, America (E. Mix, balloon
1908, Switzerland (Col. Schaeck, balloon "Helvetia," 7.'56 miles)
balloon "Pommern," 873 miles)
"America II," 700 miles).

U.

READY TO START IN BLIMINATION RACB HELD AT INDIANAPOLIS, SEPTEMBER

17,

AMERICAN' TEAM FOR GORDON BENNETT CUP RACE.

1910, TO SELEC

OFFICIAL RESULTS OF ELIMINATION RACE

Time

Manned by

Balloon

A. R. Hawley, Pilot

America

II

Sept. 17, 4.53

Augustus Post, Aide

H. E. Honeywell,

Centennial

Pilot

Sept. 17, 5.39

Lambert, Aide
J. H. Wade, Jr., Pilot
A. H. Morgan, Aide

Buck Eye

Million Population City

Landed

of Start

P.M.

^'^*
? M.
Sept.
^ 17, 5.19 P. M
b''ry^'Z
Aide
O Reilly,^^^h

J.
,,.

M'"

iW. T. Assmann,

,.

Sol.a

!p

Pilot

McCollough, Aide

A. T. Atherholt, Pilot
Pennsylvania II..

C. B.

Hoosier

Thos.

S.

Harmon,

Pilot

Baldwin, Aide

Chas. Walsh, Pilot

Samuel Reber, Aide

'

Sept. 17,5.38

Graham, Aide

Clifford B.

New York

c * 17 ''^^
^ a9 d tvt
^- ^^

^^^P*- ^^

Sept. 17,

of Landing

P.M.

Warrenton
Fauquier Co., Va.

Brush Valley,
Indiana Co., Pa.

Sept. 19, 1.15 P.

M.

Sept. 18, 5.15 P.

M. 379^ Miles

Sowers,

A.M.

W. Va.

Ritchie Co.,

Dexter,

Meigs Co.

Ohio

44

23

37

343 Miles

21

Sept. 18, 5.10 P. M,

269'A Miles

24

Sept. 18, 10.30 A.M

218 Miles

18

M.

198 Miles

18.

A.M

99 Miles

Trafford,
Sept. IS, 2.35 P.
Westmoreland Co. ,Pa,

Mcfarlan

453 Miles

371 Miles

Sept. 19,7.30

Floyd Co., Va.

5.56P.M.

Powellsville,
Scioto Co., Ohio

Sept. 18, 12

M.

West Milton,
Miami Co., Ohio

Sept. 18, 12. 55

Sept. 17, 5.49 P.

Distance

Min.

P.M.

Sept. 17, 5.52 P.

Time

at

M.

FOREIGN NEWS
Tlie first attempts to w-in the Grand Prix de
France
TAutomobile Club de France
(Paris-Brusselssome good flying at the WienerThe attempts made by Wevir mn and Morane to Paris) were made on September 25th, when two
attended
the
by
Kmwhich
was
Neustadt Meet,
win the Michelin Grand Prizt of 100,000 francs Farman pilots, Loridan and Mahieu started out
peror.
are among the most interesting aeronautic ventures from Issy, each with a passenger both had misThe altitude prize was won b\' Warchalowsky of the past month.
Weyman I's attempt at the haps, however, and a further attempt the following
Illner on an Rtrich monoplane difficult prize (the conditions of which are 240 day was not more successful.
with 460 metres.
Although excellent
(a description of which interesting machine ap- miles across country with a passenger,
iiding on flyers, Loridan and Mahieu are newcomers to the
pears on page 325), made a ilight of 31 minutes.
a mountain peak 5,000 feet high, in a maximum sport and have not the experience of such "old
time of six hours) was perhaps the finest all-round birds" as Paulhan oo: Latham.
cross-country performance accomplished to date.
England
M. Jacques de Lesseps, flying a Bleriot, rose to
He actually came within sewn miles of his goal
of 2,170 metres on September 16th.
On September 19th, 20th and 21st, exhibition and made his final landing at dusk in the heart of aHe height
thus takes fourth place in altitude among the
flights were given at Folkestone by Cecil Grace, the volcanic Auvergne, at Volvic.
All cross-counworld's aviators, behind Henri Wynmalen, the
George Barnes and J. B. Moisant. On each day try records were broken on this trip.
late Geo. Chavez and Leon Morane.
Mr. Grace made high flights, usually at an aver-

Austria

There

was

Moisant, in his twoheight of 3,000 feet.

seater pigeon-tail Gnome-Bleriot, took up passengers, including several of the fair sex.
The Meet was marred by the serious accident

age

which befell Barnes; he apparently sprang from

his machine when it was twenty or thirty feet up,
for some reason as yet unexplained, and was
severely injured.

Ladougne
(Bleriot),

prize he used a
Bleriot and left

riously injured,

and the

peerless

Leon being

vented from making his projected trip

biplane), Paul de Lesseps
(Bleriof), Helene Dutrieu (H.

(Goupy

Mamet

Morane's trial on October 5th ended in disBecause of the speed required for this
100 H. P. 14-cylinder GnomeCloud with his brother as
St.
passenger, at 9:40 in the morning; twenty minutes
later the monoplane fell, both Moranes being se-

aster.

Farman), Bruneau de Laborie (H. Farman), were

the Continental stars at the Doncaster Meet.
Both de Lesseps and Ladougne encircled the
town and Helene Dutrieu made some fine passenger-carrying flights on the last days of the Meet,
in which she showed fine control of her biplane.

to

pre-

One of the most successful Meets so far held

France was that which took place at Bordeaux
from September llth-lSth.
Nearly all the world's records made at Rheims
were beaten there and this notwithstanding the
much smaller perimeter of the Bordeaux aerodrome (214 kilometres instead of 5 at Rheims).
in

America.

Results of the Bordeaux

The world's height record has again been

broken and this time a biplane has reconquered
the laurels of which the Bleriot monoplane had
deprived the two-surface tvpe of machine; it was
on October 1st at Mourmelon that Henri Wynup
malen took his Gnome-driven Henry Farman
2,800 metres (9,186 feet)!

Longest distance
1.

2.
1.
I.

Aubrun (Bleriot)
Simon (Bleriot)

Meet

in a single flight:

315
380
Passenger Carrying:
Bielovuccie(Voisin)60 kil. in 1 hr. 2 min. 1
Michelin Cup:
Aubrun (Bleriot)
317

kil.
kil.

sec.
kil.

AIRCRAFT

November, igio
Grand Altitude
Aubrun (Bleriot)
tegagneux (Bleriot)

1.

2.

327

Prize:
2,100 metres
1,520 metres

Totalization of Distance:
1.

Thomas

2.

Kuller

3.
4.

Simon (Bleriol)
Aubrun (Bleriot)

5.

Bielovuccie

6.

Morane

2,100
1,750
1,165

(Antoinette)
(Antoinette)

(Voisin)

(Bleriot)

Martinet (H. Farman)

Bregi (Voisin)
Audemars (Bayard-Clement

7.

8.
9.

Parent (Poulain-Orange)

Legagneux (Bleriot)
Van den Born (H. Farman)
Paul (Voisin)

De Mumm (Antoinette)
Latham (Antoinette)
Mollien (Bleriot)
Gibert (Bleriot)
Jullerot (H. Farman)

16.
18.
19.

kil.

kil.

268
252

kil.

195
70
55
50

kil.

22
22
37
20

kil.

kil.

kil.
kil.
kil.
kil.

Demoi-

selle)

Ruchonnet (Antoinette)

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
17.

kil.
kil.

932
850
470
389
292

kil.
kil.

kil.
kil.
kil.

kil.
kil.

Totalization of Altitude:

Morane

1.

Legagneux (Bleriot)
Tyck (Bleriot)
Bregi

(Voisin)

(25

Kilometre Race)

Speed
2.

Morane
Aubrun

(Bleriot
(Bleriot

1.

Morane

(Bleriot)

1.

Remy

1.

18,930
14,902
10,665
9,085

(Bleriot)

3.
4.

2.

metres
metres
metres
metres

16 min. 2 4/5 sees.

sees.
16 min. 47

)
)

Cross-Country

Officers' Prize:

(H. Farman)
24 sees.

110

kil.

in 2

hrs.

min.

3.

Germany
There

Company

accomplished

several

fine

perfi

flying to Munich and manoeuvring

flying with Otto to Dachau and back,

Fequant (H. Farman)

Chevreau (Wright)

2.

Tabutea
and acconi
ban Seeither side of the Franco-Spanish frontier
panying the Parseval VI., which had come out t
bastian and Biarritz were very successful and crethe aviation grounds, during the greater part o
ated great enthusiasm; instead of taking a short
th
its
journey home. The huge airship, with
the pocket of the Bay of Biscay
over
the sea
cut
aeroplane soaring high above it, afforded a won
Tabuteau kept over the land and flew over the
derful picture to the onlookers and it is smal
foot hills of the Pyrnnees; he passed the hiswonder that the Bavarian capital was thrown
torical frontier stream, the Bidassoa, at a great
Lindpaintner
a high state of enthusiasm.
height, the Renault motor of his speedy Maurice
totalization prize with 4 hours 49 mins. 14 3/5 Farman running without a hitch throughout the
hours 36 trips.
sees.
Jeannin, Aviatik, was second,
hour
Aviatik,
d,
1
and
Otto,
mins. 36 1/5 sec,

great activity in the (ierman Wright

at present, as an arrangement has been

is

arrived at between the above and the Allgemeine

Elektrizitaets Werke of Berlin, which proposes to
take up aeroplane building on an extensive scale
and has selected the
chiefly for military purposes
The Wright Company is
Wright type of flyer.
about to open an aviation school at Johannisthal
and has engaged a number of efficient teachers.
Captain Englehardt and Lieutenant von Mossner
among the number. They are also taking part
"
s-country flighty for which
Metz-T
Thelen nd J
ve also entered.

'

The Russian government has ordered 22

planes of the Aviatik type at Mulhausen; sc
of them have already been completed and
patched to Russia.
Lindpaintner, piloting Sommer and Farman machines, swept the board during the Munich-Puchheiin week, winning all six first prizes and beating
Jeannin who was hardly in his usual form in
every event contested in by both.
Lindpaintner

i)

23 mins. 56 3/5 sees.

Switzerland
Italy

A new
lished by

cross-country record for Italy was estab-

Leonino da Zara on September

13th.

He

On September 14th, Lieut. Savoia, on a Farman

biplane, ~
flew over Rome, causing great excitement
City.
This feat had never preusly been undertaken.

Madagascar
governor of this colo
between the capital

NEWS

IN

Another thrilling page was added to the history

of the Conquest of the Air when George Chavez
a page which contains perflew across the Alps
haps more of heroism, of tragedy and of pathos
than any of those which preceded it. It was just
as he was landing at Domodossola, after having
conquered the glaciers and snow peaks, that the
accident happened which ultimately robbed the
world of one of its greatest air-conquerors. The
Simplon Pass was
flight from Brigue over the
made on September 23rd, Chavez succumbing four
days later from the injuries he sustained when
Henry
his monoplane capsized upon landing.
Weymann made a plucky attempt to make the
flight from Brigue, with a specially-built Farman
biplane, but was unable to gain the requisite al-

titude to get across.

GENERAL

By Ada Gibson
If the success attending the proposed transatlandirigible trip by Walter Weiiman is as great
the ingenuity displayed in the various details
of construction of the great craft now at Atla
Vanniman will without doubt
City, Welln
tic

as

day-and-night chang;es of temperature of our latitudes and that an ice-surface, however rough and
hummocky, must be less jarring to an equilibrator
than the wind-swept surface of the seething ocean.

The greatest French and German dirigibles are

tried out for weeks before being set to undertake
task.
one would welcome the success of a given task, especially if they are of new dethan this magazine, but its sign; but the "America" is apparently expected to
this scheme
LOre
remote that we venture to doubt make the most wonderful distance and duration
world's records of the German airships look ridicif it will further the cause of
"America" ulous, with little or no previous experimenting:
Swept before a powerful gale
rtugal, but more than any other feature of the undertaking
might conceivably reach Ireland
does this call for criticism, although it is not suffithe behaviort of the equilibfator
ugh cient to make one doubt the sincerity of the parthe undertaking, and as it is to drag th
the sea it would seem as if the impossible com- ticipators in the enterprise.
'The working and role of the wireless equipment
bination of
high wind and a calm sea were
on of ultimate success.
It would will be watched with interest.
a sine qua
certainly be
great pleasure to have to acknowlOn September 29th, Walter R. Brookins, the
edge that we are wrong in all this, but if all preundertakings of a similar nature are taken first-string man on the Wright team, made history
into
onsideration, the chances of crossing the when in a magnificent seven-hour effort he flew
Atlantic Ocean
such a craft would appear to from Chicago to Springfield, III., a distance of 187
His progress is shown in
miles, with two stops.
be less than one n forty.
In the various contrivances embodied on the the following time table:
"America," Vann Iman has surpassed himself in
engineering skill, and the dirigible is superior in
Miles
Mile;
Place
Place.
every way to what it was when engaged on its
Thawville
89
1:00
last venture
the attempt to reach the North Pole Chicago
94
1:09
Roberts
orthwestern part of Spitzbergen; this Kensington ... 13
1:18
Melvin
99
19
feat, how( er, seems much easier of accomplish- Harvey
105
1:28
9:55 Guthrie
ment thar the crossing of the Atlantic, if only Flossmoor ...23
1:36
27
9:58 Gibson
109
for the ti
primary reasons that the continuous Matteson
1:45
10:10 Harpster
... .114
the Arctic regions obviates the great
July day

accomplish the

Naturally, n

Peotone

39

Monteno

45
50
53

Tucker
Bradley

Kankakee

....54

Otto

Chebanse

59
.6Z

Clifton

68

Ashkum

71

Danforth
77
Gilman (stop). 80
Giln

(start)

10:22 Belleflower ...121

10:34' Wiedman
127
10:42 Parnell
135
10:50 Birkbeck
143
10:53 Clinton
147
162
11:00 Chestnut
11:07 Mt. Pulaski
11:16 " (stop)
168
11:23 '
Pulaski
11:38
(start).
172
11:43 Lake Fort
Buffalo Hart.. 178
Springfield ...187

It will be noticed that

1:55
2:07
2:20
2:33
2:41
3:07

3:43
3:53
4:05
4:25

between G

Pulaski Brookins broke the Americ

try duration and distance records fo

as

cross-

EuroLatham, Le-

e great

It is also the

Clifford

B.

Harmon, who won

all

the contests

to amateurs at the Harvard-Boston Aviation

Meet, and incidentally carried off trophies to the

open

AIRCRAFT

328

American to beis the latest

He completed his apprentice
ship as a man-bird at Mineola in a very few days
and earned his pilot license on September 17 with
He drives a Dietz-Shriver biconsummate ease.
plane, fitted with a 6-cvlinder Kirkham motor; the
excellent behavior of this engine has not as yet
given him the opportunity to ascertain his ability
as a glider in case of emergency.
He did some very fine high flying before leaving for Wilmington, where he sustained the unfortunate accident in which he broke an ankle.

Grahame-White has, since his arrival in New

York on September 20, been making periodical
at Mineola in Clifford B. Harmon's Far-

On one occasion, after rising to a height of sevhundred feet and circling the flying grounds
several times, he flew over the State Fair in proHis appearance created much
gress at Mineola.
excitement among the crowds gathered there.
Amioaig the ladies who have recently flown as
passengers of Grahame-White are Pauline Chase,
the actress; Miss Irene Fenwick, Miss Mabel
eral

Briggs and Mrs. Frank Janney.

Hugh

ly.

"War Hawk"

at Atlantic

Joseph Seymour, whose fame as an aviator bids

by him as an automohas been flying well.
His progress, however, has been somewhat delayed by an accident sustained at Oneonta, N. Y,
fair to equal that achieved
bile racer, is another who

Seymour was

circulation

The longest flights ever made in this country by

a novice was recently made by William Evans in
the vicinity of Kansas City, where, in the presence of a large number of spectators, he flew
cross-country for a distance of thirty miles at a
height averaging 300 feet, descending only because an obstruction in his fuel tank stopped the
flow of gasoline to the carbureter.
The flight
was the more surprising in that Mr. Evans had
only received the machine two days before and
expected only to hop across the field, and not to
attempt any real flights for a few days.
His
machine is a Greene biplane equipped with four
cylinder Elbridge motor.
The

first

aeroplane

flight

with

to

be made in America by an
as pilot took place on

woman

September 16th last, at Mineola.

Mrs, Frangois Raiche was the plucky pioneer:
she drove one of her husband's well-known biplanes in which was installed a Fox motor of forty
H. P. She only got off a few feet on her first
attempts and made a bad landing on the last one,
that day: nothing daunted she was out again ten
MRS. BESSICA RAICHE.
days later, and this time made an undeniable
THE FIRST WOMAN TO PII,0T AN AEROPLANE IN
flight, driving with great coolness and judgment.
AMERICA.
Mrs. Raiche is a Wisconsin woman and a thorough sportswoman. She is a good shot, a powerful swimmer and an excellent whip; she has also
Dr. William Greene has completed another
had much experience in motoring at the wheel of
practice
making
writing
is
at
this
'plane and
fast cars.
flights almost every day at South Park, Roches
The new machine is the largest ever
ter, N. Y.
One of Aircraft's editors had occasion to call
built by Dr. Greene, the upper plane having a on Mr. Hugo C. Gibson at his propeller works, in
spread of nearly forty feet. Like all of his prev'
New York, the other day he recommends the
ous machines the perfection of detail is remarkabh
visit to anyone who would doubt the future of the
and the balance so fine that it flew on a pe:
aeronautic industry, as a sure cure for his scepThe present ticism. In Europe, the tremendous animation and
fectly level "keel" at first attempt.
power equipment is a forty h.p. Elbridge "Feath- industry apparent in the big aeronautic factories
erweight" engine, which turns a wide propeller iiad more than little impressed him; it was agree8 ft. 6 in. diameter, 3 ft. pitch, at 1100 r.p.m., able to receive a similar
impression from an
Dr. Greene
developing a thrust of 350 lbs.
American concern; perhaps Mr. Gibson's regard
pects to enter tlie Belmont Park events.
for French methods and workmanship, as vindicated by French successes, has not a little to do
;

Willoughby has made several success-

ful flights of late in his

City.

and

is increased
by a
pump so that a minimum amount of water is
earned. A fan is also used to enable the operator to run the motor before making flights.
This motor is manufactured by the Dean Manufacturing Company, "South Cincinnati," Newport,
Ky.

"Tod" Shriver
come a real flyer.

flights

November, ipio
end

forward

value of ov-er $7,000, has signified his intention of

competing for the trophy offered by the Rumson
Country Club, of Seabright, N. J., by filing his
entry with H. S'. Borden, secretary of the club.
Although this competition is open to all amateurs and only calls for the winner to rise from
the club grounds, remain in the air for half an
hour, and alight in the same grounds, Mr. Harmon's entry is the only one so far received.
Mr. Harmon will, at the same time, endeavor to
win the cup to be presented by the "New York
Times" to the first amateur aviator who successfully flies from the Rumson Country Club to
Governor's Island, a distance of about thirty miles,
two-thirds of which are over water.

slightly hurt.

Dr. H. W. Walden, who was recently injured

the wreck of his monoplane at Mineola, has
now entirely recovered from the effects of his fall
and has just put up a factory adjoining the Aeronautical Societjj's shed at Mineola for the purpose
of manufacturing the Walden-Dyott monoplane.
The reconstructed machine has a fixed tail and a
front rudder and is driven by a 35 H. P. Anzani
motor.
The landing gear consists of three 20x4
inch Pennsylvania wheels.
in

great deal of favorable comment has

cently been expressed in connection with Fox De
Luxe motors and the tests which have just been
completed at Mineola, by the chief tester of the
in connection with some flights made
by Mrs". Bessica Raiche for the French-American
Aeroplane Company.
There are several special features about Fox
De Luxe aero motors, among which might be mentioned the Fox fourth port accelerator which gives
the operator a wide range of control, and the
radiator is attached directly to the engine at the

company and

both with the similarity in the impression received and its underlying cause: successful and
appreciated construction.
In France, aviators are
heard to remark: my propeller is "just as good as
a Chauviere"; the other day at Mineola OJie
"fledgling" confided that his propeller was "just
as good as a Gibson," which only means that
H. C. G. has arrived.
In the small forest of propellers in all stages of
completion perhaps the most impressive specimen
was a huge 14-footer intended for a big biplane
out West.

SOME CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

By W. H. Phipps
Illustrates an ingenious joint used on
Fig. 1.
the English Short machine.
Shows an improved elevator joint made
Fig. 2.
by the Mineola Specialty Company and now fitted
to the new Baldwin double surfaced racing biplane.
It consists of a piece of 1-inch tubing bent around
a smaller tube; the whole brazed and strengthened
as shown.
Fig. 3.
Shows another of the Mineola Specialty

AP

F)C..5.

Company's
Fig. 4.

fittings

side

used on the Baldwin biplane.

view of the De Pischoff- Werner

monoplane, showing the many novel features embodied in its construction. This is the only machine now flying fitted with a clutch which permits
the operator to start his flight without the assistA photo of this interesting
ance of mechanics.
machine in flight appears on page 253 September
Aircraft.

Illustrates the new ailerons fitted to

Fig. 5.
the latest Curtiss speed machine, which are operated by a shoulder control as in former models.

Fig. 6.

Shows the new

single

surface

front

rudder used on the new racing Curtiss.

Shows

arrangement and
mechanism of the De Pischoff-Wemer monoplane.
Fig. 7.

the

seating

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio

329

Winning Motors the World

over are lubricated with

Mobiloil
AEROPLANE AND AUTOMOBILE

HAMILTON

CURTISS
Hotel Astor,

V,

York, June

Sirs:

we have met

June 14, 1910.

New York

am

with

in

City.

Vacuum

pleased to report
the use of

maintained

it

York

and

to

New

in
\i,,lt(lrtil

say

Gentlemen

my Albany-New

reputation in

its

truly yours,

BALDWIN

A
GRADE

York, August 20, 1910.

Vacuum

Oil Company,
29 Broadway, New York

City.

my

to use in

aeronautical work.

Yours very

Gentlemen
altitude in a

to-day,
gine,

ed

its

and

In

breaking

the

Wright biplane

a misunderstanding,

resulting

am

for

pleased to advise

there

made

the trip

used

I
I

should,

home

with-

Very

truly yours,

K.

HAMILTON.

33,600 Miles with Mobiloil

world's

record

lubricating

Vacuum
In

for

Oil

Company,

Dear Sir: On my world's drive of 33.600

35 countries I have used your MOBILOIL

th

gratifying success.

N.

the

J.,

have found a supply in all the countries visited

and your agents were very kind in forwarding my
orders promptly to places designated from time to
I

en-

again demonstrat-

R.

return flight,

CHAS.

Very

time.

truly,

W.

Had

descent.

my

undoubtedly, have

City.

it

was supplied

out a stop.

reliability.

Yours very

on

going

Owing

which caused the trouble

oil,

my

in

MOBILOIL

July 19, 1910.

J.,

at Atlantic City,

MOBILOIL

used
I

New York

MOBILOIL
I

that

spark plugs was

to

BROOKINS
29 Broadway,

my

used

BALDWIN.

S.

Chalfonte Hotel, Atlantic City, N.

Vacuum Oil Company,

oil.

you know

to let

Philadelphia and had no trouble.

MOTOR

truly,

THOMAS

wish

to

with some other

FOR
EACH
TYPE
OF

Gentlemen Just a hasty line to tell you that

have given your MOBILOIL a thorough test and
find it very fine and satisfactory in every way, and
consider myself fortunate to have found such a good
oil

York, N. Y.
I

CURTISS.

G. H.

New

your

not

which befouled

the oil

flight.

Very

Oil Company,

success

the

MOBILOIL

luhricating the engines in our aeroplanes,

that

1910.

6,

Company,

Oil

29 Broadway,

Dear

New

truly yours,

CHAS.

BROOKINS.

J.

GLIDDEN.

ARE YOU USING THE RIGHT OIL ON YOUR CAR?

The most
aeroplane

is

important thing

suited to his type of

Is

it

left

entirely to the

the selection of a lubricant.

motor

The

judgment of the owner in the operation of his automobile or

owner selects the grade of Mobiloil especially

discriminating car

a grade for each type.

not significant that aviators generally, in this country and Europe, use Mobiloil exclusively on their

motors ?

Send

for free booklet,

Mobiloil for each.

"What

the Motorist

WARNINGTo

Should Know."

Contains

prevent substitution of inferior

VACUUM

OIL

ROCHESTER,

oils,

list

of cars, showing right grade of

see that cans are sealed.

COMPANY

N. Y., U. S. A.

AIRCRAFT

330

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED
AERONAUTS
your

TNVESTORS' OPPORTUNITY; NEW MECHANICAL COMBINATION, CYCEONIC

POWER GEIDE for PRACTICAL
COMMERCIAL
PROSPECTS.

LATEST GREATEST SAFEST MOST PERFECT and REMUNERATIVE CYCLOPLANE

ADDRESS

C. B.

to
OFFER INVESMELOTT, YONKERS,

N. Y.

W^LL

nufacturer of biplanes
nd expenses. Will en'ide

earnings.

OR SALE 15% of Johnstown

A new style airship has been

Airship Stock.
built,

different

from all others. No infringement on any other

Waiting for a new aerial engine.
aeroplanes.
If you are interested, hear all about it, write to
the Johnstown Aero Co., 305 Franklin St., Johns-

MISCELLANEOUS

To trade for aeroplane, tweiity-twomile Speed Boat, six cylinder, sixty-horsepower engine, self-locking, reverse gear, automobile control; complete in every particular.
Used
three months; perfect order.
Address Box 746,
care Aircraft.
V\/'ANTe;D

^^

town, Pa.

you
J^ O man

wish an extremely light weight young

-^-^

DiPLANE

Glider for sale.

Has 150 sq. ft. supporting surface. Weighs but 50 lbs. Price,
Harvey E. Sails, 29 Spring Garden St.,
$50.00.
Pawtucket, R. I.

to

assist

you

in

aeronautical

work ?

-D

Great enthusiast. Address Ijnthusiast, care Aircraft, 37-39 Kast 28th Street, New York, N. Y.

AERONAUTIC

young man at present employed

Lown aeroplane company, would
;rs from private parties needing
ine services or an aoie
able man wiin
with a inorougn
thorough
knowledge of aeroplane and engine construction
and operation. M. B., care Aircraft

TV/TECHANIC;
J-Vi

Motor, 28-32 H.P., weight 140

delivery.
Immediate
Brand
new.
lbs.
Price, $500.00.
Address Box 321, Mineol'a, E. I.

monoplane, latest type, new and

complete in every detail, numerous spare
owner buying passenger machine. $2,500.00.
R. Timberlake, 7 Berthelet St., Montreal.

-^

EIFT and
FEYING.

TORS.

T7

TJLERIOT XI

CO-OPERATION WANTED

FLYING PROPOSITION

CASH WITH ORDER

jt

FOR SALE

ATTENTION!

HAVE

discovered the only way to rubberize

Will not craci< in
balloon or airship.
A correct blue print on
cool or warm weather.
how to set up your gas-generators and purilier.
Also directions on how to make hydrogen gas fully
explained, with blue print showing how to cut an
I will sell the formula on
airship-bag cigar-shape.
my rubberized coating which contains pure rubber,
and explain the drying process; pattern cutting,
sewing the balloon, rubberizirig seams; I explain
everything from cutting the raw material to the
Blue prints and neatly
inflation of your airship.
typewritten description of the above: $2.00.
Best
coating for Aeroplanes. I positively guarantee satisfaction.
All orders filled same .day they are received.
Tos. F. Bush. Aeronautical Engineer, 385
Carrie St., Schenectady, N. Y.

T
^

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

10

November, ipio

parts,

MOTOR
Has

FOR SALE 35

Water-cooled.
aeroplane, (for

H. P.

made fly an 800 lb.

which building a 50 H. P. moter same design).
as new.
Gives 260 lb. thrust. Weight 165
lbs.
Condition guaranteed O. K.
Should be used
on, and of ample power for 600 or 700 lb. machine.
Price $500.
Write quick if wanted. Address Box 188, Monett, Mo.
Good

ITH

view to getting more powerful machine

sell genuine Curtiss biplane,
at his Hammondsport factory, com-

MADE

would

BY CURTISS
plete

with

Address motor.

regular 4-cylinder water-cooled Curtiss

delivery.
Address "Biplane,"

Immediate

by a

well-ki

like to

TT

ITESPatents

for sale on two of the best

flying kites made.
1st:
Patent on Conyne's
for sale outright.
This kite fills a
long felt want in the kite line.
Made of cloth,

-^

new King Kite

easy and cheap to manufacture, a good flyer, will

roll up.
2nd: The exclusive right or license to
manufacture, use and vend, kites smaller than
36 in. high under Patent No. 698,634, granted
April 29, 1902.
This patent has been sustained
by the U. S. Circuit (Jourts. It is known from
ocean to ocean as the Conyne Kite.
The manufacturer with these two kite patents would be able
to control most of the Toy Kite business of the
United States. For information, Silas J. Conyne,
3508 McLean Ave., Chicago.

AM

CONSTRUCTING

a Curtiss Type Aeroplane

to be used for exhibition purposes and want a
reliable Aero Motor 35-45 H. P.
Will divide net

returns and give security for motor.

sky, Box 47, Pueblo, Colo.

E. Frankow-

Aircraft.

AEROPLANE.

ADVERTISER

desires backing to 1 earn practical

of aeroplanes.
Will give security
and interest in future operations if
tails to
responsible party on request.
Add
"R.," care Aircraft.

-^-^

operation

monoplane, 24 horse power

Anzani motor, imported from Bleriot factory
this year.
Will be sold big sacrifice by Aviation
Company, closing up its business. Box 727

Instructive to experiIV/rODEL
^^*~
menters. Self-propelled.
Flies considerable
Miniature flying machines
distance.
50c prepaid.
as souvenirs for aviation meets at very low figSample 25c. Agents
ures for large quantities.
wanted. Aeroplane Mfg. Co., 309 iSth St., Brook-

Aircraft.

lyn,

"pOR SALE Bleriot

N. Y.

AERONAUTIC ENTHUSIASTS
CAN FLY TO

BELMONT PARK INTERNATIONAL MEET

And

provide their

own

and ordering

GRAND STAND by Telephoning to BRYANT

a PACKARD or RENAULT Automobile.

1381

SPECIAL INCLUSIVE RATES FOR THIS MEET

Office Open Day and Night

F. T.
44, 46,

48

SANDFORD AUTOMOBILE

WEST

43rd

STREET

CO.
NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

PATENTS

331

GET
JERSEY

PATENTS

SKEETER

BENNETT

1701

170 Broadway,

New York

THAT'S THE THING

FLY!

R. THOMPSON
GUSTAVEROOM
City

JONES

S.

PATENT ATTORNEY

Telephone 4012 Cortlandt

Victor Building, Washington, D. C.

(Counselor at Law)

Solicitor of Patents

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT

your Invention on a fij'ing machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice free.

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO

Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each.

AERONAUTICAL WORK

WRITE TO-DAY

Then

-'Aeroplane

the winds blowl

If you can't fly outdoors you can fly in the house. Jersey skeeters
are 8 in. long, weigh one-sixth oz., fly 30 feet.
By mail 25 cents.
Send for illustrated
Novelty Works, 1931
let

OF HIGH CHARACTER
Work done

with ret'ard

to its lesal effect

REFERENCES

Guid-Book

PATENTS.

100 Mechanical Movements.

PATENTS

FRED.

800 G STREET,

Easy payments, 15 years Official ExamU. S. Patent Office, over quarter

century actual experience, unexcelled
facilities, prompt, efficient service, highest references.
Experts in mechanical
Patents
and aero navigation technique.
advertised for sale free.
Send sketch or
description of invention for free search
ofU. S. Patent Office records and reliable
report as to patentability.
Send also for

Book on "
E. P.
U.

S.

and

illustrated

How

inventors'

and What

WATSON
612 F

Send sketch

E.

St.,

Rates

R.

Bests

COLEMAN,

Patent Lawyer

Guide

T YOUR IDEAS
Book.
Sfi.SOO for one invention.
iow to Obtain a Patent" aii<i
''What to Invent" sent free. Sendroug;!!
:or tree report as to patentability.
advertised for sale at our expense
Manufacturers' Journals.
Patent Obtained or Fee Returned
CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE. Patent Att*ys

W., Washington, D. C.

Washington. P. C.

1003 F. Street,

^^^"'^^'Fee Returned

of Patent Office
Records.
How to Obtain a Patent, and Wliat
Invent, vvitli I^ist of Inventions Wanted and
Prizes offered for Inventions sent free.
Patents
advertised free.
We are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents
and teclinical matters relating to AERIAI,
fo

S8tU Street
Se-i'entb A%'e.
BUSINESS MEN, FAMILtES. TOURISTS
Maximum of l,uxury at Minimum of Cost

N. W., Washington, D. C.

to Invent."

FOREIGN PATENT ATTORNEYS

PATENTS

NAVARRE)

D. C.

PROTECT
AND PAY

Highest References.

BUNYEA COMPANY

F. St., N.

Tun ISmW FIRE-fROOF

CO.

'^'^^^

Advice and Books Free

Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights

606

&

WASHINGTON,

PATENTS

beautifully

Mailed Free.

DIETERICH
Pateat Lawyers

Obtained or no charge made

iner

G.

searcli

CLEAVER'S MILL

to

NAVIGATION.
VICTOR J. EVANS

&

PATENTS

and

245-247 West 28th

Manutaclurfr

PROPELLERS
Washington, D. C.

CO.,

St.,

and

For All Kinds

Orders Filled

at

New York

ACCESSIBUE QUIET ELEGANT

Kew Dutch Grill Rooms. Larfrest in the City
Electric Cars pa.ss Hotel to all Railroads

EUROPEAN PLAN

of

FRAMEWORK

A Room
A Larger

of Air-Crafl

Short

with a Bath for a Dollar and a Half

Room with a Bath for $2.00 and $2.50

Notice
;

Fiee books,

Campbell, 500 P.,Victo

all

about Patents

PATENTS
BOOK MAILED

FREE,

Illustrates 100

JUNIOR

Y E A R S'
EXPERIENCE
25

Telling

All

AEROPLANES

About Patents

Mechanical Movements

CHARLES

E.

BROCK

PATENT ATTORNEY

914 F

Street,

ket.

Washington, D. C.

/ can give Special Attention to ferial Inventions as 1 have in

office

prices.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Edgar T. Smith
Geo. L. Sanborr

their cost.
Shepard &
BIdg., Washington, D.C.

1?

ively the best models

25 styles and sizes.

on the
50 cents to

Strong, light and durable.

Address DEPT. F for illustrated c.Ttalogue

my

|5.00.

ROYAL AERIAL MFG.

Copies of all patents granted for Aeroplanes.

!

PI.),

CO.

WEST NEW YORK.

N.

J.

AIRCRAFT

332

November, igio

GOODYEAR
Aeroplane and Balloon
Equipment

Walden-DyottCo.
INCORPORATED

24x3" and 26x3" French Type Aeroplane Tires to fit

Farman, Blenot, Antoinette, Voisin, Sommer and Roe machines
equipped with French and English Rims.

Hudson Terminal Building

20x2"

Tube

Single

Tires

4^

Rubber Aeroplane Springs

Farman Type.

an aeroplane

it

will

details concerning
to

have you

visit

Factory

at

Our

pay you

to write us

our machines.

We can

line

absorbing alighting shocks

all

of Aeroplane and Balloon materials

careful investigation into

you are thinking of buying

If

for

Rubber-coated Balloon fabrics as used on

and English Government Balloons.

Manufacturers of monoplanes only.

Mineola, Long Island.

American Type Crescent

fit

Rubber-coated, moisture-proof fabrics as used on practically

all foreign machines and now being adopted on
American Aeroplanes.
Weights from 2j4 to
oz. per square yard.

New York

to

Rims.

50 Church Street

German, French
is

the result of

American and European requirements

and standards.
If

for further

you vianl the

latest

developments

equipment write

in

us.

DEPARTMENT Y

also arrange

our factory, where you can investigate

The Goodyear Tire

the high quality of our work.

& Rubber Co.

AKRON, OHIO, Grove

St.

PARAGON PROPELLERS
P&tents applied

for.

Copyright, 1910. by Spencer Healh.

Quartered White

Oak

with Spruce Interior.

ft.

dii

12

to

16 Pounds

Paragon Propellers Excel

In
In
In
In
In

the thrust given per hundred revolutions per minute

the thrust given per actual horsepower absorbed
keeping up their thrust during flight insuring high speed
the selection of material nothing but edge-grain being used in any part
correctness of design, excellence of execution and beauty of finish

THE

ARE

IN

CLASS

BY

THEMSELVES

OUR EIGHT-FOOT DESIGNS GIVE 400 to 500 LBS. THRUST AT

We have pleased every customer. We can please YOU. Ask us for a

us about your machine and

Our

900

to 1,100 R. P.

M.

blank form on which

to tell

engine.
We will make you an estimate on ju.t what you require.
propellers are calculated and designed for each machine. No uniform pitch
"true screws "
its

AMERICAN PROPELLER COMPANY

616

Street, N.

W.

Washington, D. C.

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

We

AERONAUTIC SUPPLIES

are

FLYING MODELS

Headquarters

333

A Pigmy

Giant

EXHIBITION MODELS

For

PROPELLERS

MINIATURE AEROPLANE WHEELS

MODEL GASOLINE ENGINES

MINIATURE BALL THRUST BEARINGS AND SUPPLIES
Our

Prices are righl.

Send

for catalogue

THE WHITE AEROPLANE

CO.

15 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Insurance Against Breakdowns

We
to

have a Machine Shop completely equipped

build power plants for Aircraft.

prepared

to

pay

If

Simplicity

Absolutely

itself.

you are

work, write for

for precision

THE DE CHENNE AERIAL ENGINE, THE SIMPLEST AND

MOST POWERFUL MOTOR YET INVENTED. ALL
ACCESSORY WORKING PARTS ON OUTSIDE
CRANK CASE AND IN PLAIN VIEW.

fur-

ther information.

Will run

You

will regret

it

if

prices

The

Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Co.

WOONSOCKET,

R.

I.

Curtiss Flying at the Boston- Harvard

Meet

reliable.

Greatest power for weight.

all

day.

you buy without writing

and particulars.

us for

Holbrook-DeChenne Aeroplane Co.

MONETT, MO.

Model Aeroplanes
AND SUPPLIES
200
Percy Pierce Flyer
THE
The outfit includes large scale drawing
feet.

flies

wood, rattan,
rubber, aluniinura and silk,toniakeit. *| | r
pl.lD
Price by mail, securely packed
and complete

set of parts in

Twlning's
biplane

f^

Book and Parts

make model
$1.20

Single Propeller

!6

to

Monoplane

Models made from

.50

drawings

scale

SUPPLIES
75c
Propellers, wood, 8 inch
10 inch
$1.00
1.25
12 inch
2.00
14 inch
Special 6 in. propeller, 50c., unfinished
10
in.
25c.
6
and
8
in.
15c.,
propellers,
.

WHEELS
Special, light-weight, ru

price 30c each

eight
ht

Above

is

Sample of the Aerial

work done by

IX

photographic

Ji

full line of Eastman's

100
100

ft.

ft.

price 10c each

X rV in. strands,
j\ in. square strands,

price |1.00
price
.75

WOOD AND BAMBOO

New York

All sizes in three feet lengths

SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE

W. H.

Kodaks and Supplies always on band

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

RUBBER

LEOPOLD LEWIS
915 Eighth Avenue

inch diameter

Model Propeller

37-39

PHIPPS

E. 28tb Street,

New

York, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

334

November, ipio

ANZANI
3-CYLINDER
10 H.

P.,

15 H.

P.,

20:H.

p.,

25 H.

P.,

30 H.

P.,

35 H.

P.,

40 H.

P.,

45 H.

P.,

50 H.

P.

4-CYLINDER
35 H.

70 H.

P.,

P.

5-CYLINDER
50 H.

P.,

100 H.

P.

AVIATION MOTOR
Performances of the Anzani Motor
3-CyI.

25 H.

P.

3-Cyl.

1909
Prix-du- Voyage by Bleriot.
Crossing of the English Channel by
July 25, 1909

July,

1909 One-hour
Cologne
909
by
1909 One-hour
Pau by
January 8,191
by de
1910
January
Oran,
by
9

Nice by
May
1910
Geneve by
1910
May
and
by
May
1910
Bleriot.

October,

at

flight

by

Crossing of the

12,

April,

15,

3,

54-minute

Olieslaegers.

prize for

Olieslaegers.

First prize for highest altitude; sec-

ond for duration

Morane.

flight

at

St.

9,

flight

at

Brussels

by

Oli.

Petersburg,

5-CyI.

40-50 H. P.

by

First trial of 50 kilometers in 34

July 25, 1910
minutes and 58 seconds at Havre, by Molon.
1
Flight
of one hour and a half above
July 28, 9
country and sea by Molon.
August
191
Flight of one hour and 1
minutes
above country and sea, which was stopped on
account of lack of gasoline.
Flights with pass1

Olieslaegers.

Crossing of
Crossing of Barcelona

highest altitude

15,

flight at Issy-

Olieslaegers.

Flight at

1910Two-hour

Balsan.

One-hour-34-minute
les-MouIineaux
Lesseps.
flight

Dela-

flight

P.

10,

August

Bleriot.

October,
One-hour-and-a-half
grange at Spa.
October,
flight at

25 H.

191
Distance prize at Wolverhampton
by Radley.
1910
Daily flights of from 20 to 40 minJuly 31,
utes at Vichy, by Kuhling.
July

engers

August

in

a Bleriot

No.

AERIAL EQUIPMENT
735 Seventh Avenue,

by Molon.

191
Flight from Havre to Honfleur
there and back, 50 minutes, by Molon.
16,

CO.
New York

AIRCRAFT

November, 1910

335

Men

World's Famous Flying

WILL COMPETE

IN

THE

INTERNATIONAL
AVIATION

TOURNAMENT
Belmont Park, October 22-30
French Aviators
ALFRED LEBLANC, won the "Circuit de r Est"
HUBERT LATHAM, who made the Antoinette
COUNT JACQUES de LESSEPS, of Cross-Channel Fame
EMILE AUBRUN, who finished with Leblanc
RENE THOMAS, drives the second Antoinette
R.

SIMON

E. AUDEMARS and

and R.

R.

BARRIER,

GARROS,

the Bleriot racers

famous as "Demoiselle" drivers

English Aviators
CLAUDE GRAHAME-WHITE,
W.

E.

McARDLE,

the greatest British

Airman

England's daring Cross-Country

JAMES RADLEY,

won

flyer

recent English events

ALEC OGILVIE,

the

Wright

driver

American Aviators
JOHN

B.

MOISANT,

carried a passenger from Paris to England

HENRY WEYMANN,
GLENN

carried a passenger

H. CURTISS, winner

WALTER
CHAS.
J.

BROOKINS,
K.

260

miles from Paris

of the International

Chicago

to

Clermont

Trophy at Rheims, 909

1

to Springfield

HAMILTON, New

York

ARMSTRONG DREXEL,

first

to Philadelphia

to fly

Two

Kilometres high

AIRCRAFT

336

HOLBROOK
AERIAL PROPELLERS
and

TTAe

MOTORS

Power Plant You Will Eventually

Buy)

HOLBROOK AERO SUPPLY CO.

JOPLIN, MO.

BAMBOO
Specially Selected for Aeroplanes

ALL SIZES
J.

49

STOCK^=^

IN

DELTOUR,

Inc.

New York

Sixth Avenue,
Telephone 5565 Spring

TUBING
STEEL
AND GAUGES
ALL
SIZES

Strongest and lightest material tor Air-Craft-Construction. Furnished

in Round, Square, Rectangular, Oval and other Special Shapes

Tools and Supplies

Piano Wire, butted or plain

Motor Crank Shafts and Drop Forgings

PETER

A.

FRASSE

130-132 Worth Street,

&

CO.,

New York

City

November, igio

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio

337

A REAL AERIAL MOTOR

MOTOR BUILDERS WHO KNOW THEIR BUSINESS AND WHO
HAVE BUILT MANY THOUSANDS OF AUTOMOBILE MOTORS

BUILT BY

BUILT
V

Eight Cylinder

Shaped

IN

TWO

3^x3^

Shaped A"

WE CAN MAKE IMMEDIATE

WRITE FOR INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATIONS

THIS

SIZES

Eight Cylinder

x.Ay,

DELIVERIES

THE

IS

Motor Per Horse Power Made

TO STAND ANY LEGITIMATE AMOUNT OF PUNISHMENT

Lightest Practical
THIS

MOTOR

IS

BUILT

AGENTS WANTED

DAVID

L.

HERMAN,

Moffat Bldg, DETROIT, MICH.

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

best,

are

GLIDERS

SEPARATE PARTS

the

Light Metal Castings

for Connections always carried in
Stock, or Special

the safest and

the easiest to operate.

castings made

Practical Lessons in

to

order.

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experimentsconducted
Large Grounds for

to Order

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

our estimate for
your Flying Machine

GLIDERS IN

Get

STOCK.
Witteiliailll

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Little

Glider

in

Flight

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

Telephone 390

L W-B

AIRCRAFT

338

Designer and Builder, or

Make

to

Your

Own

Design

November, ipio

THE
SCIENTIFIC

handsome trophy shown below was given by

AMERICAN

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

Models or Propellers

THE

and Aeronautic

JleTo Motors

the

AMERICAN TROPHY

SCIENTIFIC

Prof.

rates

machine
QliJers, Parts

THE

for the purpose of stimuUnited States. It is fitting that the

first and only noteworthy trophy of this sort should be
offered by a journal which, for more than 60 years, has
fostered the development of aeronautics and the mechanical arts,
not only in America, but throughout the civilized world.
lating aviation in

P.

S.

Langley's

America and

aeroplane

the

first

commemosuccessful

modern monoplane.

the precursor of the

Supplies in Stock

Always on Hand

FRED SCHNEIDER, 1020

New York Agent

for

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

WIRE
f

Aviator

Wire

supplied in

plate finish

making

This wire

is

quality

Cord

high

sizes

with a

soldering easy.

specially

grade

drawn from

steel.

of twisted wire.

extra

Also Aviator

::

::

::

::

John A. Roeblings Sons Co.

TRENTON, N. J.
Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.
-

Builders of

COMPLETE LIGHT-WEIGHT
AERONAUTIC POWER PLANTS

AeropIane^Trophy

Our

trophy has been thrice won by Glenn H. Curtiss, to

whom it will be awarded unless his record cross-country flight of
74'4 miles from Albany to Poughkeepsie is beaten before the

end of the year.

The trophy will be competed for at the Belmont Park Meet;

and the maker of the longest cross-country flight above 74 miles
(40 miles out and 40 back, or two round trips of 40 miles each,
for example) will win the trophy from Curtiss.

CUT OUT HERE

Keep posted upon Aeronautic events.
Read the Scientific American for the next

fourteen months at

the cost of but twelve months' subscription.

For

prices

and

^V

By
'^

"y^-

^0

'

40 H. P. 4>^"x4^"

descriptive circulars

^Hf

4 cyl. 40 to 50

just write to

^^

cyl.

50

to

H.

P. 5"

xS"

60 H.

P. 5"

x5"

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO.

306 Holcomb Avenue,

Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A.

cutting out

vember

15th,

this

Accept
upon

sent

this

coupon and mailing

together with $3.00,

from the present time

offer

until

January

immediately.

we
1st,

will

it

to us

before

Don't delay.

Sample copy

request.

MUNN &

CO.,

Inc.,

No-

send you the paper

1912.

361 Broadway,

New York

AIRCRAFT

November, igio

EDWIN HOPKINS

339

Communications

All

AEROPLANES AND EQUIPMENT

Intended for
REAL

$2000

FLIERS

THREE
WEEKS DELIVERY

Glenn H. Curtiss

The H.-De K. Motor

HOPKINS & De KILDUCHEVSKY,
An

Aviation Motor of the highest grade,

Manufacturers
in

workman-

design,

and material, equal to the best French construction. It is a

reliable and durable Engine, a refinement of a highpowered racing automobile motor, with no untried innovations. Built
Unlimited guarantee, any test you want, and your
to run for hours.
money back if you are not entirely satisfied. Don't experiment with
ship

SHOULD BE ADDRESSED
TO

thoroughly

Get

engines.

the

H.-DeK. Standard.

Particulars free.

SPECIAL OFFER
To

enable Aviators

the

Ask

fo

get

lo

are making a special offer.

until

you know about

this

question settled right,

Aviation Headquarters

we

Don't order your motor

1737

offer.

COORDINATE PROPELLERS
Get

Send

the best results.

for Coordination sheet.

HOPKINS COORDINATE PROPELLER

efficiency.

Saves 30'"r

lo

respondingly greater speed.

100%
The

gives

The

Free.

greatest

the

engine power and produces corpropeller you ought to have.

JEROME
EDWIN HOPKINS,
Tel.

BROADWAY

NEW YORK

1533 Broadway, Cor. 45th

NEW YORK,

3791 Bryant

St.

FANCIULLI,

S.

Business Representative.

N. Y.

SHOW

LOUIS NATIONAL AERO

ST.

NOVEMBER
Under the auspices

of the

17th to 24th

Aero Club of

St.

Louis

there

is

to be an aeronautic

show held in the -Mammoth CoHseum Building that city, opening at

Thursday night, November 17th and continuing each day thereafter from
to II P.

M.

l^his

sories, etc.
est in the

to and including

show

November

7 P.
11

M.

A. M.

24th.

be for the exhibition of air-craft of every description, accesThe purpose of the Club in holding this show being to stimulate interwill

whole aeronautic

man's conquest of the

field,

as well as to exhibit the progress already

made

in

air.

The show

All exhibitors
is to be run on the co-operation plan, as follows
pay a certain sum according to the space they occupy, admission is to be
charged, then all revenue is to be added together, expenses deducted and the balance distributed pro rata among the exhibitors according to the value of the space
they use. Exhibitions by manufacturers or dealers whose business is allied in
any way are solicited. Address
:

will

ST.

LOUIS NATIONAL AERO

COLISEUM BUILDING,

ST. LOUIS,

MO.

SHOW

AIRCRAFT

340

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

4^

COMPARE

the Auto Race for the Vanderbilt Cup

with the Aviation Contest for the Bennett Trophy
Wouldn't you rather soar through the clear pure air
than bounce over the dirty and dusty pike with the liability
of instant death from a bursting tire ?
You can fly at will,

when and where you

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, watet-cooled
3 Cylinder, 30-45 H. P., 138>^ lbs
4 Cylinder, 40-60 H. P., 178 lbs
Cylinders

November, ipio

please

by

using a

BEACH PERFECTED MONOPLANE

(Bleriot

Type)

$750 00
1,050.00

x 4|^,copper jackets, aluminum

bases, hollow crank shafts.

610.00

4 Cylinder. 20-24 H. P., air-cooled, 150 lbs.

Cylinders 3J^ x3^, flanged 1^ in. deep.

20 X 2 Aeroplane Wheels,

with tires, built with steel

rims and special hub, very strong.
Price.
Aeroplane Hubs, turned from solid bar of steel,
drilled, 36 holes, well nickeled
Aeroplane Hub Brakes, enables aviator to stop
his plane before or after alighting on ground.
Length 8 in., outside cones 5 J/ in., bored 36 holes
.

E. J.
E. J.

W.

W.

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood,

7

ft.,

6 ft., 6 K
9 lbs

ft.,

12 lbs

screw,

The 6

ft.

fect

in.,

70.00

lbs. thrust at

in.,

15

in.,

1200
per-

5.00

" Guying "

breaking strength, 200.
Price 3c pet ft.
'

500.
3ic
" 4c '
800.
"
"
2300.
6c

Rubber Bands

0.50

60.000
200

screw

yi
12-ft.

perfect

50.00

propeller gives

Galvanized Steel Cable,

j^
tV
j\

1.75

4.00

'bs

R. P.
Propellers, Laminated wood, 10

Model

for

for

models, yi

in.

1.00

square

Complete Catalosue of Supplies. Motors, Gliders and Light Metal

Castings, Mailed Free Upon Request.

E. J.

WILLIS CO.,

Dept. "F," 85 Chambers

St.,

N. Y.

PRESERVATIVE

WRINKLE'S BALLOON
An

elastic

Non-porous varnish

and other fabrics used

in

for silk,

VARNISH
linen,

muslin

manufacturing of

BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLES
AEROPLANES, TENTS, ETC.
Sample Can Free.

WRINKLE PAINT MFG.

CO.,

COLUMBUS, OHIO

Bleriot Crossing the English

Channel

The young Chicagoan John B. Moisant's thrilling flight across the

English Channel, with his mechanic, last August, and many of GrahameWhite's best flights of the Harvard meet were all made with a monoplane similar to ours. This type of aeroplane also holds the records
and endurance.
Rheims, recently, Morane flew at a speed of 66 miles an hour,
made a continuous flight ot 5 hours and 3 minutes
duration, traveling 244 miles
as tar as from New York to Boston
at
the speed of an express train.
Morane also carried 2 passengers 412
lbs. extra weight
successfully, and reached a height of 8,741 feet.
Chavfe crossed the Alps above the Simplon Pass, September 23, on a
Bleriot Monoplane, the only machine that has shown itself capable of
reaching such high altitudes and coping with the treacherous wind curfor speed, passenger-carrying

At

while Olieslaegers

Pluribus

Unum!!

Hey!!

HAVNT Y'HEARD HOW

THEY'RE COIN'
USE THIS FOR TH' NATIONAL BIRD ?

Our gyroscopic attachment makes these machines

non-capsizable in the strongest winds without any exertion
The machine is automatically held stable in
rents.

of the aviator.
the air.

Write to-day Jor Catalogue, mentioning "Aircraft

Two types

Because it's a combined Helicopter Parachute

Gyroscope FLY- Wheel Monoplane ?

JOS. E. BISSELL, Box 795, PITTSBURG, PA.

(P.[S.

Tack

a big vertical

tail

on her and she's Perfect.

and

sizes.

Prices,

Scientific

Delivery

in three

"

weeks.

$5,000 to $7,500.

Aeroplane Company
Box 773

NEW YORK

"

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio

341

20-30 Horsepower
Price

The

NAIAD

DETROIT

Aeronautical Cloth

250

AEROPLANE
Co.

Manufactured Especially

Aeroplanes and Used by Aviators

Prominence

for

of

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

AND
MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES
prices, sent on requ est

Sample books, including data and

DETROIT, MICH., U.

S.

THE

A.

C. E.

CONOVER

101 Franklin Street

CO.

New York

PRESENT
Their 1911 Model

Aeroplane Wire Wheels

Curtiss type in

X
5) 2 BORE ^

STROKE

Monoplane

Increased

Power and

Represented and shown

in

Size,

Not Price

Can

AERO SHOWS

DELIVERY

AEROPLANE
TIRES
Clincher

which
and

type

IS

most

the

only,
lightest

satisfactory

type for aeroplanes.

Weight Complete
6)4 lbs.
"
ey^
7y.

Wheels

also furnished for the

above

sizes

PENNSYLVANIA RUBBER COMPANY

JEANNETTE, PA.
BRANCHES
New

York

1741

1241 Michigan

Angeles 930

Broadway; Boston 167 Oliver Street; Chicago

Avenue; San Francisco 512 Mission Street Los

S.

Main

Street.

/4'

furnish

hubs any width and wheels any

size to

order.

J.

\\\

wheels,

3 pounds.

operation at the

Philadelphia, St. Louis, Chicago, Paris (France)

IMMEDIATE

tail

AVIATOR TIRE

Dead Load, 600

Weight com16"x

7 pounds

pounds.

plete,

We

stock 20"x2"

Weight complete,

INCH

INCH

'

A.

956 8th Ave.,

WEAVER,
bet.

Jr.,

56th and 57th

Mfr.

sts.,

New York

Laminated True Screw |f

nlfl

AIRCRAFT

342

Facts About Motors

The Call Aviation Engine IsA

The tvpe used

Four-Cycle Engine.
and motorcycles. Tlie type used by
abroad and holding all aviation records.
Water-Cooled Engine.
The only
pended upon for extended
ithout da
spiral water jacket, together
lies

99 per cent, of
.

all

prominent aviators

2nd.

he

the
type.

for

a^'iation

a comparatively small number

of cylinders of generous proportions,
distinguished
as
from a mviltiplicity of cylintheir
numerous
ders
with
bearings, and consequent friction, and liabilitv to derange-

all

best
pur-

Silent
Engine.
yet designed
having
both
auxiliary ports siHence the only aviadapted
for
igine
t
use. or for other
ely exhibition pur-

ment.

The only engine

economy

of fuel, as compared with power developed,

is secured by large cylinders,
few in number, rather than
by a multiplicity of small

chauffeur to set and run

in fifty of

whom

Exceptionally

It is a
Economical Engine.
matter of com.mon notoriety

"Fool-Proof" En5th.
The utmost simplicity
gine.
of construction, small number
of cylinders, together with its
being of the usual four-cycle
type, enables any automobile

Not one

An

9th.

tion

tha

Phenomenally

This rePowerful Engine.

sult is secured by the use of

poses.

4th.

8th.

nearest

By

construction

adapted

minimum weight; while our Vanadium Grey Iron cylinder and

cylinder head linings, piston heads, valve cages, valve seats, etc., is the
only dependable material for these parts.
The entire design is thoroughly
Superbly Beautiful Engine.
7tfa.
artistic; while all exposed parts not constructed of Magnalium
a shining
dible metal
are nick el -plated, the whole surface being polished
tion with

with piston pump circulation

is
the most perfect cooling
system yet devised.
3rd. An Opposed Cylinder
The construction
Engine.
thorities-to
vibrationless

November, igio

cylinders

of
in avi-

consideration

paramount importance
ation.

it.

hip of this eng

ngn makes, and not to be
ket, yet our aim has beer

hav

Moderate Priced
10th.
While the material
Engine.
superior to the very expensive
:lassed

cheap engirt^s iloodingthe

aviators with a moderate priced

th the

cylinder, or V-shaped multiple cylinder

to fun
1
Magnalium outer casing
engine,
ine, cheaper than could be
1
prodi
Thoroughly Dependable Engi:
d by themselves, except in large
6th.
arkably strong construenumbers, and with an expensive shop and foundry equipment.
for cylinders and cylinder heads permits
iriation Engines possess a few of these adT-anfages.
0th
This is the only engine that combines them all.

MODEL
MODEL

E-1: Two-Cylinder; 50 Horsepower, weight, 150

E-2: Four-Cylinder; 100 Horsepower, weight, 250

lbs.,

lbs.,

Price, $1,000
Price, $2,000

NO

Prices include complete equipment

EXTRAS
DELIVERY THIRTY DAYS: Terms, 35 per cent. Cash, milh order: Balance, Sight Draft against Bill of Lading.
FOR CATAL0G-C2.
WRITE for particulars and price of our REVERSIBLE AERIAL PROPELLER. Also of our
RADIATOR
HEATER,
constructed of aluminum tubing. Utilize the heat of your engine for the comfort of your passengers. Weight, W^ lbs. per gallon of jacket water.

COMBINATION

The

Company

Navigation

Aerial

of

America,

Cheap Insurance While

SEND

AND

Kansas

Girard,

In the Air.

WIRE TRUSSING MADE ESPECIALLY

for

AEROPLANES
ANY

&

SIZE

AND GAUGE

Gauge Wire Weighs 4% lbs. per thousand feet and has

a breaking strength of over 450 lbs. Other diameters in proportion.
No. 18 B.

S.

GUARANTEED TO BEND WITHOUT BREAKING.

GUARANTEED NOT TO STRETCH.

Address

David

L.

Herman,

Moffat Building,

Detroit,

Michigan

AIRCRAFT

November, ipio

343

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

.^^l''.i^-^i^^^yi'^

CIE.

Aeroplanes

K%

SPEED

PLEASURE
EXHIBITORS
PRIZE WINNING
DESIGN

RIGHT

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

We Started Out Making History and Will Continue To Do So

First Prize at first trial in

and only woman aviator in

America to operate and fly an
Aeroplane alone, making daily

America

First

for flight.
First

Aeroplane made

in

New York

flights.

make a flight.
First Aeroplane made in Mineola
to make flights.
City to

We Employ
We

have studied the motor problem

Write us

for facts or information.

30 days.

Aeroplanes.
and Experts on Aerodynamics

only the Best Designers

for years,

Fox Motor, w^ho said, showed, and guaranteed

them, 30 h. p. upwards.

Delivery

All the above: FrancaiseAmericaine

their

both foreign and domestic, and have adopted the

motor

after a severe test in

our presence

we

supply

Positively guaranteed.

Prices on application

Aviators and Aeroplane Constructors supplied

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

MINEOLA,

L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

AIRCRAFT

344

November, igio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

LEADING

BALLOON

AND AIRSHIP

CONSTRUCTOR

OF THE WORLD

Representing the

Company

Continental Rubber
OF HANOVER, GERMANY

Makers of the Finest and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane Material

in the World

Rubber Fabrics

for

Passenger Aeroplanes

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

Flying

Models

and Airships
W. MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to Fifty

Passengers
Also representing the

Models Developed

SANTOS-DUMONT
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

.m

The

Government

Wilcox

and to
Ninety-five per cent, of

Propeller

the clubs in this country

i:^uMm

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

of

Balloon and Airship Builders

PARIS,

FRANCE

Address Box 181, Madison Square,

New York

AIRCRAFT

Novcmher, igio

345

Requa-Gibson Propellers
Our

former advertisements have inaugurated

They have

matters.

of inquiries and orders

In

future,

we

we

as a secondary result,

shall

advertise

the thought of standardization in aeronautic

we have

can show testimonials from men who

RESULTS,

Our
you know what you want, we

If

some extent

to

evidently interested the aero man, for, as a primary result,

not

it.

(10%

usual);

you are not

If

To Get Quick
enclose a small deposit

hard

every day.

we

will

to

imitate.

sure,

you

assist

to

decide.

from

former

Attention,

your order

on

propellers, write

and

gets

this

are

Proposition:

supply

will

RESULTS

promises.

secured large numbers

fly

You know

file.

our

prices

advertisements.

you have already used one of our

If

perhaps

will

help

We

others.

will

AIR-MEN

print

your

letter

WHO

under

The Requa-Gibson
Gentlemen:

New

feel in

diameter with a 6-foot pitch, and

my

complete satisfaction with

do not know the exact amount of

thrust developed, but the

my 30-foot

Curtiss type biplane with

take this opportunity of expressing

thrust

was

40-fool

sufficient to raise

run

thrust

from a standing

in

start

my

flight

first

in

an

am

flying in different parts of

Vermont,

have every
like

Trusting

will get

some business wailing,

particulars

from you soon, as

Yours

truly,

tell

tried

propellers

if

more

aviators

would be more

is

THE REQUA-GIBSON
Phone 7200

COLUMBUS

is

the

350

lbs.

150

lbs.

ahead of the

my

machine than

were using the Requa-Gibson prosuccessful flights

did not give the second one any

the engine

and the machine went

Can't say loo

run.

much

test

into

for

made.
lift

just put

my

machine.

on, started

it

the air in less than

100

they

are

your propellers

great.

Yours very
C.

was that of a Wittemann

Elbridge Engine and Requa-Gibson Propeller.
performance

got

so far

could be here to see your propeller

GEORGE SCHMITT.
The above

and

out,

We

only got

the story.

feel

.have

remain.

received,

in propeller line.

would not have any other make on

believe

Wish you

We

some

that should

peller there

to

have the State agency.

propelle r

the other

a Requa-Gibson.

aeroplane.

As

Your
With

can honestly say that your propeller

other that

opportunity of demonstrating your propeller, and would

it.

1910.

City.

have ever seen

with

thrust, so

your propellers.
1

Gentlemen:
best thing

12th,

Co.,

New York

York.

purchased a propeller from you about three

was 7

it

Passumpsic, Vt., Sept.

The Requa-Gibson

St.,

and your experience

Mr. C. C. Bonette of Passumpsic, Vt. says

1910.

Co.,

225 West 49th

weeks ago;

2,

at once,

it

heading.

FLY EVERY DAY

Mr. George Schmitt of Rutland, Vt. says

Rutland, Vt., Oct.

us about

tell

this

C.

truly,

BONETTE.

Plane,

CO., 225 West 49th Street,

iition

Aircraft Magazine

New

York, N. Y.

50th Street Subway Station

AIRCRAFT

346

November, igio

THE NAME

Burgess Co. and Curtis

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
GUARANTEES

EXCELLENCE IN DESIGN

AND WORKMANSHIP
OUR AEROPLANES ARE SAFE
They Fly Well Too,
Our Model

but our

flew successfully

Model B

beats

it.

Our new Model C

even

The

is

better.

price remains the same.

Ca// any day, weather permitting, at our Aviation Grounds

Newbury,
too:

Massachusetts^

for

convincing demonstration
8

:cx:a

AIRCRAFT

November, 1910

347

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

Miles.

"New York

"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

35 Hrs.,

U.

"New York"

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

S.

48

U.

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon

12 Mins.

Hrs.,

26

Harmon and

Mins.

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

S.

24,200

Harmon and

Ft.

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION

GRAND

PRIZE
30-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE

PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES

QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA

2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H. Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

last

from

IN

THE

U.

five to six times as

S.

GOV. DIRIGIBLE AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

The weight

long as a varnished balloon.

Heat and cold have no effect on

summer time. The chemical action

not require further treatment.

well

at

zero

weather as

mental effect on

TERIAL
balloon,
1

00

lbs.

as

has
it

as

it

ten

it

requires

talcum powder.

has on a varnished material.

times

No

the

little

per inch width.

the

in

strength

or no care,

Very

elastic.

to

U.

is

NOT

and

is

weight, width

bound

of

Silk double-walled

material.

Any

have the up-to-date balloon must use

S.

varnished

The coming

revarnishing.

and being an absolute gas holder,

of

it,

subject

to

or

man

always the same, as

place

of

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AIRCRAFT

348

CHARLES

HAMILTON

K.

Used by Him

in His

New

November, ipio

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IflMMin
Vol.

DECEMBER,

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1910

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AIRCRAFT

Deccmhtr, 19 JO

349

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AIRCRAFT

350

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AIRCRAFT

December, igio

351

It was when just abreast of this mark that Leblanc's fuel ran out in the Gordon
pj'lon is visible at the top and to the left.
Bennett Cup Race. For some reason, probably an involuntary pressure on the foot-tiller, his monoplane swerved to the
right and crashed into a telephone-pole when a few feet from the ground, at the end of the line of motors
visible in the picture and near the stables which can be seen between the track and the roof of
the grandstand. It will be seen that Leblanc was on the finest and widest part of
the course when the incident occurred which brought about the accident.

The second

CONTENTS DECEMBER,
The

Meet (Second

International Aviation

Results of the

1910
G. F. Campbell

Article)

Wood

359

Figures and Records in Gordon Bennett Cup Race

With

the

Camera Man

at

Belmont Park

General Details of Machines at the Meet

The Gordon Bennett Balloon Cup Race

Features of the Paris

Types

Latest

Foreign
General

of

353
357

Meet
Leopold Lewis

360

W. H.

Phipps

362

George A. Haviland

364

364

Show

French

366

Air-Craft

W. H.

News
News

Phipps

368

D. E. Ball

369

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by

ALFRED W. LAWSON

37-39

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AIRCRAFT

352

December, ipio

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;;JhJh5j.Jm.;^^^*j;j;j*^,j^j^

AIRCRAFT
Vol.

New

No. 10

I.

York, December, 1910

THE INTERNATIONAL AVIATION MEET

Belmont Park,

New

York, October 22d-30th

(Second Article)

By G.

^O

F.

Campbell

Meet was a
from the viewpoint of the sportsfrom that of the scientist, of the sol-

begin with, the International Aviation

success

man
dier,

success

as well as

to

which is more than

can be said of almost anj^ other tournament of the kind.
The disagreements between aviators and management were no
more and no less than those which have occurred at other similar
meets abroad, the difference being that in Europe they are not
paid for

it

itself,

touched on by the press whilst here this can hardly be said to be

the case. As a proof of this assertion it need only be said that
the Rheims meet of this year was followed by twenty-two lawThis merely means that flying competitions are increasand importance faster than regulations and legislation can be formulated to adequately govern them.
suits

ing in scope

THE GORDON BENNETT

all the events decided at the big meet one stood out
paramount importance to the followers of the new sport:
the Coupe Internationale d' Aviation, better known as the Gordon
Bennett Cup, carried with it, by tacit consent of the various

national bodies governing aeronautics in their respective countries,

and the World's Championship, and it

fulfilled the expectations of the most

sanguine.

By
his

his magnificent victory,

fame and prestige

probably

to an

hardly realizes

at

Claude Grahame- White increased

extent which the aviator himself
this

time.

For many months

to

come, months during which the number of men who fly will increase by the thousand, the winner of the Gordon Bennett Cup
will be looked upon as the official world's champion.
Leblanc's mishap in the last lap of the big race which without

has caused many to overlook the performance of the winner, in their sympathy for the loser and

question cost

him the Cup

when leading

his rival

by

five

ance in

minutes and a

finish.

remains, however, that Grahame-White's perform-

fact

itself

was

of a sterling character; he

his

100 H.P. racer until the previous day and

the

first to

had never driven

was nevertheless

decide on an early start on the Saturday

the chance of the

wind increasing

As he became more accustomed

not

taking

later.

mount his times improved

lap by lap and at thirty kilometres he was inside Morane's
world's record for the distance; this was at 9.02 a. m. one minto his

ute later Leblanc flashed by at the

end of his first lap, smashing

all records, but to Grahame-White had gone the distinction of
making the first successful onslaught in this country on any
world's speed record.
figures

until

the finish, while a few minutes later Leblanc, traveling six miles

Among

must be said that the race

of his almost unheard-of ill-luck in running

short of gasoline

quarter within forty-si.x hundred yards of the

Grahame-White continued making new world's

CUP.

as of

the blue ribbon of the sport

their appreciation

The

say nothing of that of the spectator.

Financialh-,

Wood

an hour faster, one by one obliterated the short-lived records.

Leblanc had been flying 53' 15" when having to land through
lack of fuel, he swerved ofi^ the track and smashed into a tele-

phone pole; had he had the half-gallon of gasoline which would

have carried him past the finishing post a winner, his time would
have been between 55' 30" and 56' !but to those who think that
no warning was given to the Cup defenders that such startling
time might be expected, the writer feels it only common justice
to himself and to this magazine to refer to an article which occurred here three months ago (pages 247-248 of this volume) in
which he referred to the Gnome-BIeriot as the logical favorite in
the Cup race and warned the readers of Aircr.'^ft not to take the
time in the French Eliminatories (i hr. 19') as a criterion of
what the defenders would have to beat, but to consider that
"fifty-six minutes" (nearly 30% faster) was what Leblanc's 100
H. P. Bleriot would be capable of when the time came to fight
for the Cup.

AIRCRAFT

354
The

tables published in this

number of Aircraft give

figures of importance in connection with the

Cup

all

race, the

the

most

were unfortunately all over at ten

foreshadowed here last month. Interesting
comparisons can be made between the racers; in point of speed
they ranked as follows: Leblanc, Grahame-White, Latham, OgilLatham's i6-cylinder Antoinette, although
vie, Drexel, Moisant.
much faster than his 50 H.P. machine could not come anywhere
near the 14-cylinder Bleriots it is even probable that had Aubrun
been free to start, he would, on his 50 H.P. machine, have outdisinteresting features of which
the morning, as

in

tanced Latham; Latham's time for 70 kilometres just before he

his stop
was 47"Y5 behind Morane's record for the distance made on a 50 H.P. Bleriot, and on a track of one-half the

made

perimeter.

The "Baby" Wright

biplane driven by Ogilvie, was propelled by

showed. Iiowever, greater speed than either Drexel's and Moisant's Bleriots,
and this notwithstanding the fact that, in Drexel's case, very
the regular four-cylinder engine of 25-30 H. P.

usedprobably

small wings were

it

too small for safety

in

case of

(These were the wings, by the way, which Jacques Balsan used on the first Bleriot specially built to carry a
engine-trouble.

Gnome motor.)
Of course, neither Drexel nor Moisant have much

experience

aerodrome-racers, their specialties being altitude and crosscountry contests respectively, and Ogilvie was many minutes
outside of the times which men like Morane, Aubrun, Cattaneo
and perhaps Simon could have made with 50 H.P. Bleriots; but
taken all in all the little "Wright was a revelation for speed and
as

the question naturally arises, when the performance of the fourcylinder machine is noted, as to what Brookins would have done
in the Cup race, with the eight-cylinder biplane, had not four
cylinders gone dead during a preliminary trial* and the little machine, rather too near the ground for a good glide and striking
at too sharp an angle, not smashed itself beyond hope of immediate repair.
In practise this biplane was caught by several watches i' 25" for
the 2.500 metre course and was timed i' 26"!/^ by official watches
although Grahame-White subsequently did as well as this and
even better (i'23"t5 for the last lap of the Grand Speed final on
October 31st) there seems little doubt that Brookins, barring enit

would have gone faster than he did during the Cup

was Grahame-White's fastest Gordon Bennett
27" 9/10 for 2,500 metres). Whether Brookins would

gine-trouble,

(2' 55"f/^

race,

say

lap

l'

have taken Leblanc's measure, is anol'r.er question altogether;

both machines go between 70 and 80 miles straightaway and it is
a pity that the defenders were not as far advanced in their preparations in tuning up for the big race as some of the challengers.
Hamilton did not even cross the line in time to compete and his
poor showing due primarily to an engine which refused to keep

the big disappointment of the Meet.

Hamilton's speed has never been accurately gauged, although
29" has been quoted as his time for one lap of the 2,500 metre

zmrm enough was

i'

course.

The

Grahame-White's
with a standing

34" Ys for 2,500 metres on a circular course

also an interesting achievement.

i'

start,

was

Another who improved in speed after the Cup race was Latham: Latham had not tried out his racer since leaving France
until the morning of the race, and although he made a remarkably fast trial then perhaps the best speed shown by this machine
it was only on the next day that he got the
at Belmont Park
big monoplane going at its best gait for any length of time.
Probably but few who witnessed Latham's flight in the hourly
distance event that day, realized that he was gaining through it
an eleventh hour victory in no less than three of the general
events.
By covering a greater distance in the hour (33 laps
82,5 kilometres) than had been achieved on the small course at
any time throughout the meet, Latham just managed to beat out

Grahame-White

for

first

monoplane was not ready:

at the

it

first

Furthermore, he roared over the

line at the conclusion of his

thirty-third lap exactly ^"yi before the bomb announcing the end
of the hour it is by this margin that he avoided a dead-heat with
;

Grahame-White in the big prize, for only

before the end of the hour) were credited.

full

laps

(completed

Another victory gained by him in this flight was that for second place in General Totalization of Duration over Grahame-

White (Hoxsey being

far in the lead for first place)

he

won

out

by just twelve and a half minutes on this.

The third count on which Latham improved his showing at the
meet in this self-same effort was in the "Fastest Flight" contest
(the best time on four consecutive laps in any regular hourly
distance contest).

In perhaps the finest piece of driving and

whole meet, Latham, with

this prize

of"

"banking" of the

especially in view, shaved

the pylons for four perfectly even laps, the time being returned
as 6'26"i/io, thus giving him second place to Grahame-White

and doing better than Aubrun and the other Bleriot racers, who
had easily led him while he did not have his 100 H.P. racer.
The reference to these four laps as being "perfectly even," is
made advisedly: their times were respectively: i' S&'Vs, l' 36"'/2,
I'sff'Vs, l'36"J^!

What a so H.P. Bleriot can do on a 2500 metre course when

handled by a crack aerodrome-driver was shown the next day
when Aubrun made a lap in i' 36"}^, thus equalling Latham's
time for his fastest lap on his 100 H.P. racer. Another fast lap
of a so H.P. was one by Radley in i'4o"9/io.
A careful perusal of the timing sheets of both aerodrome and
cross-country events, kindly placed at the writer's disposal by
Mr. C. M. Manly, would indicate that the four fastest 50 H.P.
Bleriots were, in the order named: Leblanc's (sold to Moisant),
Radley's, Aubrun's (since sold to Hamilton), and Drexel's (with
small wings).
On the aerodrome, however, Aubrun's superior handling made
him easily the fastest: his Bleriot was the only 50 H.P. machine
which in the "Fastest Flight" competition finished ahead of McCurdy's racing Curtiss the swiftest biplane at Belmont Park

got off the

Gordon Bennett

racers.

CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHTS.

wheel) on the day after the

In cross-country flying John B. Moisant showed himself the

race.

star of the meet.

SPEED IN OTHER EVENTS.

Outside of the Cup race, the best speed was shown in the
Grand Speed events; Grahame-White was flying a mile an hour

morrow

Cup

faster around the small track on the Sunday the

race day than during the big race itself, and two miles an hour
faster on the Monday than on the Sunday, showing consistent

improvement

place in the General Totalization of Dis-

tance, by a single lap

outside of the special

Curtiss

gromid (with Curtiss himself

Cup

December, igio

in tooling the craft

of

around the pylons and getting

everything out of the fourteen whirling cylinders that was to

be got out of them. Aubrun also did well in the Grand Speed and

had the "Fastest Flight" competition counted in these events, instead of only in Hourly Distance events, the time credited to
Grahame-White and to Aubrun would have been respectively
5' 41"}^ and 6' 33", instead of 6' 02">^ and 6' 55".
* Almost every account of^ this accident refers to its having
Belmont Park, both American and foreign, questioned Moi nt's
Hed than any, to assert, either unofficially or officially, that no
spin: the naming of a substitute to replace him was therefore
ment on the subject is not superfluous.

It is not in circling an aerodrome for mile after mile that

Moisant shines although his work in this line of competition
it is in feats of flying which reshows constant improvement
quire daring, decision, initiative and tenacity, an appreciation
and
means to accomplish his purboth swift and clear of ways
pose and a keen sense of direction and location.
There is perhaps, an element of recklessness in his handling of
a Bleriot which makes the more cautious of his fellow bird-men
shake their heads and make gloomy predictions, but the fact remains that the large proportions of Moisant's repair-bills can be

traced

more

to his lack of long experience in flying rather than

any lack of foresight or calculation on his part. In the coming months it is cross-country flying which is going to hold the

to

wkins started in the Cup race, and on the strength of this, many of those at
As the Starter of the meet, the author is better qualieligibility to start as a substitute.
try for the Cup race was received from Brookins, who was merely taking^ a practiseIn view of the foreign notice given to the miiinformation, a stateisohitely regular.

AIRCRAFT

December, igio

355
men,

cross-country

whilst

nerve

Graharae- White's

in

piloting

his 14 cylinder racer in the Statue of Liberty prize, even if he

dangerously

straight

course

as

Moisant

did not steer as

(who flew over the whole length of Brooklyn) was of the
order of that which first made him world-famous in the London
a

Manchester flight.
need hardly be expected to see in these columns an assertion
that had Grahame-White taken the very shortest route like
Moisant, he would have won the big prize; it is the purpose
of this article to point out some features of the meet from
which conclusions of interest may be drawn and not to make
such obvious statements as that Graharae-White's 100 H. P.
is faster than Leblanc's, Moisant's or anybody else's "50."
The cross-country events were over too short a distance
for the Wright machines of the regular pattern to have a
chance in them for speed and the Statue of Liberty prize is
not one which the Wright brothers would have entered machines
owing to their well-known principle of not flying over
in,
cities
a principle which by the way, should be upheld by
legislation, before a bad accident makes it a necessity (and at
the same time hurts the cause of aviation).
to

It

world to the exclusion of racing over aerodromes

Moisant has, barring accidents, at least as great
a future as any aviator living.
It is, of course, the Statue 'of Liberty prize which is thought
of when Moisant's role in the Belmont Park Meet is broached,
but to the mind of the writer this feat, great as it was, does not
compare in sheer merit to that accomplished by the same great
Moisant's cross-country
little flyer on the first day of the meet
flight on October 22A, in the fog and rain, which netted him just
one twentieth of the amount of the Statue of Liberty prize, is one
of the finest feats in the annals of aviation, and how he ever
found his way back to the aerodrome after those forty minutes
he was speeding through the mist over the open country, is something such men as Aubrun the second of the Circuit de I'Est
and de Lesseps the second man to cross the Straits of Dover
are still wondering.
It was a case where a slow-speed machine showed an advantage, for had Moisant been using a single-seater instead of a
pigeon-tailed Bleriot, it is certain his difficulties in keeping his
course would have been materially increased.
interest of the

and

in this field

The

greatest feature of Moisant's flight in the Statue of Lib-

in which he hastily purchased Leblanc's

was not the daring required to enter, on a machine in which he had never previously sat, in the most dangerous aviation contest held since Chavez whose name will long
survive him crossed the Alps at the Simplon Pass, it was
rather the amazingly straight course steered by him over the
maze of buildings stretching out for miles and miles ahead of
him. How straight this course was may be gauged by the fact
that, although a perceptible breeze was blowing, his average

erty Prize, to

compete

50 H.P. Bleriot,

speed as calculated over the straight-line distance between start

and finish (35 miles, including the circuit of the aerodrome
out at 60.6 miles an hour.

This is at
any 50 H. P. Bleriot was supposed
to be capable of, and outside of showing Moisant's wonderful
steering, indicates how fast a 50 H. P. machine Leblanc (who,
as all the world knows, is Bleriot's right-hand man and gets the
pick of the Bleriot output) had in reserve for the Gordon Bennett
Cup, in case he failed to get his 100 H. P. properly tuned up.
As mentioned above there is thus little question that Moisant
now owns the fastest 50 H. P. Gnome-Bleriot in existence
it had already shown its speed at St. Louis prior to the meet
when Leblanc made a mile straightaway in 53", with what was
supposed to be a ten or eleven mile wind back of him but which
in the light of Moisant's performance, may have been of con-

at

the

least

start)

figures

two miles

faster than

ALTITUDE.
The
to

the

altitude

the

last

in

performances at Belmont Park have been kept

this

feature

greatest

general
of the

summary

of

the

results

as

being

meet.

In no previous aerial tournament, whether Buda-Pest, Rheims,

Bournemouth, Lanark, the Bale de la Seine or Bordeaux, where
the greatest struggles for height took place, has high flying of

such excellence or on such a scale been witnessed.

De Lesseps and Drexel put up the great fight which was
expected of them on their previous records, but they did not
in any way make the clean sweep generally expected of them,

"good home-made American biplanes" adequately fulmonth that they would

more than hold their own.
The altitude contests were in fact an absolute triumph for
the Wrights no wind stopped them and Johnstone and Hoxsey
started out daily on their victorious climbs with the regularity
for the
filled

the confidence here expressed last

of

clock-work.

During the meet Hoxsey stayed up longer in the air than

anyone and his totalized altitude reached well over eight miles,
but to his team-mate Johnstone, went the greatest honor of
the tournament when in its last hour he climbed to nine
thousand, seven hundred and fourteen feet above the level
of the aerodrome a world's record by over five hundred feet.
Johnstone used the Wright 26 feet-spread biplane an intermediary between the racers (21 foot for the eight cylinder and
22 foot for the four) and the ordinary type (39 foot). Earlier
in the meet (October 24th) Brookins <iiad made a hard landing
with this machine when his engine had stopped at about 5,000
feet, and a swift glide of the small surface flier had ended
far out of the aerodrome, with some damage.
Since the

siderably less strength.

Radley was another who did sterling work

flying;

he

calibre

in

bids
this

fair

line;

to

become

no other

flyer

specialist

in

of

came within

cross-country
the
ten

very

first

per cent

made over the regular Cross-Country

day of the meet.
Aubrun, Latham and De Lesseps upheld their reputations as

of equalling the time he

17 mile course, on the fourth

INETTE

MOTOR

AND

AIRCRAFT

356

LEBLANC
who broke

the World's Speed Record at

Belmont Park, on his 100 H. P. GnomeBleriot monoplane 67.868 miles an hour.
:

who broke the World's Altitude Record at

Belmont Park, on his 30 H. P. 36-foot
Wright Flyer: 9,714 feet. Johnstone is the
only American to hold a World's Record.

meet Hoxsey, at Baltimore, landed also at too steep an

on this machine, being thrown out at the end of a
glide; an engine at work at the moment of landing as Johnstone had it on ending the glide which brought him down from

then

down

is

a strong desirability in these small surface machines,

although a further acquaintance with them might enable aviators

to do the trick without damage.
Prior to Johnstone's record-breaking flight on October 31st,

Wright had himself taken out the

Orville

flyer

to

test

its

the remarkable results obtained justified the

Johnstone might have reached 12,000 feet, had
he kept climbing throughout the flight.
In the same contest, for which unfortunately there was no
second prize, Drexel made a magnificent attempt, which through
being overshadowed by the record-breaking feat did not receive
Climbing for over an hour longer
the notice it deserved.
than any Bleriot had ever climbed Drexel took his monoplane
to 8,373 feet, 1,750 feet higher than his record-breaking flight
at Lanark in July, 1,268 feet higher than his own American

LATHAM
the famous driver, whose masterful handling
of his monoplanes amazed New Yorkers.

the aviator Latham ,who came

The only time a height was not recorded
was when Johnstone, at the moment of starting up, decided

big

angle

9,714 feet

December, ipio

was quickly noticed by

it

for another.

go for altitude instead of distance,

to

arid

forgot to apply for

a barograph.

had been originally intended to measure heights from the

ground and those who know how strongly the writer urged
It

exclusive use of barographs, will appreciate why

adoption and successful use were so pleasing to him.
the

their

climbing speed;
estimate

monoplane record, established a week earlier, and within 30

monoplane record.

feet of Chavez's world's

Brookins' magnificent altitude flight at Atlantic City when

he established a world's record of 6,171 feet which stood for
many weeks and remained an American record until the Belmont
Park meet, was surpassed nine times at the meet, three times

by both Johnstone and Hoxsey, twice by Drexel and once by

De Lesseps, whose 6,900 feet flight on October 2Sth, should
not be forgotten.
The American record varied at follows, during the meet
October 24
7,105 feet Drexel
"
"
Johnstone
25
7,303

One

A REMARKABLE DEMONSTRATION.

that

8,471

"

9,714

"

"

"

27

"

"

31

great feature in the success of the altitude contests

Had

the

International

Meet taken place a year

ago,

and

with the same weather conditions as prevailed this year, there

There
is little doubt that it would have provd a hollow failure.

was not a day during the meet that the anemometer cups were
not racing around at a lively clip, but on only one day did
the wind keep the machines in their hangars and had it not
been Sunday, it is possible that even on this day, some of
Wright flyers might have gone up.
On the sixth day of the meet when the wind was blowing gustily
anywhere from 15 to 30 miles an hour near the ground and
Latham was giving a magnificent exhibition of control an4
wind-fighting, around the pylons, Johnstone and Hoxsey rose
together for altitude and once above the lower reaches and

treacherous eddies, soared in the blue, keeping a perfectly

even keel in the more regular currents aloft.
They faced the wind coming in from the ocean and as they
went higher their speed in relation to the ground rapidly
diminished as that of the air they were meeting became greater.
Soon they appeared to be standing still, the velocity of the wind
being just even to theirs (about 38 miles) and then, as they
its

went higher, they started to lose ground and the higher they
went the faster they went backwards
Close together in the
heavens they appeared like two great kites on a string
!

was

the exclusive use of barographs for gauging the heights reached.

string being slowly paid out.

How perfect were the precautions taken to insure accuracy

can only be appreciated by those who were in close touch with
this side of the meet; that they were not in vain may be
taken from the fact that when two different instruments were
carried up the results obtained were practically identical.
On
only one occasion did a barograph fail to do its work and

no one can say, but with his machine going close

on forty miles an hour, he was blown backwards some forty
miles in the course of less than two hours, and seventy-five
miles an hour is not an exaggerated estimate of the maximum
As has, however, often
velocity of the wind met by him.

How

great a wind Johnstone faced at his

of 8,500 feet,

maximum

altitude

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio
been pointed out here

it

is

not the actual velocity of the wind

wind of 75 miles an hour on

the ground would mean a storm jumping in a few seconds
from 40 to 90 miles among buildings and trees, and one in
which present-day flying machines could not live an instant.
The real lesson of these two astonishing flights was the
but

its

character which counts

inadequacy of the power-plant of the big biplanes to stem the

winds they could so easily fly in.
The Wrights do not believe in high-speed machines, but
without going to extremes, how could a 33-foot spread twoIts 55 miles an hour would
seater eight cylinder Wright do?
increase the radius of action to no small degree and make it an
ideal scouting machine, for military use.

There is one side of the success of the International Meet

which has not been touched on its remarkable freedom from
With the magnitude of the competitions it
serious accident.
had been feared that perhaps America's enviable record of
not a single fatality since the death of Selfridge might be
broken in the keenness of the struggles.
Not only did this not occur but the only man really hurt,

357

Brookins,

is,

it

pleasant to learn,

is

rapidly

improving.

All

damage was strictly confined to the machines themselves

and this itself was considerably less than that which usually
other

attends a tournament on this scale.

It has in no sense been aimed at in this article to give an
account of the meet day by day and event by event a relation
practically every newspaper in both hemispheres has

which

afforded

its

readers

but

rather to bring out the salient points

tournament those which have given it a lasting

place in American aeronautic history.
For the rest the full results given below are probably the
most accurate and complete records published and can be
readily recommended as an unimpeachable reference on all
of

the

big

questions

relating

to

the

events

contested.

o-Ws^

RESULTS OF THE MEET

DAILY TOTAI,IZATION OF DURATION

EVENTS DAY BY DAY

FIRST DAY OCTOBER 22nd.

$500.

FIRST HOURI^Y DISTANCE.

1st

Prize,

$250.

Grahame-White,

.SO

kilometres

35

3rd

FIRST

50.

HOURLY

Dr

AI^TITUDE.

(in

S7' 37", 20)

51' 02", 40)
19' 39", 80)

(2nd Day).

AIRCRAFT

358

RESULTS OF THE MEET Continued

SIXTH

DAY OCTOBER

27th

HOURLY DISTANCE.
1st

Prize,

$250.

HOURLY ALTITUDE.
1st

Prize,

2nd

"

$250.
100.

Latham,

35

kilometres (in 55' 24", 15)

December, igio

December, igio

AIRCRAFT

359

Story of the Great Struggle Between Grahame-White and Leblanc for the Gordon Bennett Cup, as
Told by the Official Figures. (Saturday Morning, October 29, 1910)

CLAUDE GRAHAME-WHITE

ALFRED LEBLANC

(Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom)

100 H. P. Gnome-Bleriot.

(Aero-Club de France)
100 H. P. Gnome-Bleriot.

AIRCRAFT

360

December, ipio

WITH THE CAMERA MAN AT BELMONT PARK

JOHNSTONE IN A

\\

RIGH 1 MACHINE BEGINNING ONE Ot HIb

MANY ALTITUDE

FLIGHTS.

December, ipio

AIRCRAFT

361

362

CO

CO
p4
(0

oI
">
I

^^
>
<
2
O
H
2
H
2

AIRCRAFT

December, igia

December, igio

AIRCRAFT

363

AIRCRAFT

564

December, igic

THE GORDON BENNETT BALLOON CUP RACE

ALLAN

SAMUEL PER

The

America

Race from

Manned by

Balloor.

II

(United States)
Dusseldorf

(Germany)
Germania
(Germany)

Time

A. R. Hawley, Pilot.
Augustus Post, Aide.

Hans

Gericke, Pilot.
Samuel F. Perkins, Aide.

Lieut.

Hugo von

Abercron,

HAWLEY.

AUGUSTUS

Colonel Schaeck, Pilot.

A. Armbruster, Aide.

Harburg III
(Germany)

W.

Azurea
(Switzerland)

France

(France)
St. Louis IV
(United States)

Condor
(France)
Million
Population Club
(United States)

Leopold Vogt,
F.

Pilot.

Assmann, Aide.

Capf. E. Messner, Pilot.

Leon Givandan, Aide.

Alfred Leblanc,

Walter de

Pilot.

Mumm,

Aide.

St.

Landed

of Start

near Peribonka, Quebec.

Kiskisink,

Oct. 17, 5:3 5:55 P.

S.

Louis von Phul, Pilot.

M. O'Reilly, Aide.

J.

Quebec.

Time

of Landing

M.

Oct. 19, 3:30 P.

Oct. 19,

12

M.
M.

Coocoocahe, Quebec.

Oct. 19, 10 A.

Ville Marie, Quebec.

Oct. 19, 6 A.

M.

Oct. 17, 5:14:15 P.

Gull Island,
Lake Nepissing, Ontario.

Oct. 18, 9 P.

M.

Oct. 17, 5:07:05 P.

22 miles N. E.
Biscotasing, Ontario

Oct. 19, 8 A.

M.

Oct. 17, 5:23:30 P.

north
Pogamasing, Ontario.

Oct. 19, 4:23 A.

Oct.

17,

5:53:50 P.

Oct.

17,

5:26:55 P.

Oct.

17,

4:20:45 P.

Oct. 17, 4:52:45 P.

miles

Capt. H. E. Honeywell, Pilot.

Oct. 17, 5:25:40 P.
J. W. Solland, Aide.

Jacques Faure, Pilot.

Ernest G. Schmolck, Aide.

at

Lake Tschotogama,

Oct. 17, 5:46:20 P.

Pilot.

August Blanckertz, Aide.

Helvetia
(Switzerland)

Isle de

H.

POST.

Louis on October 17th. Won by the "America 11" manned by Allan

The Cup thus remains in America for another year. A new World's
Distance Record was established, supplanting that of the Comte de la Vaulx
(1193^ Miles] which had withstood all assaults for ten years.

Start of the Great International Balloon

R. Hawley and Augustus Post.

M.

M.

M.

Hillman, Michigan.

Oct. IS, 10 P.

4 miles north
Two Rivers, Wis.

Oct. 18, 12:45 P.

M.

Oct. 18, 7:25 A.

M.

6^

miles north
Racine, Wis.

Approximate
Distance

AIRCRAFT

December, igio
Ma

pilots,

oled

Re

ult

LOUIS PAULHAN.
Tiiere is no disputing the fact tiiat the Paulhan
machine a voter is the most original in the whole
sliow.
As may be seen from the sketch, it is not
in the least like any machine anyone else has
yet produced, and except that it has two planes
one above the other, and an elevator, a tail, and
a rudder, it hardly bears any resemblance to

one's hitherto conceived ideas of a flying machine.

Even in its details it departs absolutely from
standard practice.
For example, the elevator,
instead of working on any kind of metal joint,
is slung on leather straps, and it works by the
bending of these straps.
The long skids are
linked up to the point of the main frame members by an intermediate strut of wood, and this
also is attached by leather straps at each end.

The

also

tail

is

by

the skids to

leather,
the main

and even
frame are

leather.
Evidently M. Paulhan
the traditional
shoemaker, that

with
"nothing

believes,

there

attached

is

the struts from

held solely by

like

leather,"

and perhaps he

The main beams of the frame, and

wooden structure which does duty for the

right.

is

the

rudder, and
up
adle
W's
They are composed of two long ilat planks,
separated by short' struts of the same width as
the plank, and held in position by angle plates
and copper rivets. Instead of warping the wings
or using ailerons, the whole angle of incidence
of the wings is altered.
M. Paulhan claims that
the
method of construction is lighter and
stronger than any other, and that the passage
of the air through the interstices makes for lateral
stability,
which
seems
probable,
taking
Dr.
Grahame Bell's fetrahedral kites as an example,
though it remains to be seen whether the extra
head resistance is balanced by the advantages.
The surfaces themselves are simply hooked on to
the spars and supported rearward by flexible
ribs, which fit into pockets in the fabric, the idea
being to give a flexible edge an idea which has
been proved sound by experiment.
This system
the

of

planes,

tail

elevator,
of

turned out last year, and it has proved its

ability during the past few months under severe
tests.
So far as the system of control is concerned, this remains in principle the same as in
ttie
original machine
designed by M.
Robert
that

Esnault-Pelterie.

FERNAND EIORE.
The Eiore monoplane is practically the development of the Witzig-Eiore-Uutilleul of last year;
a matter of fact it is the same machine with
minor modifications.
It
one of the few
is

as

machines with twin tractor screws, a system

which has many theoretical advantages, but has
hitnerto not been very successful in practice.
In
this case the propellers are chain driven, one of
them being reversed by means of a plain gear on
the engine-shaft.
L,.
E. propellers of alterable
pitch are used, these propellers having two advantages, that of allowing of variation of pitch
for experimental purposes, though except in one
position
the
blade form must necessarily be
wrong, and that of allowing an easy renewal of
a broken blade.
The butt of the blade is round
and is clamped into position with rubber packing
between the clamp and the wood.
30-40 Gregoire engine is used, fitted with a
clutch and started by a handle.
As shown in
the sketch, the radiator is curved downwards,
and may to an extent act as a shield for the
pilot; on the other hand, it may also tend to
push the nose of the machine downwards and
detract from the lift.
The construction of the
machine itself calls for little remark beyond the
fact that the mast for the stay-wires is of steel
tubing drilled out till it resembles lace-work thus
increasing head resistance and saving hardly any
weight.
The elevator is a single flap at the rear
of a large horizontal empennage.
There is also
a vertical empennage, behind which is the rudder.
The ailerons are merely extended portions of
the main wings, and all three controls are worked

from the wheel.

patent

the

is

of

whom Paulhan

M.

has

Fabre,

been

of Marseilles, with
collaborating.
In the
ribs being broken they

event of any of these

can be easily replaced.
The whole machine is
full
of novel points, even to the method of
attaching the stay-wires.
The machine is said
to have flown quite satisfactorily,
even in its
experimental stage, and if it does not perform
well in future it will not be for lack of thought
and experience on the part of its designers and
pilot.

its

THE NIEUPORT MONOPEANE.

One
show
for

is

of the most interesting machines in the

the Nicuport, a machine which is notable

the

fact

that

it

has been

officiallv

timed

to

speed of 50 m.p.h. with a simple twocylinder horizontal engine of IS h. p.

This efficiency has evidently been reached simply by
fly

at

citting

down

head

minimum, and,

resistence and weight to

indeed, it is hard to see how

a
it

could

be further reduced.
The whole hull, or
fuselage, is boxed in, and is built in the shape
most calculated to give correct streamline form.

The only
tion

of

possible objection to it is that the secthe body is square instead of circular.

The landing arrangement contains a central skid

mounted on the apexes of two inverted A's, one
of which connects to the engine-bearers and the
other with the lowest point of the fuselage.
The
wheels are simply mounted on the ends of a
traverse laminated spring fixed under the forward
struts.
The engine-bearers are themselves
merely extensions of the main fuselage members,
strengthened with flitch-plates and terminating in
metal clamps which hold the cylinders.
The
pilot sits right inside the hull, and is protected
up to the eyes by a shield built over the front of
I'he
fuselage.
The empennage and tail arrangement is much like that of the R.EP-, except
that there are no fixed vertical fins, but only a
single rudder.
To reduce head resistance still
further the wings are held by two wires only, the
front wire being a fixture, and the rear one
working the warping.

THE ESNAUET-PEETERIE.
The R.E-P.
machine since

is
obviously
a
much-improved
year, though at first glance
general appearance, the most recent
type
being considerably
longer
in
the
fuselage, and the landing chassis has been vastly
improved; also, the wings have a distinct dihedral
angle.
'Where formerly a single wheel took the
whole landing shock there are now two sprung
wheels, one on each side of an enormous skid,
which is itself coupled to the front of the fuselage
by telescoping tubes held up to their work by
a spiral spring.
The rear of the skid is hinged
direct to the bottom of the fuselage.
The axles
of the two wheels are hinged to the big central
skid at their inner ends, and the outer ends are
carried by tubes which are coupled to the sides
of the fuselage, and held up by rubber tension
sprmgs.
This is, of course, an elaboration of
the Nieuport and Handley-Page principle, but it
is
splendidly carried out, and gives an impression of immense strength.
The engine fitted to
the show machuie is also a great improvement on

very similar

in

last

TURCAT-MERY AND ROUGIER.

This is a highly original and interesting machine, built for the big engineering firm, under
the auspices of Henry Rougier.
Its peculiarly
shaped planes are the specialty of ill. Odier,
whose first machine was very satisfactory in its
trials.
M. Rougier will be the pilot of M. Odier's
latest product, and he has already made some
successful flights on it.
He told the writer
that the machine was extremely fast, as it should
be^ from its design.
The machine is a biplane, but, as may be seen
the main spars are curved, so giving the appearance of four independent wings.
Only two pairs
of uprights are used, the front ones being continued downward to carry two curiously shaped
skids, which hinge on the foot of each
upright
and have each a single wheel trailing behind the
centre.
heavy tension spring holds the nose of
each skid up to the front edge of the plane, so
that when the wheels give under the shock of
landing they pull the skid down against the pull
of the spring.
As the hinge is also a swivel
the wheels can trail at any angle, and so
allow
the machine to swing when on the' ground.
The main frame of the machine is built of
two enormous wooden section girders, and is
connected to the planes by bowed vertical members,
the forward pair of which
carries the
RN.'V engine so that the propeller-shaft is above
the lower plane by about one-tliird of the
distance between the planes.
The propeller shown
IS
a four-bladed one, placed in front of the
planes.
The pilot sits some distance behind the
planes, and should have a fairly clear view below and in front of him.
Below the pilot's seat
is a swivelling skid, and there
is another under
the fail so that there should be ample protection
against landing shocks.

The whole monoplane tail is movable, and acts

as an elevator.
It is operated by a stout steel
tube, connecting with the upright tube, to
which
the steering wheel is fixed, file wheel having
its
axle horizontal.
Turning the wheel on its axle
controls the ailerons, which are fixed to
the
upper plane only.
The small twin rudders are
worked by the feet.
Forward of the elevator
there is a small fixed vertical stabilising fin
The
central skid, under the pilot's seat is connected
by wires to a little hand winch, so that it can be
pulled well oft the ground to be out of the way
when starting. Then by releasing a ratchet it
springs down and acts as a brake on landing,
ihe whole machine is very original, and gives
a distinctly favorable impression.

AUDINEAU AND

CO.

This monoplane is made by the same firm who

have invented the "Freno-Eiege" system of wingbuilding.
In these wings solid cork distance
pieces are used between the ribs, with the result that very great flexibility is achieved withapparently, weakening the wing in the least,
as the distance pieces themselves take up
there is consequently far less strain on
ribs and spars tliemselves.
Further, owing
to the resilient quality of the cork, a wing constructed in this way should stand much greater
actual shock
t
of a wing-tip striking
the ground on landing.
The machine itself h;
purely fusifo
out,

and

the
the

tvyist

365
body, similar to that of the Humber built to the
design of the late M. Ee Blon,
The whole front,
of the machine, including the Eeniale engine,
is
cased in aluminium slieeting, but the rear
seven-eighths of the length
is
merely fabriccovered.
Nevertheless,
that
stream-line
effect
should be practically the same.
The landing chassis is connected to the fuselage
itself much in the ordinary way, but there are
two stout skids running from the underside of
the fuselage well out in front of the propeller.
The wheels are carried on tubular forks swivelling on the ends of tubular uprights, the leading
edge being held up by tension springs.
Under
the tail, which is of the bisected non-lifting type,
and is preceded by a long empennage, there is
a swivelling skid.
Between the sections of the
tail
is
a crescent-shaped rudder pivoted so that
the horns of the crescent are pulled over to the
opposite side of the centre line of the fuselage to
the
main body of the surface.
Though not
actually flown, the machine gives quite a good
impression.

GOUPY.
The Goupy biplane
w;ould expect if M.
biplane.
The chassis

really rather what one

Bleriot cared to build a

is

and fuselage are practically

that two near little skids are

pure Bleriot, excejjt

fitted on an extension of the tubular chassis posts.
The tail also is Bleriot, the upper plane being
fixed, and the lower one having Bleriot type elevators.
The distinguishing feature of the machine,
however, is the position of the planes, the upper
ones being considerably in advance of the lower
ones,
which is wrong in theory, though in
practice it works quite well, and it is claimed
that

this position gives stability in a vol plane.

distinctive feature is the ailerons, which
are little flat planes pivoting on extensions of
the front main spars.
This also is wrong in
theory, but seems to work in practice, as is
proved by the fact that" M. Eadougne on his
Goupy did more flying than any other of the
troupe of French aviators recently performing

Another

England.
The rudder is fixed behind the lower tail plane,
and the control is bv a variation of the Bleriot
cloche.
To MM. Goupy and Eadougne belong
the credit of producing the first really satisfactory biplane to fly with the engine in front and
no elevator.
in

REGY FRERES.
A

strikingly handsome monoplane is shown by

freres.
This machine is ticketed as built
for the Rossel-Peugeot firm, for them to test their
new rotary engines on, and it looks every inch
a flier.
The general lines of the hull recall the
Hanriot, but the chassis is much simplified.
It
is of the now popular single-skid type, the point
of the skid carrying a single small wheel to help

Regy

it

over bumps.

Under

the centre of the hull, right under the

a big steel tube, as in the Antoinette,
this telescopes another big tube, carrying at its end a stout tubular axle with a wheel
at each end.
From the ends of the axle run
struts to_ a sliding collar on the main tube, this
collar being held down by rubber tension springs,
which take the first landing shocks.
The axle
is
free to twist its fixed tube inside the outer
telescope, but it is held at right angles to the
centre line of the machine by wire stays to the
bow of the hull, terminating in rubber springs.
Thus the wheels are free to move in almost any
direction, but always return to their true position.
The makers will probably find it necessary
in practice to allow each half of the axle to
move radially from its junction with the inner
telescope tube as well, for no provision at present
exists for this.
The wings are of an Hanriot-cum-Antoinette
type, and the rear controls consist of a bisected
elevator behind a triangular empennage, and an
almost circular rudder witli one quarter cut out,
so that half the circle is behind the rudder post
and one quarter in front of it and over the top
nf the empennage.
Below the horizontal empennage is a vertical empennage with its lower
edge fixed to the tail skid. The control is by an
ordinary Bleriot type cloche and foot lever.

wings,

is

and inside

THE COMPAGNIE AERIENNE.

one

of the most improved machinei

the Voisin, for which the Camare the agents.
The machine
now built entirely of steel tube with the
is
exception of the fuselage and the ribs of the
planes.
As has already been noted, the front
elevator has now been abolished, and the longitudinal control is got by a large flap at the
rear of the tail plane, of which there is now
only one.
The tail booms are of steel tube
about 154in, diameter and are made in three
lengths, which can be dismounted for packing.
The outer section of the main planes are also dismountable, so that the whole machine will go
into a case 14 cubic metres capacity. The springing arrangement has also been materially altered,
with the result that the wheels are brought much
further
forward,
thus avoiding the
tendency
these machines formerly had to stand on their
heads as soon as they touched the ground.
As a further safeguard a single wheel is fitted
at the very front of the fuselage to take the

Certainly

in

the

pagnie

show

is

Aerienne

366

AIRCRAFT

December, igio

LATEST TYPES OF FRENCH AIR-CRAFT

Taken from Dka-otngs of "The Aero,"

I,(

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio
shock and prevent "digging in" if the machine
The fuselage projects well forshould tip up.
ward, the pilot's seat being just in front of the
i^rom the front of
edge of the main planes.
the fuselage two hinged tubes run to the main
axle of tlie landing chassis and act as radius
rods, the weight of the maclune being taken
on coil springs holding down telescoping tulx:s.
These springs are also litted with rubber butters.
the wing tips there are wooden bows as a
protection against side rolls on the ground.
The firm still sticks to its metal propellers,
and, judging from the Paris to iJordeaux flight
of Eielovuccic and Eregi's recent flights, they
cannot be so inefticient in practice as in theory.
Passengers on the Voisin have hitherto been carried betiind rhe pilot, but the show machine has
a wide fuselage, in which the passenger sits,
alongside the pilot, and, to give an air of artistic
verisimilitude, a machine gun has been fitted
alongside the passenger, as shown in the illustration, though it strikes one that, as fhe bore of
this gun is about that of a pom-pom, the recoil
might lead to trouble in the tuselage joints,
apart from any effect it might have on the control of the machine.
The tail frame when on the ground rests on
strap-steel skids, which are not sprung in any
way and might allow of some damage to the
rear framework in a landing on rough ground.
The steering wheel controls the rear elevatorfiap and the rudder, the ailerons being worked
by fhe feet.
It is, of course, a matter of taste
how this is arranged, but prevailing opinion
seems to point to foot control of the rudder and
manual control of the ailerons as being quicker
and more natural.

At

AVIA.
The Avia

firm shows a monoplane with a fiveengine.

The machine is practically of
iJleriot type, but has compression springs to the
chassis instead of rubber in tension, and it has
a non-lifting tail elevator, preceded by an empennage and topped by a vertical empennage and
rudder.
Under the tail is a cane skid of the
new Bleriot type.

cylinder

LOUIS

eri:guict.

The Breguet biplane

one
those machines
one knows people

too
which
one
and
everyone admires.
Rheims,
of

is

like

laughs,
where it flew

yet
really

w^ell

every-

at

it,

and

Ai:
terrifically

fast,

bolted to the frame, so that it

front of the propeller and proof the machine tipping forward.
tail-elevator is of the non-lifting
type, preceded by a long empennage, and the two
small rudders are placed above and below it.
The wheel controls the warping of the wings and
the elevator, the rudders being worked by pedals.
The fixed frame joints are made by autogenous
welding.
The wing spars are also of steel, the
The pupils' machines
ribs only being of wood.
are fitted with Anzani engines, but any other
makes are fitted to order.
The Safa biplane was invented and constructed
Caudron for the Societe Anonyme
by
Francaise d' Aviation, and is certainly one of
the neatest and most interesting things in the
show. The wings have an extremely high aspect
ratio, and in practice this is increased by the
fact that more than half the plane towards the
rear is flexible, the rear uprights being quite close
These uprights are fixed in
to the front ones.
swivels, and the whole wing is warped as in
The frame is neat and strong, the
the Wright.
lower booms being carried straight through to
the front under the lower plane and forming
The engine is placed in front with a tractor
skids.
screw, and the pilot sits in a hole in the lower
plane, controlling the warping and elevation with
a lever, and the steering by a foot lever under
Situated thus the pilot has an
the lower plane.
excellent view all round and a very handy control of everything, points which are too often
overlooked in the design of machines which are
excellent in most other respects.
The machine is extremely light, so much so,
in fact, that the experimental machine flies quite
well with a three-cylinder air-cooled 25 h, p.
engine.
The testing is being done at Paris-Plage
close to Boulogne, so that any readers of The
Aero who would care to see the machine workAlso, machines
ing can easily arrange to do so.
are delivered at Paris-Plage, and a purchaser can,
decrease the cost of transport by
if he wishes,
flying to England.
In any case, transport is a
comparatively small matter, for the machine is
very easily dismounted for packing, and, as a
matter of fact, the machine at the show was
brought there on a little 10 h.p. lorry.
It may be well to mention that the elevator is
merely a flexible extension of the monoplane
an arrangement which certainly makes for
tail,
efficiency.
The rudders are twin squares mounted
on top of the tail. Besides being light and compact the machine is distinctly fast, having been
clocked to fly at 75 kms. (47 miles) per hour
two-seater is now bewith a 25 h.p, engine.
ing constructed with a 50 h.p. engine, and it
should prove one of the successes of the coming
year if appearances go for anything.

a small wheel is
projects just in
tects it in case
The semi-circular

MM.

Frantz Keichel christened it the "Flying Coffee

Pot," and every time it came a cropper, as it
A
did fairly often, everyone roared with laughter,
with all the clearer conscience, because nothing
ever seemed to break, and the pilots never got
hurt.
The machine is constructed very largely
of steel tubing, and as there are only four uprights in the whole machine
THE CHANTIERS TELLIER.
two close to the
centre and one halfway to the end of
each
As might be expected from a firm of such eminplane head resistance has been reduced to a ence, the Tellier machine is a fine piece of work.
minimum. To the two centre uprights are fixed In general outline it follows standard monoplane
the fuselage, a foot above the lower planes.
The practice, but in detail it differs very materially.
front of the fuselage is stayed by two steel tubes The machine shown has a 60 h. p. Panhard enfrom the lower plane to support the engine, and gine, and to carry the extra weight, the main
on a level with the engine are two bowsprits struts of the chassis are built in duplicate, the
from which run wire stays to hold the planes transverse member being a neat bow girder. The
forward against head resistance.
mast which carries the wing stays above and
The chassis is a somewhat complicated affair below the fuselage, instead of the more usual
oonsisting of three wheels, guarded by skids, cabane and pylone, is built of four wooden poles
and all mounted on big steel tubes.
The tail- united at their points and stayed wide apart,
elevator and rudder are a huge cruciform affair where they are built into the fuselage.
Half-way
at the end of a long thin fuselage, in which the along the wings are vertical posts,
as in the Antoipilot sits well aft, so that he has a practically nette type of wing.
clear view in any direction.
Control is by the
The horizontal empennage is now reduced to a
now popular method of a vertical post, to the comparatively small fixed plane with a very large
top of which a wheel is fixed with its axle hori- elevator flap. The triangular vertical fin in front
zontal.
Swinging the post warps the rear edge of of the rudder is still retained.
Steel cable is
the upper plane. Twisting the wheel operates the used throughout for wing stays instead of steel
rudder in conjunction with the front wheel, ribbon. Mr. Santoni, who holds the British conand moving the post fore and aft works the eleva- cession, expects to have one of these machines in
tor.
The whole machine, though it looks clumsy, use on one of the English flying grounds at an

with

its

big

tubes,

after

the

to which one is accumstomed,

and is certainly simple and

is

"cobweb"
really

very

effects

earlj' date.

light,

efficient.

PAUL KOECHLIN.

367
is,

in

fact,

tandem biplane,

for

what

at

first

glance looks like a rather large tail is in reality a

pair of planes as big as the main planes of a
The machine is quite one of the clous
iJleriol.
of the show, for it is Titled up to show what a
The usual pilot's
military aeroplane should be.
scat is occupied by a mechanician to attend to the
engine,
Midway along the fuselage sits an observing officer, and at the front of the rear pair
of wings sits the pilot himself, placed so that he
has a really good view under the front wings and
down to the ground on each side. Aft of the
rear planes is a large vertical empennage, with
the rudder, which is too small for the machine,
behind it.
Underneath both of these is a long
horizontal empennage, and behind this is a very
large semicircular elevator.
The chassis is simply a pair of A's carrying
long skids, which is turn carry a simple pair of
wheels with a long axle right across, which axle
will inevitably give trouble on rough ground,

HENRY COANDA.
The

Coanda biplane

is

certainly

more

than

It is built entirely of
something of a freak.
wood, even to the planes, except for the uprights and the chassis, though this alone is certainly not enough to stamj) it as impracticable;
fact, the general effect is rather taking than
otherwise.
The tail arrangements consist of an
empennage in form of a St. Andrew's cross, and
the
end of each surface is a triangtllar flap
at
arranged so as to give a corkscrew action to the
tail.
These flaps are controlled by side wheels
in the manner of the Antoinette controls.
The
real feature of the machine, however, is the replacement of the propeller by a turbine which is
fitted in a huge nozzle at the bow of the ma^
chine.
This is claimed to give an enormous wind
velocity, but over such a small area it does not
necessarily mean thrust, and it also appears as
if enormous power would be necessary to drive
it.
The chassis is decidedly original also, and has
points of worth.

in

HENRI FABRE.
M. Fabre, with whom Paulhan has collaborated
the designs of his machine, shows a couple
of hydro-aeroplanes built according to his theories.
These are, however, monoplanes with the small
plane leading and a little elevator over the top
of the leading plane.
Each of the main wings
has a mast about a third of its length from the
inner end, and at the foot of each mast is a float.
The front planes also have a float under the mast
which carries them both, consequently while on
the water there is a three-point suspension,
M.
Fabre has found from experience that no vertical rudder is necessary, for the endless V's in
the leading plane act very effectually as rudders,
so the whole plane is swung round its mast horizontally.
That the whole scheme is practical is
shown by the fact that on many occasions the
machine has flown between ten and fifteen kilometres over the mouth of the Rhone without
what the charge d' affaires at the stand calls un
in

ammerissagea. "sc-a-landing."

LOUIS VUITTOX.
One of the few humours of an eminently
businesslike show is the Vuitton stand, whereon
are shown an extraordinary helicopter and an
It is unnecesequally extraordinary monoplane.
sary to mention the helicopter beyond stating that
The monoit could hardly lift its own engine.
plane, however, has ideas in it even if somewhat
unconventional.
model, as

large

The show machine is only a

M, Vuitton was careful to ex-

plain.

The plane

as niay be seen, has tipped-up ends

so as to increase the lift on fhe lower side if the
machine heels over. Below it, so that it would
make a nice pendulum, is the "cabin" one always mistrusts machines with cabins, for the
inventor who thinks too much about passenger
accommodation is apt to forget essentials of
mechanism. In the cabin are the controls. One
lever moves the whole plane from side to side
Another alters the angle
for lateral stability.
of attack of the whole plane, and it is hoped to
do this by swinging it bodily on a single pivot
somewbc-re
about
the centre of pressure.
situated
The tail is an absolute fixture, and is supported
On each side of the
to act only as a damper.
cabin are large flaps strongly suggestive of eleWhen these both deploy together in
phant's ears.
an attitude of expectation they are supposed to
When only one operates at a time
act as brakes.
The whole
it is expected to perform as a rudder.
is a remarkable instance of misplaced ingenuity,

M. Koechlin shows a handsome two-seater monoplane which is in its general lines much like the
two-seater of last year, but in detail it is much
This firm, known as the C.I.N.A., shows two improved. The boxed-in hull is retained, but the
decidedly interesting machines, the Thomann mono- chassis is entirely new.
There is a single central
plane and the Safa biplane.
skid, which, however, would be better if longer
The Thomann is known as the Metallique, be- and stronger, and there is a pair of swivelling
ing built entirely of steel tubing.
Its general wheels carried in quite original telescoping forks
lines are somewhat conventional, the chassis being held up by rubber tension springs.
The empenon Eleriot lines, but with coil springs instead of nage is cruciform, and the fixed horizontal porrubber shock absorbers. By carrying the connect- tion is carried back so far that the oblong rudPASSERAT
RADIGUET.
ing link from the top collar inside the coils to ders work above and below it quite clear of the
the bottom of the spring, the spring is actually elevator, which is a large cur\'ed flap at the end
This firm makes a rather neat monoplane known
in compression, though the effect is that of a of the empennage.
as the "Sylpbe," which is fitted with a fourtension spring without its disadvantages.
I,ateral control is by ailerons pivoted on the cylinder radial
That
The
Berthad valveless motor.
the machine is a practical proposition is proved extension of the front spar a method which has chief feature of the machine is the movable wingby the fact that the first machine built by M. both mechanical and theoretical objections, as al- tips, which swing on an extension of the front
Thomann is flying every day at Issv-les-Moulin- ready noted. Apart from this there is verv little main spar in much the same way as that of the
eaux in the hands of an absolute novice, M. Gal- one could find fault w^ith, and certainly M. Koech- early Bleriots and of the modern Goupy,
It is
lier, who received his first lesson on this same
lin should know bis business,
for he has been doubtful whether this arrangement is really worth
machine, and has not smashed it, in spite of experimenting for years, and his machine has fitting, for when the wing-tip moves it becomes
several bad falls and crooked landings.
proved so simple to control that on it Mme. Niel, a small plane on its own account and one with
Apart from its metallic construction, the chief one of the only three women who hold pilot's certi- a very small and, therefore, inefficient aspect
feature of the machine is the disraountable fuse- ficates, won her brevet.
ratio, besides leaving the raain wing with a worse
lage, -which is constructed in rhree lengths, and
aspect ratio than it originally had.
so the whole machine can be packed in a space
CLERGET
CO.
The wings, however, are beautifully made, and
no longer or higher than the wings and no wider
Certainly the longest aeroplane in the world at it would seem that the firm shines rather as conthan the chassis.
For the use of learners only present is the 200 h.p. Clerget monoplane. This structors than as designers.
The tail arrange-

CAMPAGXIE INTERNATIONALE DE NAVIGATION .\ERIENNE.

AND

AND

AIRCRAFT

368
ment

December, ipio

There is a front elevator, a slightly curved emworking many original features, and it is chiefly distinThere is a long, very pennage, which does duty for a tail, and aft of
guished for good work.
narrow square section fuselage, terminating in a this are a couple of little elevator planes behind
it.
which
again is a rudder.
The lower planes carry
ele^ator
flap
behind
an
with
empennage
flat
Over this is a vertical empennage with a square each a small aileron, wliich will probably have
The landing chassis is spoilt by to be enlarged in practice. The chassis is somerudder behind.
THE ANTOINETTE.
two long struts coming down from the fuselage what on Farman lines, but the wheels are supthe Antoinette there is little new to be said. and turning up in front like the single strut of ported on coil springs.
particular machine shown is a iwo-seater,
The Gnome engine is in front of the planes bethe Antoinette, thus giving two points with which
the seats arranged tandem fashion, and from to "dig in."
The most original feature is the tween the elevator struts, about the only example
the view earthward is decidedly limited. fact that six-blade propeller is fitted, and as each of this practice, and there is a long fuselage of
consists simply of a square rudder

in a bisected tail-elevator, which is fitted behind

In the machine shown
a triangular empennage.
the chassis is much too narrow, and will certainly
give trouble when put to practical test.

Of
The
with
both

The landing chassis has been slightly altered,

being somewhat stronger all around, and the skid
is brought further forward and is more curled
up, so having less tendency to "dig in" on landFor the firsf time an Antoinette is shown
ing.
with a wooden propeller instead of the old metal
"tennis racket," though wood propellers have been
used on the racing Antoinette for some time.
The engine has now a magneto and an exterior
flywheel, which, with the wooden propellor, probably accounts for its better performances during
The Antoinette remains, as
the past few months.
it began, the most graceful of all machines in the
in
air, but is still suffers from a bad chassis,
effect though not in mechanism, and a most unnatural form of confrol, i. e., wheels on each side
the

if

fuselage,

thwart wise.

their

witli

axles

horizontal

and

ROGER SOMMER.

M. Sommer shows a biplane and a moneplane.

The biplane is practically exactly like that shown
Olympia, the chief difference being that ailerons are now fitted to the lower plane, and fhat

at

the central lever

one

is

placed centrally instead of

t'o

Double surface planes are now used.

side.

The

variable

angle to

portion of the
a rear elevator
this being coupled to the
the

fixed

has been done away with and

tail

fitted

behind the

front

elevator.

fail,

The monoplane is of a somewhat ordinary type.

The fuselage is mounted on the usual type of

chassis with two pairs of A struts and skids.

single axle and two wheels are used, which axle

The tail is
cause trouble on rough ground.
bisected by the fuselage, the two halves of the
fixed portion having a variable angle, as in the
The elevators are hinged
early Sommer biplanes.
to the rear of these sections and are worked by
The rudder,
a lever which also warps the wings.
placed between the elevators, is worked by the

will

A Gnome

used, and this is cased,

rather inaccessibly, inside a sheet steel box, which
box has projecrions on each side to accommodate
the motor, and these projections, owing to their
shape, may cause unnecesary head resistance.
Under the tail is an unsprung skid.
feet.

engine

is

DEPERDUSSIN.
The Deperdussin

is

neat monoplane without

Bleriot t\pe.
In this is fitted just above the
lower planes an elaborate hull like a section of a
"governess cart," and in this sits the pilot with
the wings on each side of and slightly behind
him, the passenger's head, the engine, and the
G. VINET.
in front, and with the horizontally lateral
The Vinet monoplane is an exceedingly pretty tanks
view cut off by the upward sweep of the wings.
little machine, somewhat reminiscent of the NieuConsequently, unless the machine be fitted with
port, but larger, and, as if carries more power,
The body is entirely cased a periscope, the pilot will only get an occasional
necessarily stronger.
glimpse of anything outside of the machine itself.
in, but the engine stands out alone on the top of
the chassis, the rounded bow of the hull being
HANRIOT.
The chassis arrangement is neat
just behind it.
A magnificent' specimen of the Hanriot machine
and simple, consisfing, as it does, of Farman type
A single axle runs is shown. It is difiicult to say where, in the
skids, but it has bad points.
across between the skids, and there is a wheel out- light of present day knowledge, much improveAny alterIn front of the axle a cross-bar ment could be made in the machine.
side each skid.
runs, and on this cross-bar, about a foot from ations would be more a matter of taste than of
each skid, there come two uprights which support fact. Perhaps a lighter and simpler chassis would
As this cross-bar is not be an improvement.
the main engine bearers.
Marcel Hanriot fold the writer that he is having
a foot oif the ground, there seems every probafor himself with a 50
bility of it fouling a large stone, or even a lump a machine got through
in the ground, in which event either the machine h.p. Gnome engine, and that when it was thorwould stand on its head, or the cross-bar would oughly tuned up he intended going out for speed,
bringing
engine
with
for
he
expected
the
machine
to be considerably
probably
Vhe
be carried away,
faster than anv thing else with the same power.
it.
The control of the machine is by a wheel, with Certainly, the general lines of the Hanriot suggest speed, and it will be interesting to see how
its axle set horizontally into a vertical post, the
One of
swinging of the post controlling the elevator and the new machine turns out in practice.
warping, and the t^visting of the wheel the rudder. the points on which M. Hanriot prides himself
Both rudder and elevator are combined with a is the ease with which one can learn to fly on
machines.
He told the writer thaf if
cruciform tail of the type made familiar in Eng- one of his
The a man has any natural tendency towards aviation
land by the Avis, and Pointer monoplanes.
whole machine is excellently made and looks all he can generally learn to fly in four days.
over a flier.

opposite pair of blades is on a slightly different

plane from the next, it seems likely that vhey
niight interfere with one another's efliciency.

P.

SLOAN AND COMPANY.

The Sloan "Bicurve"

On

one of the

curiosities
of the show, though by no means a freak, for the
upper plane is but" little more curved than that of
is

the

the successful "Silver Dart," and the lower plane

is
double curved, with a dihedral angle in the
centre and dropped winged tips like those of De
Lesseps's Frcgate, both of which machines have
flown and flown well.
The machine is certainly
beautifully made and finished, and sliould be well
worth watching in the future.
The chief peculiarity is the formation of fhe main planes, the
rest of the machine being of ordinary design.

the

found a
machine

J.

GREGOIRE.

stand of the famous engine maker is

"Milifary" two-seater Hanriot.
This

is in all respects similar to the singlebut is fitted with a second seat in front
of the usual driving seat.
This seat is fitted with
a complete set of controls, so that the pilot and
passenger can drive alternately on a long trip, or
the obser\'er can take charge if in war time the
pilot should be hit.
This machine is fitted with a
magnificent Gregoire-Gyp engine of 60-70 h.p. set
upright, and not inverted as is the usual practice
with the smaller Gyp engines.
The combination
makes a very handsome and serviceable machine.

seater,

FOREIGN NEWS
By W. H. Phipps
Austria

465,73

Mounted in his Etrich monoplane, (which was

described and illustrated in the November Aircraft, page 325) Karl lUner recently succeeded
offered by the
in winning a prize of $4,000
Viennese Municipality for a flight from the Austrian capital to Horn in Lower Austria and back,
The trip was made
a round trip of 94 miles.
with one stop, and lasted 2 hours and 17 minThe greatest altitude reached was about
utes.
3,000 feet.

England

A new and novel machine which is giving a

very good account of itself is the Valkyrie monoSyndiplane constructed by the Aeronautical
cate and now undergoing trials at their school at
Hendon. The monoplane is what might be called
large
rigid
that
it
has
a
t^^'pe
in
the "tail-first"
plane in front and a small elevator situated below
and a little behind it. From a side view the machine somewhat resembles the old style frontrudder Wright machine, with the top surface of
both the elevator and main planes removed and
the whole mounted sufiiciently high on skids to
allow a clearance for the single 7' 3" propeller.
The general dimensions of the "Valkyrie I"
are: span, 34 feet, with a chord of 6 feet and a
total overall length of 22 feet.

The monoplane
fair

to

has already flown well and bids

of the leading "all-British"

become one

machines.

France

NEW WORLD'S
On

RECORDS.

Octobel- 2Sth, at Buc, Maurice Tahuteau,

crack biplane driver, who recently achieved
such success at Biarritz and at San Sebastian^
broke all records for duration and distance, in a
flight counting for the 1910 Michelin Cup.
Rising at 8.47 a. m. on his Maurice Farman,
propelled by a Renault motor, he circled a seven
thout once
and six-tenths kilometre course, without
alighting, until 2.4S.35 p. m.
The new duration record is therefore 6 hrs. of
as against Olieslaegers' 5 hrs. 03' 05" 1/5
3^
(Rheims, July 10th); the oflicial distance was

kilomctrcssu^'^UnXin^ Olieslaegers' 392,75

kilometres.

The speed of fhe biplane increased throughout

the flight as its load of gasoline grew lighter: at
the finish Tabuteau was travelling at between 51
and S2 miles an- hour.
Thus in the last four days of October, and within the space of eighty-one hours, aviation World's
Records once more crumbled and fhe names of
Olieslaegers, JNIorane and Wynmalen made way
for those of Tabuteau (Duration and Distance),
Leblanc and

Grahame-White

(Speed)

and John-

(Altitude).
few records for speed (over intermediarv distances between 100 and 400 kilometres) and for
distance (in 2, 3, 4. and 5 hours), remain to
Aubrun and to Olieslaegers: all the rest fell by
the board at Buc and at Belmont Park.

stone

Maurice Far-

Still another successful monoplane has made its

appearance at Chalons: that constructed by Train.
Although fitted with a motor of but 20 h.p., it
has repeated flown for an hour at heights up to

1,200 feet.

After a long period of instruction on her Anmonoplane. Mile. Marvingt succeeded on

October 15th, in passing the necessary tests in
order to obtain her pilot's license.
She is the
third woman to obtain a pilot's license from the
Aero Club of France, the others being Madame
Raymonde de Laroche (Voisin) and Madame Niel
(Koechlin).
i\'Ille.
Helene Dutrieu's license has
not been granted owing to irregularities in the

toinette

tests.

The Comte de Lambert recently

engine to his Wright machine; it
behaved excellently on its
creased speed and better

first

fitted a

is
trial,

Gnome

said to have

exhibiting in-

stability.

Trials are being made at Rheims by a Russian

prince with a special Hanriot monoplane which
he has had built.
It is painted in white lacker
and gold and fitted up in luxurious style. The
prince has already made several successful flights
in this elaborate flyer, one of 2 hours' duration,
and has announced his intention of flying from
B russels to St. Petersburg.

On October 12th, Lieut. Binda, on a Maurice

Farman machine, flew from Buc to Chartres, a
distance of 75 kilometres, where he stayed for
two hours before starting on the return journey,
which was made in 45 minutes.

the

by Wynmalen, while the other was

man, driven by its designer.

The treasurer of the Aero Club of France announces that up to date prizes amounting to
$500,000 have been won in events held under the
auspices of the club.

On

October 15th, Parisians witnessed the sight

aeroplanes pass over their city, and of
one, a Henry Farman biplane with Legagneux as pilot and Martinet as passenger. Of
the other two, one was a Plenry Farman, piloted

of three
the trio,

Although he had spent some time during the

few months experimenting with various types
of aeroplanes, Capt. Madiot, who has jusf been
killed at Douai, was chiefly famed for his success in designing man-lifting kites for military
purposes.

last

French Soudan
M. Bruneau de Laborie,

the well-known French

and swordsman, has offered to place
himself and his machine at the disposal of the
French Government for an experimental aerial
mail service in the Soudan.

sportsman

Germany
The second national aviation week at Berlinon the
excellent
results
Johannisfhal brought
whole.
The prizes presented by the War Office
and Dr. von Bleichroeder were hotly contested
by a number of aviators, the entries numbering
twenty-one men with 45 machines. The final results were:
War Office and Totalization of Duration Prize:
IM. Lindpaintner (Sommer & Albatros) 11 hours.
37 minutes, 53 seconds; 2d, Jeannin. (Aviatiki
Weight-Carrying
8 hours, 7 minutes, 20 seconds.
Prize, given by the War Office: 1st, Brunhiiber,

5.

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio
Altitude
2d. Wiencziers (Bleriot).
Wiencziers (Bleriot), 1,560 metres.
Bleichroeder Prize: 1st, Wiencziers, 7 minutes, 27
Thelen,
Carrying;
1st,
Passenger
seconds.
Short(Wright), 1 hour, 50 minutes, 27 seconds.
1st,
Thelen (Wright), 29.74 metres.
est Start:
by
Lindpaintner
<3)
The daily prizes were won
Jeannin and Brunhuber (2 each) and Thelen (1)
The following day a joint milifary flight was ar
ranged from Johannisthal to the Doeberitz drill
(Albatros);
Prize: Isi,

several makes which the War Of

interested in
an Aviatik, an Al
Etrich sfarted, each carrying an
Half-way the machines were
met by a Farman, piloted by Lieutenant Makenthum, who turned and accompanied the caravan
back to Doeberitz, from whence he had come.
The whole raid was most successfully carried out.

ground
fice

is

batros

to test

greatly

and an

officer as passenger.

unharmed.

On October 17th, Da Zara, carrying the CounSalom, flew from B*volenta to Padua and reIn the evening of the same day he repeated the trip.
ress

turn.

The Italian Army Bleriot which has recently

tried out at Etampes will be piloted by
Ginocchio; on October 15th, he flew with a
passenger for two hours.
been

IN
By D.

The Editor

now produced

Curtiss, at the
C. Mars, on his ^C'^r'
the International Aviation Meet,
It was Mr.
first taste of actual flying and the main
impression noted was that of the absolute security when aboard a well-built machine in the hands
of a first-class man:
under such conditions the
idea of a mishap seemed too remote to contemof

Lawson's

Russia
The
This

86 miles, in 2 hours, 45 minutes, thus

establishing an American record for sustained
cross-country flight.
The flight was the opening event of a ten days'
meet held under the auspices of the Aero Club of
St. Louis.
Later, during the same meet, Hoxsey also dis-

tance of

tinguished himself by taking ex-President Roosevelt for a short flight.

Except for Leblanc, all the flyers at St. Louis
drove Wright biplanes.

Result of the Baltimore Meet

November 2-12

Latham, (Antoinette), 3 hours, 53

minutes, 31 1/5 seconds; Drexel, (Bieriot), 1 hour.
59 minutes, 23 2/5 seconds; De Lesseps, (Bleriot),
1
hour, 55 minutes, 47 3/5 seconds; Hoxsev,
(Wright), 1 hour, 21 minutes, 46 2/5 seconds:
Ely, (Curtiss), 7 minutes, 40 1/5 seconds; Willard, (Curtiss), 5 minutes. 30 seconds; Radley,
(Bleriot), 3 minutes, 31 3/5 seconds.
Latham's time in the flight over the city for
The Baltimore Sitn prize is not included in the
above, it having been recorded outside of the official time of the day upon which it was made.
That flight lasted 42 minutes, 10 1/5 seconds.
Cross- Country,
(to
Fort Carrol and return.
round trip about 18 miles) Drexel, (Bleriot), 23
minutes, 34 4/5 seconds; De Lesseps, (Bleriot)
26 minutes, 15 seconds; Latham, (Antoinette), 28
minutes, 58 seconds.
Bomb-dropping, in competition for the Commodore Barry trophy
Latham, (Antoinette)
1
points; Drexel, (Bleriot), 6 points.
Passenger- Carrying De
Lesseps,
(Bleriot),
total time, 16 minutes. 48 2/5 seconds.
Best altitude recordsHoxsev, (Wright), 5,330
feet; Drexel. (Bleriot), 4,855 feet; Latham, f Antoinette), 2,373 feet; De Lesseps, fBleriot), 1,722
Duration

the

Petersburg

St,

Meet

was

fatal accident to Capt, Matsievitch,

officer
was gilding down from a

Henry Farman machine, when

great height on his

suddenly the machine was seen to pitch forward,

probably owing to the breaking of the front conThe aviator was thrown from his seat and
instantly killed, reaching the ground before the
machine.

On

the same day, Efimoff made a flight of 1

55 minutes, while Roudineff was flying
St, Petersburg, the Neva and rhe sea, for
54 minutes.
hour,

above

GENERAL

their "Penacloth."
with rubber and colored yellow in
rubber from the injurious
has been tested for durability and

tect the

On October Sth Lieut. Pietrowsky, on his Bleriot flew with a passenger from St. Petersburg to
Kronfitadt and return.

It is

proofed

order to prolight rays.

It
found not to

deteriorate in sunlight.
The weight of Penacloth is 6-1/3 ounces per
square yard, the strength being 1 30 pounds per
square inch. It is forty inches in width.

made with special care from the highest grade

The Cord consists of a number of fine
of steel.
wires of great strength stranded together whereas
the

Wire

consists of one single wire,

Muncie gained

its

first

notice in the aeronautic

world when Arthur Humfeld, Vincent Fox and

Arthur Ford made a short flight in their new

monoplane

Just as the November number of Aircraft had

gone to press, on October Sth, Arch Hoxsey, in a
Wright biplane, flew from Springfield, 111., to the
Country C^ub Ground at Clayton, St. Louis, a dis-

tlie

Russian

E. Ball

plate.

As a matter of fact, of all the more famous and

long established makes of aeroplanes, Glenn Curtiss* conception is the only one which at this writing has paid no toll of human life, whilst on the
many-bridged road of Progress.

of

close

marred by

trol.

Italy

NEWS
trip with J.

369

The Parseval aero-hydroplane was again tried

Rising from the
out on the Plau at Mecklenburg,
water the gigantic machine rose to a height of 220
feet and had traversed a distance of from 4 to 5
kilometres when it suddenly turned over and
plunged into the water. The pilot was picked up

recently.

It

is

built of linn

wood and

wide from tip to tip.

The plane is
wide and the machine from the front of
to the vertical rudder is 24 feet
with
The
total
weight
one
passenger
is 600 lbs.
starts the fall work with a membership of thirty,
and plans a year of activity with lectures, dis- The steering device is something on the order
cussions and experimentation on aeronautic prob- of the steering wheel of an automobile and
foot control.
The steering wheel controls the
lems,
Messrs. Marburg Brothers have placed upon horizontal rudder which lies in a vertical position
the market three articles which should be of to direct the course of the machine and the foot
control
manipulates
the vertical rudder which lies
considerable interest to those interested in the
in a horizontal position and regulates the rise
construction of aeroplanes.
Their "M. E. A." high tension magneto is an and fall of the craft.
instrument manufactured in Stuttgart, Germany.

The Aero Club of the University of Illinois

past summer has carried on experiwith its home-made glider.
The Club

is

32

during the

feet

ments

the

The S. R. O, ball-bearing is made in Switzerland; it is the shape of the cage and is quite different from that of other bearings.
It works like
a scoop, thereby forcing a very liberal circulation
of oil.
"Duralumin," the third product, is a metal
to tests made by well-known
testing stations, is as light as aluminum
and as strong as steel. It can be rolled in various shapes and can also be drawn in tubes.

which

according

German

The John A. Roebling's Sons Company have

produced an Aviator Cord and Wire which are

feet

propeller

The Holbrook Helicopter Aeroplane

which made

built an aluminum biplane

ful flight on August 14.

De Chenne

Aerial

Engine,

It

is

which

Co.,

have

a successwith a
inventor
full rated

fitted

the

claims will run all day and give its

horse power. Every part of the machine, engine
and all, was constructed in Joplin, Mo.

Messrs.

announced
comprises

Hurst

"The
six

& Company,
Boy Aviator

typical

and

well

publishers, have
which
Series,"

written

Airship

Stories.

feet.

Aero Club of America Elections

At the annual elections of the Aero Club
America, held November 14th, the following

of
of-

were elected
President, Alan A. Ryan.
First Vice-President, James C. McCoy.
Second Vice-President, Dave H. Morris.
Third Vice-President, James A, Blair, Jr.

ficers

boy. is the
firmly beOrleans.
ever flown.
In addition to speed and ability to carry a heavy
weight, it has a remarkable structural stability.
Those who have examined a model of the machine
declare it to be one of the strongest in existence.
In fact, so successful have tests of the model
proved, that work will be begun on a full length
machine.
M. E- Hart, manager of the Enterprise Electric and Auto Company, who is an
the
expert aeronautical
engineer,
will
build
machine, which will cost about $1,000.00. Young
Parker will, however, superintend the work.

R, P. Parker, a sixteen- year- old

inventor of a monoplane which, it

is

New

lie\'ed by aeronautic enthusiasts of

will exceed any machine of the type

The Pennsylvania Rubber Company has been

experimenting for several months past to secure
a satisfactory fabric for aeroplanes, and have

WELLMAN
The big dirigible carrying Walter Wellman, Melvin Vaniman and three others left Atlantic City at
8.05 a. m. October 15tb, in a heavy fog; she kept up wireless communication with the outside world until
12.45 p. m. (October 16th, (when oif Nantucket Island), after which time she lacked the power to
transmit messages, but at no time was unable to receive them, the crew being aware of the search
and look-out made for them but unable to indicate their whereabouts.
The motors became disabled, presumably through the jerking of the equilibrator, which, as foreshadowed in last month's Airceaft, was the primarv cause of the trip's failure.
The "America" was abondoned. at 7 a, m. October 18th, when between New York and the Bermudas: she was up and manned for 71 hours (about 33 hours longer than Zeppelin's over-land record) and drifted and motored about a thousand miles in that time.
At times, when a rise in temperature occurred, the balloon would rise several hundred feet into
the air, equilibrator and all.
That an untried aircraft should have done as well as the "America" speaks volumes for Vaniman's capacity as an aeronautical engineer: both he and Wellm in deserved unstinted praise, however
impossible of " realization their scheme was at this date.
taken
The picture shows the airship drifting broadside before the wind just befori the crew
aboard the rescuing steamer, the "Trent."

AIRCRAFT

370

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED
10

CENTS A LINE

CO-OPERATION WANTED
ANY

or manufact'urer of Biplanes
y^^^krni
ichine and expenses.
Will
enter any competition and divide earnings.
Address: C. R. NisT, 203 I^emback Ave., Jersey

N.

City,

December, ipio

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

pOR
A

Genuine

very

little,

SAI<E 20 H.

Used

in

650

in

P.

cylinder

CASH WITH ORDER

air-cooled.

Has been

Curtiss Motor.
good condition.
biplane which

used

Weight 100
made jumps

lb.

200 yards.
Have since installed
Price $325.00.
Address:
B.,
If.
town, W. Va.

lbs.

of

larger motor.
725, Morgan-

J.

POSITION DESIREDWith

"Ambitious,"

/CAPITAL

WANTED For

T7OR SALE Demoiselle

building of a
new 50 H. P. motor. Also for the building of a self-balanced, passenger-carrying biplane,
designed for long distance flights and equipped
with two motors.
Address: Box 728 Aircraft.

^^

the

or manufacturer of aeroplanes
w'^k;;".
furnish me with machine and expenses.
Will enter any competition and divide earnings.
Plave built several successful six foot models.
Harry Binder, 291 19th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

antecd to

type monoplane;

guar-

ready for immediafe shipment.

Blue prints and instructions for building monoplane $1.00.
Write for prices to J. Horat, La-

manufacturer

Ind.,

fayette,

fly;

"Aeroplanes"

of

to

order.

EROPLANE FRAME DETAILS:

A
'^

12 figures,

showing most approved methods of joining

members, styles of turnbuckles, etc., all
easily made. 25 cenfs.
M. S. LEWIS, 778 West
frame

build
flying
machine;
''
exchange for part interest in invention, or
will
sell
share; patent applied for; also most
up-to-date folding umbrella, patent applied for.
Address: Flying Machine, box 174, Washington,
to

11th

Oakland,

St.,

Cal.

IV/rODEL

200

15c
'-^^
postpaid;
models and supplies at lowest
prices; send for price list.
Bloomfield Aerial Construction Co., Bloomfield, N. J.
fly

ft.

Pa.

ter

F.

machine and expenses.

any competition and divide earnings.
M. C, care Aircraft.

Will

Addr

any

facturer of aeroplanes
furnish me machine o id expenses.
Will
enter any competition and d '.de earnings.
Address H. N., Aircraft.

complete with 6

Shebler

ft.

I'A
carburetor and Bosch Magneto for the
Isf check for $250.
Was run but once to test
monoplane.
A. M. Johnston, 3403 Southport

Ave.,

Y^ILL

H. P. Darracq type aeronautic-

plant,

Chicago,

HI.

pOR SALE One

--

50 H. P. "HF," or Harriman.
Engine; new: $700.00.
This is
size engine that the Harriman Motor
are charging $1,675.00 for.
Address, Box
Girard, Kansas.
.\viation

the

same

Works
3,

FOR SALE
SALE Bleriot monoplane, 24 horse power
Anzani motor, imported from Bleriot factory
Will be sold big sacrifice by Aviation
Company, closing up its business. Box 727 %

material;

DIPLANE GLIDER
'-'

and

workmanship.

for

sale.

Only

Best

$50.00.

material
Address,

Ray Herringfon, 654 Mt. Prospect Ave., Newark,

N.

and

type aeroplanes, gua ranteed to fly;

construction perfect in every letail.
Address

tool

--

A., aeronautical course, now building own machine, including engine.

15 years' experience in
rhlferent branches of mechanics.
F. Cribier, 299
N. 5th St., Newark, N. J.

OUNG MAN
position

Address:
fFlat

as

of

education wishes
aeronautical work.
Chicago, HI.,

excellent

assistant

in

Aero, 916 Windsor Ave:,

2).

ARY.

ADDRESS,

245-247 West 28th

-^

YOUNG MAN

Orders Filled

ciety.

DETROIT

AEROPLANE
COMPANY

of Air-Craft

Short

at

Notice

GOOD CHRISTMAS

By FRED.

GIFT

INC.

St.

N. Y.

T.

Detroit,

Michigan

JANE

Being the

first annual issue, containing photographs of almost every flying

machine built up to 1909

We
Duffield

Cor-

respondence course and final trials on best

Employment furnished to competBest of teachers assured.
Under
of the American Aeronautical SoAddress:
1950 W. North Ave., Chicago,

All the World^s Airships

223

some experience, willing

aeroplanes.
ent aviators.
the auspices

New York

St.,

Monoplane

BROOKLYN,

with

N.

31

--pHE AMERICAN AVIATION SCHOOL.

FRAMEWORK

and

For All Kinds

Clark Aeroplane Mfg. Co.

Pierce,
J.

to assist in aeronautical work,

small and
light in weight, extremely beneficial to the right
party.
Address "Courageous," care Aircraft.

Manufacturer of

Get an 18-inch

Cents Prepaid

L. S. K., Care Aircraft.

MAN,

111.

PROPELLERS

50

YEARS OF

CLEAVER'S MILL

MONOPLANE

FLIES 75 FEET

22

J-

learn business.
Reference.
Florida Ave., Atlantic City, N.

maker
would like position with party engaged in
aircraft construction.
Student of the Y. M. C.

Y"
-

MAN, AMERICAN,

AGE,
WANTS POSITION MAKING
AEROPLANE FLIGHTS in EXPERIMENTAL
or COMPETITION WORK. TWO YEARS' EXPERIENCE as RACING AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC, THOROUGHLY FAMILIAR WITH
GASOLINE MOTORS. I HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO FEAR, HAVE GOOD JUDGMENT, and
AM CAPABLE of DOING DANGEROUS
WORK of ANY DESCRIE>TION. I AM AMBITIOUS and WILL PROVE MY WORTH to
ANY INDIVIDUAL or COMPANY GIVING
ME a TRIAL. I WILL DEMONSTRATE MY
ABILITY SATISFACTORILY or NO SAL-

"Aeroplane," care Aircraft.

to exact work, any

education, knowledge of

to

J.

(---URTISS

^^

pIRST-CLASS MACHINIST

technical

21, steady, desires position with

aviator or in factory.
Will start at beginning

-*-

Aircraft.

with

aerodynamics, age 29, weight 138, wishes fo

connect with builders of aeroplanes with opportunity to learn construction and operation of
same.
Address:
V. E- N., care Aircraft.

VOUNG
*

WANTED

POSITIONS

pOR

this year.

experience

p\0 you wish an extremely light weight young

'--'
man to assist you in aeronautical work?
Great enthusiast. Address Enthusiast, care Aircraft, 37-39 East 2Sth Street, New York, N. Y.

VOUNG

power

al
in.

long

monoplane machines, all branches;

and magneto expert.
Assist designing.
Dope out most difficult troubles. Await engagement by private party.
References.
"N." 90
Broadway, Port Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y.
biplane,

motor

piNE MECHANIC Used

AEROPLANEWill

POR SALE 30

Aircraft.

care

A/rECHANIC First-class,
-tV-L

-*-

ryANTED Capital

manu-

aeroplane

facturer to take charge of the Engineering

Department, or serve in the capacity of Estimator and
Salesman.
Graduate Alechanical Engineer, with four years practical experience, and
thoroughly familiar with Aeronautics.
Best of
references furnished.
Can leave present position
at
any time.
Prefer Eastern location.

have a few copies

exhausted will

The

sell

left

and

LAWSON PUBLISHING
St.,

^ Too
$250

busy

filling

"Detroit

orders for our

Aero" Motor

to get

them at $6.00

regular price of this publication

37-39 E. 28th

until

New York

is

$10.

CO.

City

up copy

we

for this issue.

send you catalog?

^ May

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio

371

PATENTS

NOTICE
Church Aeroplane Co.
HAVE MOVED TO THEIR NEW FACTORY

USTAVE

R.
ROOM

THOMPSON FLY! THAT'S THE THING

BENNETT S. JONES
1701
New York

170 Broadway,

123 SMITH STREET

BROOKLYN, N. Y.

PATENTS
PATENT ATTORNEY

City

Telephone 4012 Cortlandt

Victor Building, Washington, D. C.

(Counselor at Law)

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT

on a flying machine, for a

j'our invention

UP-TO-DATE FACILITIES FOR BUILDING

Solicitor of Patents

Aeroplanes, Gliders, Frames for

ESPECIALLY QUALIFIED TO DO

Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each.

AERONAUTICAL WORK

WRITE TO-DAY

Finished

Dirigibles,

Spruce,

New Supply
With
ety

model

for

Brooklyn Headquarters
Propellers.

400

to

500

from our 8-foot diameter

$100 Model

PATENTS. ^^^^^^^

lbs.

at

100 Mechanical Movements.

large varibuilders.

thrust

1000

to

&

CO.

Patent Lawyers

guaranteed

800

WASHINGTON,

G STREET,

D. C.

100 R.P.M.

Soon Ready!

Dirigible

Mailed Free.

FRED. G. DIETERICH

"PARAGON"

for the

free.

its legal effect

REFERENCES

Now Ready

and

parts

with regard to

complete aero-

planes, accessories

of

Work done

all accessories.

Catalog

prices for

Advice

fee.

OF HIGH CHARACTER

Wheels.Rubber Shock Absorbers,

Skids, Fabric and

moderate

Send Sketch and Description to

JUST PUBLISHED
OPERATIOK

Jenlfeir

Wasblngrton,

Blder.

AND PAY
Rates Reasonable
Best Se

Highest References.

WATSON

O.

E.

PROTECT

"^"^^

Advice and Books Free.

PATENT EXCHANGE

riVING MACHINES

CONSTRICTION AND

PATENTS

aBLIABLE QUICK REASONABLE.

ADVICE FREE

COLEMAN,

Patent Lawyer

By lackman-Russell-Chanute

622 F

This practical book shows

low

to Tjuild

and operate FlyThe book is

ng Machines.
JMKIIHN-RUSSELtClimuIE

;.;'-

known

k^
,

as the

';-.-ij?..-i(.tsj:i

generally.

The CHAS.

G.

THOMPSON

CO.

Publishers

2^0

545-549 Wabash

Chicago

Ave.,

WIRELESS TELEGRAPH
We are the pioneers of

$2.000 LESS

THAN COST

T YOUR IDEAS

A HERRING-BURGES.S

biplane of the Curtiss

type, designed by A. M. Herring of the HerringCurtiss Co., built by the W. Starling Burgess Co..
the famous yacht builders of Marblehead, Mass.,
and has the finest workmanship ever put into an
aeroplane: is in perfect condition, having been

for one invention. Book,

to Obtain a Patent" and
Invent" sent free. Send rough
h for tree report as to patentability.
Patents advertised for sale at our expense
1 Manufacturers' Journals.
Obtained or Fee Returned
CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, Patent Att'ys
at to

thoroughly overhauled and recovered; equipped

with a genuine Curtiss Aeronautical motor; was
successfully flown this summer by Wra. M.
HiUiard at Plum Island. Mass., and at HarvardBoston aero meet. Owners are securing a larger
machine and are willing to sacrifice for an im-

mediate

Demonstration

sale.

ffiven.

ARROWPLANE MFG.
65 Washington

St.,

1003 F. Street.

catalogue illustrating our wireless instruments and novelties.

I.

W.

T.

WIRELESS CO.

742 J 2 Broadway

BROOKLYN,

N. Y.

GET
JERSEY

PATENTS

North, Boston, Mass.

Then

We

Aeroplan

let the winds blow

If you can't fly outdoors you can fly in the house. Jersey skeeten
are 8 in. long, weigh one-sixth oz., fly 30 feet.
By mail 25 cents.

NAVIGATION.
VICTOR J. EVANS

&

DATFMXQ
ri\ 1 ILl^ 1 O

F""e books,
and their

Send

for illustrated circular.

lyincoJn

Square
Gty.

New York

BOOK MAILED

FREE,

Illustrates 100

50 cents to

PI.),

914 F

Street,

I can give Special Attention

CO.

WEST NEW YORK.

office

N.

J.

about Patents

Shepard

Y E A R S'
EXPERIENCE

25

Telling

All

About

Patents

BROCK

E.
PATENT ATTORNEY

on the mar-

Strong light and durable

Address DEPT. F for illustrated catalogiie

all

cost.

Mechanical Movements

CHARLES
ROYAL AERIAL MFG.

&

Campbell, 500 P.,Victor Bldg., Washington, D.C.

PATENTS

AEROPLANES

Washington. D.

CO.,

JUNIOR

00

or

Fee Returned

Send sketch for free search of Patent OfRce

How to Obtain a Patent, and What
Records.
Invent, with List of Inventions Wanted and
Patents
Prizes offered for Inventions sent free.
advertised free.
are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents
and technical matters relating to AERIAI,

Novelty Works, 1931 Broadway,

SECURED

to

SKEETER

[[Positively the best models

ket. 25 styles and sizes.

Washington. D. C.

Address

CO.,

Wireless Telegraphy.

Send 2 cent stamp for our

N. W., Washington, D. C.

AEROPLANE FOR SALE

"Aeronautical

Bible."
[docket size^250
pages, fully illustrated, bound
Price $1.00 postp;rdr'"soid"-by''Boo"k:

St.,

Washington, D. C.
to Jierial Inventions

Copies of all patents granted for Aeroplanes.

have

in

my

AIRCRAFT

372

We

AERONAUTIC SUPPLIES

are

FLYING MODELS

Headquarters

December, igio

A Pigmy

Giant

EXHIBITION MODELS

For

PROPELLERS

MINIATURE AEROPLANE WHEELS

MODEL GASOLINE ENGINES
MINIATURE BALL THRUST BEARINGS AND SUPPLIES
Our

Prices are right.

Send

for catalogue

THE WHITE AEROPLANE

CO.

15 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Insurance Against Breakdowns

We
to

have a Machine Shop completely equipped

build

prepared

power
to

pay

plants

for

Aircraft.

If

THE DE CHENNE AERIAL ENGINE, THE SIMPLEST AND

MOST POWERFUL MOTOR YET INVENTED. ALL
ACCESSORY WORKING PARTS ON OUTSIDE
CRANK CASE AND IN PLAIN VIEW.
Simplicity

Absolutely

itself.

you are

for precision work, write for fur-

ther information.

Will run

You

will regret

it

if

prices

The Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Co.

WOONSOCKET,

R.

I.

Curtiss Flying at the Boston- Harvard

Meet

reliable.

Greatest power for weight.

all

day.

you buy without writing

and particulars.

us for

Holbrook-DeChenne Aeroplane Co.

MONETT, MO.

Model Aeroplanes
AND SUPPLIES
Percy Pierce Flyer
200
THE
The outfit includes large scale drawing
flies

feet.

and complete set of parts in wood, rattan,

rubber, aluminum and silk, to make it
Price by mail, securel}' packed
.

Twining's
biplane

-^

Book and Parts

to

*| | r
yl.
1J
make model
.

$1.20

SUPPLIES
Propellers, wood, 8 inch
75c
10 inch
$1.00
12 inch
1.25
14 inch
2.00
Special 6 in. propeller, 50c., unfinished
propellers, 6 and 8 in. 15c., 10 in. 25c.
.

WHEELS
Special, light-weight, rubber-tired

2}4 inch diameter

price 30c each

Special, light-weight

IX

inch diameter

price 10c each

RUBBER
100
100

yi Si fV in. strands,
xE in- square strands,

ft.
ft.

price Jl.OO
price
.75

WOOD AND BAMBOO

Above

is

Sample of the Aerial

work done by

photographic

All sizes in three ftel lengths

BOOKS
Model Flying Machines, Their design and conBy mail 55 cts.
struction, by W. G. Aston.
How to Make a 20 ft. Glider, by A. P. Mor-

LEOPOLD LEWIS
915 Eighth Avenue
J}

full line of Eastman's

gan.

New York

cts.

SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE

W. H.

Kodaks and Supplies always on hand

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

Price 55

Model Propeller

37-39

E.

28th

PHIPPS

Street,

New

York, N. Y.

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio

harris-Gassner

373

Company

BRAUNER

Propeller Makers

BIPLANES

1211 West End Trust Building

PHILADELPHIA,

$850.00

PA.

^,^^^=^0

Laminated

^N^_^^

Propellers

Design and Workmanship Perfect

Call and be

Convinced

Trade-Mark

m
CONSTRUCTION

0/ HIGHEST QUALITY

DESIGN

and

Correspondence Invited

We

will

be glad to advise you as

P.

330-332

E.

BRAUNER &
98th Street,

CO.
New York

Telephone 6006 Lenox

to the propeller best

suited to the requirements of your machine.

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Construchrs, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

best,

are

GLIDERS

SEPARATE PARTS

the

Light Metal Castings

for Connections always carried in
Stock, or Special

the safest and

the easiest to operate.

castings made

Practical Lessons in

to

order.

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experimentsconducted
Large Grounds for

to Order

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

Get our estimate for
your Flying Machine

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.
Wittemann Glider

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Little

in Flight

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

Telephone 390

L W-B

AIRCRAFT

374

Designer and Builder, or

Make

Your

to

Own

Design

Aeroplanes, Gliders,

December, igio

THE
SCIENTIFIC

handsome trophy shown below was given by

THE

purpose of stimu-

the

It

first

this

is

fitting

sort

that the

should be

by a journal which, for more than 60 years, has

fostered the development of aeronautics and the mechanical arts,
not only in America, but throughout the civilized world.

THE

SCIENTIFIC

Prof.

rates

machine

and Aemnaulic

for

United States.
and only noteworthy trophy of

offered

Models or Propellers
Qliders, Parts

AMERICAN

lating aviation in the

in

P.

S.

AMERICAN TROPHY

commemo-

Langley's aeroplane
the first successful
the precursor of the modem monoplane.

America and

Supplies in Stock

ylero Motors Jllways on

Hand

FRED SCHNEIDER, 1020

New York Agent

for

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

WIRE
Aviator

fl

Wire

supplied in

plate finish

making

This wire

is

quality

Cord

high

sizes

with a

soldering easy.

specially

grade

drawn from

steel.

of twisted wire.

extra

Also Aviator

::

::

::

::

John A. Roeblings Sons Co.

TRENTON, N. J.
Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.
'

Builders of

COMPLETE LIGHT-WEIGHT
AERONAUTIC POWER PLANTS

The

Our

whom

Scientific

American AeroplanelTrophy

trophy has been thrice

it

will

won by Glenn H.

Curtiss,

to

be awarded unless his record cross-country flight of

Albany to Poughkeepsie is beaten before the

74J4 miles from

end of the year.

We

invite all American sportsmen, as well as all foreign aviators

sojourning in this country, to make a cross-country flight for the

Scientific

American Trophy between now and the first

his name and record

The winner this year will have

graved upon the trophy.

of January.
suitably en-

CUT OUT HERE

Keep posted upon Aeronautic events.
Read the Scientific American for the next

fourteen months at

the cost of but twelve months' subscription.

By
For

prices

and

descriptive circulars
just write to

.^9f
j^Hf

^^

"y^-

'

'^ H. P. AyiHAYz''

4 cyl. 40 to 50

cyl.

50

to

H.

P. 5"

60 H. P.

5"

x5"
x5"

DETROIT AERONAUTIC CONSTRUCTION CO.

306 Holcomb Avenue,

cutting out this

coupon and mailing it to us before January

we will send you the paper for a year,

15th, together with $3.00,

November and December

Aviation Number.
as well as the

Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A.

Accept

this offer

MUNN &

immediately.

CO.,

Inc.,

issues, including the special

Don't delay.

361 Broadway,

New York

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio

HOLBROOK
AERIAL MOTORS
and PROPELLERS
3S

SO

H. P.

H. P.

4 Cylinders - 4 Cycle - Water Cooled

We

are going to sacrifice four of these motors

as

an

medium.

advertising

Write

for terms.

HOLBROOK AERO SUPPLY CO.

JOPLIN, MO.

BAMBOO
Specially Selected for Aeroplanes

ALL SIZES
J.

49

STOCK

IN

DELTOUR,

Sixth Avenue,

Inc.

New York

"

Telephone 5565 Spring

STEEL
TUBING
ALL
AND GAUGES
SIZES

Strongest and lightest material

in

Round,

Square,

(or

Rectangular,

Air-Craft-Constiuction. Furnished
Oval and other Special Shapes

Tools and Supplies

Piano Wire, butted or plain

Motor Crank Shafts and Drop Forcings

PETER

A.

FRASSE

130-132 Worth Street,

&

CO.,

New York

City

375

AIRCRAFT

376

Aeronautical Supplies
AT

Money Saving

Prices

Elbridge Special Featherweight, 2 Cycle Aero

Motors, watcr-cooled3 Cylinder, 30-45 H. P., I38>^ lbs
4 Cylinder, 40-60 H. P., 178 lbs

December, ipio

COMPARE

the Auto Race for the Vandetbilt Cup

with the Aviation Contest for the Bennett Trophy
Wouldn't you rather soar through the dear pure air
than bounce over the dirty and dusty pike with the liability
of instant death from a bursting tire ?
You can fly at will,

when and where you

please

by using a

BEACH^PERFECTED MONOPLANE

(Bleriot

Type)

$750 00
1,050.00

4^ x 4/^, copper jackets, aluminum

hollow crank shalts.
4 Cylinder, 20-24 H. P., air-cooled, 150 lbs.
flanged
in. deep.
Cylinders 3 J^ x 3
Cylinders
bases,

20 X 2 Aeroplane Wheels,

with

tires, built

rims and special hub, very strong.

E. J.

W. Aeroplane Hubs, turned

36

drilled,

E. J.

610.00

with
Price ....

steel

from solid bar

11 .75

of steel,

4.00

holes, well nickeled

W. Aeroplane Hub Brakes, enables aviatorto stop

plane before or after alighting on ground.
Length 8 in. outside cones 5 ){ in., bored 36 holes

his

Requa-Gibson Propellers, Laminated wood,

screw,

ft.,

ft.,

65^

50.00

lbs

60.000

lbs

70.00

8ft.,121bs

The 6

ft.

R. P.

Model Propellers,

propeller gives

in.,

"
"

for

15

at

in.,

200

per-

"Guying"

breaking strength, 200.

"
500.
"
"
800.

Price 3c per ft.

"

2300.

j/i

Rubber Bands

12-ft.

in.,

5.00

Galvanized Steel Cable,

w
j\
A

200 lbs. thrust

Laminated wood, 10

screw

fect

0.50

perfect

for

models, }4

in.

"

"
"

3ic
4c "
6c "

1.00

square

Complete Catalogue of Supplies, Motori!, Gliders and Light Metal

Castings, Mailed Free Upon Request.

E. J.

WILLIS CO.,

Dept. "F," 85 Chambers

St.,

N. Y.

PRESERVATIVE

WRINKLE'S BALLOON
An

elastic

Non-porous varnish for

silk,

VARNISH
muslin

linen,

and other fabrics used in manufacturing of

BALLOONS, DIRIGIBLES
AEROPLANES, TENTS, ETC.
Sample Can Free.

WRINKLE PAINT MFG.

CO.,

COLUMBUS, OHIO

Bleriot Crossing the English Channel

The young CKicagoan John B. Moisant's thrilling flight across the

English Channel, with his mechanic, last August, as well as his fast trip
from Belmont Park over Brooklyn to the Statue o( Liberty and return
(whereby he won a $10,000 prize) was made with a monoplane like
ours; while Grahame- White won the International Cup Race with a
duplicate machine fitted with a 100 H. P. motor.
This type ot aeroplane holds the world's records for speed, passenger-carrying, and endurance.
At Belmont Park Leblanc made over 7 miles an hour with the mate
of White's mono.
At Rheims, last Summer, Olieslaegers made a continuous flight of 5 hours and 3 minutes duration, travehng 244 miles
at the speed of an express train.
as far as from New York to Boston
Morane also carried 2 passengers 412 lbs. extra weight successfully,
and reached a height of 8,741 feet. Chavez crossed the Alps above
the Simplon Pass, September 23, on a BUriot Monoplane, the only
machine that has shown itself capable ot reaching such high altitudes
Our gyroscopic
and coping with the treacherous wind currents.
attachment makes these machines non-capsizable in the
1

DON'T TRUST TH' GUST

TRUST IS HELL!!
NO TRUST NO BUST AND ALL
T'

IS

WELL

strongest winds without any exertion of the aviator. The

machine is automatically held stable in the air.
Had Radley and Drexel had machines so equipped, they would not
have been obliged to quit the International Race on account of a 23
mile wind.

Write to-day Jor Catalogue, mentioning

Non-Capsizable Gyroscopic Helicopter, ParaIf you have one of the8<
chute, Flywheel Monoplan na Safe, Sane, Swift and Strong as steel can

make them.
P.

S. Some

cutter ha

th' cut

of

th' vertical

tail

out of

th*

Two types

sizes.

Prices,

cut?

JOS. E. BISSELL, Box 795, PITTSBURG, PA.

and

Scientific

Delivery

''^Aircraft'"''

in three

weeks.

$5,000 to $7,500.

Aeroplane Company
Box 773

NEW YORK

December, ipio

AIRCRAFT

MONOPLANES

377

AIRCRAFT

378

December, ipio

ENGINE
THE CALL AVIATION
WEIGHT MOTOR
STANDARD OF LIGHT

EXCELLENCE.

Tournament," New York City

and of the "Three-States Aero Show," Philadelphia

The Sensation

of the "International Aviation

AS STRONG AS THE
STRONGEST OF
AUTOMOBILE

AS LIGHT AS THE
LIGHTEST OF
AVIATION ENGINES

ENGINES

Model E-1

llllllillllll|

Two Cylinder
50 Horsepower
Weight 175 lbs.

^OI^I^HV^^Bh^^^J^^^^V^BIHR;
m ^KKKKeMmmm K
|H
K
I
^S^K R
Rf
1
IItV.
b!
HI

Price $1,000
Especially designed

you

Model E-2

J|ii||i||||||il|

Four Cylinder

100 Horsepower

and constructed

for

permanent hard duty.

This

is

Weight

325

lbs.

Price $2,000

the engine you are looking

for;

it is

the engine

will eventually adopt.

Prices include complete equipment

NO EXTRAS.

Complete engines

in stock.

and price of our Reversible Aerial Propeller. Also of our Combination Radiator
and Heater, constructed of aluminum tubing. Utilize the heat of your engine for the comfort of your passengers.
Weight two pounds per gallon of jacket water.
Send for Catalog C-3.
We employ ao Agents; we cannot aEEord agents' commissions at tliese prices.

Write

The

for particulars

Aerial

Navigation

Company

of

America,

Cheap Insurance While

Girard,

In the Air,

WIRE TRUSSING MADE ESPECIALLY

AEROPLANES
GAUGE

Kansas

for

AIRCRAFT

December, igio

379

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

CIE.

Aeroplanes
FOR

SPEED

PLEASURE
EXHIBITORS
PRIZE WINNING
DESIGN

RIGHT

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

We Started Out Making History and Will Continue To Do So

First Prize at first trial in

and only woman aviator in

America to operate and fly an
Aeroplane alone, making daily

America

First

for flight.
First

Aeroplane made in New York

make a flight.

flights.

City to
First

Aeroplane made

to

make

We Employ
We
Fox Motor,
them, 30 h.

in

Aeroplanes.
and Experts on Aerodynamics

only the Best Designers

have studied the motor problem

v^^ho said,
p.

All the above: Francaise Americaine

Mineola

flights.

for years,

showed, and guaranteed

their

both foreign and domestic, and have adopted the

motor

after a severe test in

our presence

we

supply

upwards.

Write us

for facts or information.

Delivery 30 days.

Positively guaranteed.

Prices on application

Aviators and Aeroplane Constructors supplied

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

MINEOLA,

L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

AIRCRAFT

380

December, igio

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

LEADING

BALLOON

AND AIRSHIP

CONSTRUCTOR

OF THE WORLD

Representing the

Company

Continental Rubber
OF HANOVER, GERMANY

Makers of the Finest and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane Material

in the World

Rubber Fabrics

for

Passenger Aeroplanes

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

Flying

Models

and Airships
W. MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to Fifty

Passengers
Also representing the

Models Developed

SANTOS-DUMONT
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

The

Government

Wilcox

and to
Ninety-five per cent, of

Propeller

the clubs in this country

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

of

Balloon and Airship Builders

PARIS,

FRANCE

Address Box 181, Madison Square,

New York

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio

381

Requa-Gibson Propellers
WE CAN

DELIVER AT ONCE

PROPELLERS
FOR
RACING BLERIOTS SUITABLE FOR EITHER
50 H. P. OR 100 H. P. GNOME ENGINES AS
USED BY CLAUDE GRAHAME-WHITE, WHO
SAYS:
Boston, October 3,

1910

Requa-Gibson Co.

255
Dear

W.

The
when
when

49

St.

Sirs:

propeller

flew with

it

Mr.

used on

appeared

run out of propellers

to

me

hope

to

Harmon's
quite

machine

satisfactory

and

have the pleasure

of

using one of yours.

Yours very

truly,

Claude Grahame-White

(Signed)

We can also deliver

any of our regular sizes 6 to 9 ft.

diameter and various pitches on receipt of deposit

THE REQUA-GIBSON
Phone 7200

COLUMBUS

CO., 225 West 49th Street,

when

writing please mention

Aircraft Magazine

New

York, N. Y.

50th Street Subway Station

AIRCRAFT

382

December, igio

o>ca

THE NAME-

Burgess Co. and Curtis

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.
GUARANTEES

EXCELLENCE IN DESIGN

AND WORKMANSHIP
OUR AEROPLANES ARE SAFE
They Fly Well, Too.
Our Model

but our

flew successfully

Model B

beats

it.

Our new Model C

even

is

better.

Hi

The

price remains the same.

Ca// any Jay, weather permitting, at our Aviation Grounds

Newbury,

Massachusetts^

for

convincing demonstration

zoU

AIRCRAFT

December, ipio

383

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman. Balloon

Miles.

"New York

"

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

35 Hrs.,

U.

"New York"

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

S.

48

U.

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon

12 Mins.

Hrs.,

Harmon and

26 Mins.

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

S.

24,200

Harmon and

Ft.

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION

PRIZE

30-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE

PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES

GRAND

QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA

2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE
2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn H. Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

last

from

THE

IN

U.

five to six times as

S.

GOV. DIRIGIBLE AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

The

long as a varnished balloon.

well

at

mental

00

on

effect

TERIAL
balloon,
lbs.

weather as

zero

as

has
it

as

it

ten

it

requires

No

the

little

U.

strength

or no care,

Very

elastic.

holder,

of

is

S.

NOT

and

is

weight, width

bound

material.

Any

have the up-to-date balloon must use

it,

of

Silk double-walled

varnished

The coming

revarnishing.

and being an absolute gas

to

the

has on a varnished material.

times

per inch width.

talcum powder.

in

weight

Heat and cold have no effect on

summer time. The chemical action

not require further treatment.

subject

to

or

is

always the same, as

oxygen has not the same

place

of

as

detri-

VULCANIZED PROOF MAtake care of his PROOF

man can

spontaneous

color.

Breaking

combustion.

varnished

material.

its

No

superior qualities

The man

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

strain

Waterproof.

Will not crack.

balloon material, and which, through

to take the

does

it

and ascensions can be made

that

Specified

wants

by

the

SIGNAL CORPS.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices and Samples on application

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

384

December, igio

GOODYEAR

MONOPLANES

Aeroplane and Balloon

Equipment

Walden-Dyott Co.

24 X 3" and 26 x 3" French Type Aeroplane Tires to fit

Farman, Bleriot, Antoinette, Voisin, Sommer and Roe machines
equipped with French and English Rims.
20 X 2" Smgle Tube Tires to fit American Type Crescent
Rims.

INCORPORATED

Hudson Terminal Building

50;

Church Street

New York

all

Rubber-coaled, moisture-proof fabrics as used on practically

foreign machines and now being adopted on American AeroWeights from 2j^ to 4J4 oz. per square yard.

planes.

Rubber Aeroplane Springs

Farman Type.

for

Rubber-coated Balloon fabrics

absorbing alighting shocks

as

used on

all

German, French

and English Government Balloons.

Manufacturers of monoplanes only.

Mineola, Long Island.

an aeroplane

it

will

If

have you

visit

Our

pay you

to write us

line

of Aeroplane and Balloon materials

careful investigation into

you are thinking of buying

details concerning our machines.

to

Factory at

is

the result of

American and European requirements

and standards.
you want the

If

for further

We can also arrange

latest

developments

in

equipment write

us.

DEPARTMENT Y

our factory, where you can investigate

The Goodyear Tire

& Rubber Co.

the high quality of our work.

AKRON, OHIO, Grove

St.

PARAGON PROPELLERS
Copyright,

Quartered White

Oak

with Spru

by SpcDcer Healh.

Interior.

ft.

dia

12 to 16 Pounds.

Paragon Propellers Excel

In
In
In
In
In

the thrust given per hundred revohitions per minute

the thrust given per actual horsepower absorbed
keeping up their thrust during flight insuring high speed
the selection of material nothing bvit edge-grain being used in anj' part
correctness of design, excellence of execution and beautj' of finish

THEY

ARE

IN

OUR EIGHT-FOOT DESIGNS GIVE

CLASS
400 to 500 LBS.

BY

THEMSELVES

THRUST AT

900

to 1,100 R. P.

M.

We

have pleased every customer. We can please YOU. Ask us for a blank form on which to tell
us about your machine and its engine. We will make you an estimate on just what you requireOur propellers are calculated and designed for each machine. No uniform pitch "true screws."
Mr. Glenn H. Curtiss uses PARAGON PROPELLERS on both his regular biplane and his racing
machine. We are also furnishing propellers to Mr. Chas. F. Willard, Capt. Thos. Baldwin, Mr. Harry
Harkness, Mr. James Radlev' and to other well known aviators.

AMERICAN PROPELLER COMPANY

616

Street, N.

W.

Washington, D. C.

ROTARY MOTOR

<^^<?.

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

of

Aviation"
USED BY

HARMON

LEBLANC

American

French

MO RANK

RADLEY
English

French

FARMAN

G-WHITE

French

English

AUBRUN

OLIESLAEGERS

French

Belgian

WEYMANN

PAULHAN
French

AND OVER FIVE HUNDRED OTHERS

Its

Wonderful reputation

is

positive assurance

of absolute

satisfaction

HOIyDS WORLD'S RECORDS

DISTANCE 243 miles

DURATION 5 hours,

CROSS COUNTRY 230

Prices,

50

miles

f. o. b.

H.

Terms:

SPEED 77.67 miles anlhour

ALTITUDE 9121 feet
OVER SEA61 miles

3 minutes

P.,

Packed for Marine Shipment

Factory, Paris, France

$2600

One-third

Cash

.-.

with

100
Order,

H.

P.,

Balance on

M800
Delivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICAN

1611

AGENTS

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST.

LOUIS, MO.

ALSO EXCLUSIVE AGENTS

CHAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS

Walsh

is

Hero

Of Big Aero

^^i

Club Contests
MAKES SPLENDID FLIGHT
OUTSIDE OF MOTORDROME

HEADING

IN

LOS ANGELES EXAMINER

OCTOBER
B.

F.

EOEHRIC,

CUP, FLYING WITH

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.

WINNER OF KNAEENSHUE

6-CYI,INDER

23, 1910

"FEATHERWEIGHT" AT

Records are Better than Prophesies

Elbridge "Featherweight'' Engines hold

made

every Novice Record

in

America during 1910

At the Los Angeles meet October 23,

C. F.

The Los

Walsh won every

event, using Elbridge "Featherweight."

Angeles Examiner says

"Charles F. Walsh, of San Diego, was the hero of the

Aero Club

of California at the

Motordrome

yesterday.

first

He made

day of the aviation meet of the

a splendid flight outside the big

enclosure, off toward Playa del Rey, circled around over the marsh back toward the Motordrome
and then circled over the same course again before alighting near the point where he took flight.
"As his aircraft was outlined against the sky and the hum of his motor floated to the spectators
lining the top of the Motordrome grandstand, memories of the good days of the big meet came
surging back and the enthusiasm aroused by Paulhan and Curtiss awoke again.
"The crowd cheered wildly in admiration of the Californian, an amateur, in a California-built
machine, who had thus put himself in the real man-bird class."

SOME OTHER RECORDS FOR ELBRIDGE ENGINES

First Novice flight of 1910, made in America.
First flights made in the New England States.
Longest Novice flight on the Atlantic Coast.
First and longest Amateur flights on the Pacific Coast.

Longest Novic^

flight

on record

in

America.

actual flights than all other makes combined (in America).

successfully in Farman, Greene, Curtiss and Voisin types of
biplanes; and in Santos-Dumont and Bleriot types of monoplanes.

More
Used

THERE MUST BE A REASON FOR THIS CONTINUED SUCCESS

Catalogue and information cheerfully supplied.

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

11

CULVER ROAD,

ROCHESTER,

N. Y.

Vol.

JANUARY,

1911

No.

11

LEGAGNEUX AND MARTINET STARTING FROM PARIS FOR BRUSSELS

ON THEIR RECORD-BREAKING FLIGHT

15 CENTS

A COPY

EDITED BY

Alfred Lawson

$1.50
a year

AEREAL CLOTH
The Cloth of the Hour
MADE EXPRESSLY FOR
AEROPLANES

nPHE
--

and most

strongest, lightest

the market.

Guaranteed

Address

proofed

The

against

sun,

SAMPLES
1

rain

ON

and wind.

APPLICA

MILLS,

H. M. H.
Room

No.

practical silk cloth in

Thirty-six inches wide.

AND

PRICES

BALLOONS

and

TI O

Aerial Dept.

608, Lincoln Bldg.

Union Square West,

NEW YORK

WM. FEHR,

CITY

SUCCESSOR TO

MINEOLA AERO SPECIALTY COMPANY

MINEOLA, LONG ISLAND,

40 Hone Power, Weight 500

BIPLANES

BUILT TO

rudders,

struts,

tails

and

Price $2,250.00

MONOPLANES

ORDER

Standard Types Delivered

Ribs,

lbs..

in

N. Y.

Thirty

Days

bed.rails, post sockets, terminals, tumbuckles, wire, covering, spreaders, steering posts, ailerons,
flat

or box controls in stock.

Mineola Aviation School, the only organization of

perienced Aviators and guaranteeing flights in specified time.
Affiliated with the

its

kind

in

America employing

ex-

AIRCRAFT

January. iQii

385

ENGINE
THE CALL AVIATION
WEIGHT MOTOR
STANDARD OF LIGHT

EXCELLENCE.

Tournament," New York City

and of the "Three-States Aero Show," Philadelphia

The Sensation

of the "International Aviation

AS STRONG AS THE
STRONGEST OF
AUTOMOBILE

AS LIGHT AS THE
LIGHTEST OF
AVIATION ENGINES

ENGINES

Model -1

^^^^^^^I^Pm^^^k^^'lii^^^^HBIH^ffl^
Ki
B ^WiB8|B^^^^m iT
KK
H.
li
ii

Price $1,000

will

Four Cylinder

100 Horsepower

fSmW

||

Bl

11

^tC

Especially designed and constructed for permanent hard duty.

you

Modcl E-2

WlBililiilSHWiilBlBJiP 'IMsillL^t^^J^wmmlmmMmmmmmMLMSS^^

Two Cylinder
50 Horsepower
Weight 175 lbs.

This

is

325

Weight

lbs.

Price $2,000

ill

ill

the engine you are looking

for;

is

it

the engine

eventually adopt.

Prices include complete equipment

Write

for particulars

and Heater,

price of our

NO EXTRAS.

Complete engines

Reversible Aerial Propeller.

constructed of aluminum tubing.

Weight two pounds per

The

and

Navigation

of our

in stock.

Combination Radiator

your engine for the comfort

Catalog C-3.

Utilize the heat of

gallon of jacket water.

Send for
We employ no Agents; we cannot afford agents* commissions

Aerial

Also

Company

at

America,

of

of

your

passengers.

these prices.

Girard,

Kansas

CHELSEA AERO CO.

513-517

WEST

NEW YORK,

21st ST.

N.

Y.

CHARAVAY PROPELLERS
OUR PROPELLERS ARE USED BY SUCH MEN AS
CHAS.

HAMILTON

K.

TOD SHRIVER

CAPT. FRISBIE, Etc

PRICES
6' 6"
7

'

'

diameter any pitch

$55.00

diameter any pitch

$60.00

diameter any pitch

$70.00

Other
If

prices

on

you would

application.

A new

World's Speed Record of

per hour was

Tenn.,

made by Hamilton

in his

Biplane

at

equipped

79. 2 miles

Memphis,
with

our

Propeller.

like to get better results consult

our Engineer Department

Give us bore and stroke of your engine as well as a short description of plane when sending order.
TERMS I0" WITH ORDER; BALANCE ON DELIVERY.
ORDERS TAKEN FOR COMPLETE AEROPLANES OR PARTS.

AIRCRAFT

386

January, ipii

A PERFECT
^

planes.

ed on both

Is

material for coveiing

thoroughly water-proof-

by a rubber-coating.

sides

It

will not stretch or absorb moisture.

It is

at least three

any other

fabric

times as strong as

on the market, with only

a slightly additional weight.

covering of Penaclotb gives add-

ed strength

Strength

whole

to the

Weight 6 1-3

130

oz. per
lbs.

structure.

Square Yard

per Square Inch

Pennsylvania Rubber Co.

JEANNETTE, PA.
Maimers of Aeroplane Tires

AEROPLANE TIRES
Clincher type only, which

is

the lightest

satisfactory type for aeroplanes.

SIZE

and most

rj

all sizes.

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii

BANQUET
Sunday E-

DELMONICO
December Fourth,

CLUB

The gathering was

of

principally

387

actors,

playwrights,

authors and

publishers.

George Ade, P. V. Heaton, Harry E. Smith, J

re:
_ory,-: Harry T. Eschwege, R. J. Schaefer,
"
nberg, Morton W. Smith, J. G. N. Whitak.
kington, Fritz Williams. A. Leo Stevens, C. M. Currie, Wm.
Kilduff, Fred. Perry, Jos. E. Grismer, Edward G.
itt, A.
J. Simmons, Gay Schiffer, Leroy M. Taylor, Louis Sanger, Dr
Leiser, Clarenc.
-ey, Alfred W. Lawson, Ernest La Rue Jones, Jos. W. Herbert, Frank Daniels, Geo. V. Hobart, Rapley Holmes, Lau
Marshall Shirk, Frank Doane, Augustus Barratt, N. H. Barouch, Washington Lewis Sterms, Charles E. McMann, S. E. Crimmins, Ernest S
William Collier Tas. Barnes, Robt. Hilliard,
Me
F. Mohr, A. C. G. Hupfel, David W. Warfield, James Potter, J. B. Campbell, Hale Hamiltor
Lee, Col. Jame Elverson, Tr., Herbert L. Tones, Mason Peters, Capt. J. F. Drouillard, Col. Jacob Ruppert, Geo. Broadhurst.

"

Wm. M.

Gray,

Wm.

CONTENTS JANUARY,

1911

Law

Denys P. Myers

and the Air

Records and Statistics
List of Fatal Aeroplane Accidents
Foreign News

....... ........
....................
..................
...................
...............

Features of the Paris

G. F. Campbell

Wood

Show

Latest Types of French Air-Craft

The Paulhan Biplane

Some Construction Details
The Pressey Automatic Control
Club

W. H.

...

News

in

General

An Argument

..........
.........

The Clerget Motor

Scale Drawings of European Machines
Some Impressions of the Belmont Meet
Model Construction Details

News

Phipps

B. P. Pressey
.

John Jay Ide

............
..............
........
................

Henry A. Wise Wood

W. H.

Uniform-Pitch Propeller
Henry A. Wise Wood's Terminology

Philip P.

for the

Phipps

Baldwin

389
390
391

392
394
395

396

397
39S
398

400

400
402
403
404
404

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by The Lawson Publishing

ALFRED W. LAWSON

37-39

President and Treasurer

EAST

28lh STREET,

NEW YORK,

Company

U. S. A.

Telephone, 5017 Madison Square

TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS

WHEN YOUR

ERNEST

LANDGRAF

C.
Secretary

SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRES

One month before a subscription expires we enclose a renewal

blank on which you will write your order for the renewal.
Fifteen Cents the Copy, of All News Dealers.
When first notified that your subscription will expire, you should
Foreign Subscriptions, Two Dollars per year.
New
send your renewal at once^ in order not to miss a number.
In changing order give old as well as new address.
subscriptions which are received by us on or before the 15th of any
Advertising copy must be in hand by the 1st of
nth previous
month will begin with the issue of that month. If received after that
to date of publication.
they will begin with the folio
Only high-grade advertisements of thoroughly reliabl firms are
One
subscrfptions to begin with back ntimbers.
olicited.
is necessary before a change of address i:an be made.
Entered as "second-class matter" February 18, 1910, at the Post Office, at New York, N. Y., under Act of March 3,
Copyright, 1910, by the Lawson Publishing Co.
"Aircraft" is registered as a trade-mark by the U. 5. Patent Office, under date of August 9th, 1910
In

Islands,

United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico. Guam, Philippine

Hawaiian Islands, Cuba (including Postage), $1.50 per year.

the

AIRCRAFT

388

DO YOU KNOW??

? ?
Znd

Boston's

January, ipii

National

Exhibition

WILL BE HELD

Craft

Aerial

of

IN

Mechanics Building, Boston, February 20-25, 1911

ALSO
1st

2nd

That it is generally acknowledged by those who attended all the indoor Aerial Exhibitions
in America that last year's Boston Exposition of Aerial Craft was the Biggest and Best.

That any
And

3rd

That

Exhibitor of

all

this

of

last year's

show

will

tell

you

it

was

of financial benefit to him.

One Year Ago when the general interest in

Aviation was only slumbering.

this

year will far surpass anything heretofore held, and that, have you an Aeroplane, an

Accessory, a Model or an Idea,

it

will

pay you

to exhibit

and attend

this Exhibition.

WATCH THIS YEAR'S SHOW

PONT FAIL TO BE THERE
FOR ALL PARTICULARS ADDRESS

CHESTER

I.

CAMPBELL,

Gen'l Manager.

Executive Offices: 5 Park Square, Boston, Mass.

See

ACME

Our Exhibit

of

LIGHT-WEIGHT TUBULAR

PROPELLERS

Non-Buckling Wheels
.

AT THE

GRAND CENTRAL PALACE SHOW

NEW YORK
December 31

Quick

TUBULAR SULKY WHEEL

Highest Grade Workmanship

Special

January 7

Deliveries on Standard Sizes

CO.

Windsor Locks, Conn.

Propellers to Specification

a Specialty

Airship

We

Aeroplane Parts

Parts

Welded or Brazed

are Experienced

Welders and Brazers

kinds of metals and can weld or braze

of

all

your parts

so they will hold.

Correspondence Solicited

ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY FURNISHED

NATIONAL WELDING & MT'G CO.

THE ACME OIL ENGINE

BRIDGEPORT, CONN.

CO.

Welders and Brazers of Cast Iron and otber Metals

527

W. Jackson

Chicago,

Blvd.

TELEPHONE: HARRISON

1889

111.

^^.^.,J.J,,J,^.,^^*J*,hJm.>.J.^*<*Jm.J>*^^

Vol.

I.

No.

New

11

York, January, 1911

LAW AND THE

By Denys

P.

Myers

{Continued from October

INSURANCE
lN no

more

subject connected with aviation does

speculation exist
to insurance.

among

If

all

classes than in

you broach the matter

its

lively

relation

to an insur-

man he will eagerly question you to find out

if you know anything that will prove helpful to him;
and especially law librarians, will pump you dry, and
ance

the general public will argue

till

bedtime,

usually

all

to

little

purpose.

This

article

upon which

to base rates.

In actuarial

work

in

other

chance, can consistently insure either aviator or air-craft.

Few

Here are
statistics are in existence regarding aviation.
Georges Besancon, secretary-general of the Aero-Club de
France, recorded between 1899 and February, 1906, 1,207 balloon
ascensions, with 3,388 passengers. C. Busley in lUustrierte Aeronautische Mitteilungen for January, 1906, recordel 2,061 ascensions
in Germany, with 7,570 passengers, among whom were 36 acciThe accidents were 11 cases of fracdents with 1 death.
tured ankles; 4 broken legs; 1 broken arm; 7 knee injuries; 6 dis"vital"
:

dislocated hand.

None

of

noted, refers to heavier-than-air craft; the statistics

tend to show, however, that going up in the air is considerably
it

more dangerous

as yet than railroad traveling,

where

(in 1908)

out of 890.009, .574 passengers and 1,458,244 employees, 10,313 were

and 105,234 injured.

However, the mortality is
ment still in its experimental
0.1

men

certainly

policy

stage,

and

it

is

entirely true that

are anxious' to write insurance for aviators,

machines and against accidents to third parties. The

the easiest problem and one firm in Boston has a
to protect machines, nine of which were in force on
is

October 1st last.

This policy is upon the body, machinery and equipment of the
aeroplane, separate or assembled, anywhere in the United States
or in Canada or on board coastwise steamers. It is written at from
2 to zyi per cent, on three-fourths the manufacturer's cost, and
the essential parts are

"We

cover every-

We cover from loss while in the hangar and in

from damage due to faulty packing or shifting of
But the main thing is the moral hazard. We seek to make
the owner share the risk by writing insurance only up to threefourths of the cost to the manufacturer not the cost to the purcargo.

chaser.

Thus

the

owner has a quarter

interest in the safety of

Also we offer a variation of one-half per cent, in

rate, thus being enabled to protect ourselves to a certain extent
against the careless owner."
Undoubtedly the insurance companies which cancelled the policies of Allen A. Ryan, manager of the International Aviation
Tournament, because he would not sign off liability during the
course of the meet, acted on the safe side of the law so far as
those policies were concerned, but that says nothing for the situation in that general regard. Mr. Ryan neither owns nor operates
the aeroplane.

an aeroplane and evinced no intention of flying. The action of the

companies, then, to be within the law, must have been based on
provisions for cancellation if the underwriters should suspect the
insured was likely to undertake anything to make him a greater
risk than he agreed to be by the terms of the policy. Cancellation
under such a provision would, of course, be perfectly defensible,
but, in its absence, no company would have a right to declare a

The

not high for a develop-

their

machine

originator said

policy void.

killed

the insurance

its

thing except collision with buildings, trees or the earth, in which

case we conceive that the machine ceases to be an aeroplane and
transit, except

have produced elaborate tables showing the death and

men both in general and in particular trades, as
well as the possibility of damage to property by fire and by other
means. Upon the facts thus set down they base their rates. At
present only Lloyd's, which is virtually a betting ring on any

these, be

In explaining this policy,

becomes junk.

the

fields,

statisticians

located shoulders; 5 injured feet;

another Aeroplane while in flight; also while being transported

by any common carrier by land or water, against loss or damage
caused by stranding, sinking or collision, burning or derailment
of vessel or car transporting said Aeroplane.
No. 2 This policy is also made to cover against loss by collision with another Aeroplane while in flight.

certain on the subject.

is

accident rates of

some

Aircraftj

THE AIR

arisen because he has no data

aims at summarizing what

The insurance man's quandary has

IN

AIR

No. 1 Against actual loss or damage to the Aeroplane hereby

insured by fire arising from any cause whatever except the collision of said Aeroplane with the earth or any other object than

point

was made

in a recent case

Court of Colorado on March

Fleet, 107 Pac. Rep. at 1092).

7,

1910

decided by the Supreme

(Pacific

The insured

Mutual

v.

Van

lost his life in a bal-

loon trip for pleasure while holding a policy classing him as a

The policy classed all insured under
risk, as a railroad brakeman.

by occupations, and provided that, should the insured engage in

more hazardous occupation than the one under which he was
accepted as a risk, the principal and weekly indemnity should be
for such amount as the premiums paid would purchase at the
On clauses like
rates fixed for such more hazardous occupation.
it

this,

said the Court:

"The uniform holding is; where, as here, the only classification

made by the insurance company is of occupations and not of
particular acts or exposures, a change of occupation such as
or a temwill defeat the policy must be a permanent change

AIRCRAFT

390

porary change which, in all essential and substantial respects,

for the time being, is a change of occupation
and that the
nolicv is not defeated by the performance of some individual
act or indulgence or enjoyment in some particular exposure,
which is of a more hazardous nature."
The justice here cites some half-a-dozen cases to the same
effect, several of which refer to men injured while engaged in
hunting for pleasure.
Actual insurance of air-men and air-craft, however, including
points in the policy already described, will group itself into five
categories guaranty against accidents, both material and corporal,
from third parties, while under way indemnification for accidents to self or craft from its own engine insurance of aerial
employees; damage by fire (partially covered above) and insurance of the individual owner and passengers.
The companies can with comparatively little difficulty solve
most of these problems, except that assuming the risk for a regu-

mark,

January, ipii

marks, the rate depending on the position of the

Per voyage, the same company would accept
risks for death or incapacity at 0.4 to 0.5 marks, or for indemnity
at 0.8 to 1 marks.
It is also noted that this concern had written
100,000 marks against death chances, 150,000 marks against permanent incapacity, and 50 marks against indemnity. A third company
added to the general conditions of the policy a surcharge of 4.5
marks to the insured for each ascension and 1.7 marks for each
1

3.3 to 4

person underwritten.

member

of the crew.

name

the

cidents proved, the latter clause pointing of course straight to

to a principal of 25,000 francs.

contestable after having run a given time.

clause, but

Fraud

is

in-

will vitiate the

can be accepted as certain that fraud would not be

it

man who had been insured for a considerand had, during the life of the policy, got the flying
This statement may be said to hold for any policy a few
years old, although one written to-day might be held fraudulent,
if the insured took to the air.
In this regard, it may be noted that Claude Grahame-White was
refused insurance at Boston and on cabling to Lloyd's of London
found

in the case of a

policies usually contain a clause to the effect that the policy

for almost everybody

of the craft, the time

ascension,

gation to recover.

it,

to the general

and place
and charged, by ascension and by day of
the voyage against death, 0.5 marks incapacity, 0.5 marks indemnity, 1 mark.
One French company reports these terms Against accidents to
third parties, 20,000 francs principal, 500 francs premium, for acof

them considerable pause. They must tackle

who sees a flight wants to be a passenger himself, which means that many present policies are affected
by the desire of their holders to fly. Moreover, in this country
lar aviator will give

company added

fourth

conditions of the policy, the

liti-

In addition, this company added 50 per cent,

premium on policies limited to France (or 750 francs) and
doubled it, making a total of 1,000 francs for policies outside of
France. It would accept mechanicians on a 40 per cent, basis up
to the

it

asked

On

a proved accident to the pilot

Another company made a

per cent, on the principal.

general rate of 8 per cent, up to 50,000 francs against death or

permanent in':apacity, or 25 francs per day indemnity.

Another company would underwrite

able time

at

to safeguard third parties

habit.

the proverbial innocent bystander

received

guaranty to victim or 100,000 francs in case of catastrophe; or

600 francs premium per 25,000 francs principal, or 100,000 francs
in case of catastrophe.
Still anothe French company demanded
950 francs premium for every 3,000 francs recompense.
Finally one insurance organization made terms under four

which

word

in these

would accept him as a risk at 35 per cent.,

which crowned heads are insured

that they

virtually the rate at

is

when every

days

anarchist has a revolver.

550 francs per 15,000 francs

For general insurance of the

categories.

and personnel,
premium; for indi-

pilot

35 per cent, or 1,050 francs for 3,000 francs

Abnormally high premiums will be the rule for air-men until

the public and the companies get over the idea that flying is foolhardy. Some dozen Europ'ean companies have announced terms
for aviators, or rather aeronauts, for practically all of them consider the dirigible. The German publication Argus (February 4,
1909, p. 100) and the French Noiivelle Revue Aerienne (February 10, 1909, p. 94) gave some of the rates, but it cannot be said
what business was done with them.
Argus gives the terms of four German companies. The first, to
cover each aeronaut and for every ascension, made a rate of 1.8
marks per 1,000. A second offered annual insurance for death or
permanent incapacity suffered in a dirigible at the rate of 1.6
marks in a non-dirigible, 2 marks, and for daily indemnity, of
;

minimum of 20
ascensions), 10,000 francs principal, in case of death or permanent incapacity, 15 francs for proprietor and 30 francs per ascenvidual accidents (calculated by ascensions with a

for pilot or employees

for civil responsibility in case of
accident to voyagers, 2,400 francs per 30,000 francs principal for
sion

accidents to third parties, 750 francs per 30,000 francs.

All of which

is

much without rhyme

pretty

or reason, but

is

certainly illuminating as indicating the desire of the insurance

men

to get to the people of the

{To

air.

be concluded in February Aircraft.)

Note The zmiter is indebted for many of

Le Code de I'Air by Gaston Bonnefoy: Paris,

the above facts to

igog.

RECORDS AND STATISTICS

By G.
It

was the

publish

the

in

of the compiler of these

next number of Aircraft a full

intention

F.

statistics
list

of

to

fatal

up to December 31st, thus bringing the

first decade of the twentieth century;
so many letters, however, have been received from readers
requesting authoritative information on the question and questionaeroplane

accidents

record to the close of the

ing the accuracy of

published elsewhere, that

lists

it

was decided

not to delay the publication of the table given below.

The cause of Human Flight cannot be worse served than by
seeking to ignore or to

which

belittle

the

loss

in

human

lives

for

not paradoxical to say progress

in the art is founded not on its successes but on its failures,
for every set-back, every accident, carries with it a lesson,

which,
will

it

if

is

responsible;

it

is

understood, gives an indication of the remedy which

bring

about

the

prevention

of

its

recurrence,

in

Wood

Campbell

other

words, shows where to step, to step forward.

It must be a source of intense satisfaction to the intelligent
student of, and believer in, aerial navigation to note how large
is the proportion of these accidents due to the breakage of

parts of the machine,

and not

in

for this implies a fault in construction

and

principle,

is

it

obviously only a matter of a

comparatively short time before the construction will be adapted

to meeting the strain under all circumstances when in its element,
just as

it

has been in land-vehicles; in the infancy of the Art

time when lightness of construction is a necessity,

are bound to occur
their proportion to the
number of men flying is not increasing but diminishing, and
it will continue
to do so.
More disquieting than all these combined are those few

and

at

these

accidents

accidents attributable to loss of control

how much is due

how much

the present-day designs of flying rnachines, and

the
to

of the operator

fallibility

say;

the

former

the latter that

lies

as to be of

When

personal equation

is

hard

naturally improve by the force of

other forms of locomotion
it is in
the true "danger" (as it does of course in
will

circumstances, like in
that of every other

the

to
to

all

mode

common

of conveyance once

it

is

so^

perfected

use).

machines are

built

with

such a

reserve of

strength

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii
that breakage

three

the

in

is an almost unheard-of occurrence, when control

dimensions is adequate to meet any emergency,

accidents will still occur where the destination and route to

follow are left to human volition, and this, however easy the
they will then, however,
handling of the craft may become
be limited to purely human failings such as obvious carelessness,
recklessness, inexperience, physical or mental ailment or delib;

erate destruction, which will exist as long as "Errare

remains the truism

est"

humanum

has heretofore been.

it

December

15, 1910,

resulted in twenty-six deaths

let it

be

well understood that these refer to motor-driven aeroplanes only

those
9,

entailed

in

gliders,

such

as

1S96, at Gross-Lichterfelde, near

Otto

Lilienthal's,

(August

Percy

Pilcher's

Berlin),

S.

(October 1899, near Rugby, England,) and Eugene Speyer's

(June 17, 1910, San Francisco), or in motorless flying machines
or "dirigible parachutes" such as Letur's and De Groof's
(Cremorne Gardens, London, 1854 and 1864), not being included.
Several names of aviators reputed killed have been omitted
from the list because of lack of corroboration of the report
Among these may be mentioned Enea Rossi,
of their death.
who had a fall near Brescia, Italy, on September 7, 1909, and
Aladan de Zsel)-, written also Zosely and Zoseley, reported
killed near Buda-Pest, on June 2, 1910.
Breguet, Prince Popoff,
de Baeder, Duray, Barnes, Raymonde de Laroche, Legagneux,
Lieutenant Matzievitch (no relation of Captain L. M. Mazievitch) and Peeters were also reported as being mortally hurt or
actually dead, at different times this year they are, however, all
well at this date (December 15th). In the same way, on lists of

both aviator and passenger have been

one other case, the passenger (Selfridge)
was killed, the aviator (Orville Wright) escaping with serious
injuries, and in another the pilot
(Poillot) was killed, the
passenger (Gerard Partiot) being but slightly hurt.
It

Europe figure constantly the names of

Dr. Walden, Hamilton, who, at this writing, are

casualties published in

Brookins, Ely,

thoroughly

time

first

These three are the only

"two-man" flights.

Regarding the last fatal accident, that of Cammarota and his

passenger, on December 3rd, only incomplete cabled accounts have

Sept.

Sept.

Jan.

17

to

have occurred

in

It was also reported that, on the same day, Walter Archer,

seventeen-year-old boy, was killed at Salida, Colorado, the
remarkable tale relating how he rose from the ground in a
machine designed by him and receiving its tractive power through
the aid of an electric feed-wire 700 feet long, wound around
a drum; readers of this startling news-item were asked to
believe that the machine was an aeroplane which rose vertically
until the wire was completely uncoiled, that the wire then
tightened and snapped under the strain, the machine crashing

to

when

earth,

its

propeller ceased to

revolve.

was concocted by some newspaper-men

who were certainly a disgrace to their profession there was
no "aeroplane" and no "Walter Archer," much less an accident.
This

sensational

lie

What

credence such a tale can acquire may be gauged by the

it obtained as a news item.
relative of the
writer crossing the Atlantic actually read an account of it in

wide distribution
mid-ocean

wireless

the

in

daily

published on ship"Another Fatal Aero-

bulletin

board, the headlines reading of course

plane Accident."

Many have

been led to believe from the rapidly growing

of casualties, that flying

be no question that

is

is

it

was

last

1910

as

is

year,
in

and

1909,

yet

the

list

becoming more dangerous; there can

exactly the reverse which

least

at

was flown

nine times as

number

barely seven times as great.

FATAL AEROPLANE ACCIDENTS

Sept.

fatal accidents

at least twelve times as great a distance

alive.

been received at this writing.

the

is

killed in an accident; in

all

391

In the table here appended, figure twenty-five accidents which

prior to

of

is

the truth

this

year as

many men

flew in

deaths through accidents

AIRCRAFT

392

January, igii

AIRCRAI^T

January, ipil

J
J
,

the wind had increased to

and was blowing from the same quarter Paulhan
and Legagneux had once more to acknowledge Moranc
Latham
himself beaten.
Yet another attempt for the Automobile Club Rougier
December 2d, by I/O
Chavjz' .m\l.\.\......
Grahame-White
who had been the first to try for the prize
T ehlanc
however,
smashed
1
He,
September.
last
"'
Karmarl
machine in starting and so was unable to pi
Lecacneui
ceed.
ha..
contestant
to
oulv
Van
rlen
Wynmalen is thus the
,.,
aen R^rn
liorn
\an
^ ^-
succeeded in fulfilling the conditions of the prize nickson
.

The next day

393

gale

'

,,

so

notwithstanding the

and,

far

decision

of

the

F., stands a good chance to win it.

9th, Georges Legagneux, the wellpopular Frenchman went fo
used
World's Altitude Record at Pau.

A. C.

On December

He

Kfimoff
Curtiss

Cattaneo
T

'"u

Auh^n

..........;: :;.."..::::.:
Bleriot and reached a height o
Brooki^s'
'.".'.'.'.'.'.
Not only is thi: Metro
3.200 metres (say 10,500 feet).
a world's record, but it is the first time a mai
Wagner ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.
has risen ten thousand feet in an aeroplane; hi
however, the first to have reached th<
. ..\ ..\..\. ..^
is not,
iUon
ark.
the latest Johnstone ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''''.''.'''.
kilometre (9,840 feet)
thr
figures accepted for Drexel's flight of November Simon
23rd, are 9,897 feet (3.020 metres).
Bleriot
Legagneux, besides being perhaps the most pop- Drexel
ular aviator in France, is the most versatile flyer Thomas
in the world; no man has pdoted so many dif- n, ^net
ferent types of machines or change as easily from nubonnet
to the othe
Martinet
the Ferber bipjane^ in
His first flight
andier
^?'^"
1908; since then he has d
""*
Hanriot
"'"- Aud<
man, Sommer and Bleriot nachines

Gnome-driven

ately.

A few weeks before his record-breaking flight Mamet

on a Bleriot, he made the wonderful passenge
ray
carrying flight to Brussels on an H. Farman, r
^,
Christiaens
lated on the previous page, and the start of [ii^er
Legag- paillette
which is illustrated on the front cover.
-

also the first man who ever flew

is
^^ jjig^
Austria (see page 217, this volume).
Fischer
On November 27th, Laurens, carrying his wife Labouche
2'
on the new two- Weyi
as passenger, flew for 1 hr.
CrochoLseater Robert-Esnault-Pelterie monoplane.
He beat all Ladougne's and Aubrun's passen Popoff
ger-carrying records up to 80 kilometres, as fol J. de Lesseps

neux

Francs.
410
262
41u,Jb/
264,899
262,160
261,500
246,367
175,000
164,000
116,950
89,494
88,697
^-.-^^.^^^
86,146
83,558
83,000
80,464
67400
52 400
61,300
_,,

57,000
Se'.OOO

55,270
51,000
50^000
47.500
46,650
42,000
42,000
27,900
27,725
27,571
25,400
24,900
^^.y//
22,977
21,971
20,748
20,000
,n c.
}o',on
}2'i?;
17,200
17,147
17,000
17,000
16,700
16,300
. ...

Jf.O

A. Frey

7'44"
15'39"

Old Records
Balsan
S'14"2/5 McArdle
Ladougni

Auh

23'22"4/5
31'09"3/5
38'47"2/5
46'23"l/5
54'01"

Magdeburg,

up

at

the

Johannisthal aviation ground.

J

/^ commission consisting of three Dutch oiHcers

p^id a visit to the German Wright works at Berlin-Adlershof last month and were taken up by
They also
Captain Englehardt for trial trips.
^^ent to Johannisthal on their tour of inspection.
,
^
been
has t
Germany
A ncw duratiou record for
set up by Euler, who flew at Darmstadt for three
hours six minutes eighteen seconds on a Euler
forty
hinlane: the former record was two
biplane;
officially tii
Euler
minutes.
,

t u
i.
country competition
Eork-Johannisthal
The t>
aviators
aviators.
of three aviatorsonly secured the attention ot
(Bleriot), Grade (Grade), and Thele
Wiencziers They all did well, however, and care(Wright).
...,.
^
fully kept to the route marked put for them.
Wiencziers carried, off the first prize
Grade being second, 53 minutes
utes 10
40 seconds, and Thelen third, 56 minutes 15 seci

onds.

The German Government has purchased the

Wright, Aviatik, Sommerfollowing aeroplanes:
Albatros and Farman-Albatros. In addition to
of
careful stuay
study oi
after a caretui
^^^ Ministry, atter
^^^^^^ ^^^^
the War
existing types, has purchased twenty Etrich
jj
nionoolanes in Vienna and Illner has gone to
b^^IjP t i3
to pilot the
(^j^^ ^^^^^^^ monoplane w'as fully described and
illustrated in the November Aircraft, page 325).
The German War Office has also placed an order
Zeppelin army-dirigible; nothing: has
been announced as yet co'ncerning the conditions
The Diisseldorf Aerial Naviset by the Ministry.
gation Company, for whom "Deutchland II" is
being built, is in negotiations for another airship.

German aviators are to introduce flying on an

extensive scale into South America, as the GerAviation Company of Frankfort has arranged
a tour with its Brazilian representatives, Herr
technical
the
undertake
will
Schultze-Herfort
work and be accompanied by a number of good

man

15,500
13,500 aviators.
13,000
An Aviation Show is to be held at Berlin in
11,690
11^500 1911, support having been promised by German,
nd English makers.
11,250 French
10,700
Major-General von Ompteda made a lengthy
10,150
10,080 flight with Amerigo, at Miilhausen. last week,
ma10,000 flying for about eight miles on his "Aviatik

Renaux
Laurens' Times

and

Brunswick

winding

19'39"l/5 Bregi
29'10"
Bielovuccic
38'51"
Tullerot
48'28"
Tyck
57'58"2/5
hr. 07'31"3/5
Won more than 5.000
hr. 16'59"2/5 Gobron,
Molbn,
6,700;

chine.

Rolls,
francs:
8,541;
Morelli,
5,500;
600;
7,500; Horwarth, 7,875; Warchalowski,
Grau,
A.
Frey,
8,750;
5,670;
7,350; Engelhardt,
7,500; Ruggerone, 6,000.

Th German War Office has signed on Brunthe Munich aviator, as military instructor;
Brunhuber
contract runs from January 1st.
has already acted in a like capacity to the officers
learning at Doeberitz, in this case as a representaHe has now been
tive of the Albatros firm.
than
5,000
Won
Prince
Champel, Chassagne. wholly taken on by the military officials.
eguet, 143 fr.
Baratoux,
orld's d uraMile. Marvingt recently broke the
Cainain Henry of Prussia is busily engaged in learning to
Cloi'us
up 53* on Chateau,
tion record for women-flyers: she v
on a Euler machine at Darmstadt; he has
Duf.Demanest,
700;
Burgeat Lelagrange,
Being
two.
her Antoinette.
mile
or
o^it
several
flights
of
a
rried
Ferb,
.._ and nidier. Captain
Mile. Dutrieu has now got her pilot-license
most able motorist, lie soon learned to control
Rayionde
ord. for ;!"?"8"'=;
will attempt to beat Mile,
Princess Henry has been an interLindpain.ner, Nieupor. Paul, de Petrowsk:y, Raw
the cup offered bv the n agaiiie Femina" for liuson, Rigal, de Riemsdyk, S;
prowess,
and
has
husband's
Santos-Dumont, ested witness of her
the best flight in 1910, by 3 woman
flfte
le flight with Herr Eule
1,500;' Tetard,
Verstraeten, Wachter, Wiessem- ascended for
his pilot examination beCagno
Szelkely,
Radle
bach,
Mr. Henry Farman, continuing his series of ex- etc.
commission for the disthe official Gern
periments in passenger and weight carrying, sucGermany
ceeded on November 11th in taking up four passengers beside himself on his special biplane.
in arranging aerial
very
industrious
Germany
is
Berlin
is
nna
to
flight
from
"V
.\ cross-country
The total weight carried was 370 kilogs., made up being thought of for next sea 1, open only tn cross-country flights, two being now under conPilot. 67 kilogs.; passengers, 91, 65.
as follows:
Another impor- sideration. The one will take place on the FriedGerman and Austrian aviators,
gasoline.
22.5
respectively;
51
kilogs.
63 and
richshafen-UIm route for a prize of 25,000 marks.
to Berli
tant event in the Aix-la-Chapelh
According to "L'Ae; "
kilogs., and oil, 10.5 kilogs.
The othe
Count Zeppelin.
test via (ilologne, Diisseldorf, Dortmund, Hanover, presented lay
phile" he flew two laps on November 9th, carrying
five passengers besides himself; this is a world's
record for the number of people carried on an aeroplane.
He had already flown 1 hr. 4' with three
passengers besides himself last August; this is also
a record.
1

hr. 01'55"

26th, Lieuts. Delage and Mail

130 miles across country in an out-and(me flight; they were up 3 hrs. 22': a world's
cord if made without a stop.

On November
flew

is

Wiencz iers.

hiibe

'

great Bleriot driver, who

in a fall, sustained while
trying for the Michelin Grand Prize, had for some
months previous to his accident been working on a
At its first trial it
machine of his own design.
was timed to attain a speed of 62 miles an hour,
with a 50 H. P. Gnome.

Leon Morane. the

was recently injured

A new type of Hanriot monoplane is being experimented with at Bethenv; several satisfactorr
flights have been made with it at a height of 30
The machine is fitted with two propellers,
feet.
hut in other respects differs little from the regular
Hanriot type, a drawing of which appears in this
number on page 400.
Continuing trials with his 20 H. P. monoplane.
Train has been steadily practicing at Mourmelon;
on November 6th he flew for 1 hour 57 minutes at
an average height of 1,400 feet, a record for a
machine of this power.

The new Paulha

his

issue

rials.
lir

biplane described in detail in

has pro ed very successful at its first

On Novem

altogether for

er 5th the

machine was in the

n hour and a half.

Frantz Reichel, the well-known French

vspaper-man. has compiled the following list of
ators' winnings from August, 1909, to the end
VIr.

THE ONLY

AIRCRAFT

394
more important, is to lead from Berlin to Hamburg
and Hanover and back to the metropolis.
Tlie
meeting at which the project was discussed was
called by the Imperial Aero Club, the Automobile
Club and the German Manufacturers' Society, several
Government representatives being present.
The nationality of the pilot has not yet been decided, but it is a certainty that the aeroplanes and
motors will have to be of German manufacture
down to the slightest detail.
Italy

We

have been asked to publish the full results

of the Milan meeting (September)
they were as
follows:
;

SPEED
Cattaneo

1.

(100

KILOMETREb^.

(Bleriot)
(Bleriot)

2.

Simon

3.

Wiencziers (Bleriot)

8' 5 3-5"
9' 16"

hr.
hr.

hr. 12' 42"

AI^TITUDE.
1.

Eegagneux

2.

Cattaneo

3.

Tyck

2.050 m.
1.600 m.

(Bleriot)
(Bleriot)
(Bleriot)

900
870
610
390

Wiencziers (IJleriot)
Bregi (Voisin)
Weymann (H. Farman)

4.
5.
6.

m.
m.
m.
m.

GLIDING

(Vol Plane).
(Voisin)

Bielovuccic

1.

34 1-S"

January, ipii
25 4-5"
23 3-5"

Minister of Navy Prize. .Ruggerone (M. Farman)

3.
Weymann (H. Farman)
Post and Telegraph Prize
Cagno (H. Farman)
Mechanicians Prize
TOTALIZATION OF DISTANCE.
1.
Fischer
1,000
2.
Cattaneo
500
1.
Fischer (H. Farman)
1,222 kilometres
"
3.
Legagneu.x
500
2.
Ruggerone (M. Farman) .... 1,156
4.
Cagno
500
3.
Cattaneo
(Bleriot)
901
"
4.
Thomas (Antoinette)
792
PRIZES
WON.
"
5.
Cagno (H. Farman)
496
Cattaneo
(Bleriot)
28,700 Frs.
6.
Bregi (Voisin)
392
"
Fischer (H. Farman)
11,400
7.
Kuller (Antoinette)
318
"
Legagneux (Bleriot)
10,000
8.
Simon (Bleriot)
274
"
Simon (Bleriot)
8,500
9.
Cailler
(Paulhan)
250
"
"
Ruggerone (M. Farman)
6,000
10.
Legagneux (Bleriot)
211
"
Thomas
(Antoinette)
4,600
11.
Wiencziers (Bleriot)
155
"
Weymann (H. Farman)
3,800
12.
Tetard (Sommer)
146
"
Aubrun (Bleriot)
3,500
13.
De Robillard (Antoinette)... 119
"
"
Wiencziers (Bleriot)
3,500
14.
Weymann (H. Farman)
108
"
"
Cagno (H. Farman)
2,500
15.
Dickson (H. Farman)
92
"
Bielovuccic
(Voisin)
2,300
16.
Tvck (Bleriot)
91
"
Bregi
(Voisin)
2,300
17.
Bielovuccic (Voisin)
88
"
Tyck (Bleriot)
2,000
18.
.Aubrun (Bleriot)
54
"
Cailler (Paulhan)
500
19.
Barra (M. Farman)
33
Tetard (Sommer)
400 "
20.
Cheuret (H. Farman)
26
Audemars (Demoiselle)
200 "
21.
Paulhan (Paulhan)
19
"
22.
Metrot (Voisin)
14
23.
Audemars (Demoiselle)
Japan
11
24.
Paul (Voisin)
9
The Japanese Government has purchased a two25.
Paillette (Bleriot)
5
seater Bleriot and two officers are being taught to
National Speed Prize
Cattaneo (Bleriot) handle it in France,
Non-Stop Distance Prize
Cattaneo (Bleriot)
2.

Bregi

(Voisin)

MONEY

FEATURES OF THE PARIS SHOW

(Continued from December)

From "The Aero," London

LOUIS bIve;riot.
behind it are the seats for the driver and pilot,
of
honor immediately next the the whole arrangement being almost the same as
has been rightly alloted to M. Bleriot, in an automobile, the likeness to which is heightwho shows four machines on his own stand, ened by the position of the radiator and engine
besides three others shown by various agents. and the fitting of a clutch and starting handle.
Those on the stand comprise a side-by-side two- The engine-shaft is carried back under the seats,
seater of 50 h. p.; a 50 h. p. Gnome racer; a 25 behind which is a chain driving up to the propelh. p.
Gre^oire-Gyp single-seater; and the actual
The plane itself has upwardly titled tips, and
50 h. p. Gnome-Bleriot used by Leblanc in the
Circuit de I'E^st.
Those with the Gnome engines these are warped to get lateral control.
A
are very similar to the many Bleriots already Bleriot pattern tail is used, with little elevator
familiar on all aerodromes, and in the one with planes at each end.
On top of it are twin rudthe Gyp engine the only novelty is the method ders, and above them again is a flat empennage.
of fitting the engine-bearers into the fuselage, for The whole machine really seems a development
these Gyp engines are all inverted that is to of the Bleriot XII, but it is full of original ideas.
say, the cylinders are below the shaft, so as to The great objection to it is, and must always
keep the centre of gravity low, and the crank- be, the very low centre of gravity.
This, howshaft as high as possible.
The resultant job in ever, might be got over by making it into a bithe Bleriot is extremely neat, and the Gyp- plane by fitting small planes on each side of the
To prevent swinging, due to the low
Bleriot as a cheaper machine than the Gnome- engine.
centre, the chassis has vertical panels set into
Bleriot, should be a very popular mount.
The landing arrangements are a pair of
The only constructional difference in the latest it.
Bleriots is the substitution of cane skids for the wheels a la Sommer on a trussed axle and a
old trailing wheel under the tail, which wheel pair of supplementary spring skids at the toes
The wings are easily diswas always giving trouble and causing accidents. of the main skids.
The cane skids are lighter, cheaper, and in every rnounted for transport by land, the outer secIn many ways the
way better. They were first used in the Circuit tions corning away bodily.
machine is one of the most interesting of the
de I'Est.
notable point is that not a single machine
on the stand is shown with an Anzani engine.
The

place

entrance

SOCIETE ASTRA.

ANDRE NOEL.
M. Noel shows a pretty little monoplane very
This is built by M.
like an enlarged Nieuport.
Chassany in collaboration with M. Labanhie, and
The
the wings are built under Nieuport license.
single-skid-and-pair-of-wheels chassis is used, but
in this case the axle is held by radius-rods to
the front of the fuselage, and by springs to the
skid a verv neat and simple method. The threethe
cylinder Viale engine is held just as in
Nieuport, the only other noticeable point of difference being the rudder, a quadrilateral affair,
with a blunt leading angle and an acute trailing
angle.
_

ETABLISSEMENTS "AUTOPLAN."
Here

is

shown the "De Pischof" monoplane,

a machine which

Reims

Meeting.

caused quite a sensation at the

It
is,
one believes, the only

monoplane with a single propeller immediately behind the main planes.

The arrangement is clever and simple. The fuselage, or the
frame which does duty for it, practically takes
in
the whole machine.
The two lower longitudinal members start as skids and continue back
parallel to each other, becoming the two lower
tail-struts.
At their ends they are jointed to the
upper longitudinals.
These converge till they
meet at a point a little behind the edge of the
main plane, which is about seven feet off the
ground.
Here they meet in a steel joint.
This joint is fitted on to a shaft on which is
mounted the propeller, the forward end of the
shaft fitting on to a steel tubular arrangement
successful

which connects to the uprights, just like those_ of

a biplane, which couple the plane to the skids.
On the skids and under the plane is built a
platform, which carries the engine in front, and

The bi^ Astra Company show a machine "under

Wright license," either from a love of peace or
from more deeply diplomatic motives, for excepting the fact that the wings are warped and the
uprights attached a la Wright, there is not the
least resemblance.
In fact the briefest description of the machine could be to call it a pair of
Wright planes mounted on a Farman chassis, with
a Voisin fitselage, a pair of Bleriot elevators
minus the fixed tail plane, and a pair of Antoinette
rudders above and below them.
The only threat
of originality about the machine is the fitting of
two seats, tandem-fashion, both having a controlwheel, so that the pupil can follow the instructor's movements.
As might be expected from
such a firm, the workmanship and finish are excellent, but certainly there has never yet appeared a machine combining so many of the
points of other machines.
Unfortunately they
are not all the best points which have been
appropriated, though certainly the machine should
fly

quite well.

COMPAGNIE GENERALE DE NAVIGATION

AERIENNE.
The

concessiomiaires show a Wright

casual eye as all other Wrights
are.
However, a very important alteration has
been made in the arrangement of the struts
which hold the rear elevator.
There are now
two good stout struts starting from the upper
plane and two from the lower one, one from
each plane converging and meeting an upright
further aft than the rudder.
These uprights are
connected by a horizontal bar, which looks too
light,
and on them is carried the tail plane,
which is warped in the same way as are the
front elevators.
The twih rudders are still

which

Wright

is

to

the

carried on horizontal struts, presumably to allow

the rudder to be pushed upwards if the lower
strut strikes the ground on landing, which was
one of the original "talking points" of the
Wright.
However, the six struts and the
wooden control-bar of about the same thickness
give a very clumsy look to the back of the

machine.

The

now

carry each a pair of tiny wheels

without a rail.
These wheels
from sheet metal pressings,
up to the sides of the skid
without any arrangement for swivelling, the idea
of the close fitting apparently being to prevent
buckling of the wheels if the machine lands
sideways, for the rim of one wheel of each pair
would bear against the side of the skid in such
a case.
The little short axles are carried on
metal springs, but the whole arrangement is
obviously not as neat as the "trip" gear fitted
bv Mr. Alec Ogilvie to his Wright machine.
There is also a pair of even smaller wheels
fitted
on a trailing swivel to the centre of a
crossbar between the skids nearly under the evevator in order to help the machine to run along
the ground if it lands down by the head or if it
strikes a small rise on the ground.
Otherwise
the machine is to all intents and purposes the
same as the machine on which Wilbur Wright
.

skids

to allow of starting
are apparently built
and are fitted close

flew in France in

1908.

EUGENE GANGEER.
The Gangler monoplane is again shown,
only in a slightly more advanced stage than

but
last

however, interesting as being the

in which there are two propellers placed one on each side of the fuselage and
behind the wings.
The pilot sits right in the
bows.
The wings are curved into a kind of
bird-shape.
It has a cruciform empennage, the
horizontal portion being prolonged so that the
triangular
rudders work above and below it,
clear of the elevator-flap, which is aft of everything.
The machine is apparently waiting for
an engine.
S. V. A.
The Societe des Vehicules Aeriens show the
"Simplex" monoplane, so-called on the lucus a
non liicendd principle, it being by far the most
complicated machine in the show!
The main
plane and front part of the fuselage are conventional enough, tiiough the pilot sits below the
floor, but towards the tail the fuselage flattens
out, and where it joins the tail it is wide lateryear.

only

It

is,

monoplane

and quite thin vertically.

Just in front
of the tail are two little elevators surely a bad
position
and above it is the rudder, which is
preceded by a tiny vertical empennage.
The
chassis is far too complicated a thing for any
verbal description, and it must be left to the
talent of our artist to make it understandable.
One good point about it, however, is the skids,
which are spread very far apart and are curved
diagonally towards the centre of the machine,
so as to fetch it up vertical if it lands sideways.
It may be remembered that Mr. Gordon
Stewart had a somewhat similar idea in the

ally

of the
the same

tail-skid

On

MuUiner mottopTane
stand

is

tiny

at

Olympia.

monoplane

of

January, ipii

AIRCRAFT

395

LATEST TYPES OF FRENCH AIR-CRAFT

Continued from Page 366 (December)

The "Paulhan "Biplane

Construction Det&ils

Taken from Drawings of "The Aero,"

I<ondon.

AIRCRAFT

396
the "Demoiselle" type, with a single bamboo for
The construction gives one the ima backbone.
pression that, minus the engine, the whole machine could be built for a ten-pound note, and
a little labour.

SOCIETY ANONYME D'APPAREILS

AKRIENS.
This firm, noted for

its

constructional

ability,

show the "Fregate," a monoplane experimented

of the de Lesseps.
The chief novelty

its

January, igii

The De Coster is a neat little monoplane on

somewhat conventional lines, wiih an oblong cockpit running into a triangular fuselage.
The most
original point about it is the chassis, in which
the landing wheels are carried on a deformable
quadrilateral of steel tubes as shown in the
sketch.

by one

the wings, which are modelled on those

The machine has flown and
of the frigate bird.
The tail is non-lifting and consists
flown well.
of the usual e-mpentiage, vertical and horizontal,
The conwith the elevator and rudder behind.
is
by wing-warping and elevator from a
trol
The
wheel, and by rudder from a pedal-lever.
chassis is of the two-wheel type with rubber
The whole fjiselage is cased in
shock-absorbers.
lies

and the machine looks eminently

fabric,

work-

manlike.

CEEMENT-BAYARD.
Clement-Bayard stand occupies one of
prominent central stands, though just
why it is hard to say, for apparently only three
Audemars, Garros can fly
Santos-Dumont,
men
Two machines are shown one
a "Demoiselle."
of the type made familiar by Audemars, and one
which has had added to it a pair of steel tubular
landing-skids, placed too high up to be of any
use for practical purposes, though they contain
However, by means
the germ of a good idea.

The

the

CHAUVIERE PROPELLERS.

in

four

of the

edifice

of

tubes carrying these skids, the

wheels are brought a foot further forward, which

fine display is made by Chauviere, who

hibits, among propellers for various machines,
about fifteen feet high, for a dirigible.

one of the great

attractions at the Paris Aeronautical Salon was
the new Paulhan biplane, round which there was
A
examiners.
of
critical
always a large crowd
considerable degree of interest was lent to this
machine by reason of the diversity of opinion
Some
which prevailed as to its practicability.
experts maintained that it was an utterly hopeless affair and would never fly, others equally
qualified to pass an opinion declaring that it was
not only practicable, but in design and constrution as far ahead of the present-day type of
machine as is the latter ahead of Lilienthal's

no

is

doubt

that

may

be said, in fact, that visitors to

Palais divided themselves into two
the pro-Paulhanites and the
On one occasion the writer
found a couple of flying men literally on the
point of coming to blows.
sketch, giving some idea of the general layout of the Paulhan machine, was given in this
glider.

the

It

Grand

opposing

camps,

anti-Paulhanites.

magazine

last

month.

The machine may be

de-

scribed as a biplane of the Sommer type, for in

the front of a monoplane elevator, in the middle
of a pair of superimposed planes, and in the rear
a monoplane tail and rudder.
The fuselage and main planes are entirely different in construction from anything else which
Dealing with the
has previously been done.
latter first, the ribs are secured to a single spar,
which forms the leading edge. This spar is conIt consists of a long
structed as shown in fig. 1.
thin, straight, flat plank of ash, below which is
a smaller plank curved so as to meet the upper
The girder so formed is
one at its extremities.
reinforced by flat thin fillets of ash arranged so
These fillets
as to form a long series of Vs.
are alternately in tension and compression, and
are secured to the planes by V-shaped metal
plates fixed with a number of cupper rivets.
The planks in their widest part they taper
from the middle to the ends are some 8 in.
wide and 8 in. apart, with a thickness of about
J4in., and they are bevelled at each edge so as
This
to offer a minimum resistance to the air.
immense
girder
of
construction
provides
a
strength and rigidity, so much so that tie wires
have been entirely dispensed with. So far as can
be seen the only fault lies in the use of too
In inspecting
large a number of copper rivets.
some girders of this type, which had been broken
under test, it was to be noticed that the breakage
The
in every case was along the line of rivets.
cure for this fault is, however, obvious.
The two main members forming the fuselage
(as one may, for convenience, call the main fore
and aft girders) are also constructed in an exactly similar manner, except that they are parallel
all along, and, with a view to avoiding necessary
resistance, are covered in with fabric.
The ribs of the planes, which are cut out of the
solid, are secured in a very rigid manner to the
bottom plank, as indicated in fig. 1, with an
armoured wood fillet lying at the base of every
other V.
They are thus very readily detachable
or replaceable in case of breakage, or, if the
occassion arises, of alterating the aspect-ratio of
As the ribs are fixed to the curved
the planes.
bottom plank of the girder, the planes in endelevation are arched so as to have what might
be described as an increasing dihedral angle.
Secured, as they are, only by their front ends,
the ribs have a certain amount of flexibility,
which may or may not be a very advantageous

One of the next things to be done to aeroplanes is to make it possible to start the engine
without starting the propeller, and for this purpose a very light clutch is necessary.
The HeleShaw Company has provided this in a clutch
which only adds about 20 lbs. to the weight of
the machine, and will yet transmit 80 h. p., at
1,000 r. p. m., without increasing in any way
the load on the engine, for the thrust is all
taken on ball-bearings.
The construction is extremely simple, though it is impossible to describe
it
in detail in a note of this scope.

ex-

one

HELICES "NORMALE."

What

most attention to his stand, however, is

"wind-waggon."
That is to say. an automobile in which the back wheels are disconnected
from the shaft and the car propelled instead by
a propeller mounted on n. derrick above the
back of the car, and driven bv a chain from the
propeller-shaft of the car.
The Chauviere propeller is as well made as ever, and the same
desigri is retained for those used on the Gnome,
but in those for some other engines the thickest
attracts

the

of the blade is placed much closer to the

cutting edge, thus giving tlie section of the
Howblade a shape nearer the Phillips entry.
ever, from the thickest j>art to the entering edge
itself there
is,
in section, a straight line instead of the curve generally used, so that there
is a distinct corner where the resultant flat strip
from the entry to the hump joins the curved
rear part of the blade.
This somehow does not
fitrike
one as being in accord with accepted
stream-line section.
part

The Paulhan Biplane:

There

THE HELE-SHAW CLUTCH.

natural ele-

DE COSTER.

Critical

attached is both ingenious and neat.

The covering simply consists of a long piece of fabric
furnished with pockets which accommodate the
ribs.
The fabric is brought up against the bottom plank of the girder which forms a perfectly
stiff leading edge.
Fig. 2 shows the fabric attachment and also
the arrangement of the wing extremities.
The
cloth is in front held to the plank by loops of
twine passing over small cleats at top and bottom.
At the back end of the rib, as shown in fig. 3,
the fabric is drawn tight by a loop of twine
carrying a small ring which is held by a clip
something like a glove-fastener.
It will be seen
that this idea has several considerable advantages,
the principal one of which is that should the
fabric stretch it can be tightened, and, at the
same time, if broader planes be required a fresh
set of ribs and fabrics is all that is required and
a change from the narrow to the wide can be
made in a very short time.
The total lifting surface including that of the
elevator and of the tail is 300 sq. ft., the spread
of the planes being 38 feet.
With a view to
obtaining a machine which shall not require a
great deal of packing up, Paulhan has made his
biplane in a series of five easily assembled "cells."
The method of construction is clearly shown in
fig. 4.
First of all, there is the middle portion
of the planes which are rigidly held together by
thick vertical struts.
On each side of this is a
cell consisting of the outer portion of the planes,
while in front is the half of the fuselage carrying the elevator, and behind, the fuselage supporting the tail.
The centre cell is the keystone
of the whole machine, and everything is dependent upon it
The outer portions of the main planes have each
their own subsidiary vertical strut which
lies
alongside of the main struts of the middle cell
and is attached to it by a simple and ingenious
chrome-leather hinge having a plan form something like a very flat letter S.
This hinge is
secured at one end to the subsidiary strut and
at the other end to the main strut, a small distance-piece being interposed between them.
An exactly similar arrangement is used at the
upper end of the struts to join up the upper
wing-spars.
The hinge is secured to the main
is

strut by steel straps and tension-bolts, which allow the leather to be drawn up thoroughly tight.
The attachment of the front and rear portions
of the fuselage to the main vertical struts is extremely ingenious and workmanlike, whilst it is at

the

same time quite simple.

has

magnificent

range

of

propellers

on view,

each exhibit being of a special design for some

special combination of machine and engine.
For
instance, one finds propellers labelled, '*Antoinette 60 h. p.," "Antoinette 100 h. p.," "R. EP. 50 h. p.,^' "Bleriot-Gnome 50 h. p.," "EleriotGyp 40 h. p.," and others for Etrich, Paulham,
etc.
Truly, a wonderful array.
And the Nor-

male propellers are not all theory, for they are

proving their worth in practice, and several of
the best men in France are using them after
testing several makes.
In England, M. Prier,
chief pilot of the Bleriot school at Hendon, prefers the Normale to any other, and he certainly
gets wonderful results out of a mere three-cylinder air-cooled engine.
M. Ratmanoff is able to
make_ propellers for any machine on being given
certain data as to power, speed, and weight.

and Detailed Description

At any

rate, the makers claim that it is

one, and it is difficult to see how, given a sufficiency of rigidity, it can be otherwise.
The manner in which the fabric wing-covering

quality.

M. Ratmanofi, the manufacturer of the famous

"Normale" propellers, which are made to the
designs, and under the patents, of M. Drzwiecki,

The fuselage

pieces

are. in fact, pivoted to the strut by means of

a couple of half-round fillets on to which their

extension pieces fit, and against which they are

held bv a long U-shaped steel stirrup common to
They are thus
both front and back portions.
comparatively free to have a certain amount of
up-and-down motion, against which thev are. of
course, restrained by cables triangulating them
to the middle cell.
These stranded steel cables are worthy of note,
as they are nearly a quarter of an inch in diameter.
They are' the sort of thing one expects
to meet with on a yacht, and any one, we imagine,
would be amply strong enough to support the
weight of the entire machine.
Not only are they

strong, however, but particular care has been

taken to see that that strength is in no way impaired or threatened by passing them round small
or sharp anchorages.
As a mater of fact, wherever they are anchored they pass round a piece
of the framework not smaller in diameter than a

champagne

bottle.
~

Fig. 4 illustrates the novel way in which the

mam skid strut (the landing chassis is, broadly
speaking, on mixed Wright and Farman lines) is
attached to the struts of the middle cell, by means
of a simple loop of double chrome-leather, which
not only acts as an articulation but also to a
slight extent as a shock-absorber for the chassis.
Throughout the Paulhan biplane leather is everywhere used for hingejoints, and it is certainly
to be wondered at that this substance has not
previously been used to a larger extent in aeroplanes, for, besides forming a light joint, it
makes one practically unbreakable under any conditions.

The value of the cellular system of construction

described above is apparent from the fact that,
although the length over all of the Paulhan biplane is 25ft. 6in., and the spread 38ft., the whole
affair packs into a crate measuring 15ft. 6in. X
3ft.

In

3in.

3ft.

3in.

illustrated the arrangement of the

which, as in the Sommer and the
is capable of adjustment to suit
the load carried, but not. however, from the
pilot's seat,
all
the vertical movements of the
biplane being controlled by the elevator.
The tail
plane is built up in a manner similar to the
main planes, and also has the same quasi-dihedral
angle.
It
is
joined to the /n.yc/a^(? -booms by
fig.

monoplane

is

tail

Farman machine,

hinges

of chrome-leather held between pads of

wood, and so secured as not to require
any piercing of the fuselage or spar.
This undesirable operation is, in fact, avoided throughout
the machine.
The upper plank of the tail-spar is furnished
with a couple of ash levers, which project forward
and terminate each in a metal tongue, which slides
up and down in a tringulated wooden housing on
each fuselagc-hoom as shown.
Here the levers
can be secured in one of four positions by a
five-ply

key-pin.
It will be seen that each boom terminates in
a thick solid extremity round which are passed
the stranded cables, which triangulate the various
parts of tlie machine to each other.
Fig. 6 illustrates the bottom part of the vertical rudder and the tail skid, the function of the
latter being primarily to prevent damage to the
propeller.
The rudder-spar is exactly similar in
principle of construction to the other surfacespars, except that the ribs are straight instead of
being bent and that the spar is in duplicate for
This spar
the sake of strength and symmetry.
is rigidly secured to the fuselage simply by crossFrom each
bracings of stranded steel cables.
extremity of the spar three wires are taken, two
to the fuselage at each side and one forward to
At the bottom end a
the middle plane "cell."
In order to
double cable is taken to the skids.
allow the rudder to be freely moved the cables are
taken to special "eyes" formed of wood and
The rudder
leather, which thus form a hinge.
is
directly in front of the tail-plane and midway between the main fuselage-hooms.
The rear skid is articulated with a leather hinge.
as shown in fig. 6, the forward end being trussed
with cable to the top of the rudder-spar. In this

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii
way any

sliock sustained by it is distributed over

the whole of the rear part of the fuselage, whilst
the skid itself being of ash is suTTiciently springy
to take up any small shocks.
Another view of the hinge arrangement with
which the strut of the side plane-cell is connected up to that of the central cell is given in
tig. 7, which is designed to show the manner in
First of all the
which this hinge is attached.
single piece of chrome-leather is riveted to the
subsidiary strut; it then passes in each direction
round a small wooden distance-piece, and finally
round the main strut, to which it is attached with
stretcher-bolts pulling in opposite directions. The
brackets to support the latter are formed very
cleverly of sheet-steel, and have plates which pass
round the strut, where they art held by screws.
In order to detach one of the side-cells from
the main part of the machine it is only necessary
to undo their three stretcher bolts, at the top and
bottom and to throw off the wing-warping wires
This operation, it will be seen, is a
(if any).
mere matter of seconds, and it is for this reason
that Paulhan claims that his machine can practically be used with a hangar, but little bigger than
The dissembling of the entire maa cart-shed.
chine takes not mucli more than half-an-hour altogether, but to get it into a quite small and
narrow shed would only require the removal of
In our opinion this quality of
the side cells.
easy housing is one which in the future will be
regarded as of vital importance, and we scarcely
think that at the present time, apart from the
case under discussion, enough attention is being

given to

it.

The
Fig. 8 is an illustration of the skid-strut.
strut is a sturdy piece of ash fixed to the long
ash skid in the very simple manner shown and
furnished with a ridge, round which pass the
various staying wires of the chassis d' after rissage.
The skid itself is triangular in shape, and extends forward and upward as far as the elevatorplane, to the booms of which it is attached by

397

possible movement appears to be equally

well allowed for, so much so that the use of a
rubber buffer appears to be quite unnecessary.
It might be thought that the running gear would
be too rigid for running over rough ground, but
against this it must be remembered that the attachment of the skid-struts is to a certain extent
elastic, and, further, that the wheels can obtain
a large measure of "spring" from the skids themselves, since the latter are hinged to their struts
and project forward a long distance without beThe general arrangement
ing braced in any way.
of the skids is indicated in fig. 10.
The leather coupling-joint which couples the
forward end of the skid to the link which
connects up to the end of the elevator-boom is

every

Provision is made to prevent

illustrated in fig. 11.
the link from being knocked out of position by a
sudden shock to the skid by means of a couple
of wooden plates.
The chrome-leather is fixed
simiunder a couple of five-ply wooden pads.
lar joint is employed at the other end of the

link.

In

12

fig.

is

seen a sketch of the construction

and attachment of the lever on the elevator-plane.

It is simply held with a couple of bolts, the heads
of which pass through a riveted copper plate. The
thickness of the upper end of the lever is sufficThe
ient to prevent any side-to-side movement.
same sketch shows the connection of the elevator
control-rod with a leather loop.
The nacelle, enclosing and supporting the pilot's
and passenger's seats, the large petrol tank, and
the 50 h. p. Gnome engine, is made of aluminium
and of a shape calculated to offer very little
resistance.

Its

principal

peculiarity

is

that

it

is

only attached to the machine by means of crosstruss wires, set so as to hold it both laterally
and longitudinally rigid. It will be seen that the
thrust of the propeller is also taken through
The advantages of this system are
these wires.
obvious enough, for in case of any repair being necessary on the engine the casting loose of
wheels
Farman-type
The
double
joints.
leather
some dozen wires will allow the whole engine bed
occupy a position about 1ft. 6in, behind the skid and nacelle to be freed.
strut; fig. 9 shows how they are mounted.
Further, the natural springiness of the whole
imagine that this is the lightest possible way in construction of the machine's framework will, we
which an axle could be suspended, especially as imagine, in case of sudden accident, allow the
in the successful tests which Paulhan has made nacelle (which is the most weighty part of the
with his machine no rubber band as shown in the structure) sufficient "give" to avoid serious breakThis, as a matter of age of the fuselage.
sketch has yet been fitted.
We should think, too, that
fact, was simply put in upon M. Paulhan inform- the use of such a boat-shaped body on a biplane
ing us that it was his intention to fit one in is economical of power, for although it adds a
the future.
few pounds of weight, the amount of headWhen one looks at this wheel-mounting it is resistance it obviates must be proportionately very
certainly difficult to imagine why nobody has
large indeed.
done it before, for. with the minimum of trouble,
The control-gear consists of a wheel which
expense and material, an arrangement is obtained
forward or pulled backward operwhich is scarcely less effective than the Farman when pushed
and when turned on its axis
or Sommer type, in which steel tubular radius- ates the elevator,
These two organs appear
rudder.
rods, universal joints, and buffer-springs to pre- controls the
means of control, no- method of
sole
the
machine
to
be
Paulhan
In
the
vent side-play are used.

We

obtaining

lateral

stability
being fitted

by

such

devices

as

wing-warping
upon the Paulhan machine which was on view at tlie Paris Salon.
We have examined several photographs of the
machine with which flights have been made at
St. Cyr, but we can find no trace of the presence
It can, therefore,
only
of wing-warping wires.
be concluded that no stabilising device is employed, in which case no doubt, tlie flexibility of
the trailing edge of the wings is relied upon
to furnisli some automatic effect.
The principal advantages claimed by M. Fabre
for the

of

first

and patented constructional sysused on the Paulhan machine are,

original

tem which

is

great

all,

strength

and

rigidity;

second,

low head-resistance;

third, avoidance of the use

and their consequent liability to
loose or to break (apart from their headresistance, which is considerable)
fourth, assistance by the cellular form of the girders to automatic lateral stability; and, fifth, ease in assembling the units of which the machine is composed
Of these, numbers two and four remain to
be proved, but all known data go decidedly in
the
favo
iber
of critics mentioned "big
headresistance" as the principal objection, but there
is no reason why the girders, if properly designed,
should err at all badly in this respect.
There is
no doubt that if the planks were placed close to-

of

truss- wires

come

they would undoubtedly produce a very

bad form as far as streamline flow is concerned,
gether

for the lines of air-flow would in that case considerably interfere with one another.
As a matter of fact they are placed relatively as far apart
as are the planes in several successful biplanes,
can
raised.
that
little
or
no
objection
be
so
deny that the diagonal
It would be idle to
additional head-resistance,
pieces impose
filling
especially at the apices of the V's, but there is a
possibility that this loss may be made up by
some degree of automatic stability, though in any
case the resistance cannot be very high probably
not more than that of an ordinary sized cartype radiator.
As to this automatic stability, time alone can
justify this claim for the inventor, but it is as
well to note that a similar cellular formation,
only carried out to a much larger extent, has
been used by Professor Graham-Bell for the
express object of achieving a natural stabilising

effect.
It is, perhaps, looking too far ahead to discuss
the flying possibilities of a Paulhan machine bereft

part of its planes, but the speed

to fly to sustain itself
present it weighs 800 lbs., which
is
by no
the Fabre construction
means heavy) comes out (theoretically) at less
than 120 miles per hour, assuming the flying
speed of the present machine to be 45 m.p.h.
of

the

at

which

(as

fabric

made

shows

it

would have

at

that

SOME CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

By W. H. Phipps

Fig. 1.
Shows the tail-joint used on the
Curtiss single-surface racer. Th
conjunction with the front

in

H. Farman machine.
Fig.

2.

Illustrates

joint

to the double skids on t

plane and also shows the collar to which are
fastened the stay-wires.
Fig. 3.
Shows the shock absorbing tail-wheels
used on, an English monoplane.

right

Illustrates the patented shock-absorber

Fig.
to the Hanriot monoplane.
Fig,
Shows an ordinary turnbuckle
device for locking same, as used on the

^Shows the interior construction of the

Fig. 4.
Hanriot fuselage.

Illustrates the general appearance and

Fig. 8.
construction of the Bleriot shock-absorber.

Shows the double skid arrangement

Fig. 9.
used on the latest Bleriot single-seaters.
fitted
Shows the Antoinette skid fitted with
Fig. 10.
fitted
6.
an aluminum spoon, to prevent it digging into
with a
the ground.
Wilcox biplane.
Illustrates an ingenious joint used on
Fig. 11.
Shows the construction of the sliding
Fig. 7.
the new Cody biplane.
collar used on the Bleriot shock-absorber.
S.

AIRCRAFT

398

January, ipii

THE PRESSEY AUTOMATIC CONTROL

By

and Patentee

aviator in his seal.

be applied to
tor illnsl,:Uion,
a

III'

may

liuL

il

inil.li

'.il

At

B. J. Pressey, Inventor

^..Js of Llio HKiiii planes ami niitlway betwccn, .ire the lateral balancing planes 5.
The
aviator' s seat 6 is carried by yoke 7; suspended
tl

L^,

I'm.-

liy

.ni.l

.-ifl

X,

-.li.-ift

llM-

brioR nmiintecl

bill,.,-

liii-h
.ilU
|iii

Il

pl^le"

n,

II

Ii'i'

"'

11

III

li|>|iinr
I

.11111

li'-.iiMiK

.ii

III

uiaill

,t

"Hill

II

In

.ml seat.
lion is

III

I'l'

nil'

plane,

are

Hills

'I

To the
made In
H, wlii,

siToroii

is

.-i.tiik

lever

irom

main

siiii|..ii icii

.mils I.I IkII ,.,;iU levers 16,

mil I?, uhirli Ikis an eye 18
Hiiial
mil |ii, oxtending for-

eoiir

l-rllv
.

r.

"1
e.lK.i

,lr|

low

the

high

in

.simboard

111.
1.11.

lily

i.l.nir

ill

;;

"

lis

,|1

will

-.-"IK-

raise

the

In, -ward

,1,

I,,,,,

r.ins.i.,,
ill-

.'

ii,

I1IIU-,

.11111

lil.nir

down-

dips

rod 17

the

and Ibe starboard

i...liii,.il,

s..

1.1'

ll""l.v
.""I

-"I''.

plane

side,

^larboa^d,

III

III);'.

ImiriiiK
"'--'il.

main

the

llii

..11

il

HTrct on
upon the

,,,

elTeet

Sid
01

:ird

'

lull mill

.111

and

li.il.iiicInK

aft

planes,

dip of
20-23,

from bar 9, is an arm 26,

I'liiuH'lcd by rod 27 to arm 28 projectilK
h'.iiii
forward balaiiciiiK plane 20
III
'"
""< .111 iHiii.rliiiK downwardly

111'

iipwavd

'I

I'll.""
.!..
I'l.ii"'.

111''.

M.

III. I'll'

im.ii.l

iiini

ii|,

,,i

iiHi

III

Wli.'ii,
III,.

ih.-

therefore.
part of
position

i.,m':ird
\(irtical

by arm 26 will cause forward balancing plane 20

to tip so as to raise its forward edge, and the
aft balancing plane 23 to tip so as to depress its

forward edge, both balancing planes thereby

causing the aeroplanes, as a whole, to be brought
back to an even keel.

A reverse action takes place when the main

plane tips backwardly.
If the main plane should tip forwardly or
backwardly and to either side, all four balancing
planes would be brought into action.
It

is

absolutely

necessary,

in

making a turn,

an aeroplane should be inclined, or banked,

degree proportional to the radius of the curve,
ilu- spi.^.l
of the aeroplane.
This invention
Kuis 111.' iK'snciil result with absolute certainty.
Jl
111''
:ivi;iliir.
for example, desires to turn to
liu'
liBiit.
he would first manipulate vertical
rudder 3.
The aeroplane would begin to turn.
that

to a
.mil

i^/^. 2.

At this instant, centrifugal force would come into action, and cau.se the aviator in his seat to
swing outwardly to an extent just In proportion
to the speed and the radius of the curve.
The
outward swing of the seat causes the port balancing plane 5 to he so inclined as to present
its under surface to the air pressure, whereas the
u]iper

surface

of

the

starboard

plane

is

pre-

sented.
This would immediately cause a banking of the main plane to the degree where said
main plane would be at right angles to the suspended weight (the aviator in his seat), thus al-

lowing the curve to be negotiated with

safety.

By

this

system,

may

^>

any

absolute
reasonable curve

be taken at any speed desired with the certainty that automatic control will
render the
operation absolutely safe.
It has, for some time, been
recognized, that
practical automatic control must eventually come
through^ the agency of the pendulum.
In this system here illustrated, a pendulum of
ample weight is secured and the pendulum is
under absolute control.
Not a pound of excess weight is carried, and
no complicated mechanism is required.
The system, ns a whole, is offered as a practical solution
of the problem of automatic control.

^-

CLUB NEWS
Aero Club

of

America

The following are a list of officers and governors of the Aero Club of America:
President, Alan A. Rvan; first vice-president,
C.
McCoy; second vice-president, Dave
H. Morris; third vice-president, James A. Blair,
Jr.;
treasurer, Charles Jerome Edwards; secretary not yet selected.
James

Governors Cortlandt

Field Bishop, James A.

Cbas. Jerome Edwards. Lyttleton Fox,
Gillepsie, Alan R. Hawley, William
Miller, James C. McCoy, Dave H. Morris,

Blair,

no

uttees nam
nd grievani..

of the

Jr..

Lawrence L.

W.

Maior Sam. Reber. U. S. A., Alan A. Ryan, The other members of this committee being
Samuel H. Valentine, Albert B. Lambert, Dr. Messrs, Frank S. Lahm, Edward W. Mix, Hart
A, F. Zahm, A. Lawrence Rotch, Rodman Wana- O. Berg and Dave Hennen Morris.
maker, Jerome H. Joyce, Russell A. Alger, Harold
Mr, Dave Hennen Morris is the chairman of
McCormick, II. La V. Twining,
the Committee on Grievances and his associates
The Nominating Committee chosen at the meet- are Messrs, W. W. Niles and Arthur Johns,
These
are
the
other
standing
committees
December 3d, reported a list of standing named:
nittees.
Executive Committee The president, ex-oflicio;
Cortlandt
lirman of the
ilr.

F.

Bishop

was

Committee on

new
named

Foreign

ones.

as the
Affairs.

the

first

vice-president,

ex-ofncio;

the

treasurer,

ex-officio;
William W. Miller, Colonel Samuel
Reber. U. S. A., Colonel Jerome H. Joyce, James
A. Blair, Jr.

AIRCRAFT

January, ipil

committee).
Robert A. C. Smith, Fred<
Battcrshall, Ira Barrows, Lawrence
ick
S.
Gillespie, J. Lawrence Van Alen,
'lip
Comnuttee Lawrence L. GiUesp
les
George F. Baker, J
J. Parke Channing,
E. Knoblaugh, Nicholas F. Brady.
Law Committee .Littleton Fox, William W.
Miller and Philip T. Dodge (two o.thers to be
appointed).
Auditing Co7nmittee George M. Kirkner, W.
D. Gash and Walter T. Rosen.
Campbell
Wood,
F.
Library Committee G.
Howard Huntington, Otto Luyties, F. G. C.
Lyon and A. Lawrence Rotch.
Committee on Aviation Grounds A. Holland
Forbes, Augustus Post, Henry S. Harkness, G.
F. Campbell Wood and Philip W. Wilcox.
Committee on Models and Design Henry A.
Wise Wood, Russell A. Alger, Dr. J. C. Eberhardt, Cyril Crimmins and Carl Dienstbach

added by

be

the

House Committee

S.
Committee John F. CVRourke,
Hugh L. WiUoughby, Edgar Meye
and Clifford E. Dunn.
Zahm,
Dr.
A.
F.
Aerodynamics
Committee on
Major Henry B. Hersey, Peter Cooper Hewitt,
M. E. Sellers and A. Lawrence Rotch.
Commitee on Spherical Balloons Alan R. HawMcCoy, A. Holland Forbes, Luke J.
ley, J. C.
Minahan and James W. E
Balloons Lieutenant
Committee on Diri^ibh
Charles J, Glidden,
Frank P. Lahi
Batchelder and Cortlandt
Augustus Post,
1

'

Bishop.

F.

Committee
Charles
Bell

A.

and

I.

Aviation

on

Charlci
Coll

M.

ng

the

council

399

:il,
and
Cummittee Colunel Samuel Reber, U. of tin
W. Redmond Cross, Dr. J. Wesley Bovee, Club o America.
of the
G.
Henry II. Clayton, (with two other membe

Club at

was

the

giv. !n

its

right

56,000 cubic foot balloon is now being built

by Mr. Leo Stevens for the Club; it will be
looked after by the Pittsfield Aero Club from
whose grounds most of the balloon flights will
be made.

last
to

n and th ; Executive Comr

i
name its cha rman.
ed
as
Vice
The Executiv i Committee
rmon, George
lirmen. Mess rs. Clifford B
Cortlandt F.
M. Myers, J. C. Eberhardt
King Duffy; TreasBishop: Secretary, Mr. J
urer, Colonel Jerome H
Joyce.
for the
_ plan

As a sub-committee tc
,
.1
revision of the conslilution and by-laws of the
council in accordance with the resolutions adopted
the council's meeting this commitbce
at
-....
Ryan, J.
K. Duff^ and
named: Messrs. Allan A. 'Ryan",
f.'K."Du{iy
A. T. Atherholt.

New

'

sey filed nape

tary of State
quarters
of th
,u
'I
Ihe '""orpo
incorporators
Will;
P- _Ward, Wil

..

Augustus
Post,
[lo^ttger,
, ,-. , Willi:

he Alto Club of New Jerincorporation in the SecreThe headat Trenton.

will be in Hackensack.
named arc Messrs, Harry
[.
Jacobs, James K. Duffy,
Prinkraan,
riiiKiuan,
Theodore
aucouuic
R.
.

Eager

Alfred Morrell and

W.

Wright,

J.

New

Flyer' Club
day evening, December 4th,

Jersey Aero Club

On Deccn

Dartmouth Club
gathering

...^...^.. of
. the New Flyers' Qub took place , Dartmouth College student:
, members
of
York, where they -feasted Dartmouth A iro Club a
^t Delmonicos, !
ous points of their organi- ^or expenme -ital purpo
^nd discussed the
zation.
At this meeting it was learned that
Aero Club of California
temporary organization had been affected a short
previously and that
ttec announced on DecemThe Aviation Committee
called within three or fou
that
the Los Angeles meet will be held
9th,
a permanent organization.
Wil3, inclusive.
Mr. Le Roy Taylor is the organ izer of the from December 25th to January
been giving bur Wright and Glenn H Curtiss will attend as
Flyers' Qiib, while Leo Stevens
rioxsey,
Brookii
following aviators: jsrooKins,
well as the toJlowing
wc-U
m vahiahlp acsitlanrp in the work
WiUard Mars,
ThrClub'staris wTth a ehartrr membership of and Parmalee of the Wright team team;
Latham
Curtiss
principally of members Rly, and Johnson of the
members, composed princiiially
Samuel F, Pcrkii
of the Lambs' Club (.a theatrical
lifting kites.
Larchmont Yacht Club
Racquet Club, and the Aero Club of
q^Jj
America. It is intended that charter memberPacific Aero Club
,

"

'

cups

ship

Munn, Robert J.
La V. Twining.

will

be

given

for

the

longest

flight

The meet to be held under the auspices of the

Pittsfield, Mass., North Adams, Mass., or
remain Pacific Aero Qub at San Francisco in January,
to
the competition
Mass.,
Springfield,
open to a member of any aero club from April promises to be a great success. Among the flyers
will appear are Latham, Brookms, Parmalee,
There
are
to
be
who
I,
1912.
to
1911,
January
1,
Masson 'Inactive, Active and .Mars, Ely, Willard, Radley, Baldw
three classes
from

National Council Meeting

'

At a meeting
Club

Aero

the

of

Amcric

of

National Council of the

held at the Waldorf

Astoria Hotel, Tuesday, December 6th, 1910, the

following delegates wen present:
Aero Club of Ameri. a Dave Hennen Morris
and William W. Miller; Milwaukee -Cortlandt
H.
BaltimoreJerome
(proxy)
Bishop,
F.
Joyce; Buffalo John M. Satterfield; California
George B. Harrison; Canton, Ohio R. H. UpDayton, Ohio^r. J^ C. ^Eberhardt, _Dayton
Dr, ^'^
"^'
'
"'
F.berhardt
(proxy)
Aeronai.t''""! riith
""
"
^
Harvard Aeronautical Society James V. Martin;
G. A.
Intercollegiate Association (Philadelphia)

Garros.

Pilots.

THE CLERGET MOTOR

'

'

Richardson; Illinois Mr. Lougheed; Kansas W.

George M. Myers;
B. Strang; Kansas City, Mo.
New England Mr.
Alger;
Michigan Russell
Bishop (proxy); Pennsylvania Arthur T. Atherholt; Pittsfield, Mass. L. J. Minnahan; Pasadena,
Cal.W. E. Scarritt (proxy); St. LouisAllan
Saratoga Springs George A.
A. Ryan (proxy)
Farnham; Washington, D. C, Dr. Albert Francis
Zahm; New Jersey James King Duffy; PittsRochester Frederick
Duffy
(proxy)
Mr.
burg

J.

Dollinger;

Pacific

Israel

The connecting

g^ Clerget aviation motor is of the 4(.y^ig type, water-cooled, and of very light weight.
bore
jj^ four vertical cylinders are of 110 m/i
stroke; its horsepower is
120
neighborhood of 50 at 1650 revolutions, its normal
speed.
The cylinders are of cast-iron, turned internally
The water-jaiicts are attached
and externally.
to the cylinders by an electrolytic process rendering them water-tight.
The pistons are of special alloys and are ex,j[j^

e of
section

'

m/m

Ircmely

rods,

which are also very

treated
shaped.

specially
is

nickel-steel;

their

light,

cross-

nickel-steel crank-shaft is carried on

specially-disposed ball bearings^ which enable
short crank-case to be used, with a resultant
iving of weight, without any undue sacrifice of
rength
The crank-case is of aluminum especially
Both intake and exhaust
rengthencd by ribs.
lives are of large diameter and mechanically

The hollow

five

light.

a&4

Ludlow.

The afternoon session of the council was devoted to the appointment of committees and
hearing the report of the Committee on CredenThe committees named were:
tials.
On Credentials Colonel J. H. Joyce, Dave
Hennen Morris and W. B. Strang.

Resolutions W.

On
and

Dr.

A.

V.

Myers,

Allan

A.

W.

Miller,

J.

K.

Duffy

Zahm.

On Nominations

Ryan,
Dr.

Eberhardt, G. M.
Colonel Joyce and Dr.

J.

C.

Zahm.
At the night meeting, Mr, Robert J, Collier
was elected chairman of the National Council,
in accordance with the report of the Committee
on Nominations which had unanimously named
him for that position. He also received all the
voUs of the delegates to the National Council L
i

with the exception of one not voting.

In its report, which was adopted in

full,

the

Nominating Committee also named this Executive

Arthur T. Atherholt, Pennsylvania;
Committee:
Cortlandt F. Bishop, representing the New England -Aero Club; Robert T. Collier, Aero Club
of .America; James King 'Duffy, Aero Qub of
New Jersey; Dr. J, C. Eberhardt, Aero Club of
Dayton; Clifford B. Harmon, Aero Qub of
George B, Harrison, Aero Club of
-America;
Jerome H. Joyce, -Aero Club of
California;
Baltimore: A, B. Lambert, Aero Club of St.
Louis; George M. Myers, Aero Club of Kansas
City; James E. Plew, Aero Club of Illinois;
George A. Richardson, Intercollegiate Aeronautical .Association: .Allan .A. Ryan, Aero Oub of
.America: John M. Satterfield, Saratoga Springs
Qub, and Dr. .A. F. Zahm, Washington, (V. C.)

operated; they are so constructed that the sum of

is greater than the bore of each

their diameters
cylinder.

The exhaust valve-rods slide telescopically inside

Ivc-rods, the whole conthe hollow adi
shaft per cylinder,
necfed to one c
On the iame side of the motor are situated;
carbureter, centrifugal water-pump and high ten-

Club.

In accordance with the resolutions the ExecuCommittee is to formulate suggestions within

the next sixty days and transmit these to the
memlsers of the National Council, whose recommendations are to come before the council at
which will occur on the first
its next meeting,

sion

Tuesday

in

April.

The Executive Committee is also to name its

own chairman, four vice-chairmen, secretary and
purpose the committee held
a meeting immediately aftei the adjournment of
Heretofore the chairman of the
the council.
Executive Committee has also been the chairman

treasurer.

For

this

magneto.

small force-feed oil

the crank-case.

tive

pump

is

at

the base of

complete, with accessories here described, weighs 163 lbs. and is usually coupled
direct to the propeller.
In special cases, when it is desired to run the
motor at a slower speed, it is fitted
fly-wheel
steel
light-weight
cially
constructed
weighing 37 lbs.
The measurements on the scale-drawings are in
millime'.res (2
millimetre to one inch).

The motor

AIRCRAFT

400

January, 1911

SCALE DRAWINGS OF EUROPEAN MACHINES

By John Jay
At

the request of several

readers

we

Ide

publish these drawings of well-known aeroplanes

curiously enough not one machine of these

types has so far been imported into America.

HANRIOT MONOPIrANU.

I.

Span, 38 feet 6 in.

Ivcngth, 33 feet.
Weight, 836 lbs.
Area, 25 sq. metres.

FARMAN MONOPLANE.

H.

Span, 23 feet 6 in.

Length, 28 feet.
Weight, 660 lbs.
Area, 17 sq. metres.

FARMAN RACING BIPLANE.

Span, 34 feet.
Length, 40 feet.
Weight. 880 lbs.
Area, 35 sq. metres.

SOME IMPRESSIONS OF THE BELMONT MEET

By Henry A. Wise Wood

HEN

the Wrights first rose from the ground under

power, and the art of flying was born, a cataclysmic
upheaval must have occurred in the world's storehouse of future events. At least such seems to have
been the composite of impressions left upon most

minds by the Belmont Park meet. When analyzed that event

naturally falls into many subjects, and must be approached from
as many points of view. Did it pay? Was it good sport? What
that

is

new

did

it

soj^hically speaking.

teach of the physics of flight? and, philo-

What

did

it

foreshadow? are

all

questions

that arise to be answered.

Considered

financially, the meet seems to have met with a

There are some who think this the good fortune of
the meet earned a large profit, the standing as
sportsmen of those who conducted it might have suffered in proportion as their profits were great. Of course the meet was hurt
at the start by the cry that its sponsors had commercialized flying, that they were conducting the tournament solely for its gate
receipts, and in the interests of the Wright Company.
To one,
like the writer, who was in daily position to know, the events

small loss.

the sport.

Had

proved the Wrights to be the recipients of no favors whatever.

On the contrary, they, like Latham, Grahame-White and Moisant,
were incessantly at work, and every winning they madfe was
more than well earned. Indeed, the Wrights brought to Belmont Park far more than they took away from it; and amid a
shower of protests upon all sorts of matters, no one can be recalled that was lodged against their awards.
As for the other
charge, it may frankly be said that the gates were perhaps too
rigorously closed to all but the paying public a restriction which
was resented by the flyers, and many others who gave their
time and service to make of the affair a success. But aside from
this not the slightest parsimony was shown.
The most lavish
expenditures, on the contrary, were freely made, and the writer
every
call
from
the
for
supplies or men
can testify that
sheds
was promptly and almost extravagantly met. When, for instance, it was found that many of the airmen had neglected to
arrange for gasoline or lubricants, a liberal supply was instantly provided and continuously maintained, which was freely
given them without cost. No charge of niggardliness can, there

fore, lie for a

moment

against the management.

AIRCRAFT

January, ipll
There is this
upon business

to be said

principles.

on behalf of conducting sucli an affair

Flying is still so novel that experi-

enced flyers will not assemble unless large prizes of money are
forthcoming. This burden, and the heavy operating costs of a
meet, make it necessary that a large fund be provided or underbeing impossible to secure by gift more than a small
money required, the financing of such an event
resolves itself into the questions of making expenditure come
within funds in hand, and of seeing that gate receipts and conwritten.

It

portion of the

cessions cover cost.

be held at

all,

Up

to this point, if interesting

the balance sheet

must be kept clearly

meets are to
in view but
;

to carry flying out of the category of a self-supporting sport into

a moneymaking enterprise is to lessen its dignity by

lowering its tone, and thus drive out of it the class of sportsmen
who spend money on their pleasures, but refuse to profit by them.
From an engineering standpoint the Gnome engine was the
that of

most striking success of the Belmont Fly. Simple, light, comand unfailing, this little motor may be said to have pointed
the way along which solutions of the power question are to be
found. With the Wright "baby" racer held up in midair by an
engine gone dead, and Hamilton's machine unable to start both
in America's critical hour
to say nothing of Ogilvie's Wright on
the ground for repairs, that diminutive, waterless, pocketful of
called
the
Gnome,
played its part with never a hitch,
power, well
and gave to the only other nations that competed the Gordon
Bennett honors. And for the difficult and dangerous Statue of
Liberty flight which inexorably called for certainty of continuous performance no other motor so much as left the ground.
It is the writers belief that American engineers should abandon
at once their efforts to apply the power plant of the motor car
to the work of flying. Let them master the principles so admirably expressed in the Gnome engine, and put them to better use
pact,

if

they can.

Its

seem unerringly

constructors, alone ainong

all

other designers,

to have sensed the precise needs of flight.

By

having made of their cylinders the rotor weight is lessened,

while each cylinder, vmshielded by its neighbor, not only
is thrust but is laterally whirled as well, through an oncoming
cooling bath of air. Thus much weight and a lot of space are
saved, and any need for cooling water, with its complicated and
troublesome plant, is wholly absent. It should be borne in mind
that the normal speed of flight is at present between 40 and 60
miles an hour and is rapidly increasing, and that one is usually
far enough from the ground to escape the reflected heat of sunbaked road or field, which the motor-car must suffer. Also, that
an airplane is usually driven at a constant speed and its engine
not subjected to the heat variations to which the six-to-sixty-

miles-an-hour of the motorist subjects his power plant. All are advantages in favor of the flight engine therefore much that is

401

work and they the

only after a thoroughgoing per-

flying, usually

sonal inspection.

In another respect, aside from that of power, may the

hand of the French now be seen selecting the principles which
seem destined to govern the future development of form.
The early days of the automobile come pointedly to mind.
While here we were blindly hitching an engine any old
where in, under, or behind a cart, the French calmly put it
where the horse had stood and forever settled the question
of motor car form.
The airplane, similarly, is undergoing
modification.
In abandoning all head control and placing aft
their elevator, the French seem again to have pointed in the
right direction.
That this is so both of our native schools
admit.
The Wrights already have lengthened their tail and
set their elevator aft, while Curtiss, in his racing monoplaneand-a-half shown but not used at Belmont Park had so

constructed

it

that

its

elevator, set as usual ahead, could instantly

removed and another, aft, employed instead. The Wright

warping seems, on the other hand, to have become
firmly fixed in French practice, while independent stablizers,
in the form of hinged auxiliary wings, appear gradually to be
passing from use.
Fear of the Wright patent, perhaps, is the
be

principle of

In thus exchang-

only remaining local reason for their retention.

ing salient features, the leading types of both nations are coming

more of

possess

to

supposed to

exist.

was
Wright from

difficult for

it

a common resemblance
When seen from beneath

was near

Bleriot that

than
at

is

generally

a great height

the writer to distinguish the "light roadster"

it.

width, and of
improved the speed
quality, as well as the appearance, of the Wright machine.
But Brookins' disastrous glide, and some peculiarities of behavior of Ogilvie's "light roadster," would indicate that in their
new small headless model the Wrights have not as yet placed
their weights to the best advantage.
Were driver and engine
set a bit further aft, it would appear to be easier than it is
to keep these little Wrights head-up.
Still, this is merely a

Reductions

transverse

of

space

inter-plane

seem

spread,

greatly

to

of

plane

have

detail.

If the Gnome engine furnished the Americans with a sensation,

no less did the miniature headless Wrights startle the French.
Those who stood among the foreign flyers during that early
morning trial spin of Orville Wright, in his "baby grand," can
testify to its effects upon their spirits and hopes.
As one of
them said, they felt that the masters once more had spoken
and they had. As the lumbering stage-coach of the air the
Wright machine had been safely dismissed from the minds of
the flyers who were here for the Gordon Bennett when sudden-

This the
inventors of the Gnome saw and carried into practice, while we
Yankees have been unable to break with tradition.

necessary to the engine of the road can be eliminated.

Another superiority we must

yield

the

French

lies

quality of the general construction of their airplanes.

mont

the exquisite

in

At

Bel-

have called to their aid highly trained wood, metal, and fabric
workers, while the American jack-of-all-trades clever and handy
but unskilled apparently made every part of his own machine
and clapped them all together by sheer force of intention. The
features of specialization and the lack of it were characterDuring preparations for
istically illustrated throughout the meet.
one of the events the writer found Hoxsey grinding his own
valves, Hamilton toting water for his radiator and Latham
changing his gloves. There is this to be said, however, for the

Yankee man-of-all-work idea no American ran out of gasoline aloft, while two Frenchmen grounded in important events
one, Leblanc, in the Gordon Bennett, thereby losing the Cup
:

had unwisely relied upon their mechanicians

were full
It was, however, the English

airmen who

settled

upon the best method

their

mechanics did the

insect-like

infant shot out of

and every calculation instantly went

tenderly

thereafter the

little

thing was

the evening before the race, a heavy

how

gently and cautiously

it

wind put
was trundled

out between gusts and snugly stowed for the night in one of
the

wooden

splinters

to

solely because they

How

When,

nursed.

hurrying,

tent into the air,

the tents in jeopardy,

workmanship of Antoinette and Bleriot made

The French seem

to see that their tanks

Wright

by the board.

the

the native machine look painfully home-made.

that queer-looking,

ly

is

sheds.

and

Next day

it

came home,

the Gnome-driven Bleriot had

beside the point, which

is

a snarl of wire

and

But

this

its

way.

that this reassertion of their claim

supremacy by the Wrights served but to emphasize the

profound admiration in which they are held by the French.
When it came to wind work the Wrights and Latham were
freely granted a monopoly of the air by all other participants
in the fly.
Then Bleriot, Curtiss, and Farman hugged the
ground.
The mention of wind brings up for discussion the
two remaining vulnerable points, of the first class, of the air
to

plane.

All

modern machines,

in

greater or less degree, are in

danger when flanked by the wind. It is then that the plane

driver must supply with his skill what the machine itself lacks
of autostability.
While Johnstone and Hoxsey proved that a
steady wind, even of 60 to 70 miles velocity, can easily be
dealt with, the fact remains that no machine flown at Belmont
was gust-proof. And it is the gust-proof machine that we

AIRCRAFT

402

January, igii

must have before amateurs with family comiections can com-

realization

In the urgent desire for a swift, sure,

and easy dead-ahead performance, lateral aspect seems to have
been neglected; and it is largely with this that search for gustproof principles must concern itself. Directly bearing upon this

suddenly to

fortably take to wing.

the subject of materials.

is

to say that

wood and woven

It

may

be thought too forehanded

fabric must go, but the writer

is

not without reason for his belief that the all-metal machine is
Even the further
a thing almost of the imm-ediate future.
assurance of safety to be got through a construction that is
A gasoline fire high in the
fireproof will be no small gain.

aboard a rushing thing of wood and canvas is not beyond

More power and
the normal possibilities of present day flight.
the cooperation of the skilled metallurgist will shortly, however,
Then, even
rid the infant. Airplane, of his swaddling clothes.
air

that "dear old lady," of

at

be

last

whom

everybody seems

found enjoying herself aloft

in

possibly

search,

over

may

Phila-

turn

of flight.

From

the

now from the machinery of flying to the philosophy

What changes are to come of this, our new faculty?
beginnings of the race we have lived on the flat.

True, we have climbed above ground, and burrowed beneath

and occasionally have floated away on a bubble of gas but
it

never

till

space.
in kind,

are

Indeed, were
huge assets.
from our daily thought its

subtracted

be

there
latest

we fly, how dejected and

While the added courage it
has given man in the battle for mastery he is waging with
surrounding Nature, is an immense strengthening of the world's

possession, the knowledge that at last

we

dull

should return to labor.

And these are

arm.

No

sport?

but the spiritual gains of

we come

Finally,

other for a

Daring and

men

In other sports
their bones

else

are

tauntingly

so

of the
flying.

challenged.

bet their time, or their money, or sometimes

they wager their

this

in

What
moment seems comparable with

nowhere

skill

flight.

to the question of the hour:

To

lives.

the elements

of chance and skill flying adds that of danger, and thus arouses

The

the primal instincts of sportsmanship.

to

in

of

miind,

feet

of

L,atham

desperate

in

pictures that

of

dive

three

come

thousand

Hoxsey and Johnstone passing sternwise from view

a sixty-five mile blow; of the projectile-like nineteen laps

of Leblanc, which ended so disastrously, and the boyish Drexel,

delphia.

To

either

of

No

now

have we

previous race

nor,

it

is

commanded the third dimension of

movement can be compared with this

the writer's belief, in the profound changes

which, perhaps too silently for easy observation, it already has

The very nature and strength of the
begun to inaugurate.

hope of easier and more interesting conditions of life, as well

as the prospect that we are about to enter upon a stirring
drama of titanic proportions -wholly aside from the actual

continually plugging

away out

of sight to fetch that ten thous-

andth foot of height poor Johnstone almost got,

that for breathless interest cannot be paralleled
sport.

of

While

three

that

mad

the

to

life

track.

On

across-roof flight to Liberty and back,

silhouetted

their respective finishes varying

furnished a climax that must have

Roman

charioteer,

had

his

mum>my been

at

behalf of the beauty of the sport but a single

memory need be
is

events

any other

dare-devils

aerial

only by seconds, mind you

stirred

recall
in

given; the westerly

against the

mark

gaunt,

towerlike

sky at sunset, while between them,

turning and banked against the glow, gracefully sweeps Latham,

philosopher and aristocrat,

in his

superb Antoinette machine.

MODEL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

By W. H. Phipps

f'i.3

C=^

constructing
Fig 3 Shows a simple method of
ratio of four
a geared rubber motor with a gear

motor

'

the

4_is

Fir^'

motor

to

suggestion

for

fitting

Farman type model.

attached as to
of machine.
Illustrates
Fig. 5

permit

f'nd

geared

motor

which

so

403

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii

It

rubber
could be

the_

3
The
3r split bambc.
stand considerably more strain
will
Good flexible joints can be
wood.

eliminated by the use of two

winding in opposite directions,

frame

sets^jif ^r^b^b^e

simple method

s a
Antoinette
in

wings of
frame at

attaching

of
of

type

model

windmg

at

IN

with

thread

and

it

than

the

made

by

then

gluing.

and
propelle.. are the hardest part to make
shaping them as
great care should be tak
depends to
thsuccess of
the
......
-

The

either

NEWS

wrapping

simply

to

FiV.-7-Iliustrf""'a"wr^t-type of flyer fitted

direcwith two propellers revolving in opposite
and
aim
ats.iu3
P'anes
tne piaucs,
for the
=kifs
ins
he ?rame
trame lor
Th'e
complicated type of Uons.
dd;rs can be made up of either small sticks
twistnng of the
the
of

as

r-eferable

extent

upon them.

GENERAL

John-

Ralph
At Overland Park, near Denver, record, was
holder of the world's altitude
biplane
on November 17th, when his Wright
about 500 feet
got out of control at a height of
and crashed to earth.
.
,
,
in
occur
to
fatality
aeroplane
His is the second
on
America (the first being the accident which
September 17, 1908, resulted in the death of OSelfridge),
Wright's passenger. Lieutenant
ville
power-driven
and is the first death of a fUot of a
'West
heavier-than-air craft so far recorded to the
Records and Staof the Atlantic (see this month's

stone,
killed

tistics).

.J

.-e

previous aeroplane accidents have reiVJany

none has so
ceived contradictory explanations, but
cause was so
far occurred of which the actual
,

.:.

enshrouded in mystery as this one.

as to wnat
The proper answer to any enquiry that
no one
caused Johnstone's biplane to fall is
explanations
exactly "knows what it was; various
that Johnstone
aver
many
forward:
put
been
have
taking
through
machine
his
of
merely lost control
not witn safety
too sharp a turn and that he could
is a mile
execute in the thin air of Denver which
above sea-level his spiral descents.
of. the
This explanation can safely Tie disposed
to do with
"thin air" could have nothing whatever
he was above
the accident, while, at the height
is
it
sound,
machine
his
with
and
ground,
any lost
inadmissible Johnstone could not recover

balance long before earth was reached.

which
The most natural explanation and that
reports ot
would at first occur to a reader of the executing
was
the fatality, is that while Johnstone
bracing-andone of his spiral descents, one of the
extra
warping wires broke under the tremendous
(it must b<:
strain imposed by such a manoeuvre
flight),
normal
in
sustained
that
about three times
m^cl;"l^;_
of
the
side,
causing the collapse of one
DenThe opinion of the other Wright llyers atobtain;
ver was naturally the most valuable to

fall; he was flying

and did not realize anything untoward
behad happened until he noticed the commotion
his partners
watching
was
however,
Brookins,
low;
s left
flvine and noticed that part of Johnstone
puffed
was
centre
the
lower plane near the rear and
wide
up as if loose: Johnstone was making fairlyof the
sweeps or spirals and this was the side
the time.
biplane undergoing the least pressure at
Then Johnstone did something the why and whereknown; he
fore of which will never be definitely
goggles and
deliberately tossed ol=E his helmet and

Hoxsey never saw Johnstone

at the time

left

his seat,

crawling to the rear of the plane.

That something happened something ot the

to
most vital ominousness to compel Johnstone
stress

Under the
act as he did, is only too plain.
he cast off the
of the realization of a mortal peril
helmet and
only life-saving device he wore his
more than on anylet go of the thing on which
fl.ght-his
normal
in
depended
life
his
thinl else
he did so
that
said
been
It has
elevator-lever.
usebecause his warping mechanism had become
hands,
his
planes with
less and that "gripping the
strength.
he tried to control the warping by sheer
better explanation would be that the warping
retainhad in some way become jammed or blocked which
ing one side warped down and the other up,
to
well drive Johnstone helplessly in a spiral

lE

Nt

BuILT B\ STEBBIhS

it,

it

will

might
matters out at
the ground, unless he straightened
trouble had
the pulley or at whatever spot the
Were his wings straight and the warpoccurred.
risk incurrea where
ine mechanism merely paralyzed, the
post
The height reached by Drexel has since been exwould hardly have warranted .his leaving his could
ceeded in France, by Legagneux (see Foreign
going he
of control, as with his engine
dam- News).
almost certainly have landed with but little
the
OCTAVE CHANUTE. the "father of the mod^^Two other hypotheses have been suggested,
and that ern aeroplane," died in Chicago on November
one is that the elevator-wires broke
and 23rd, in his seventy-third year.
Johnstone went to the rear of his seat to try
He had been ailing for some months and was ill
work what remained of the wires with his hands;
how- when he passed through New York last October on
these wires have such a reserve of strength,
occurred his way back from Paris.
^
,
,
ever that if it were established that this
Nothing too good can be said of this great pioone could not be taxed with an unnatural or overhave neer, whose reputation is perhaps even greater in
sensational suspicion if he believed them to
his birth France than in that of his
land
of
occurred
the
have
said
to
(as
is
been tampered with
is adoption,
,
,
,
once or twice abroad); the other hypothesis
What Chanute has done for aviation has already
based on the accident which happened to Johnthis
had dam- been related in this magazine (page 23 of
stone the previous day; in alighting he
greatest
the
one
of
disappears
him
repair volume): with
aged his left wing against a fence and the
that figures of the first days of flying.
had been made over night; it is just possible
of the
It may be interesting to note that out
the connecting
in putting the sections together
thousands of readers of Aiecraet, Mr. Chanute
secured,
badly
or
omitted
been
have
may
cotter-pin
its list of subscribers.
on
twelfth
was
well
may
wing
the
of
behavior
and the ensuing
have accounted for the deformity noticed by Brookpublished last month the approximate
be exins whilst Johnstone's leaving his seat may
the distances covered in the Gordon Bennett Balloon
plained by his desire to avoid being under
(Tup race; the official figures have since come to
motor in 'the fall.
are as follows:
.,
.
Whatever the cause of the fatality and because hand; they (United States)
1,172.9 mijes
fall and America II
of the condition of the machine after the
1,127.5
(Germany)
ghoulish crowd of curio-hunters had de- Dusseldorf
.

after the

KWICH CONN., WITH A DETACHABIE MIDDLE PLANE.

1,068.8 miles
always be a matter ot pure con- i^erma.i.a (Germany)
826
_^
of Helvetia (Switzerland)
iecture the world lost in Johnstone an aviator
758.4
III (Germany)
__
Harburg
personunusual,
most
man
of
great ability and a
747.9
__
his every Azurea (Switzerland)
ality: it can be truly, said of him that
718.7
(France)
France
de
Isle
acquaintance was a friend.
5513
States)
(United
IV
__
St. Louis

;;08.2
__
Drexel and Claude Grahame-White Condor (France)
J. Armstrong
316.3
from Million Population Club (U. S.)
made a fine series of flights at Philadelphia
record
Thus the Comte de la Vaulx's world s
November 19th to 24th. Among the passengers
miles) remains unbeaten after all. Messrs.
taken up by Grahame-White, on his H. Farman (1 1935^ and Post are certainly deserving of comProfessor Hawley
biplane, were Miss Ridgway, Miss Sears^
after their splendid
in this regard,
Wayne
miseration
(iill,
W.
Samuel A. King, General Allen, H.
the generally accepted unofficial anand
effort
and McDonald, his manager.
On the
for alti- nouncement that the record was theirs.
On November 23rd, Drexel started out suit
should
be made by all
reparation
and other hand, full
tude- he wore a special fleece-lined canvas
with to de la Vaulx for so hastily proclaiming the passseveral sweaters, so as to successfully cope
ing of his great record, the tenth anniversary of
the bitter cold of the upper regions.
has just been feted in Paris.
After a flight of over an hour he landed near which
The idea that de la Vaulx's distance may not
Oreland, some twelve miles from Philadelphia
have been correctly measured is, of course, pre9,970
sight
first
The barographic reading gave at
it is just as oflicial as any other record
posterous:
of
as against Johnstone's world's figures
feet,
passed on by the Aero Club of France.
9,714 feet.

,
j
r
The instrument was sent to New York and caliwas 9,450
brated by Schneider Bros, whose verdict
Notification has been received from Chester I.
tor exfeet; it was then returned to Philadelphia
Campbell, wlio last February ran the first exclusive
.-\merica,
amination by government experts, the final figures exhibition of aerial craft ever held
feet.
quoted being 9,897
the second exposition, as before
,,
made that he will hold
The calibration should naturally have been would
in Boston, the week of February 20th to 25th.
before the event, when a simple calculation
While last year's Show labored under the dishave given the result accurately and expeditiously. advantage of being held at a time when practically
After every railroad journey by such a delicate everything outside of the Wright and Curtiss
instrument, a new calibration is, of course, neces- machines in the country were in the experimental
been
sary and the barograph should never have
stage, still a good showing was made.
,
shipped away for examination.
_
,
'This year all is changed, and with the enormous
One cannot help feeling sorry for Drexel. who strides made in the past year Manager Campbell
whose
but
no doubt broke the world's record,
much material to draw from.
has
question
great performance will always be open to
The Harvard-Boston Meet aroused the interest
owing to the amateurish rnanner in which its in aviation around Boston as nothing else could
checking was handled: the heights at Belmont Park do and the manv thousands who attended it will
vere ascertained with unquestionable accuracy: no doubt take advantage of a chance to view the
he methods used there should be followed everymachines at closer range.
spoiled

different

The

International

Aviators,

Inc.,

comprising

some of the world's greatest flyers, are making a

They are
tour of the United States and Cuba.
under the general management of Alfred J. Moisant, brother of the Statue of Liberty prize-winner.
The aviators are John B. Moisant, Charles K.

Roland Garros, Rene Simon, Edmoiid

Audemars, J. J. Frisbie and Rene Barrier. Their
rnet
first meet was held in Richmond, where they
with unusual success, but a subsequent meeting
held at Chattanooga was not so successful owing
to bad weather conditions, although some daring
accomplished in the face of high
flights were
They hjve since flown at Memphis and
winds.
are booked for New Orleans and Havana.
At Memphis Hamilton and Barrier did some
Hamilton,

very fast flying (although nothing like as fast as

quoted in newspaper dispatches, which actually
credited Barrier's Bleriot XI Bis with 88 miles an
hour!).

These flyers should do much to spread the docof human flight during their peregrinations.
"They are, however, taking lots of chances in making over-city flights: even a Gnome has been
known to balk, although it is in the nature of an
event when it does.
trine

AIRCRAFT

404

January, igii

AN ARGUMENT FOR THE UNIFORM-PITCH PROPELLER

By

Philip

Modern

aerunauticai propellers are invariably

the "Screw-Pitch" principle.
This is
due to the theory tliat points at greater distances
from the hub of the propeller travel at greater

built

Baldwin

_ tHEORETIC/iL

on

speeds (in feet per minute) and in order to keep

the air particles, on which the propeller acts, in
a uniform motion, the blade angle is reduced as
the blade speed increases, i. e. from hub to tip.
If this is done to the degree that any portion of
the blade would travel forward (theoretically) a
given distance at one revolution of the propeller,
we have the helix or screw-pitch.
Of course a propeller should travel through the
However, this is
air-mass without disturbing it.
impossible owing to "slip" and it is necessary
either to deduct the 10 to 50% from the theoretical foot-pitch or, what is the equivalent, to
increase the blade-angle slightly throughout its
length.
If a propeller is run in still air, without allowing it to travel forward, it will "cut out" a cylinder of air equal to its diameter, every particle of
which should travel backward at an equal speed.
At this point the question arises whether the
same laws hold for a propeller held stationary,
running in still air, and for one travelling through
Unquestionably they
the air, at its normal speed.
do not in theery, but owing to slip the latter case
In fact, the
reverts somewhat to the former.
forward velocity of the propeller which is lost in
slip, is practically transferred to the air column
blown back, which is really the "purchase" from
which the propeller works or on which it acts.

At C and C, 14-; at B and E', 7;

Fig. 2:
and A', 303O'.
and at
In order to raise the
velocity at B and B' to that of C and
we must
double it and hence increase the blade-angle of
the propeller as much again, (from 7 to 14).
and A' having no velocity, it will be necessary
to increase the blade-angle considerably at this
radius.
Doubling the blade-angle at B and B'
(7 to 140) increased the velocity at this point
bv one-half the velocity at C and
which added
to the initial velocity (one-half C and C) gave the
required amount.
Hence, increasing the blade
angle at
and A' to the former angle of B and
B' should give this radius the former B and B'
velocity, or one-half that of C and C. (i. e.
303O' to 7.)
By dnubling this angle we again
reach the velocity of C and C: (2x7o).
These angles may then be assumed to give a
"slip column" of air of uniform velocity, and as
this is what the propeller pushes against,
this
would give a more efficient background for "propeller purchase," so to speak, than the varied
velocity column delivered by the screw pitch pro-

air within,) and a ring

be emitted.
A hard tap will cause a clear, sharp ring to
shoot rapidly upwards, but by raising the box
cover slightly, and gently lowering it, a series of
rings will be seen to emerge and float slowly upwards, affording a good chance to study their evoIn any case when a smoke-ring is prolutions.
duced, its center is very small, and grows larger
It is with the first stage of
This air column thus blown back may be regarded as the ring expands.
as a cylinder of air, impinging upon and passing the ring that we will deal.
Many similar inLet us assume the two circles of Fig. 2 to be
through a mass of still air.
ring,
cut through to show its secstances can be cited and a study of a few of these part of a smoke
should lead to an understanding of the dynamics tion. As has been stated, the ring, acted upon by
a force in the direction of D, revolves within
of the case.
Take the case of a smoker "blowing rings," itself, as shown by the arows. Friction with the
notice the performance of the ring and it is outside air-mass causes this rotation and reduces
seen that a cylinder of air is propelled from the the velocity of the extreme edge of the ring to
mouth into the mass of "still air" in the room. zero, as shown at A and A' This ring then 3.pAt the edge of this cylinder of air is the "smoke parently rolls inside a tube of air, and its maxithe points B and
ring," and it is seen to revolve within itself, the mum velocity being at C and
inside traveling forward, and the outside of the B' must attain a velocity equal to one-half that
The portion between C and
This, as is obvious, being due at C and C.
ring to the rear.
to the friction between the moving cylinder of forms the shank in most propellers, and does not
air, and the still air into which it is propelled. assist in propulsion.
The above may be assumed to be the relative
Other occasions when a smoke ring is noticeable are from a saluting cannon and, rarely, from velocities of various portions of a disc of the air
the stack of a locomotive, these depending of column sheared loose by the slip of a screw
Bet- pitch propeller while traveling through the air
course upon the calmness of tne outside air.
ter results may be obtained from a "smoke-ring at its normal speed.
Taking a typical wooden screw pitch propeller.
box," made from an ordinary stationery box,
with a hole cut out of the center of the cover. tlie blade incidence-angles* are found to be as
at
the different radii corresponding to
Fill this with smoke and tap it lightly, (so as to follows

momentarily compress the

will

HENRY

A.

even

from

an

esthetic

HENRY

JUNIOR

Insurance Against Breakdowns

to

have a Machine Shop completely equipped

build

power plants

for

be noticed that the products of increasing and doubling the various angles result in
each case in the same angle, namely 14.
Correcting this angle throughout its length in order
that the theoretical and practical foot pitch may
agree, add, say 230', and the result is a uniform or straight-pitch propeller, with a blade
angle of 1630'.
*Blade angles not corrected for slip.

standpoint the proposed movement is desirable

must appear to anyone who will but_ listen for a
moment to the current pronunciations of the
words, chauffeur, garage, chassis.

We

peller.
It will

the
the
the first mechanical bird may properly be classed
Therefor, as well as
fowl.
as an American
for the more practical reason of economy in
speech-effort, the introduction and acceptance of
a foreign terminology should be resisted, and
the language of flight set upon an all-English-

That

WISE WOOD'S TERMINOLOGY

was done by Americans, still because

Wrights were the first actually to stay in
air upon a power-lifted and driven device

means

basis.

Sir -It has occurred to the writer that while

the language of flying is still in flux an effort
should be made to provide the art with a native
nomenclature of concise and pertinent terms.
While all that led to successful flights by no

American

Aft-screw.
In order that the subject may be opened for Propeller; Tractor Screw; Fore-s
discussion the following glossary is offered; in Pylon Mark.
which, also, is suggested the substitution of Vol-plane Glide; to glide; to plai
portion
plane
believed
better
and
simpler
English
That
of
a
which
arpedThe
what is
to be
Warp.
terms for many now struggling into use.
The Wire or Cable used to control warping
Aeroplane Airplane.
Warp-cord.
Aileron Independent Stablizer; Stablizer.
The Wire or Cable used to control elevation
Alighting Grounding; to Ground.
Height-cord.
Altitude Height.
The Wire or Cable used to control direction
Aviation Flying.
Steering-cord.
Aviation Tournament Flying meet; A Fly.
Flyer.
That portion of the start which is upon the
Aviator ^Airman
ground The Run.
Vertical or Direction Rudder Director.
That portion of the start which is between the
Horizontal or Elevating Rudder Elevator.
run and the height soughtThe Rise.
Epinage Tail.
Chassis-porteur (sometimes, landing chassis) Car- Failure to rise after a run^A Misup.
The length and nature of a grounding may be
riage; landing-carriage.
spoken of as A long ground, a short ground;
Cloche Bell-control (of the Bleriot, for instance).
a hard ground, an easy ground.
Fuselage Bodv (a^; distinct from nlanes, rudders,
power-plant and auxiliary devices).
A. WISE WOOD.
Hangar Shed.

A]

Editor,

Aircraft.

If

AEROPLANES

you are

prepared to pay for precision work, write for further information.

models on the marand sizes. 50 cents to

||Positively the best

ket.
.00.

The Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Co.

WOONSOCKET,

R.

25 styles

Strong, light and durable.

Address DEPT. F for illustrated catalogue

ROYAL AERIAL MFG.

I.

(Monroe

PI.).

CO.

WEST NEW YORK,

N.

J.

AIRCRAFT

January, iQii

ADVERTISING

CLASSIFIED
10

CENTS A LINE

CO-OPERATION WANTED

405

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

^
lA

VIATION DIRECTORYJust
dresses

of

all

manufacturers

out.

of

The

ad-

aeroplanes,

iation motors, propellers, and supplies in Americlassified; information could not be obtained
c.sewhere in a year; you don't need to write a
letter; just enclose your address and 25 cents;
you'll get
I'll know you want the Directory, and

PERFORMER

who has been doing an

aerial aci

for the past six years and is now working on

a western circuit of theatres, desires to take ttp
flying, and will pay for instruction, or will invest
Address
in a good proposition with reliable party.
P. D., care of Aircraft.
T

M.

by return mail; send now.

rence, Kansas.

L.

for
MONOPLANE25-30

Bleriot

it

sale,

Allison,

Law-

type,

three-

H. P. Humber engine, pernew; has been flown successfully; will be

shown on application. Address Box 730, care of
cylinder,

ARTNER WANTEDHAVE VERY SPEEDY

i
MONOPLANE. WANT PARTNER WITH
SOME BACKING AND WILLING TO WORK.
T)

Box

pectly

Aircraft.

729, .-\lRCEAFT.

COMPLETE

SPECIAL OFFER

one-man

-pOR

SALENe\

Channel type;
factory guarantee.
1777 Broadway, N

TO FLYWOULD PAY TO
LEARN; WISH TO CONNECT WITH RELIABLE AEROPLANE OR EXHIBITION
FIRMS; ONLY WELL ESTABLISHED, RELIABLE CONCERNS CONSIDERED; HAVE
MECHANICAL TRAINING; WELL VERSED
METAL WORK; REFERENCES EXIN
CHANGED. ADDRESS RICKSON, care of AirA NXIOUS

craft.

dirigible

airship

outfit,

generators;
hydrogen
portable
including
Curtiss motor; all in fine order and readv for imL. C. Mecklem,
mediate delivery; price $300.
Wash.
Everson,
Constructor,
Airship

CASH WITH ORDER

monoplane, 24 horse power
Anzani motor, imported from Bleriot factory

-OOR SALE Bleriot

this year.

Company,
Aircraft.

Will be sold big sacrifice by Aviation

up its business. Box 727

closing

AIRCRAFT

406

The World's Greatest Miniature

AIRSHIPS

C R A N E'S
Yankee]Flyer

January, ipii

AIRCRAFT

January, igii

407

C.&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

GLIDERS

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

best,

SEPARATE PARTS
Light Metal Castings
for Connections always carried in
Stock, or Special

the

are

the safest and

the easiest to operate.

castings made

Practical Lessons in

to

order.

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experiments conducted
Large Grounds for

to

Order

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

Get our estimate for
your Flying Machine

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.
Wittemann Glider

Works: Ocean Terrace and

in

Flight

Telephone 390

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

Little

L W-B

Model Aeroplanes
AND SUPPLIES
Percy Pierce Flyer
200
THE
The outfit includes large scale drawing
fett.

flies

and complete set of parts in wood, rattar,

rubber,aluminumandsilk,tomakeit, Ai | r
<)>1. ID
Price by mail, securelj' packed
Twining's Book and Parts to make model
$1.20
biplane
.

SUPPLIES
.

12 inch

75c
$1.00
1.25
2.00

14 inch
Special 6 in. propeller, 50c., unfinished
propellers, 6 and 8 in. 15c., 10 in. 25c.
.

Company

.....

Propellers, wood, 8 inch

10 inch

harris-Gassner

Propeller Makers
1211 West End Trust Bldg.,

^v^>^^

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

Laminated

WHEELS
Special, lihl-weiht, rubber-lired

2^4 inch diameter

Propellers

price 30c each

Special, light-weight

1J{ inch diameter

price 10c each

of

RUBBER
100
100

/s X rV in- strands,
ys in. square strands,

tt.
ft.

price $1.00
price
.75

^^^^^^^1:::::^::::^

WOOD AND BAMBOO

'^yj

All sizes iu three feet lengths

Model Flying Machines, Their design and conBy mail 55 cts.

struction, by W. G. Aston.
How to Make a 20 ft. Glider, by A. P. Morgan.

Price 55 cts.

SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE

W. H.
Model Propellei

37-39

E.

28lh

PHIPPS

Street.

n EV^^

Tfadb-Mark

BOOKS

New

York, N. Y.

highest quality
'"

design

and

CONSTRUCTION

Correspondence Invited

We

be glad to advise you as to the propeller best

suited to the requirements of your machine.

will

AIRCRAFT

408

Morok, Greene and many other famous Aviators

fly

SHNEIDER MACHI|NES

January, ipii

THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

handsome trophy shown below was given by

for

first

the

THE

purpose of stimu-

the

United Slates.
and only noteworthy trophy of

lating aviation in

It

is

this

fitting

sort

(hat the

should be

by a journal which, for more than 66 years, has

fostered the development of aeronautics and the mechanical arts,
not only in America, but throughout the civilized world.

offered

Shneider Aeroplanes

THE

SCIENTIFIC

Prof.

rates

machine
Qliders, Propellers

and Parts

in

P.

S.

AMERICAN TROPHY

commemo-

Langley's aeroplane
the first successful
the precursor of the modem monoplane.

America and

in Slocl^

FRED SHNEIDER, 1020

New York Agent

for

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

WIRE
n

Aviator

Wire

supplied in

plate finish

making

This wire

is

quality

Cord

high

specially

grade

sizes

with a

soldering easy.
drawn from

of twisted wire.

extra

Also Aviator

steel.
::

::

::

John A. Roeblings Sons Co.

TRENTON, N. J.

THE AEROMOTOR

One-piece

Aluminum
Crank Case.
Cylinders cast en bloc,
integral

with valve

chambers.

Dual Lu-

brication System.

Vibration. Rotary

Pumps.

ScheblerCarbureter.

(Easy

POWERFUL

Mea

MADE
4

cyl.

IN

DETROIT

Three Models
30 to 40 H. P. 4;4 "x4^''

4cyl.40to50H. P.
6cyl.60to75H. P.

5" x 5"
5" x 5"

For Printed Matter and Other Particulars, Address

We

Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A.

American Aeroplane Trophy

American sportsmen to attempt a cross-country

American Trophy before the first of January.
of America two days in advance is
all that is required.
The winner for 1910 will have his name and
record suitably engraved upon the trophy.
invite all

flight for

the Scientific

Notice

to the

Aero Club

CUT OUT HERE

Keep
Read

posted upon Aeronautic events.

the Scientific

American

for the next fourteen

months

at

ihe cost of but twelve months' subscription.

By

coupon and mailing it to us before January

15th, together with $3.00, we will send you the paper for a year,
as well as the November and December issues, including the special
Aviation Number.
cutting out .this

Accept

Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.

58-62 Crane Avenue,

Scientific

trophy has been thrice won by Glenn H. Curliss, to

whom it will be awarded unless his record cross-country flight of
74J4 miles from Albany to Poughkeepsie should chance to be
beaten before January 1 , 1911.

Magneto.

Differential Pitch Propellers

COMPACT
LIGHT

start)

No

The

Our

this offer

MUNN &

immediately.

CO.,

Inc.,

Don't delay.

361 Broailway,

New York

A I R C R A F 'r

January, ipii

409

SCALE MODEL AEROPLANES

That Fly!
FLYING MODELS

NAIAD

EXHIBITION MODELS
Complete or

in the

Aeronautical Cloth

rough

AND OTHER

PROPELLERS. MOTORS

SUPPLIES

Manufactured Especially
Blueprints

3-Foot
Foot
3-Foot
20-Foot
3

and Directions for Building Models

Antoinette Monoplane

$1.00

1.00
l.OO
1.00

....
....

Monoplane
Wright Biplane
Man-Carrying Glider
Bleiiot

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

AND
MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES
Sample books, including data and

CHICAGO AERONAUTIC SUPPLY

Room

19,

6030 South Park Ave., Chicago,

PATENTS
BOOK MAILED

101 Franklin

All

About

Weight

Patents

Mechanical Movements

Can

furnish

SPEED

CONTROL
STRONG CONSTRUCTION
DURABILITY

of the

hubs any width and wheels any

A.

956 8th Ave.,

AN AEROPLANE

RELIABILITY

wheels,

tail

WEAVER,
bet.

Mfr.

Jr.,

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Si.,

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Laminated True Screw

propellers!^
IN

MOTOR

STOCK

We

jor

IMMEDIATK SHIPMENT

are turning out Propellers of

the

of the Vital Parts

highest excellence and efficiency

Are the Features which Insure

SAFETY

Our

6-Foot
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TAe most compact, durable and

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Propeller
at

200

delivers

1200 R.

lbs.

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P.

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is

6-Foot Propellers, weight

"
7-Foot Propellers,

the

8-Foot Propellers,

"

(,]A

lbs

8^

"
"

11

price

"
"

$40.00
50.00
60 00

Curtiss Aeroplane
ANY
Its

Record

is

Its

.^.viators

Trained

Jerome

S.

1737

H.

SIZE

MADE

TO ORDER

Recommendation

Address

GLENN

P.

CURTISS

Fanciulli, Bus. Rep.

BROADWAY

size to

my

Copies of all patents granted for Aeroplanes.

IN

Dead Load, 600

I6"x }P Weight com-

order.

J.
office

AVIATOR TIRE

3 pounds.

plete,

Washington, D. C.

Street,

stock 20"x2"

complete, 7 pounds

Monoplane

E.
PATENT ATTORNEY

/ can give Special Attention to Jlerial Inventions as I have in

pounds.

BROCK

CHARLES
914 F

e7 CONOVER CO.
New York
Street

Aeroplane Wire Wheels

S'

EXPERIENCE

Telling

prices, seint on request

THE^

Curtiss type in

FREE,

Illustrates 100

CO.

111.

YEAR

25

Aeroplanes and Used by Aviators

Prominence

for

of
:

Meets
Arranged

BRAUNER

&

CO

330-332 East 98th Street

New York

City

AIRCRAFT

410

Books on Aeronautics

THE new

Translated from the French by T.

Ledeboer. 8vo. cloth, 131 pp., 93

By ROBERT PETIT.
O'B Hubbard and J. H.

illustrations

$1.50

of
Aeroplane
Design.
Principles
General
CONTENTS:
Resistance, Lift. Power, Calculations
Theory and Calculation.
Aoolication
of
Design
an
Aeroolane.
Powsr,
for the DesiErn of
of Propeller, Arrangements of Surfaces, Stability, Center of
Gravity,

ments

The

Materials.
Starting and

etc.

for

Curvatures.

Planes.

AERIAL NAVIGATION.
struction

of

aeromotors, by

Aeroplaning which

can be enjoyed by you

is

only comparable in Winter

now

as well as in

Summer

you use a

BEACH PERFECTED MONOPLANE

(Bleriot

Type)

ihe only machine that will not upset in the strongest winds on account

of

its

powerful gyroscope.

Construction of Propellers.
ArrangeLanding.
Conti^ls.
Placing Motor.
Motors.

A practical

balloons,

dirigible

sport of

with ski-jumping, tobogganing, or sleighing on a speedway with a

race horse,
if

HOW TO BUILD AN AEROPLANE.

January, ipii

handbook on the conaeroplanes,

aerostats,

FREDERICK WALKER.

and

Second Edition,

thoroughly revised and enlarged. 12 mo., cloth, 175 pp.,

128 illustrations
$2.00 net

CONTENTS:

Aerodynamics.
Laws of Flight. Aerostatics.
Practice.
Motive Power.
Screw Propulsion for
and Airships.
Airships and Dirigible Aerostats.
Construction.
Aeroplanes and Airships in Use.
Supplement

Aeroplanes
Aeroplanes

in

Describing

Distinctive

HOW TO

Successful

CHATLEY.
CONTENTS:
Propellers

By

HERBERT

.....

(Van Nos-

16mo., boards, 109 pp.

trand's Science Series)

Future

Types.

DESIGN AN AEROPLANE.

The

illustrated

50 cents

Aeroplane.
Air Pressure.
Weight.
Balancing.
Construction.
Difficulties.
Cost.
Other Flying-Machines (Gyro-

and Motors.

Developments.

plane and Ornithopter).

D.

VANNOSTRAND COMPANY,

23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets

Publishers

NEW YORK

AEROPLANE SIPPLIES
Are you

building

Then

an Aeroplane ?

get acquainted

We carry the largest assortment of

Bleriot Crossing the English

Everything from
the machine

(whereby he won a $10,000

prize) was made with a monoplane like

while Grahame-White won the International Cup Race with a
duplicate machine fitted with a 100 H. P. motor.
This type of aeroplane holds the world's records for speed, passenger-carrying, endur-

turnbuckle to

ours;

itself.

ance and

Don't buy and then regret. Our

prices are lower than others.
(Hot from the press) Catalogue of

and 3 minutes duration, traveling 244 miles

to Boston
at the speed of an express train.
2 passengers 412 lbs. extra weight successfully,
and reached a height of 8,741 feet. Chavfa crossed the Alps above
the Simplon Pass, September 23, and J. Armstrong Drexel broke the
world's height record November 23, at Philadelphia, attaining 9,897
feet,
in their Bleriot Monoplanes
the only machine that has shown
itself
capable of reaching such high altitudes and coping with the
treacherous wind currents.
Our gyroscopic attachment meikes
tinuous

NEW YORK

67

READE

New York

these machines non-capsizable in

without any exertion of the aviator.
matically held stable in the air.
IVrite to-day for Catalogue,

WILLIS CO.
ST.

of 5 hours

also carried

Exhibiting at the New York and

Boston Aero Shows Don't fail
to see us there.
Dept. F.

CHAMBERS

flight

as far as from

motors, gliders, light metal castings and parts for the asking.

85

altitude.

At Belmont Park Leblanc made over 71 miles an hour with the mate
mono. At Rheims, last Summer, Olieslaegers made a con-

of White's

Morane

E. J.

Channel

The young Chicagoan John B. Moisant's thrilling Hight across the

English Channel, with his mechanic, last August, as well as his last trip
from Belmont Park over Brooklyn to the Statue of Liberty and return

aeroplane parts and motors on this

side of the Globe.

Two types

ST.

and

sizes.

winds

the strongest

The machine

is

auto-

"
mentioning''^ Aircraft

Delivery

in three

weeks.

Prices, $5,000 to $7,500.

Scientific

Aeroplane Company
Box 773

NEW

YOFUC

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii

411

FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

CIE.

Aeroplanes
FOR

SPEED
PLEASURE
EXHIBITORS
PRIZE WINNING
DESIGN

RIGHT

MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH

FLIGHT
PRICE

We Started Out Making History and Will Continue To Do So

First Prize at first trial in

America

First

Aeroplane made in New York

make a flight.
Aeroplane made

to

make

in

Aeroplanes.

30

for facts or information.

days.

and Experts on Aerodynamics

only the Best Designers

have studied the motor problem

Write us

All the above: Francaise Americaine

Mineola

for years,

Fox Motor, who said, showed, and guaranteed

them, 30 h. p. upwards.

Delivery

America

flights.

flights.

We Employ
We

aviator in

operate and fly an Aeromaking daily

P^ane alone,
to

City to
First

woman

First

for flight.

their

both foreign and domestic, and have adopted the

motor

after a severe test

our presence

we

supply

Positively guaranteed.

Prices on application

Aviators and Aeroplane Constructors supplied

THE FRANCAISE AMERICAINE AEROPLANE

MINEOLA,

L.

I.,

N. Y.

CIE.

AIRCRAFT

412

January, ipii

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

LEADING

BALLOON

AND AIRSHIP

CONSTRUCTOR

OF THE WORLD

Representing the

Company

Continental Rubber
OF HANOVER, GERMANY

Makers of the Finest and Strongest Balloon and Aeroplane Material

in the World

Rubber Fabrics

for

Passenger Aeroplanes

Balloons, Aeroplanes,

and

Flying

Models

and Airships
W. MORRELL SAGE
Engineer

One

to Fifty

Passengers
Also representing the

Models Developed

SANTOS-DUMONT
Aeroplane

Contractor
to the U. S.

The

Government

Wilcox

and to
Ninety-five per cent, of
the clubs in this country

Propeller

American Representative

CARTON & LACHAMBRE,

PARIS,

of

Balloon and Airship Builders

FRANCE

Address Box 181, Madison Square,

New York

January, igii

AIRCRAFT

"THE NEW INSTRUMENT OF WAR"

413

AIRCRAFT

414

January, ipii

BURGESS COMPANY AND CURTIS

AEROPLANES
The workmanship

of this

company

has been endorsed by

We are

Claude Grahame-White.

now

no

building for Mr.

less

an authority than Mr.

a large order of

White

GRAHAME-WHITE BIPLANES
THEY ARE BUILT

We

TWO DIFFERENT

IN

FOR SINGLE PASSENGER AND FOR

SIZES,

also are building regularly

Burgess Biplanes

for

TWO

PASSENGER SERVICE

one or two passengers.

BURGESS PROPELLERS A SPECIALTY.

Burgess Company and Curtis, Marblehead, Mass.

Used by

N. Y.

Capt. Baldwin

Cal.

Grahame-White
J.

J.

Eng.
N. Y.

Frisbie

W. Evans
A.

Mo.

M. Williams

Gibson
Louis J. Bergdoll
C. C. Bonnette

B. C.

Pa.
Cal.

C. Schmidt
Aero Supply Co.

M. Paridcn
Hamilton Aero Co.

Mich.
.

Texas
Ohio
Wash.

C. Hall

N.

W. Thompson

Colo.

de Praslin
E. Blake
W. E. Somerville

Mo.

E.

A.

S.

J.

S.

And

J.

Idaho
111.

Morrison
Ky
Many Others in Every State.

Ask the Men

MADE AND SOLD BY

W. BONSON, 806 lllh Ave.,

Who Know.

N. Y. City

Corner of 56th Street

Under the Personal Supervision

Vt.

Mo.

Chas. A. Augustine
A. F. W. Macmanus

J.

E.

Vt.

Slavin

J.

REQUA-GIBSON

PROPELLERS

Ariz.

W. W.

J.

THE GENUINE

State

Harmon

C. B.

of the

Designer and Patentee

HUGO

C.

GIBSON

PRICES
Diameter

SPECIAL

in

Feet

AIRCRAFT

January, ipii

415

BALDWIN'S
Vulcanized

Proof

Material

WINS
LAHM BALLOON CUP 697

Forbes and Fleischman, Balloon

Miles.

'"

"New York

BEST DURATION INDIANAPOLIS BALLOON RACE

35 Hrs.,

U.

BALLOON DURATION RECORD

S.

48

U.

"New York"

Forbes and Harmon, Balloon

12 Mins.

Hrs.,

Harmon and

26 Mins.

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

Post, Balloon

"New

York,"

St.

Louis Centennial

BALLOON ALTITUDE RECORD

S.

24.200

Harmon and

Ft.

GORDON BENNETT AVIATION

PRIZE, REIMS, 1909

AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE, REIMS, 1909

GRAND PRIZE OF BRESCIA FOR AEROPLANES
QUICK STARTING EVENT AT BRESCIA
2nd 10-KILOM. AEROPLANE SPEED PRIZE, BRESCIA
30-KILOM.

2nd BRESCIA HEIGHT PRIZE Glenn

H. Curtiss

BALDWIN'S VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL

USED

WILL

last

from

THE

IN

U.

five to six times as

at

mental

00

on

effect

TERIAL
balloon,
lbs.

weather as

zero

as

has
it

as

it

ten

it

requires

No

the

the

little

strength

or no care,

Very

elastic.

U.

have an up-to-date
S.

The

time.

of

varnished

is

The

NOT

is

weight, width

bound

action

it,

of

Silk double-walled

material.

and

balloon must use

weight

on

effect

chemical

Any

The coming

revarnishing.

and being an absolute gas holder,

to

Summer

has on a varnished material.

times

per inch width.

talcum powder.

in

GOV. DIRIGIBLE AND SPHERICAL BALLOONS

Heat and cold have no

not require further treatment.

well

S.

long as a varnished balloon.

subject

to

or

man

always the same, as

place

of

Breaking

combustion.

material.

strain

Waterproof.

Will not crack.

varnished

as

detri-

VULCANIZED PROOF MAcan take care of his PROOF

balloon material, and which, through

to take the

does

it

oxygen has not the same

spontaneous

color.

is

and ascensions can be made

its

No

superior qualities

The man who wants

VULCANIZED PROOF MATERIAL.

Specified

by

the

SIGNAL CORPS.

AEROPLANE MATERIAL A SPECIALTY

Prices and Samples on application

CAPTAIN THOMAS

S.

BALDWIN, Box

78,

Madison Square,

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

416

January, igii

An Aeroplane

MONOPLANES

Won't

Tire that

Rim

Pull off the

Goodyear "Wing** Detachable

Aeroplane Tires
The

Kind Used by Bleriot and Farman,

Improved by a Patented Device.

Big, Light, Resilient

IN

FOREIGN AND AMERICAN

24 by 3

Walden-Dyott Co.

SIZES

26 by

700 by 50 millimeters (28 by 2)

ALSO SINGLE-TUBE TIRES FOR ALL WHEELS

INCORPORATED

16 by ]% Outrider Tire
20 by '+ Bleriot Tail
20 by 2

20 by 2
20 by 3
28 by 2

Hudson Terminal Building

"i

DETACHABLE TIRES

50 Church Street

16 by 3 and 20 by 4

New York

The New

GOODYEAR "WING" DETACHABLES

Are

Factory

Manufacturers of monoplanes only.

They have

at

larger

lighter than Single

air-spaces

Tube

and provide actual

Tires.
rejiliency

to absorb

landing shocks

Mineola. Long Island.

an aeroplane

it

will

If

you are thinking of buying

pay you

GOODYEAR "WING" FABRICS

for further

to write us

aeroplanes are rubber-coated, water-proof, moisture-proof. They

little more original cost, but a lot of saving
won't stretch or shrink.
in the end.
tor

details concerning our machines.

to

have you

visit

We can

also arrange

our factory, where you can investigate

The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.

the high quality of our work.

AKRON, OHIO

PARAGON PROPELLERS
Copyrigbc. 1910, by Siwocer Healh.

Quartered White Oak with Spruce

Interior.

ft. dii

Paragon Propellers Excel

the thnist given per hundred revohitions per minute
In the thrust given per actual horsepower absorbed
In keeping up tlieir tlimst during flight insuring high speed
In the selection of material nothing hut edge-grain being used in any part
In correctness of design, excellence of execution and beauty of finish
III

THEY

ARE

We

have pleased every customer.

us about your macliine and its engine.

Our propellers are

Jlr.

uiacliine.

Gleun

400

to

500 LBS.

THEMSELVES

THRUST AT

900

to 1,100 R. P.

M.

We can please YOU. .\sk us for a blank form on which

We will make \ou an estimate on just what you require.

and designed

for each

machine.

No uniform

to tell

pitch "true screws."

PARAGON

PROPELLERS on both his regular biplane and his racing

Cnrtiss uses
also furnishing propellers to :Mr. Chas. F. Willard, Capt. Thos. Baldwin, Mr. Harr\-

II.

We are

calculated

BV

CLASS

IN

OUR EIGHT-FOOT DESIGNS GIVE

Harkness, Mr. Tames Radley and to other well-known aviators.

AMERICAN PROPELLER COMPANY

616

Street, N.

W.

Washington, D. C.

ROTARY MOTOR

:^.-b.

"GNOME"
The "Wizard

of

Aviation"

HARMON

LEBLANC

American

French

MORANE

RADLEY

French

English

FARMAN

G-WHITE

French

English

AUBRUN

OLIESLAEGERS

French

Belgian

PAULHAN

WEYMANN

French

AND OVER FIVE HUNDRED OTHERS

wonderful reputation

Its

is

positive assurance

of absolute

satisfaction

HOLDS WORLD'S RECORDS

DISTANCE 243 miles

DURATION 5 hours, 3
CROSS COUNTRY 230
Prices,

50

miles

f. o. b.

H.

Terms

SPEED 77.67 miles an hour

ALTITUDE 10,499 feet
OVER SEA 61 miles

minutes

P.,

Factory, Paris, France

^2600

One-third

Cash

.-.

with

Packed

for

100
Order,

Marine Shipment

H.

P.,

Balance on

M800
Delivery

AEROMOTION COMPANY
OF AMERICA

AMERICAN

1611

AGENTS

WRIGHT BUILDING
ST.

LOUIS, MO.

ALSO EXCLUSIVE AGENTS

CHAUVIERE INTEGRALE PROPELLERS

Walsh

is

Hero

Of Big Aero
Club Contests
MAKES SPLENDID FLIGHT
OUTSIDE OF MOTORDROME

HEADING

IN

LOS ANGELES EXAMINER

OCTOBER
B.

F.

ROEHRIC,

WIN

23,

1910

ENSHUE CUP, FLYING WITH 6-CYLINDER "FEATHERWEIGHT" AT

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.

Records are Better than Prophesies

Elbridge "Featherweight'' Engines hold

every Novice Record

made

in

America during 1910

At the Los Angeles meet October 23,

C. F.

Walsh won every

event, using Elbridge "Featherweight."

The Los

Angeles Examiner says

"Charles F. Walsh, of San Diego, was the hero of the first day of the aviation meet of the
Aero Club of California at the Motordrome yesterday. He made a splendid flight outside the big
enclosure, off toward Playa del Rey, circled around over the marsh back toward the Motordrome
and then circled over the same course again before alighting near the point where he took flight.
"As his aircraft was outlined against the sky and the hum of his motor floated to the spectators
lining the top of the Motordrome grandstand, memories of the good days of the big meet came
surging back and the enthusiasm aroused by Paulhan and Curtiss awoke again.
"The crowd cheered wildly in admiration of the Californian, an amateur, in a California-built
machine, who had thus put himself in the real man-bird class."

SOME OTHER RECORDS FOR ELBRIDGE ENGINES

First Novice flight of 1910, made in Ameiica.
First flights made in the New England States.
Longest Novice flight on the Atlantic Coast.
First and longest Amateur flights on the Pacific Coast.

Longest Novice

flight

on record in^America.

More
Used

actual flights than all other makes combined (in America).

successfully in Farman, Greene, Curtiss and Voisin types of
biplanes; and in Santos-Dumont and Bleriot types of monoplanes.

THERE MUST BE A REASON FOR THIS CONTINUED SUCCESS

Catalogue and information cheerfully supplied.

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

11

CULVER ROAD,

ROCHESTER,

N. Y.

iniBB
Vol.

FEBRUARY.

THE LATE JOHN

15 CENTS

A COPY

B.

1911

MOISANT FLYING AT NEW ORLEANS

EDITED BY

Alfred W Lawson
.

No. 12

$L50
a year

A PERFECT
^

planes.

ed on both

material for coveting

thoroughly water-proof-

Is

by a rubber-coating.

sides

It

will not stretch or absorb moisture.

at least three

It is

any other

fabric

times as strong as

on the market, with only

a slightly additional weight.

covering of Penacloth gives add-

ed strength

Strength

whole

to the

Weight 6 1-3

130

oz.
lbs.

structure.

per Square Yard

per Square Inch

Pennsylvania Rubber Co.

JEANNETTE, PA.
Mailers of Aeroplane Tires

AEROPLANE TIRES
Clincher type only, which

is

the lightest

and most

satisfactory type for aeroplanes.

SIZE

SIZE
26x2'

Weight Complete
6'

in.

28x3
Wheels

8
also furnished (or the

BRANCHES:

lbs.

above

sizes

PENNA. RUBBER CO. OF N. Y., No. 1741 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY
PENNA. RUBBER CO., No. 1241 MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, ILL.
PENNA. RUBBER CO., No. 882 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT, MICH.
PENNA. RUBBER CO,, OF CALIFORNIA, No. 512 MISSION ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
PENNA. RUBBER CO., No. 930 SOUTH MAIN ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.

n all sizes.

AIRCRAFT

February, igii

417

ENGINE
THE CALL AVIATION
MOTOR
EXCELLENCE

STANDARD OF LIGHT WEIGHT

The Sensation

o the "International Aviation Tournament," N. Y. C. and^of the "Three-States

Aero Show," Philadelphia

AS STRONG AS THE
STRONGEST OF
AUTOMOBILE

AS LIGHT AS THE
LIGHTEST OF
AVIATION ENGINES

ENGINES

Model E-1

Model E-2

Two Cylinder
50 Horsepower
Weight 175 lbs.

100 Horsepower
Weight 325 lbs.

Price $1,000

Price $2,000

Four Cylinder

Especially designed and coastructed for permanent hard duty.

Prices include complete equipment

Write
aluminum

for particulars

This

is

the engine you are looking

NO EXTRAS.

for;

it

the engine

is

Complete engines

you

will eventually adopt.

in stock.

Also of our Combination Radiator and Heater, constructed of

and price of our Reversible Aerial Propeller.
your engine for the comfort of your passengers. Weight 2 pounds per gallon of jacket water. Send for Cat. C-3

tubing. Utilize the heat of

We

The

employ no Agents;

Navigation

Aerial

we

cannot afford agents' commissions at these prices.

Company

America,

of

Kansas

Girard,

CHELSEA AERO CO.

513-517

WEST

NEW YORK,

21st ST.

N.

Y.

CHARAVAY PROPELLERS
OUR PROPELLERS ARE USED BY SUCH MEN AS
CHAS.

HAMILTON

K.

TOD SHRIVER

CAPT. FRISBIE,

Etc.

PRICES
6' 6"
7

'

'

$55.00

diameter any pitch

...

$60.00

diameter any pitch

$70.00

diameter any pitch

Other
If

prices

on application.

you would

Give us bore and

new World's Speed Record

per hour was

Tenn.,

made by Hamilton

in his

of 79.2 miles
at

equipped

Biplane

Memphis,
with

our

Propeller.

like to get better results consult

our Engineer Department

stroke of your engine as well as a short description of plane

TERMS 10,' WITH ORDER; BALANCE ON DELIVERY.

when sending order.

ORDERS TAKEN FOR COMPLETE AEROPLANES OR PARTS.

AIRCRAFT

418

February, igii

PARAGON PROPELLERS
Quartered White Oak with Spruce

One

of

Interior.

ft.

Our many Two-bladed

diam.

12

to

16 Pounds.

Styles

Paragon Propellers Satisfy

They

are built to order, every one for its work, scientifically calculated and designed, and perfectly
balanced, the two blades being exactly alike, even duplicating the grain and color of the wood.
They
give heavy thrust but they are built to fly and they do fly.
They keep right on pushing, and do not
lose their thrust when they get up in the air.

We are furnishing such well known aviators as Glenn H. Curtiss, Chas. F. Willard, Capt. Thos. Baldwin;
Harry S. Harkness, and many others. Our Propellers are also used and spoken of very highly by J. A. McCurdy
and "Bud" Mars, of the Curtiss aviators.
Mr. Curtiss was so well pleased with the first we sent him that he
ordered another immediately by wire for his Gordon-Bennett racer.
Willard's Gnome-driven biplane making great flights at Los Angeles is equipped with Paragon Propellers, also the Curtiss racing monoplane which is reported speedier than the "Baby Wright" in Los
Angeles events.
PROPELLERS. We could not afford to have a dissatisfied customer. Our
cannot lose on
guarantee of satisfaction is absolute
Ask any of our customers. Our prices are not more than you pay for

PARAGON

We

the other kind.

Get

PARAGON

blank on which to

tell

designed for you

TO OUR CUSTOMERS
pleasing, but

now

and save time, money and disappointment.

Ask us

for a printed

us your requirements.
;

Not one of you

has made us an unsatisfactory report.

Your compliments are
you have any. If any of you are not fully satisfied in every way,

we want your complaints, if

Our guarantee is good, and we mean

kindly notify us.

it.

AMERICAN PROPELLER COMPANY

616 North

W.

Street, N.

Washington, D. C.

E. B. Heath Aerial

MONOPLANES

Makers

of

Everything for

Vehicle Co.

AIRCRAFT

Let us proportion a propeller for your craft. The strongest

and lightest turnbuckles. Aeroplane hardware

Aeroplane woodware
Send Six Cents

Walden-DyottCo.
INCORPORATED

Hudson Terminal Building

50,

Church Street

New York

Manufacturers of monoplanes only.

Mineola, Long Island.

an aeroplane

it

will

If

pay you

to write us for further

details concerning our machines.

to

have you

visit

Factory at

you are thinking of buying

We can

also arrange

our factory, where you can investigate

the high quality of our work.

Th(

in

stamps for illustrated catalogue

AIRCRAFT

February, ipil

419

CONTENTS FEBRUARY,
Altitude

Records and Measurements

Law and

the Air

1911
Major
Denys

Reber
Myers
Alfred W. Lawson

Editorial

Foreign News
Club News
Stokes Monoplane
Field Apparatus

426
428

Henry A. Wise Wood

W. H.

Comparison of Bleriot Types

'

General
History of Michelin Cup
Records and Statistics, Corrections
in

Inde.x for

421

434

New York Aero Show

News

S.

P.

Volume

434
435

Phipps

436

John, J. Ide
D. E. Ball

440

Wood
Wood

445

G. F. Campbell
.

433

G. F. Campbell

438
442

44(3

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by The Lawson Publishing

ALFRED W. LAWSON

37-39

President and Treasurer

EAST

28th

STREET,

United

States,

Mexico,

Hawaiian Islands, Cuba

Entered

S.

Company
A.

ERNEST

WHEN YOUR

C.

LANDGRAF

Secretary

SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRES

One month before a subscription expires

e enclose
renewal
blank on which you will write your order for t e renewal,
When first notified that your subscription 'ill expire, you should
send your renewal at once, in order not to miss a number.
New
subscriptions which are received by us on or before the 15th of any
month will begin with the issue of that month. If received after that
date they will begin with the following month's issue.
We cannot
enter subscriptions to begin with back numbers.
One month's notice
is necessary before a change of address can be made.
'second-class matter*'' February 18, 1910, at the Post Ofhce, at New York, N. Y., under Act of March 3, 1879.
Copyright. 1911. by the Lawson Publishing Co.
"Aircraft" is registered as a trade-mark by the V. S. Patent Office, under date of August 9th, 1910

Puerto Rico. Guam, Philippine

(including Postage), $1.50 per year.
Fifteen Cents tlie Copy, of All News Dealers.
Foreign Subscriptions, Two Dollars per year.
In changing order give old as well as new address.
Advertising copy must be in hand by the 1st of month previous
date of publication.
Only high-grade advertisements of thoroughly reliable firms are
tlie

U.

Telephone, 5017 Madison Square

TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS
In

inds,

NEW YORK,

'

AIRCRAFT

420

Febrtmry, ipii

AEROPLANE PROTECTION
ON LANDING!
Tearing loose of a
to

the

machine

Tires injury
side

is

hold the

Tires

in

tire as

the aeroplane lands means serious injury

Equipped with

Goodyear

impossible, for 42 wires in the tape at

tire to

the

the world so

rim in a vice-like

made

are

Aeroplane
the base 21 on each
The only Aeroplane

Detachable

grip.

the

Detachable Aeroplane Tires

The Goodyear Detachable Tires embody the
Goodyear No-Rim-Cut Auto Tires.
Goodyear Aeroplane Tires
with extra-tough tread

are the

lightest

They combine

factured, considering size.

hence hard

principles of the

aeroplane

tires

famous

manu-

the greatest possible resiliency

to puncture.

Judge the Goodyear by the fact that these aviators have equipped their
own machines with it: Capt. Thomas Baldwin, Charles K. Hamilton and
all

B.

of Moisant's

crew of

international aviators, J.

Harmon, Harkness, Wilcox and

A. D. McCurdy, Clifford

scores of other famous

American and

foreign aviators.

Goodyear aeroplane

fabrics

and rubber shock absorbers are being

adopted by the World's Famous Aviators.

The Goodyear Tire and Rubber

Main

Office

and Factory 92nd

Branches and Agencies

in

St..

AKRON, OHIO

All the Principal Cities

Co.

rVVVV^+*VV^**VVV^**VVVV'^**VVVV

AIRCRAFT
Vol.

I.

No.

12

New

York, February, 1911

*W V V V V V w^*^

ALTITUDE MEASUREMENTS AND RECORDS

By Major

S.

Reber

AIRCRAFT

422

the latter should have a length of four or five miles or greater,

Febrimry, ipii

sure in inches or millimeters of mercury.

It is

well

known

that

absolutely necessary that the observers be connected by

as the altitude above sea level increases the atmospheric pressure

line.
In order to make the readings simultaneous
each observer should have a breast transmitter and a double
head receiver. If observations are not absolutely simultaneous
The above
considerable error is introduced in the results.

and the barometer falls. The relation between the

and the difference in the simultaneous
barometric readings at two stations is given by what is known
as Leplace's formula for the barometric determination of heights.
As a barograph gives a continuous record of the variation of
atmospheric pressure if one should be attached to an aeroplane

and

it is

a telephone

method

is open to the objection that at considerable altitudes

an aeroplane is liable to be lost from view by passing through
the clouds and at a low or medium altitude it will be lost to
sight in hazy or foggy weather or in case of rain. The method
of measuring elevations at the time of transit of a fixed vertical
plane is open to the objection that the altitude at the time of
transit is not necessarily the maximum altitude attained and
moreover it is very difficult for an aviator while making his ascending or descending spiral to be sure that he passes through
For the above reasons, and owing to
the fixed vertical plane.
the limited time at my disposal before the opening of the meet,
I decided to use calibrated barographs for measuring and recording altitudes. By calibrating each barograph under known conditions of temperature and pressure so that the various parts of
its scale may be read in feet, instrumental errors were compensated for and the uncertainty produced by a lack of knowledge
of the mean temperature of the air column is eliminated. The

decreases

difference in altitudes in feet

OCT

ol

3IO

BAROGRAPH N537.;>a
AviATop, Johnstone

MAX HEIGHT QllA-Ft.ETIZ^

I

iZiu ^Fif^r

OH

5ZO \<fzz&

j^)Hi7i

sob

k^

T-^

V^

:X::=r
OCTOBEK

31,

1910

9,714

TEET.

and the aeroplane vary its altitude a record of the variation of

atmospheric pressure, due to change in altitude, would be traced
on the cylinder. From this record the altitude of the various
points of the aeroplane's path can be calculated by use of the
formula.
In order to prevent the vibration of the machine from blurring the graph of the pen the writer devised the elastic support

shown

in

Figure

3,

which consists of three leather straps enAt two opposite points on each strap D

circling the barograph.

rings are sewn.

Pieces of elastic webbing hooked to convenient

on the machine or fastened to strings and these latter

on the frame so that the barograph hangs
free.
Figure 3 shows a baiograph suspended between the planes
of the Baby Wright in which Johnstone broke the world's

points

tied to suitable points

record.

simply a recording aneroid and consists

of a corrugated metal box (A) from which the air has been
partially exhausted.
The movements of the sides of this box,

barograph (Figure 1)

is

caused by variation of atmospheric pressure, are magnified by

the levers (B) and (C). At the end of the lever (C) is attached
a pen (D) which traces a record of the variation of pressure on
a graduated record card fastened to the cylinder (E) which is
driven by a clock mechanism in its interior. The pen lever (C)
can be moved outward from the cylinder (E) by a standard (F)
so that when not in use the pen is away from the paper and no
graph traced on the record card. By using a suitably graduated
scale the barograph can record variations of atmospheric pres-

The barographs used at Belmont Park were of the wellknown Richard pattern, three with aluminum and eight with
wooden cases. Two of the barographs read to 3,500 and the
remainder to 5,000 meters. The clock movements of some were
The record
six hours and the remainder twenty-four hours.
cards for the 3,500 meter instruments have the scale divided into
equal parts, while on the 5,000 meter cards the scale of equal parts
reads to millimeters.

Just previous to the meet the clock movements were regu-

and the barographs calibrated, under my direct supervision,

Mr. H. J. Green, the well-known maker of
barometers, by Lieutenant C. C. Culver and Mr. Nehrbas. The
lated

in the laboratory of

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii
method used was

as follows

barograph, whose pen had been

to zero, a standard thermometer and the open end

siphon barometer were placed mider the bell jar of an air

set

and the

of

pump

Readings of the thermometer,

and barograph were taken at the 760, 700,
650, 600, etc., milimeter points on the 5,000 meter barographs, and
at the 0, 500, 1,000 1,500, etc., meter points on the 3,500 meter
cards, and at the same time the room pressure and temperature
were taken by standard instruments. The diiiferences in altitude
air graduallj' exhausted.

the siphon barometer

corresponding to the difference in the readings of the mercurial

barometers were computed by means of the formula and tables
given in the third revised edition of the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, pp. xxvii-xxix and pp. 100-109.
The temperature of

mean air column, which is the uncertain factor in the ordinary case, was accurately known, as the temperature of the air
in the bell jar did not vary from that of the outside room.
It
the

was assumed

that

the

pressure between points

of

calibration

followed a straight line law and a table of altitude in feet was

constructed for the various scale readings of each barograph.
The following sets of readings, one for each type of barograph,

method, and it is to be noted that the barometric readings given below have been reduced to 32 F.

will illustrate the

Barograph No. 53761 (millimeter scale.)

Calibration.

Pressure in

bell jar

Barograph reading

Room

pressure

29,947

760
29.947

Mean temperature

77F

Latitude

41N

Altitude in feet

423

AIRCRAFT

424

each applied for a barograph for the purpose. The two barographs that had checked so closely against each other the day
before were attached to their machines, No. 53732 to Johnstone's
and No. 53735 to Drexel's areoplane. Figure 4 tells the story of
Johnstone's flight into a region where man had never before

He

penetrated in a heavier than air machine.

M. and ascended

P.

at 3 :34

steadily at

crossed the line

uniform

practically

angle of climb at a rate of 206 feet per minute until he reached

an altitude of 9056 feet, where evidently he encountered difficulties, as in the next twenty minutes he fought to gain 275 feet,
when he dropped suddenly about 100 feet and then he began his
last uphill climb, until he reached the highest point of his career,
9,714 feet above the starting point at 4:50 P. M., just as the sun

was nearing

Western horizon. Little did we, who saw him

mere speck in the evening sky, think that this was

the

at that time a

to be the highest point ever to be reached by this courageous

man, in whose tragic death a few days afterward America lost

one of her most skillful and daring aviators. The difficulties

that he encountered, the persistence and courage that he dis-

may be realized in the fact that in the first

minutes of his journey in the air he rose 9,056 feet
ground, and in the next thirty-two minutes he could
658 feet. After remaining near his maximum altitude

played

his gasoline

and ascertaining that

eight minutes

was

practically

height of 8,373

uniform angle of climb

feet,

at

come down.

The

wind to a height of
more than an hour,
in which he gained 3,421 feet additional height, he came rapidly
down at Middle Island at nine minutes after 3, some forty-two
and one-half miles east of his starting point. The next day he
flew back to Belmont Park, taking a thirty-minute rest in the
middle of his journey, and arrived at 3:47 in the afternoon. Hoxsey, as will be seen from Figure 7, experienced about the same
of Johnstone's flight he arose against the

and then after

5,450 feet,

with the wind.

difficulty

fighting for a Uttle

He

reached his

over an hour.

During Moisant's Statue of Liberty flight (Figure 8) on the

afternoon of the 30th of October, in which he made a distance of
thirty-four miles in 34 minutes and 38.8 seconds, he rose rapidly
and rounded the mark at the Statue at an altitude of between
2,200 and 2,800 feet, and kept well up till near the finish line of

make

but

for about
practically

which was done

little

the race.

The following
the International

at a

an average rate of 161

feet

are the best performances for altitude during

Tournament:

Johnstone
Drexel

9714

feet,

8373

feet,

De

6931

Lesseps

feet,

6705 feet,

4882

iVright biplane occurred in the afternoon of the 27th of October,

when Johnstone and Hoxsey crossed the starting line within a

Latham
Simon

3772

feet,

959

feet,

few seconds of each other in a puffy westerly wind which averaged from twenty-five to thirty miles per hour near the surface of the ground. Latham, that most skillful of air men, took
his Antoinette up in this puffy wind, but after making a few

Barrier

932

feet,

Willard

629 feet,

Radley
Ely

614 feet,

After reaching this point he immediately volplaned

minutes at a rate of 1,047 feet per minute.

most interesting

flights

altitude of

in eight

Two

maximum

and remained at about this

height for about fifteen minutes, and then he descended in a
more leisurely manner, landing at Brentwood Park, some twentyfour and a quarter miles away. The next morning he returned
in a continuous flight to Belmont Park in a leisurely manner in
6,491 feet fifty minutes after starting

Brookins
Parmalee

down

wind

into the wind, and though his engine was going full speed ahead
he hung for about a minute, apparently motionless in the air,
During the first half hour
like a gigantic, graceful, dragon-fly.

Hoxsey

per minute.

force of the

that one time during his flight he headed his Antoinette

was such

above the

the ground twenty-five minutes later and rose steadily, but more
slowly than Johnstone, as he required fifty-seven minutes to

maximum

laps of the track decided to

forty-four

exhausted he volplaned rapidly down in seven and one-half minutes, at the rate of over 1,200 feet per minute, the possessor of a
new world's record. Drexel, as will be seen from Figure 5, left

reach his

Pehruary, ipii

illustrating the stability of the

LAW AND THE

By Denys
{Concluded

P.

3819

412

feet,
feet,

feet,

October
October
October
October
October
October
October
October
October
October
October
October

31st.
31st.

25th.

27th.
34th.
28th.
25th.
30th.
30th.
34th.
30th.

24th.

AIR

Myers

from January Aircraft.)

AERIAL COMMERCE
Saw

the heavens

fill

with commerce,

argosies of

Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping

^HgBfBHAT

\ ^nm

^\

y^

magic

down with

sails,

costly bales.

law will govern the commerce of the air which

Tennyson foresaw

is

the immediate future.

now a practical question of

The customs rules of France

have already been violated by the carriage of goods

albeit only a few cigars by the aerial route

across the border, and the possibilities of the coming months

were considered so great that the International Conference on
Aerial Rights, which met at Paris from May 18 to June 29,
finally adjourned sine die late in November, 1910, because none
of the nineteen sovereign states participating in it were willing
to

mortgage

their

future

to

the

extent

of

signing a

binding

convention.

detailed

analysis

of

the

text

of

the

draft convention

prepared by the conference was published in the London Times

of November 29 and republished, without credit, by the Boston
The Times published an editorial on
Transcript December 9.
the code December 16 and the New York Evening Post on
December 12, the latter crediting its source. The draft convention follows pretty closely the conclusions of these articles, but

little of specific commercial situations.

What it does
be dealt with as the most advanced expression of legal

says very

say

may

thought on the points

it

touches.

"Each contracting State has power to regulate passenger and

goods traffic between points in its own territories, and consequent
restrictions must be at once published and notified to other
Governments interested," writes a correspondent of The Times.
"Interdicted zones are to be indicated with sufficient precision
to permit of their being indicated on aeronautical charts of the
The contracting States are bound to
scale of 1,500,000 at least.
communicate these charts to one another.
"Each State will exercise the right of police and customs
supervision in the atmosphere over its territory, and the personnel of an airship must comply strictly with the police and customs
regulations of the country over which it is travelling.
"On behalf of Belgium, Baron Guillaume expressed the regret
of his Government that a proposal made by it on May 25, with
the idea of facilitating international navigation, that airships
should be exempt from duty, had not been accepted.
"It was agreed that airships temporarily coming to earth in
foreign countries shall be exempt from duty, that provisions and
working materials shall enjoy the customary tolerance, and that
passengers' luggage shall be treated as if it had arrived by crossMerchandise can only be carried
ing sea or land frontiers.
under special conventions or in virtue of internal legislation."
.

AIRCRAFT

Fcbnmry, ipii
It

made

the probable content of these conventions to be

is

for merchant aircraft, a subject the conference led up to only,

that shall be attacked

here aerial admirality

While the term airman

coming

is

counterpart of the ordinary seaman

of seamen

duties

is

might be

into vogue,

called.

so

lacking in the

the

far

are

craft.

so will the rights and duties of ordinary air-sailors

admiralt)'.

Against a ship financial claims are preferred in this order

Seamen's wages; material and supplies, general average, towage and
pilotage; bottomry, which consists of obligations executed generally in a foreign port for repayment of advances to supply
necessities; and, finally, mortgages.
Probably the same order could be transferred to aircraft,
along with the conditions attaching to bottomry liens and mort:

'

each

air.

own
Yet as the rights and
among the most important problems of

being master of his

pilot

it

case

when

ones.

the case arises in respect to aircraft, the added hazard of

travel

will

weigh

heavily

against

the

adoption

of

The former

gages.

on liners and tramp aeroplanes become problems for the future

jurist.
At sea every person employed or engaged to serve on
board is deemed a seaman, who thus becomes a ward of admiralty with a prior claim over all others for wages. It is a practical
rule to adopt for the air.
Admiralty says that the master of
the vessel cannot proceed in rem, that is, against the ship itself
as a property, for wages under the general rule, but the privilege is unsettled under statute provisions, and it is likely that
aerial

425

in

admiralty, but

arrival

at

its

provision for aircraft.

This is on the basis that the last mortgage is the one

which most immediately preserves the property and that it is for
the benefit of the prior claims.

the

ocean vessels

of

In admiralty are
of aircraft.
the

fire,

is

sea.

Damage by

mishap, short of

therefore less in the sky and the chances of

land and water being littered with aerial flotsam and jetsam
proportionatehr smaller.
But, notwithstanding the practicability
of the vol l^lane, masters of aircraft will be
their rights over cargo,

when

it

is

much concerned with

a question of safety for them-

selves.
Probably long years of judicial ransacking of brains will
have to be done before the privilege of jettisoning cargo is well
defined, but the law of general average can be borrowed for
immediate use.

By

each consignor

it

is

responsible in proportion to the value

of the goods he owns to contribute to the loss of one whose

property has been voluntarily sacrificed for the benefit of all
by the master, or under his authority. It will be easy enough to

make over

the rule to

perfectly understood,

fit

the

air.

Safety

in

the air

but appliances to guarantee

it

is

still

are

invented and mishaps to aircraft will decrease accordingly.

im-

the nature of things, be greater than in similar circum-

will, in

stances on the ocean.

ship

may

in

its

side

and only a portion of

ship keeps afloat

many

times irrespective of whether

it

has twenty tons or forty tons of merchandise in

break

its

holds.

an aircraft does not offer the same sporting chance.

To a greater degree its safety depends upon the amount of
weight it has to bear up, and its engines are its life. The heavy
goods, of course, would have to go, and this is a point for the
insurance men. A successful glide might depend upon the difin

ference between

would not be

carrying a mail sack or hurling

it

down

it

affected by the presence of a packet of diamonds.

Salvage in the air is a proposition that will be essayed some

Salvage money for rescue at sea consists of compensation
Ships naturally float; aircraft do not in their element. It is to be expected, then, that bounty for aerial salvage
will cut a larger figure than on the ocean, although the same
general rules can doubtless be adjusted to fit the less stablp
medium. A subsidiary rule of salvage can be taken entire. The
time.

and bounty.

freight
loss

is

not cancelled until the contract

incurred therefore

craft itself

falls

is

complete, and any

on the consignor, for

whom

Aviators in these present days are a high class of men, but

soon "going to air," as going to sea, will be the vocation of thousands, and there will be bad debts, unfortunate ventures and all

mankind encounters. Claims against the

consequence arise and a scale of settlement must

the business troubles

property will

in

be arranged for the

things to be disregarded in the law

hypothecation of cargo.
Barratry is a division

of admiralty law that will almost

certainly be transferred to an important position in the law of
the air.
Barratry consists of an act committed by the master
or mariner for an unlawful or fraudulent purpose contrary to

who sustains loss. Just as the master of an

empowered, as his compeer at sea, with full conover his crew and vessel, he stands as good a chance to be
faced with a situation involving barratry, while the possibility
of there being airmen capable of perpetrating fraud, when "going
duty to the owner,
aircraft will be
trol

to air"

as

becomes a regularly practiced vocation,

among

An
false

is

fully as great

the ocean-going class.

illustration

bill

where the master of the vessel

is

of lading in a

was presented

situation

port not the

in

home

one.

sells

When

this

the court, the holder of the

bill of
lading recovered from the owner.
Mention of a bill of lading
suggests some reference to the immense body of commercial

now exists and which in the main

principles can be applied to aerial commerce as easily as the seaborne trade.
The rights and duties of business societies and
corporations, ordinary acts of commerce, rules of affreightment,
letters of exchange, rights in cases of failure are not essentially

liabilities

incurred in sailing the atmosphere.

by the mere method of transportation. On the other

etc., must take into consideration

affected

hand, rules as to wrecks, risks,

the means of carriage.

These, however, need not be greatly changed to meet the

conditions of the air in

where

Where

in

many

admiralty neghgence

neither vessel

is

at

Take the rules of collision,

held to be an essential to recover.
neither can recover and the

cases.
is

fault

Where both are at fault the loss divides,

an important point, for if a $100,000
steamer and a $10,000 yacht were in collision and each sustained

loss rests

where

irrespective

of

it falls.

degree,

a loss of half its value, or a total of $55,000, each owner would

be held for half this sura, or $27,500 a-piece. In collision an
innocent third party recovers against both, half against each.
The market value of the craft is recovered if the loss is total
and if loss is partial an allowance is made for deprivation of use.

the

security.

is

many

There are the elaborate rules of pilotage, for which

highway will have no use for years, if ever. It is a
nice question whether aerial tow boat services will be established, especially to warp the craft into their berths; or whether
all such aid can be given by the throwing of lines from the
wharf of the aerial termini. Bottomry itself, a subterfuge usually
resorted to by tramp steamers, may not be necessary for aircraft to adopt, and in the same class is the respondentia, the

law, strictly speaking, which

spring a leak

the cargo needs to be thrown overboard to get at the broken

place.

If that theory holds true in the

should prove equally true for aerial

it

skj'

being

When

they do occur they are more likely to be thoroughly disastrous

than at sea, and the consequent danger to the whole aerial cargo

from those exdrawn is the first

differ

that the last one

in

claim.

Likelihood that aircraft will be employed to carry cargoes

of a bulky nature is too remote a possibility to consider and
difference in weight and bulk are likely for many years to be
the chief distinction between the merchandise that goes by air
injury by

Marine mortgages

ecuted on other property

admiralty rule.

and that sent by earth or

constitutes a lien which may be enforced

void in case of loss of the ship before its
No objection occurs against such a

is

destination.

ISLone of these rules, as

it

can be seen, require

much

altera-

tion to apply to the cognate element of air, and the same may
be said of the generality of law relating to commercial operations
as opposed to the relations of aerial craft to the state itself.
In both fields, however, it is certain that broad principles

be maintained where possible for the air, a body of exceptions for situations unique to the air gradually growing up as
a result of statutes and the decisions of courts.
will

AIRCRAFT

426

MARTYRS
instilling

WAY

of

of life a desire to

do those things that are necessary and are a part

of its infinite scheme. It also has a wise method
of making pleasant those desires necessary to the very
For inexistence and propagation of living things.
stance, all life, or as much of it as we understand, retask
pleasant
makes
a
it
quires nourishment, so nature
to absorb nutriment in one way or another and if it
was not for the fact that it was pleasant to eat and
drink, earthly animals would have no incentive to do
so and consequently would starve to death, and so it
will be found that the tendency to accomplish anything in life is invariably based upon a pleasant sensation, in one form or another, produced by the act
itself.

Because of nature's intention to perfect certain

ter-

restrial plans it becomes necessary for earthly animals

both human and inhuman to live, and so Nature

has instilled into these animals an intense desire TO

LIVE and this desire has become so saturated in man's
makeup during the past million years that it might
now be considered a mania.
So life's antithisis death is usually shunned as
some terrible end to look forward to by the average

human

as a few years in time

but the quantity and

of our lives that count

HAS AN INTELLIGENT

NATURE into the various forms

February, ipii

is

worth speaking about

work we do.
Some men who have

of the

died at thirty years of age,

have done more and better work than others who have
lived to be centenarians.
Better live one year of useful activity than one
hundred years of useless inactivity. It is better to
die anyway at the very height of our mental strength
than to be forced to live after our energies have been
exhausted and we are on the road to imbecility.
Therefore dying in action is the greatest blessing
that man could possibly expect and hope for. No man
should be ashamed to die with his boots on unless it
is at the end of a rope or some other soothing end
civilization bestows upon those who perform questionable deeds.

So

honor to the martyrs of aerostation and avihats off to those grand and glorious pioneers of
aerial progress; those splendid heroes who gave their
lives endeavoring to teach us worm-men that the time
has arrived for us to unfasten our feet from the mud of
the earth and soar away into the upper regions,
through and beyond the atmosphere in search of a
higher and nobler life than any we have yet contemation

all

plated.

INDUSTRY

being.

But while Nature wisely puts fear of death into the

minds of most men she also very wisely creates some
men without it and through that select few the danger-

YOU AMERICAN,
HARK!
industry.
One
greater

ous work of progress is performed.

It is always the new and untried things that are
fraught with the most danger and it is he who dares
to tread into new fields who aids mankind the most.
To die while endeavoring to learn Nature's so-called
secret laws for the purpose of uplifting humanity,
should be every human being's greatest aim, for after
all the supplying of knowledge and happiness to others
is about the only thing worth living for.
When a m.an has done some one thing during his
life that no one else has ever accomplished before and
which proves a factor toward the sum total of human
progress, he is entitled then, and then only, to feel
proud of his work yes, even conceited over it, if he

for

likes.

man, while performing some great service for

mankind, loses his life, he does not need our symIf a

pathy his memory should stir our personal gratitude, our unstinted praise and every honor we can
bestow upon his name. Instead of weeping for him
we should weep for ourselves for that which
have lost.
should weep when we realize how
small we are in comparison to him who gave up his
life to aid us and our descendants.
And we should remember that it is not the length

We

hardly
quality

WE

of

to the call of a

new

magnitude and

far

reaching effects than any the world has ever

known and no doubt far beyond anything we
are able to conceive at the present time, even if we
go to the limits of our imagination.
You are spending millions of dollars annually competing for foreign trade you are sending agents everywhere upon the face of the earth in search of markets
;

your wares you are even willing to go to war with

some powerful nation in an attempt to secure some
slight commercial advantage, and still right in under
your very nose, an industrial field has been discovered,
the richness of which almost staggers the intelligence
of those who have already looked into it.
Progress has at last forced man into a field of endeavor without limitations. The flying machine is
born and from it an industry which within fifty years
will have grown to greater proportions than that of the
steamship, railroad and automobile industries com;

bined.

TRANSPORTATION

the most essential thing in

from one place to
another is apparently nature's foremost purpose in
fact, judging from the workings of the electrons and
on up to the greatest bodies in space, moving things
about appears to be nature's only aim.
life.

The

is

ability to shift substance


AIRCRAFT

Februwy, 1911

From

human standpoint transportation began from

man first shed his tail. In those days he was

the time

satisfied to transport his

anatomy from place

and his goods upon

to place
his own

upon his own hind legs

shoulders. But with the development of his brain cells
he was not long in seeing the advantage of shifting the
burden to the backs of his four-footed relations. So
the ox, horse, elephant, mule, zebra, dog, goat, camel
and even the biped ostrich were persuaded into the
service.

But man was not content to put up very long with

the eccentricities of these brutes, they, especially the
mule, not always reaching their destination on schedule
time. So he devised other means mechanical means
as a surer, safer and speedier method of transportation, the result being, the raft, dugout, sailboat, steamboat and motor boat on water, and the steam locomotive, electric car and automobile on land.
Progress, however, will not allow man to stand still
anywhere, and about the time he had developed a high
standard of water transportation and land transportation he was pushed another step forward and given an
insight into air transportation, the speediest, safest and
most economic method yet adopted. (A few years will
have to elapse for proof of this statement).
Many important steps in the future of aerial navigation could be correctly forecasted at this time, but we
merely want to point out here the fact that air travel
has already begun and will develop just as rapidly or
even more so than the automobile, steam boat or railroad has done.
It is a fact that more than sixty miles an hour can
be made in an aeroplane. It is a fact that an aeroplane
can remain in the air more than eight hours without
landing. It is a fact that an aeroplane can carry five
passengers at a time.
These three facts alone prove that flying is now
practical and that flying machines can be utilized for
practical purposes, even without further improvements
the marvelous improvements that will come with
astonishing rapidity in the future.
At the present time aeroplanes can be used to great
advantage in such countries as Alaska, where the snow
and ice in winter make the roads impassable for either
land or water transportation.
They can be utilized to travel in Africa or other
sparsely settled countries where railroads are unknown
and where there are no roads for automobiles. In such
countries it would be possible for man to cover as much
distance in a half hour's air trip flying over the wilderness, as would take weeks to pass through it. It can
be used to good advantage right here in America now,
as a carrier of important mail, and it must be adopted
immediately by the armies and navies of every country
in the world that want to keep on a proper war footing.
It can be utilized to-day for sport and pleasure and
for a great many other purposes which we cannot think

of at this

moment.

Roughly estimated there will be a demand for 10,000

flying machines throughout the entire world during the
year of 1911. Allowing an average cost of $3,000 for a
machine means that $30,000,000 will be spent in the
flying machine industry this year.
Now, the question is, Mr. American, do you intend to
go after a good portion of that $30,000,000, or are you
willing that the Frenchman shall gobble up the bulk of
Mind, the figures above
it as he has been doing so far.
are merely quoted for this year's business. If you will
take the trouble to figure out the ratio between ten
the total number of flying machines on earth three

427

years ago

number there
and ten thousandthe
you will readily see
an enormous quantity of them will be
total

will be at the close of this year

what

foresee

wanted three years hence.

Rather a healthy industry to look forward to is it not?
American capitalist, and American mechanic, we
advise you to lose no further time in taking part in the
development of this great new industry.
Get into the business at once. Get there first, and
let those who come later push you along in front of
them, and do not forget that most of the great fortunes
made out of the automobile, railroad, steamboat and
oil industries, were made by the men who went into
those businesses first. Profit by their success and go
into the aeroplane business at once, while it is yet in its
So,

There is a greater demand to-day for mainfancy.

chines that will fly than all of the manufacturers in the
world are able to supply. Manufacture either the
complete machine, or the motor, or the covering, or the
wheels, or the propellers, or the metal parts, or something necessary in the making of it.
should not America take the lead in this great

Why

new industry?

WE

THE INDEX
CALL THE ATTENTION

of our readers
to the fact that this issue completes the first
volume of AIRCRAFT, and that on page 446
will be found the index to the contents of the

twelve numbers making up the book.

would like our readers to examine carefully this
index as it will give them a very good idea how well
we have covered the aeronautical field during the past

We

We

also call their attention to the exceptionally

of signed articles written exclusively for
by the big men of the movement, and to
another and more important fact that when we print
we
articles not prepared exclusively for
always mention the source from which it is derived.
regret that some of our contemporaries do not
act so generously toward us as we often find our articles, tables and editorials published either in full or
in part in newspapers and periodicals in widely sepa-

year.
large

number

AIRCRAFT

AIRCRAFT

We

rated communities throughout this and foreign coun-

which no mention is made of AIRCRAFT.

from a historical standpoint that the first
volume of AIRCRAFT is the most complete record of
tries, in

We believe

movement ever published, not only for the year,

but from the very inception of the movement itself.
Our records and statistics of aviation could not be excelled, as they are absolutely correct, and all other
the

aeronautical publications who prefer giving their readers correct information have reached the point where
they accept AIRCRAFT'S figures as conclusive.
But while we feel that we have done our work well
during the past year and feel proud of the large and intelligent clientele we have surrounded ourselves with,
still we are going to start next year's work with the
idea of beating all previous records by not only trying
to please our readers, but by trying to arouse their enthusiastic applause for our efforts.
That we can only do so by giving them something
better than they anticipate we realize, and to that end
we shall strive.
In the meantime we are having bound up into
book form what few copies of the preceding twelv?
numbers we have left, and until they have become exhausted, offer them for sale to our readers bound either
rare volin cloth, cloth and leather or all leather.
ume indeed for any library and one that will be prized
more highly as the years roll on.

AIRCRAFT

428

Brazil

On December 31, Piccolo, the Italian aviator,

died at Sao Paulo, as a result of the injuries received in liis fall a few days before.
He ascended during a lierce gale in spite of
the advice of bystanders.
He said:
"I shall die or be the most famous aviator in
the world.'*

Belgium

records hitherto established for time, speed, height,

distance, etc., and it therefore seems a matter of
only a little time when the art of flying may beas common as navigating the seas.
"In Paris, an aviation company has been formed
with the object of promoting the flying art in
the Far East.
At present it is nominally capitalized at $50,000, and the leading man is the
Marquis de Villeneuve, a well-knowi plucky and
experienced aeronaut.
The machine
r to that which achieved
English Channel.
The

come

'

'

The Belgian Army now boasts

military

passed

aviator,

the

tests

fully-certified

having successfully

Nelis

Lieut.

necessary

aerodrome on the 22nd.

at

Kiewit-les-Hasselt

Later on the same day

Lieut. Nelis made another flight of 254 hours.

At a meeting of the Sports Committee of the

Belgian Aero Club on December 21st, it was decided to select the dates August 5th to 21st for
the Aerial Tour of Belgium.
The aeroplanes
will leave Brussels on August 6th and complete
the tour in seven stages, there being a day's interval between each of the stages, so that they
will arrive back at Brussels on August 20th.

China
Hongkong, November 19th, 1910.
The Lawson Publishing Co.
Dear Sirs: I have much pleasure in enclosing

herewith a newspaper cutting from which you will

observe there is a movement on foot to start
aviation in this Colony.
sincerely hope the
I
projected scheme will materialize.
I may mention that a German friend of mine proposes to
bring out an Antoinette next March or April.
I
am afraid there is not sufficient in this branch of
sports in this Colony to warrant the formation of
a Club, as about six months ago when there was
an ad. in one of the local papers (S. C. M. Post)
for formation of an Aero Club, only two names
were returned to the proposer and

Yours
T.

truly,

W. NILLUTTE.

FROM THE SOUTIf CHINA MORNING POST

OF NOVEISBER 3, 1910.
"Early next year, if sufficient inducement is
forthcoming, Hongkong may be made one of
three projected centres in the Far East for the
teaching and encouraging of aviation.
"This important information the 'JVi'orning Post*
is able to place in front of its readers as the outcome of an interview which took place yesterday.
Inquiries on the subject addressed to the 'Morning Post' will be forwarded to the local agents
of the scheme, who inform us that thev will be
only too pleased to meet and discuss matters with
parties interested.

ow been brought to a degree of

makes it possible for anyone of
Europe and America hundreds
-e

breaking

all

.\U,

WINNER

February, ipii

There is no doubt that Hongkong offers specialattractive

features for those who navigate
through space, and all that remains to be done to
encourage the promotion of aviation here is to
the cooperation of a number of prominent
ly

of
recall

good

Hi;

that

then a
Department,
Tai,

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii
descend at the' first suitable spot,
proved to be near Beaumont, Hainauet,
few
miles on the Belgian side of the frontier.
This enforced termination of the grand achievewise to

ment was the more disappointing as of the 20

gallons of petrol which Mr. Sopwith carried with
him he had no less than 11 gallons still left, a
sufficient quantity to have easily accomplislied a
further 200 miles under decent weather conditions,
lixcept for the uncertainty of the country, and the
treacherous winds, which were undoubtedly due
to the hilly district, not a hitch occurred with
either the machine or its gear.
The E. N. V.
engine went through without a missfire from first
to last during the journey of three and a half
odd hours, and the only regret is that Mr, Sopwith was unable, by reason of tlie eccentricities of
his compass and the disappearance of the guiding
sun, to continue with his original intention of
getting to Paris, which would have given him
from the start from Eastchurch grounds, a distance of about 2-10 miles.
As to the machine,
when Mr. Sopwith alighted within a kilometre of
Beaumont, beyond a couple of farm hands no other
help was witiiin reach, and he consequently left
his biplane in the middle of the field where he
came down until such time as he could send over
two of his meclianics to fetch it back.
.According to the rules of the prize, the distance
which counted was that from the point of ascent
to the point of descent measured in a straight
line as the crow flies, and this in the case of Mr.
Sopwith is returned as 169 miles, which was
covered in three hours and forty minutes.
The
machine with which this magnificent performance

was made was

In his attempt

Howard Wright
to

be

Baron de Forest's
Dover about 9 o'clock
her 22nd and flew o\
the

......

biplane.

Mr. Sopwith's record for

Mr. Cecil Grace left

prize

ing of Di
to

whe

Fr;
-

afte

country he landed
Mr. Grace decided

at I^es Baraques, near Calais.

to come down, as the conditions

and the wind

militated against any chance of doing better than

Mr. Sopwith. By half-past two, taking advantage
of a lift in the haze, Mr. Grace determined to
in order to be ready for
fly back to Dover
usly
fresh attempt
boat
arranged with the cap
of th
1
ce some time
de Calais" to start fr
urse by the sr
the boat left and folk

The mail boat, howe\

late in leaving Calais and Mr. Grace passed out
to sea before she left, there to encounter a bad
sea fog by which he appears to have been entireSince then nothing has been heard
ly engulfed.
of Mr. Grace except that it was reported from
the North Goodwins Wghtship that an aeroplane
had passed over the vessel, while a coastguard at
Ramsgate declared that he heard the noise of an
aeroplane's engine at a point which he estimated
The skipper of a
to be six miles off the shore.
Ramsgate fishing smack also reported having seen
a biplane when fishing to the southwest of tlie
East Goodwins Lightship.
The result of the British Empire IViichelin Cup
Contest is that Mr. Codv takes first place with
189.2 miles in 4h. 47m., Wr. Tom Sopwith second
with 150 miles in 4h. 7m., and Mr. Alec Ogilvie
third with 139J4 miles in 3h. 55m.
These results are highly satisfactory, for they
show definitely that we have in Great Britain pilots
of the first class.
Furthermore, in none of these cases were the
Mr. Cody came
descents due to engine failure.
down owing to cutting off his ignition accidentally, just when his petrol was exhausted, as in
Sopwith's case, and Ogilvie ran short of radiator
water.
.\s to the machines, the Codv, Iloward-Wright,
and Sliort machines used by the three competitors
have shown themselves quite equal to any Frenchbuilt biplanes in their performances.
On December 31st Mr. Cody, having received a
wire saying that the Channel was fogbound, deRolling up
cided on flying tor the Michelin Cup.
to the west end of Laffan's Plain, he started off
at 8.26 a. m. in chilling cold and mist, and be
After a
to circle the 12,711 ft. course.
at about 80ft. high, he ascended to betwe :n 600ft.
and 700ft. to ,gef above the mist, and thi altitude
was kept for the first two hours.
He was checked by Lieutenant A. G. F
"
who, with Major Si
obs.
ed the flight
alf of the Royal Ac
'

10.30 the aviator had not varied his altitude

to fly with perfect steadiness
not a movement could be seen.
choppy wind sprang up at 11.15, which

machine seeming
.'\

Mr. Cody

to

desi

:ight

of

had not ch riged_his

some 80ft.
altitude, an

"itish
.'ed
t

nd

at

no inclination

record.

to

times was quite twenty n

had flown 75 laps,

o'clock

abo

lile

Shortly afterwards, though an accidental conof the aviator's arm with the switch controlling the ignition, the biplane came down, accidentally touching the ground.
Cody switched on
and rose immediately, but too late the flight had
terminated.
His actual time in the air was four hours,
forty-seven minutes, during which he covered seventy-seven laps 189 1-5 miles, an all-British record
tact

429

AIRCRAFT

430

February, igii
One of tlie remarkable series of record performances in France on December 21st was made by
Mile. Helene Dutrieu at Etampes on her Henry
Farman

Competing for the Coupe

off at ten minutes past two
for 2 hrs. 35 mins., when she deas the gathering darkness
made it difficult for her to see her way. She had
then covered 167.2 kiloms.
The first 100 kiloms.
were completed in 1 hr. Z2 mins., while the time
for the 150 kiloms. was 2 hrs. 20 mins.
In the
first hour the distance travelled was 62.9 kiloms.,
and during the second hour 66.6 kiloms.. were
added to this score. By this flight Mile. Dutrieu
completely put in the shade her previous record
of 1 hr. 9 mins., and Rille. Marvingt's time of
likeness of Mile. Marvingt appears
53 mins.
on page 136 of this volume.
biplane.

Femina, she started

and was
cided

to

flying

come down

for

duration,

speed,

and

distance

record

which Mr. Cody should be proud.

Mr. Cody has flown now with this
1,230 miles since October 10th, 1910.

of

Cammerman

France
At Paris on January 10

seconds.

prize

delegates

to

the

$10,000 for the Statue of Liberty

flight at the Belmont Park meeting to the late
John B. Moisant.
The protest was presented for the Royal Aero
Club of the United Kingdom on behalf of Mr.
Grahame-White by Roger W. Wallace. The case
for the Aero Club of America was presented by
Mons. Henry Cachard, as attorney, and Edgar
Mix and Hart O. Berg, American delegates.
The sitting was presided over by Prince Roland
Bonaparte.
Representatives of America, Great
Britam, France, Germany, Austria. Belgium, Holland, Italy, Argentina and Switzerland were presof

ent.

The discussion, conducted throughout with the

utmost courtesy and friendliness, lasted more than
four hours.
-The official decision was as follows:
*'The
conference decides that the changes in the conditions regulating the Statue of Liberty contest
were not made in conformity with article 29 of
the international
the case to the

federation

Aero Club

and refers
America for new

statutes,

of

classification.
all rules and conditions
aviation meeting must
by the Contest Committee
interested.
"The American delegates were unable to state
whether or not the modification of the Statue of
Liberty race regulations had been ratified by the
Contest Committee of their club, consequently the
decision of the conference went against them."
The delegates were then called upon to
sider the conditions of the Coupe International
d* Aviation for the current year.
The American

"Article 29 states that

events at an

concerning
be

specifically

ratified

of the aero club

delegates were anxious to have the regulations

changed so as to force the competitors to pilot
machines designed and built entirely in their respective

countries.

It was decided by the federation that it was

not competent to make a decision of this nature
affecting the vital principles of the contest, as it is
merely a court of appeal, not a court of "first instance."
The conditions were amended in one respect,
however, the distance being made 150 kilometres
instead o 100, with the further specification that
the contest must be held in an aerodrome.
The federation decided to extend the date limit
for entries for the Coupe Internationale des
nautes until March 1 instead of February 1.
,

some
remarkable flying by Henri Farman. Maurice
Tabuteau and Georges Legagneux, competito
the Michelin Cup.
On December ISth. Henri Farman just missed
reaching Tabuteau's record of 289.38 miles by a
little over a mile, owing to the spectators* applause
making him think that he had won out, the distance covered by him only being 288.07 miles,

The

last

few

days

of

In a note printed by the French Minister of

it is explained that the vote of $80,000 asked
in connection with aviation in the Colonies
is intended mainly for French West Africa, the
Government of which colony has offered to share
the expenses of the experiments.
General Brun
states that the money asked for will be used in
the purchase of aeroplanes, which should be on
the spot at the end of January,
It is proposed
to start with seven aeroplanes, and to build the
necessary sheds, &c., for them.
Should this
prove satisfactory the Government has the intention of making a similar proposal in regard to
the French Colonies in the Far East.

War
for

the

International Aeronautic Federation upheld Mr.

Gra h am e- White's protest against the award of the

Ryan

On December 21 a nonstop aeroplane flight,

1-15 miles was made by Lieut.
Cammernian, accompanied by Capt. Hugoni. Lieut.
piloted his machine from Chalons to
Montignysur-Aube and return.
The flight was
made in four hours, two minutes, and thirty-five
with a passenger, of

machine

Following on the representations made by the

leading aeroplane manufacturers of France, especially M.
Breguet, the French Government have
decided to postpone the latest date for entries to
be made for the Aeroplane Competition from
January 1st to July 1st next year. It was pointed
out that as a result of trials which are now being made many of the manufacturers do not
know for certain what type of engine they will
adopt for the military machines, and so they could
not properly fill up their entry form.
It will be
remembered that the machines have to be fitted
with the engines mentioned in the entry forms
when they are presented for the eliminating trials
on October 1st next.

1910,

witnessed

although he made the world's duration record in

the attempt by remaining in the air eight hoi<rs
twelve mimttes and forty-five seconds.
On December 21st, however, Legagneux beat
Tabuteau's record by covering a distance of 320.63
in five hours and fifty-nine minutes, but Tabuteau
again went to the front on December 30th, and
finally won the Cup by making 56^.6(5 miles after
remaining in the air seven hours, forty-eight
utes, thirty-one and three-fifths seconds.
He drove
a Maurice Farman biplane with a Renault motor.
Henri Farman made a last attempt on December
31st, but did not succeed in doing as well as his
first attempt.
(See Mr. Campbell Wood's article,
"History of the Michelin Cup.")

Germany

new aeroplane, intended

shortly be tested at the
ade ground.
Thi
chine

for

miin
ilitary

Bornstdt military
designed
by two German engineers named __.
conjunction with Dr. Ewald. The machine
weighs,
mach
without the pilot, 300 kilogs., the planes are 12
metres span, and the lifting surface is 24 square
metres.
The aeroplane, which has been named
"Garuda," is fitted with a 50-h. p. motor.
.ill

A town

town event including Baden-Baden,

Karlsruhe,
Strassburg,
Frankfort on the Maine, is on the
to
total
books for next spring,
the
prizes
Competitions will be arranged in
300,000 marks.
all these cities, and a very influential committee
has been formed.
Saxony is planning a townto-town flight as well, the date to be from May
20 to 29, whilst the South German circuit will
Aviators in the
be in the first half of May.
Fatherland will find plenty to do next season, as
all these events are to bear more or less of a
Freiburg,

to

Mulhausen,

Mannheim,

national character.
ectio
for the statue to the memory
of Lilienthal ai
coming in almost painfully slowly in Germany and at the present rate it
take a very long time until a sufficient sum has
been got together to erect the proposed memorial.
subscription was received from the Aero
Club of Amer"

AIRCRAFT

Fcbnmry, igii

Peru

MACHINE IN FMGHT.

new Wright

put the

on December 8th, wh
ntrv flight from John;
back, 33 kilometres
satisfied

of the

,vorking

December

3n

ris-Berlin

flight

chine

Amerigo, training i
next year, put up a ne

4th.

duration record with 4 hrs.

n
s

held by August Euler with

It

is

Marine

stated

semi-officially
Department intends to

37

sees.

The former

.-Uiatik of the latest type.

that

hrs.

the

Imperi.i

purchase aeroplane-

naval purposes and has entered into nego

tiations with the Albatros Works; this
also accepted a number of naval officers as pupil:
for

Experiments have been carried out

with

.Tohannisthal

small

captive

re

balloons carryi

and intended for marking routes for aer

The balloons tested were of varic
sizes, ranging from 354 feet in diameter to S fe
and the lamps they carried were lighted by el
tricity supplied by a wire communicating with
stated that the lights were visible
lights,

navigation.

'

distance of

six

mile

India

The first public aviation meeti]

Calcutta attracted enormous crow
2Sth.

Tyck,

2,000 feet,
passengers,

ai
i

Farman.
Italy
Flving at Genoa, on December 26th, about two
miles from the shore Cirri's machine came down
and threw the occupant into the sea. Boats immediately set out from the shore and fortunately
His aeroplane was
succeeded in rescuing Cirri.
lost.

Japan
The

431

AIRCRAFT

432

Aero Club

of

America

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE

SUE OF PILOTS' LICENSES.

IS-

The following rules and regulations for the

issue of pilots' licenses were adopted at the meeting of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale
These rules establish
in Paris in October, 1910.
uniform conditions for the granting of all three
kinds of pilots' licenses in the sixteen countries
represented in the Federation Aeronautique Inlernationale.
The new conditions become etTective

(B)

An

(C)

The

ascension of one hour's minimum, duraundertaken by the candidate alone.

night ascension, with the understanding
that if the start takes place before sunset
the landing must be elTected after midnight, and if the start takes place before
midnight, the landing must be made after
tion

issue of a

always discretionary.

lit

DIRIGIBLE BALLOON PILOT.

Only the organization governing dirigible balrepresented, in the Federaon and after February 15th, 1911. New licenses looning in each country
tion Aeronautique Internationale shall have the
of a uniform model will be issued with the lext
right
to issue the license of Dirigible Balloon Pilot
printed in six languages and containing provisions
18 years of age and unapplicants
of
at
least
to
which are the same in all countries represented
in

der

Federation.

tlie

its
I.

AVIATOR.

II.

Only the organization governing Aviation in

each country represented in the Federation Aeronautique Internationale shall have the right to
issue the license of Aviator to- applicants of at
least 18 years of age and under its jurisdiction,
to wit:
I.

Citizens.

jurisdiction,
Citizens.

Foreigners
in the F.

to

of

A.

wit:

a country not represented

I.

Foreigners

The (B)

test

may

be

(A)

as one of the

made

at the

the

same time

tests.

the aviator shall accommust be indicated

not more than 500 meters

two

by two posts situated

circuits

from each

other.
After each turn made around a post the aviator
change his direction so as to leave the other
The circuit will thus conpost on his other side.
sist of an uninterrupted series of figure eights,
each circle of the figures alternately encircling
credited over the
distance
one of the posts. The
course covered between two turns shall be the
distance separating the two posts.
For each of these three tests the landing shall
will

be made:
stopping the motor not later than the
time when the machine touches the ground.
At a distance of less than 50 meters from a
(2)
point designated by the applicant befort
the test.
Landings must be made properly and the oflBcial
observer shall indicate in his report the way in
which they were made, the issue of the license
being always discretionary.
Official observers must be chosen from a list
drawn up by the governing organization of each
country.

By

Aero Club
January

The course over which

plish the aforesaid

6,

America,
1911

of

BALLOON

is

my own

of

this

country

to

depend very largely upon the harmonious

It

belief that the future supremacy

in the aeronautic field is going
co-

operation of the institutions and individuals interested in the great science and it seems to me that
the time has arrived for us to decide upon that
Naturallv, the Aero
course and get to work.
Club of America should stand as the nominal
head of the great national federation of clubs.
It was the beginning^ of the aeronautic movement
in this country; it is the natural representative
of the International Federation and the natural
parent body in the great group of American clubs.

While

believe

should remain
aeronautics

that the Aero Club of^ America

as the central and nominal head
this country, I believe that it

The astonishing progress in aeronautic achieve- of

should be so organized or reorganized as to give
ment of the last two years and the even greater the fullest representation to every section^ of the
advancement that is bound to come, places at country in control of all national policies and
time a certain burden of responsibility upon
Aero Club of America, and if we are to do
our patriotic part in aiding this country to reach
and maintain the position it should have in this
great enterprise, there is an immediate necessity
for energetic and concerted work from now on.
If my interpretation of the purpose and scope
of this club are correct, it is our duty to develop and advance in every legitimate manner,
the science and the sport of aeronautics and to
this
tlie

these things the first and paramount business of the organization, and in that connection
it
is very gratifying to know that every requisite
facility and resource for the accomplishment of
this work is within the reach of the club, it being
necessary now merely to enlarge and extend the
institution already well established.
What is the Aero Club of America? It is, or it
Not
should be, exactly what its name implies.
simply the Aero Club of New York City, or New
York State, or any other one section of country
or one group of men, but an organization as broad
as the country itself and an organization that
PILOT.
SPHERICAL
shall embody and give representation and expresin
sion to every affilated aero club on this continent.
ballooning
governing
Only the organization
The science and the sport of aeronautics, in this
each country represented in the Federation Aeronautique Internationale shall have the right to country, as elsewhere in the world, have developed
issue the license of Spherical Balloon Pilot to with a magic-like rapidity that has defied thus
applicants of at least 18 years of age and under far all effort at organization and systematic control.
The whole business seems to be up in the
its jurisdiction, to wit:
air higher even that the aviators themselves and
Citizens.
I.
Foreigners of a country not represented the work before this club, is to do its part in getII.
things
down to earth where we can begin to
ting
in the F. A. I.
the establish some sort of a system and control.
Foreigners of a country represented
III,
To accomplish satisfactory results along these
F. A. I. (but in this case a license may
be granted only with the permission of lines we must have cordial and permanent cooperation of all interests concerned. The affiliated
their own National organization")
clubs of the entire country must work together
Applicants must pass the following tests:
and the first thing to do is to find some substanascensions without any conditions.
Five
(A)
(1)

We

New York, Chicago, St.

Foreigners of a country represented in the going to monopolize.
every
Louis, Kansas City, San Francisco and
F. A. I. (but in this case a license may
other center in the United States is going to
be granted only with the permission of
have its strong aero club, its aviators, its aviatheir own National organization).
tion
fields, its special interests and enterprises and
The applicant must:
the question now is whether we all are going to
Hold a spherical balloon pilot's license.
(A)
together as one happy family of the air, or
Furnish proof of having made six voyages wdrk
(B)
continue to work apart with more or less waste
in a dirigible balloon on different dates,
of energy and opportunity, as has been done in
of which one, at least, must have been
the past.
of an hour's duration, and on at least

starting point.

(C)

basis upon which that policy can be carried

To be more specific, it is my notion
into effect.
that every club and every active locality in America should be fully represented in the organization.
I don't care whether each affiliated club is represented by one or by forty governors on the board,
so long as we can establish a harmonious and
effective organization that shall represent the aeronautic interests of the whole country, in fact, as
What we are after is results.
well as in name.
are all striving for the same thing, substantially,
the upbuilding and systematizing of the
science and sport of this country and we should
waste no more time in petty differences and trivial
details in getting on the main job.
This business of aeronautics is no longer the
special field of cranks and idlers.
It is a game
men are going to play from now on
that
and we might as well understand, too, that it is
section
of
the
country is
game
that
no
one
a
tial

III.

of a country not represented

in the F. A. I.
Foreigners of a country represented in the
F. A. I. (but in this case a license mav
three of these occasions the dirigible
be granted, only with the permission of
must have been handled by the canditheir own National organization)
date himself.
Applicants must pass the three following tests:
application for a license must be endorsed
The
(A) Two distance tests, each consisting in cover- by two Dirigible Balloon Pilots who have witing, without to-uching the ground, a closed nessed at least three of the starts and landings of
kilometers in
five
circuit not less than
the candidate.
length (length measured as indicated beThe issue of a license is always discretionary.
low).
rising
to
a
in
consistnig
altitude
test
An
(B)
minimum height of 50 meters above the Address of Allan A. Ryan, President of
II.

III.

Febrimry, igii

make

in

affairs.
It is also

very important in the future that we

give every possible aid and encouragement to
worthy inventors and to every brandi of scientific
development in this country and to that end we
should call into association and co-operation with
us all those who are seriously working, or interested

in

very

the field of American

casual survey of the

to bring
the only
wise and

effort are

we have

In
Speech

aeronautics.

world at large
be done in America
us abreast of any other countries and
way to achieve that result is through
Organization and
effective cooperation.
The natural resources
alone necessary.
in abundance.

shows that there

is

Honor

of

much

to

of Octave Chanute.

Hudson Mcxim-

at

the

meeting

of

the Aero Club of America at the rooms of the

Aero Club. Engineers' Building, New York City.

January 6. 1911, the Aeronautical Society, the

Automobile Club and Engineers' Club participating.

When men uni'e to do honor to greatness, they

but perform a just duty and meet a just abligation, both to the man they honor and to themselves.

Great inventors, discovers, scientists, philosophers, are men who stand a little in advance of
the world and help pull the world after them.
The merit of what they do is seldom appreciated
or recognized until the world has caught up.
The inventor must, of necessity, work in new
fields untrodden by his fellows; and both
the
manner of his working and tlie things he does,
being new. are just to that extent unfamiliar
to the masses of mankind; and just to the extent
to which
they are unfamiliar, is their

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii

433

It is easy enough
has been done, to see how it was done, but it
took genius to foreknow the advent of aviation
and in imagination to foresee the actual aeroplane soaring in the coming sky, and it took
courage to face the ridicule of unbelief and the
sneers of ignorance.
Chanute forsaw it all. He knew that mechaniHe was
cal flight was surely to be accomplished.
one of the biggest and bravest of those whose
labors finally launched the airship, and raised the
eyes of doubt to behold accomplishment hung

the
to

cloud.
the loud bravo.

ule

th(

to

Now, when it looks so easy, it is hard to realize

a few years ago, any serious talk about
aviation was a thing to be whispered in secret.
The sure fulfillment of recurrent prophecy by
immortal
Darius
the
repeated disaster made
Green of Trowbridge a symbol and a type of the
that, but

machine inventor.

flying

As

the great

In

of

come

First

scientists,

the

way.

life,

the

philosophe

At

thei

bear

stand;

drum-beaters

of

scatter
an(
of ignorance,

els,

prejudice,

gibing, jeering, knaves, clowns and fools

liuge sport of their uncomprehended leac
are clearing the way for them.
These
take nothing seriously which they do no
stand.
They do not understand their
and so they treat them as a joke.

acceptance delayed
nd their
until the world c; .tche
up.

Octave

Chanute
always,

ent unrecogniJ
table
in all

father
things,

MAN NATIONAL
of

COUNCIL.

eyes upon the eagle's flight, and wondered

disfavor of his Maker in having foot-tied
earth, while to the birds had been given
tlie winged freedom of the air
and man began
then to think upon the problem of aerial navigation.
In spite of his prowess and his cunning, man
was obliged to make his miles with slow-paced
weariness, while the. dove could wing its way as
freely as the flight of thought.
When man beheld the mystery of life forsake
tlie
tired clay at the earth-journey's end. love
and hope made him follow in his imagination the
flight of that departed life into a spirit world,
which he substantialized and visualized.
He
there gratified Iiis passion for flight by giving
wings to the immortal spirits of his dead, and
them
he honored his great heroes by making
winged gods.
He who first plumed himself for
flight and essayed the navigation of the air had
a god for his model.
All of the old-time aeronautical inventors had
to combat two very strong forces
the antagonism
of contemporary prejudice, and gravitation.
To the minds of all the bone-headed wiseacres
of the past, human flight was palpably impossible
not only impossible, it was a wicked thing for
man to try to invade the empire of the birds.

at the
liim to

He was one of those whom

duty send far to the fore, where, unaided and
lonesome, they make their landmarks, beckon
fellows to follow, and move further on;
and, when the world comes up, then, and not
until then, are their landmarks seen to_ be true
and their labor found to be worth while.
Chanute was the Chief Engineer of aviation. _He
was inventor, mechanician, and mathematician.
He had the courage of his convictions, for they
were born of scientific knowledge and experience.
Long before he began to pave the unmathematical
equations,
charted sky-way
with
Chanute was a master spirit of rapid transit and
practical transportation.
He was one of the
Vulcans who hewed the hills down for the roaded
thunders of locomotion.
Chanute was one of those rare intellectual
giants big enough and generous enough to endow
other inventors and workers with his knowledge
and to lend a hand to help them utilize it, and
Aviation was a
all without jealousy or envy.
thing dearer to his heart than any self-greatening.
It is gratifying to know that before his
lamp of life went out he had the satisfaction of
seeing fairly accomplished that master achievement which he had so generously patronized and
for which he had so long labored and prayed
the conquest of the air.

vedette of progress.

their

Had God

intended
given him wings.

man

to

fly,

he would

have

ENT FEDERATION
AERONAUTIQE INTERNATIONALE; VIC
COUNCIL.
In the middle of the procession, we see iik n
They are finding out
with books in their hands.
the

meaning of what

their

great

men

did

when

tliey passed along.

Later, we see men waving
banners, playing music, singing songs, and cheering in honor of their great pioneers who have
preceded them. There are but few, even among
these, who actually understand the merit they
are cheering.
They know only that it has become a creditable thing to praise and honor now,

instead

of to scoff.
the viewpoint of present accomplishment,
is an amazing triumph of human ingenuity
and perseverance; but still more amazing is the
almost inconceivable bravery of our aviators.

From

aviation

There have never been in any war, even

where herofsm made a nation's glory, braver men
than are our flying lieroes of today, who are so
nobly fighting to conquer and subordinate the
sky to man's use.
One brave fellow after another loses his life.
Heroic Johnstone plunges
to death, and his friendly competitor, Hoxsey.
all
undaunted, climbs a screaming hurricane tn
Such heroa height of more than two miles.
ism makes us readjust and raise our respect for

When the o'ld year died, and its last dav's*snn

was falling in the western sky, our brave Hoxsey
and our brave Molsant too, both fell, companions
in its fall; and the world bows its naked head,
its

tears are

not for the dead old year, but

for

The

AERO CLUB OF

AIRCRAFT

434
Just as every innovator who has found one
sphere of action too circumscribed for him, and
broken out of it into broader fields of endeavor,
has ben obliged to face prophesied disaster, and
the old admonition, "Shoemaker, stick to your
last!" so the first aviators were advised to stick
to

their

One of such few was Octave Chanute.

He
belonged to the true nobility of brains.
He was
a man to make the constellated eyes of heaven
look _our_way and honor us, and the gods to boast
of

kinship.

Aero Club

earth.

There has always been proof enough that the

of the air was an utter impossibility.
it
not been for the few big, progressive
spirits in every generation who have undertaken
tlie
palpably impossible, and continually accomplished it; had it not been for the few, the
courage of whose convictions was great enough
and the sense of whose duty was dominant
enough to face the sneers of envy, the ridicule
of prejudice and the opposition of ignorance,
our dwelling would still be a cave in the hill,

Pebriiary, ipii

of Connecticut

our

electric

light

pitch

torch,

our

library

few rude pictures and hieroglyphics scratched on

the ledge wall; and the piece de resistance of our
banquet some tough old patriarcli slaughtered
and put to his last use.
Always it has been a devoted few who have
stood in the vanguard and fought the hard fight
of

progress.

Contest Committee, A. Holland Forbes, chairF. V. Chappell, Alton Farrell, Walter Wheeland Richard Crane, 3rd.
Membership Committee, F. V. Chapman, chairman; W. C. Beers and Herbert Pease.
Law Committee. Samuel E. Hoyt, chairman;
H. B. Stoddard and William C. Be^rs.
Auditing Committee,
D.
Fairchild
Wheeler,
chairman
T. H. Macdonald and Clarence
G.
Spaulding.

man

conquest

Had

Treasurer, Arthur H. Day, of New Haven.

Board of Governors, Frank V. Chapman, of
New London; Hiram P. Maxim, of Hartford, and
John B. Eurrall, of "Waterbury.
Consulting Engineers, H. P. Maxim, chairman;
A. I,. Riker and E. F, Gallaudet.
;

er

On December

29th in New Haven the Aero

Club of Connecticut was formed for the purpose
of promoting Aeronautics in the State, and while
nothing definite has been planned as yet, the Club
hopes to obtain suitable site of ground and one
or two machines, with which experiments will be
made. Below I give you the names of the officers
and members of the different committees in which
11
note the names of a few well known in

Ae

Aero Club of America

rid.

ident, A. Holland
First
Vice-President,

Forbes of

W.

Fairfield.

Beers,

C.

of

New-

Haven.
Second Vice-President, Alton Farrell, of Ansonia.
Third Vice-President, Clarence E. Whitney, of
Hartford.
Secretary, Gregory S. Bryan,

of Bridgeport.

THE STOKES MONOPLANE

(Patent

Pending).

At the meeting of the Board of Governors of

the Aero Club of America on December
20th,
the resignation of Mr. J. C. McCov as first vicepresident of the Club and as a governor, was
presented and accepted.
Mr. Cortlandt Field
Bi?;hop was elected first vice-president to succeed
him and Mr. Robert Collier as governor.

No. 3

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii

435

APPARATUS

FIELD

By Henry A. Wise Wood

In nothing is the youthfulness of the sport of flying so apparent as in the unsuitable nature of the field appliances in use.
This was particularly well illustrated during the course of the

Boston and Belmont Park meets.

While the airplane

itself

is

receiving a degree of attention at the hands of the engineering

world that probably no other invention ever has had, the work of
accessories upon the flying field seems to be almost
wholly neglected. It is in order to direct attention to the subject, and to suggest some means of betterment, that the writer

developing

its

The plane-driver himself must be assisted

utmost in his work, as well as those who are charged with
correctly conducting officially -controlled meets.
The Belmont Meet may be drawn upon for instances. The
here raises the point.

to the

cross-country event consisted of a flight from the starting line,

a given mark outside the course, nine miles away, and re-

around

awarded the

turn, the prizes to be

sages.

The outer-mark

flyers

making the

fastest pas-

consisted of a captive balloon held,

it

was announced, three hundred feet above ground and a map of

the intervening country, showing both line and mark, was exhib;

Notwithstanding these precautions exand

find the outer-mark
This latter Moisant did, while
several far overflew its
Latham returned twice without having seen the balloon. Nevertheless, it is interesting to know, Latham upon the last occasion
had so accurately gauged his distance and direction that he was
reported by the observer on the spot as having made his turn
ited at the starter's box.

perienced

flyers

frequently to

failed

position.

directly

When

above the mark.

flown against a bright sky a balloon, of course,

easily discernible object and, therefore, a

nowadays

even

that a balloon

'cross-country flying

must be

set at

is

is

an

good mark; but flying

done at such heights

an extraordinary altitude to appear

For the homing beacon of the Statue

of Liberty flight another device was tried, a column of tar-smoke.
As this was blown low and flat by the wind, its efficiency was
plainly questionable.
Orville Wright told the writer, who had
the beacon in charge, that he had tried smoke without success.
He said that while it might appear to be dense and sharply-outlined when looked at from beneath, it was in reality, when
sought for from a height, too thin to be of service. In France
sheets spread on the ground are used frequently, but these do not
fulfill the purpose of what is most urgently needed, a compelling
in

the airman's sky at

all.

mark one that will command attention while still a

way ahead of the flyer, and remain obtrusively visible until
he has reached and turned it. The flashing mark used in roughwater racing embodies the requisite qualities. Were a number

of a flyer, working under the severe stresses of such a contest,

to keep his

of mirror-faced pyramids to be swung, by swivels at their apices,

from the cord of a balloon, or of a fleet of kites, say fifteen feet

would constitute a most admirable mark. Even upon
gray days, or well towards dusk, such a mark would still be efapart, they

fective,

while,

when

set

against the earth as a background,

its

contrasting flashings would provoke attention where, monotonous

and immobile, a balloon would merge into the landscape beyond

or beneath, as

it assuredly did at Belmont, and be lost.

Afterdark flying presents its special problems, but that of an efl^ective
distant air-mark may be solved by the obvious substitution of
incandescent lights for pyramidal mirrors, supplied, over lightweight cables, with current from a storage-battery beneath.
Another subject requiring attention is that of lap-scoring. During the Gordon-Bennett race the flyers were disturbed lest they
should lose count of the air-laps flown, or fail to make a correct
count owing to the infliction of penalties of which they might not
have been made aware of while flying, and ground '-pfm-^ biyirg
made the allotted twenty laps. So it was agreed that each should
fly twenty-two laps by way of good measure
a burden that
should not have been imposed. Assuredly it was too much to ask

score.

come when a

Plainly the time has

lap-

and figures large and distinct, should

be spread on the groimd and worked for the sole use of the
flyers themselves.
Such a device, to be satisfactory, must display
the

its letters

name or number

of each contestant, the record of his laps ac-

complished, and the extent of his penalties,

state the precise nature of the event in

if

any.

which he

should

It also
is flying.

This

having been done a man can settle down solely to the work of
flying, and completely discharge from his mind the anxieties
attached to keeping his own tally. An efficient lap-scorer can be
made up in the following manner Construct beside the track a
platform having an inclination toward the direction of on-coming
flight of about thirty degrees above the horizontal position.
Arrange downwardly, upon its lefthand side, a column of panels
each large enough for the name or number of a flyer, painted in
black letters about forty inches high. To the right of this column
place five others, the first headed, "LAPS;" the second, "PENALTY," and the third, fourth, and fifth, "HOURS," "MINUTES," "SECONDS," respectively. In each of these five columns, opposite a name-panel, insert a roller-curtain of suitable
material bearing in block figures, forty inches high, the numerals
appropriate to that column.
If the rollers of each curtain be
connected together with a sprocket chain, and the chain carried
out to a hand-operable crank set at one side of the platform, the
precise position of each flyer, with respect to laps, penalties, or
time may easily be kept before him. Furthermore, he will then
have an inestimable valuable advantage, which he cannot now
enjoy he will know the score of his competitors and thus be
able at all times to regulate his own work with precision. This
will lead to better flying and to greater safety.
If the minute
and second curtains be split and each half, arranged with numerals from nought to nine, be moved independently of the other,
changes can be made with great rapidity. By having the namepanels removable, so that only the names of those engaged in any
particular event need occupy the platform at the same time, a
less bulky apparatus will suffice.
An added panel-column at the
right-hand side of the platform is desirable for the display of of:

ficial

notifications

such,

for instance, as

"YOU ARE FOULING

MARKS," "YOU ARE FLYING FOUL," "RECROSS THE

LINE," "COME DOWN AND REPORT," etc.
While the devices used for timing on the

horizontal

long

own

scoring apparatus,

flat

have

wire and a

served reasonably well up to the present moment, it is obvious that they are not at all adapted to what soon
must become extremely complex and difficult work.
Expert
dockers, standing beneath a wire, may perhaps easily take time
stop watch

moving at present-day speed but let three

or more machines, flying at different heights and in the eighties
of a passing airplane

or nineties of speed, finish in a bunch, and

it

is

safe to say that

no man, nor men acting together, nor any existing device, could
record their respective positions and times with accuracy. The
sport has but little further to go in its development ere this very
situation will arise to be dealt with, for the attainment of everhigher speeds and closer finishes is rapidly progressing. In order

forward movement, by enabling its results to be recorded with ease and precision, the writer had devised an automatically recording aerial timer for use in the field.
By means
of this apparatus airplanes crossing the line may be recorded
photographically in their positions with respect to the line, and
each other; and the hour, minute, second and fraction thereof,
to aid this

of the crossing of each, will be recorded simultaneously upon the

plate.
Thus the uncertain human equation may be eliminated

from
of

the most important of

many troublesome

international

all field

disputes

precluded,

and

functions,

and the

possibility

disputes occasionally

become

by the substitution of an indisputable

AIRCRAFT

436

visible record. All that is required consists of a moving-picture camera, iitted with photographically recording glass
To a
time-dials, and a suitable arrangement of "line" wire.

permanent

moving-picture

camera,

constructed

to

make an exposure of

about twice the usual size, fit a time-piece so arranged that

hour, minute, and second arbors are not placed at the same cenUpon each arbor
ter, as is customary, but side by side instead.
place a thin, circular, glass disk opaquely engraved, the first with
the hours, the second with the minutes, and the third with the
its

seconds, and their fractional divisions.

Position these disks to

position of exposure, then

overlap an edge of the film when in its

wind and set the time piece, and the apparatus

is

ready for use.

provide the necessary "line," at one side of the course, fifty

or a hundred or more feet away, raise a pole, and from its top
run a bulky iron wire downwardly toward the course, at an

To

angle of forty-five degrees.

Beneath

this wire,

and

parallel to

is seen approaching the line, when the official

cranking the camera and continues till they have
The strip of exposed film is then quickly detached, by

airplanes

fleet of

timer begin
passed.

means of a simple "dark room" device which is part of the camera, and is developed on the spot, when there will appear upon
each exposure the

the machines in

line,

immediate neighbor-

its

hood, and the precise time of passage of each machine printed

hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions thereof.
the relative positions of

By

this_

in

means

contestants at the finish of an event

all

be accurately ascertained and permanently recorded, and the

exact time of finish by each be found and placed beyond dispute.

may
If

the

camera be mounted

at

sufficient

distance

from the

course, but one such apparatus should be required to cover the

necessary arc of sight

covered hands, or

if it

dials,

be not, two

may

be necessary. Glass-

corresponding to those within, should

it,

run another similar one at a distance of five or more feet, and

stake both tautly to the ground. These wires and the pole, which
may be termed a timing-harp, must be so positioned that the
triangle they describe is plumb, and its plane, if projected, will
cut the flying-course precisely at right-angles to the line of flight.

placed within this triangle,

so that both wires appear as one in its field of vision and thus
become the official "line." The operation of timing is as follows

The photographic timer should then be

February, ipii

be visible from outside the camera, and

all

winding and setting

Thus

devices should be operable from without.

the timer could

be kept in regulation, and constantly checked for error.

this

apparatus,

numbers

properly constructed

timing-harp,

Given
and large

upon the tails and beneath the wings

and every start, lap and finish of the most

clearly displayed

of contesting airplanes,
intricate event

so

long as daylight served

could

be timed and

recorded with an accuracy not possible by any means

now

in use.

THE NEW YORK AERO SHOW

By W. H. Phipps
of two small wheels on an axle attached to the
skids by rubber bands a la Sommer.
The control
Glenn H. Curtiss exhibited his famous Hudson is the same as used on the Model II. The genseveral
in
altered
been
machine
has
The
flyer.
dimensions of this machine are: Surface, 290
A eral ft.
respects since his Albany-New York flight.
sq.
Weight
450
lbs.
Motor,
2-cylinder,
30
ailerons
the
noticeable change is in the position of
ILP. Clement-Bayard.
Propeller, 6yi ft. Surwhich have been moved to the rear uprights. The ges;
Twelve full sized machines were exhibited, in- most important change, however, is a new method
one
"DEMOISELLE."
cluding two of foreign make, while a large num- of wiring the aileron controls, so that if
operated
ber of firms who manufacture accessories were breaks or pulls loose, the other may be
A Santos-Dumont "Demoiselle" monoplane
independently to maintain the balance of the ma- which was being reconstructed and strengthened
also represented.
i i.
mam
counteracting
of
the
and
one
summary^
existing
chine, using the
We append herewith a
to hold a 50 H.P. Gnome, was shown by Capt. T.
the drag etfect by the use of the rear vertical T. Lovelace, late of the English Humber firm.
features of the more important exhibits:
rudder.
It is to be flown by Roland Garros, and should
THE WRIGHT.
Mr. Curtiss also exhibited a section of a new make some spi-jndid speed records.
The Wright Brothers exhibited two of their double surfaced biplane which he is building for
The machine shown was constructed almost
used
"Roadster,
Wright
fliers:
a
purposes.
speed
headless
latest
entirely out of steel tubing and was fitted with a
by the late Ralph Johnstone when at the recent
Requa-Gibson propeller, the surfaces being double
THE BLERIOT.
Belmont Park meet, he broke the World's Altitude
surfaced and very rigid.
We await with interest
carryRecord, and a standard Model B. passenger
Moisant's famous Paris to London Bleriot was the trials of this machine.
ing machine, built for Messrs. Frederick and Rus- on exhibition. This machine is a two-seater, fitted
of which was
Drawings and a desel Alger of Detroit, a duplicate
large flat pigeon tail.
WITTEM'ANN
with
a
THE
BIPLANE.
used by Arch Hoxsey at Los Angeles when he scription of this interesting monoplane will be
feet,
Messrs. C. & A. Wittemann, of Staten Island,
rose to a height of over eleven thousand
found on page 439 of this number.
exhibited
one
of
their
standard
gliders and a twoRecord.
World's
making a new
seater aeroplane which fairly bristled with new
The Wright "Roadster" is a small single-seater
BURGESS CO. AND CURTIS.
and novel ideas.
copy of the standard headless flier designed espeshow
on
The large machine has the wings set at a diWith OrThe Burgess Company and Curtis, had
cially for speed and altitude work.
faster two very interesting biplanes, a large passenger hedral angle and the ailerons are attached to the
ville Wright at the helm, it has climbed
Wilbur Model D type, and a small single-seater Model rear uprights at the same angle as the main
than any other aeroplane in the world.
planes.
Special steel upright sockets are used in
Wright believes this machine capable of going two
The Model D is a large modified Farman type place of the aluminum ones formally fitted to the
or three thousand feet higher than Hoxsey s recAs may be seen from the
of unusual interest, as there are many new feat- Wittemann machines.
ord-breaker.
one
construction,
sketcli,
the
elevator is supported by two stout
planes.
its
embodied
in
Spread of
ures and ideas
Its main dimensions are:
Fore particularly noticeable feature being the placing booms running aft and suitably braced with wire.
7 inches.
26H feet. Depth of planes 3 feet over
all 6 feet
of the skids very far apart and prolonging them The landing gear consists of a combination of
and aft length, 24 feet. Height
is
up to the front rudder as on the old style Wright. skids and shock-absorbing wheels.
Weight 585 lbs. The "Roadster
10 inches.
from the
The chief novelty of the machine lies in the
with two front skids and Farman-type There are no wooden members leading
fitted
suptail
is
the
front elevator to the top main-spar as on the Far- construction of the tail which somewhat resemwhile
wheels,
shock absorbing
bles the Bleriot XI type, with the important difskids.
ported by two small springy
maBurgess-Curtis
ference
that the central position is movable and
litthe
on
both
of
machine
is
The control
The model B. passenger-carrying
Hoxsey at chines is unique. It consists of two universally interconnected to the front elevator, while the
tle altered from the machine used by
of the pilot s
Belmont Park, but there are several important jointed levers situated on each sidepasses in front two extremities are rigid. The machine is fitted
with an Elbridge 40 H.P. motor and a RequaThe two front skids have been seat, joined by a cross rod which
detail alterations.
constructed as to Gibson propeller.
shortened and their points turned up at a sharp of the operator and the whole so
The particular machine shown is an ex- enable the pilot to guide the machine with both
angle.
are
separately.
parts
jointly
or
steel
hands
the
All
THE WALDEN-DYOTT MONOPLANE.
ample of "show finish."
The control operates in the same manner as
plated and the woodwork carefully varnished,
Messrs. Walden & Dyott exhibited one of their
Wright practice, the Farman, with the exception that in this case front rudder monoplanes. The machine has one
regular
departure from
a
of
effect
aluminum paint having previously been used on provision is made to overcome the drag
tail,
This is accomplished large main bearing surface and a small fixed
the pulled-down ailerons.
ail their machines.
side of the ex- and is steered up or down by a small single plane
The machine has both a foot and hand magneto hv the use of flaps on the upper
planes; normally they he front rudder.
control, and as the magneto is a Mea, an ex- tremities of the upper
The pilot sits below and slightly in front of the
Ihe flat: if, however, a gust of wind heels the machine
ceedingly wide range of control is provided.
plane with the motor situated behind him as
to raise the low side, main
control levers and their mountings have been ma- over the ailerons are used
The running gear and under
in the Curtiss.
steel and at the same time and by the same movement
terially strengthened by the use of special
chassis is similar to that used on the Curtiss. The
resista
causes
side
high
and aluminum fittings, which are necessary, owing the flap rising on the
operated by a Curtiss-type wheel and
control
is
the
by
equal to the drag exerted
to the complicated operation of the combma^on ance to that side,
this
in
case can. however, be pushed
which
pillar,
Steering to the right and
wing-warping and rear rudder control lever. The nilerons on the left.
Farman-tvpe
In other respects this to the right and left, to operate the
feet.
entire machine is governed by two levers, the left is done by the
ailerons.
little from the regular Farbut
differs
backmachine
or
forward
moved
when
which,
of
first
As an aid in. securing automatic side balance a
turns
time
the
same
at
ward, warps the wings and
spindle shaped vertical fin is fitted on the ends of
Tlie main dimensions of the Model D are: Surthe rear vertical rudder, permitting the operator
These fins are set at a dihedral
700 lbs; motor. Hendee the main plane.
maintain his balance without changing his face. Si6 sq. ft. Weight,
to
angle to each other.
Burgess.
ft.
,
The vertical rudder can also be oiwrated R-c-1inder, 60 H.P.; propeller, 8 is a single-seater
course.
The monoplane is fitted with a 25 H.P. Anzani
The Burgess-Curtis Model C.
independently to turn to the right or left by
A novelty
propeller.
Requa-Gibson
a
motor
and
same dimensions as a Curinstrument
small
simply twisting the pivoted end of the lever with biplane of about the
was
a
machine
the
are spaced a con- noticed on
The second lever warps the rear tiss. In this model the skids
a wrist motion.
the angle at which the machine was
apart and extend up to the _bi- for showing
distance
siderable
the
causing
down,
or
either
up
horizontal rudder
The running gear consists flying.
plane front rudder.
machine to ascend or descend.

THE CURTISS BIPLANE.

pretentious aero sho_w ever held in

America and the first one to be held in New York,
took place at the Grand Central Palace as a part
of the Automobile Show, from December 31st,
way
1910, to January 7th, 1911, and was in every
a complete success.

The most

,.

February, ipii

TYPES

AIRCRAFT
OF MACHINES AT THE NEW YORK AERO SHOW

437

ONOME "OBMOlSeLLe"

THE WALOfN-DYorr MOfiOPlANf

nOOEL

B.

THE VtmlHT

B(P/./lN

THE LOVEtflCE MOHOPUANS

WllTfM/lNN

OLWIR
f/IIRCRAFTJ
WH P Mil

AIRCRAFT

438

THE VAN ANDEN

BIPI^ANE.

The Van Anden biplane resembles the Baldwin

biplane illustrated and described in the July AirIn general outline this macraft, (page 183).
chine resembles a combination of the Farman and
Ailerons are fitted to the rear uprights
Curtiss.
Curtiss
Hudson
flyer.
The machine
as in the
is fitted with a 40 H.P. motor and Requa-Gibson
propeller.

THE LOVELACE MONOPLANE.

The Aeroplane
monoplane built by

THE VALANAUT CONSTRUCTION

exhibit

CO.

Gnome motor

attracted

gyroscope used fo
monoplanes.
The gyroscope is fitted
did

tlie

liderable attention as
lability on the Beach

wit
;ith
a 12-inch wheel
which makes 10,000 r.p.ra. in
ii
a vacuum.
The
weight complete is 30 lbs. ant
nd it offers a resistving a switch, it can
ance of 1,000 lbs.
By throwi
be put out of action when m hine is making a

turn,

Company,

exhibited a
T. T. Lovelace.
This
machine was only partially finished, being without motor and covering. In general appearance it
resembled a cross-channel Bleriot. but is fitted
with two separate tails as on the Bleriot XII.,
one a fixed surface, the other an elevator.
Sales
Capt.

February, ipii

Besides

thus allowing

it

Below we append a

to bank.
list of the

exhibitors.

EXHIBITORS.
Second Balcony, (Right
The Flyers Club.
H. Aitken.
The World.
Cole & Co. Aero

Aisle.)

VV.

E.

Aeromotor.

Acme

J.

Willis Co.

Parts and Supplies.

Fox Aero Motors.

C. & A. Wittemann

Burgess Co. and Curtis.

(Centre Aisle.)
.Aeronautical Construction Co.
The Aeroplane Sales Co.
Moisant's Bleriot.
Detroit

Capt. T. T. Lovelace.
Roland Garros' Demoiselle.
The Curtiss Exhibit.
(Left Aisle.)
The Aeronautical Society.
Scientific Aeroplane Co.
The Valanaut Construction Co.
The Elbridge Engine Co.
The Louis L. Crane M'fg. Co.
C. B. Kirkman.
Motors.

Anzani Motors.
American Aeroplane Supply House.

Postals.

The Aeronautical Reserve.

The Valanaut Construction Company exhibited

a Curtiss-type biplane of excellent workmanship.
aAII the fittings were nickel plated and of good
construction.
The motor used was a 40 H.P.

The D. & P. Radiator Co.

The Walden-Dyott Co.
The Hall-Scott Motors.

Van Anden

Biplane.

Requa-Gibson Propellers.
Paragon Propellers.
American Metal Fusing & Cutting Co.

biplane,

Mc.'Vdamite Metal.
Propellers.

Tlie

Wright Co.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF MACHINES AT THE SHOW

Fig.

pigeon

the general construction of the

Shows
and elevator on Moisant's two-seater

Illustrates a
upright joint on the
machine.

1.

tail

Bleriot.
Fig. 2.

Wright

rigid

The upright

of strip steel which

shown.
Fig.

Wright
near

is

is held by a piece
bolted to the main spar as

Shows
warping

3.

the construction of one of the

pulleys.
This pulley is situated
pivoting joint of the rear main spar

the
and has to withstand enormous strain.
Fig. 4.
Shows a joint used in the construction
of the tail outrigging of the Wright biplane.
Fig, 5.
Illustrates the construction of the com-

wing warping and rear rudder control

to Jhe new Wright machines.
The wooden
lever A. controls the warping, while the aluminum
attachment B. works the rear rudder.
The control is so constructed that the attachment B. is
held by the spring C. tightly up against the flat
side of the lever A. so that when the lever A. is
pushed back and forth the attachment B. also
moves, thus turning the rudder to the right or
left and counteracting the steering effect of the
warped planes. If, however, it is desired to operate the rear rudder without the warping, the
handle D. is twisted to the right or left by a
wrist motion.
The pressure of the spring is not
bination
fitted

great enough to offer much

movement.
Fig, 6.
Shows a joint used

stance
1

the

to

this

Walden-

Dyott mcnoplane.
7.
Shows a steel upright socket used on
Wittemann biplane.

Fig.

the

Fig.

8.

Illustrates

the

control

of

the

Moisant

two-seater Bleriot.

9. Shows

method of joining two spars

as used on the Wittemann biplane.
10.
Fig.
Shows a turnbuckle used on the
Wright control wires. It is made from a piece
of heavy sheet steel and a 3-16 inch stove bolt.
Fig.

COMPARISON OF BLERIOT TYPES

By John Jay
THE

BIvERIOT XI

bis.

In the autumn of 1909, Leon Delagrange bought

a standard Cross-Channel Bleri ot. built to receive
a 25 H. P. Anzani engine, aiid fitted it with a
On Decem her 30th. he made
50 H, P. Gnome.
a flight of 125 miles in 2 ho urs 32 minutes, at
that time a record for mono planes.
The fatal
accidents to Delagrange (Janu;iry 4th, 1910) and
to his pupil Le Blon (April :>nd, 1910) may be
traced to the overpowering of their machines,
The first Bleriot especially built to receive a
Gnome motor was delivered to Jacques Balsan in
November, 1909. He flew for oiver an hour before

Ide

Thereafter the Gnomethe end of the year.

Bleriot carried all before it.
At Rouen (June 17-26) Cattaneo on the XI
bis, won the speed prizes and was second, with
460 miles, to Captain Dickson, in the total distance flown.
At Rheims (July 2-10) the Bleriots captured
most of the events.
Olieslaegers flew 244 miles
in 5 hours 3 minutes (at that time the world's
record for distance and duration), and lycblanc
was first in the Gordon Bennett KHminating trials.
The Bleriot XI bis type de course made its
debut at Rheims and, driven by Morane, it broke
the speed records for 5, 10 and 20 kilometers.

doing the 20 kilometres at the rate of 66 miles an

hour.
This machine has two feet less span than
the regular XI bis and is equipped with a 100

H. P, Gnome.

The Circuit de I'Est (August 7-1 7) was a

for the Bleriots.
The two monoplanes
driven by I/cblanc and Aubrun were first and
second respectively, the only other machine to
reach Paris being Legagneux's H. Farman.
heblanc's elapsed time for the 500 miles was 12
hours.
The Bleriots in the Circuit de I'Kst had
skids in place of the rear castor wheels, and had
flatter wings than previous machines.
These improvements have been retained for 1911.
triumph

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii

439

THE BLERIOT XI. 2

On Friday, September 23rd, Chavez made his
The first fan-tailed Bleriot was a single seater.
memorable flight across the Alps from Brigue to
brought out in January 1910, bearing the designaDomodossola. His death was due to a wing colBleriot conducted experiments
XIII."
"No
tion
lapsing, an instant before landing.
with this machine until May but they
The splendid performances of the Bleriots at very successful and no_
Belmont Park last autumn will be readily recalled. tailed machines were buiii.
During the spring of 1910, a new tvvo;passenge
In this meet the Bleriots were the only machines
th.
i
Bleriot was built to take the place,
that accomplished the Statute of Liberty flight,
ailed the XI.
Type XII, and this new machir
a SO H. P.
and the 100 H. P. Type de Course, driven by 2 bis, was fltted with a fantail
Grahame-White, won the Gordon Bennett Cup on
One of the first flights of the new monoplane
account of the accident to the other 100 H. P.
on June 8th, from
The Frenchman's mis- was made by Leon Morane
Bleriot driven by Leblanc,
Issy to Toury with a stop at Etampes (50 miles in
hap was similar to that of Lancia in the 1905 72 minutes elapsed time). With the same machine
remembe
it
may
The Italian,
Vanderbilt Cup.
this pilot won the Height Prize at Rouen.
At Rheims, the two-passenger Bleriots were
bered, lapped every other competitor in the rage,
The
and Morane.
had the victory in his grasp, and then suffered a driven by Aubrun, Mamet,
first named carried one passenger 85 miles in 2
with the Christie front-drive machine.
bis.

minutes, the second carried two passengers

60 miles in 1 hour 38 minutes, and Morane was
third in the height contest.
On August 7th, the late John B. Moisant flew
from Etampes to Issy with a friend, to witness
the start of the Circuit de I'Est; and on the 16th
he started, with his mechanician Fileux, on his
historic journey from Paris to London.
On October 5th, the brothers Leon and Robert
Morane attempted to win the Michelin Prize for
They
a flight from Paris to Puy de Do Dome
left Issy on a Bleriot XI. 2 bis, equipped with a
After forty minutes
100 H. P. Gnome motor.
in the air, while passing over Boissy St. Leger,
one of the control wires broke, and the machine
seriously injuring the two Moranes.
fell,
Recently M. Bleriot has been experimenting
two-passenger machine, called Type
"-' of
that
XIV, the fuselage of which differs fr.
the XI. 2 bis.

hours

collision

alTllK^^UXJXi

a 3

BLERIOT XI
...

R,,Hfl,
.'.'

Tenlth

Wines

6"
13'
6' 6"

Spre'ad
CiiQi-d

Total

Rudder

.\Vea

6"
28'
6"
23'

(approx.)

.160 sq. ft
2 11 x3^

BIS.

Total Weight (approx.)..

Propeller (Chauviere)

Motor
No. cylinders
Bore
f','"'?^^
Weight

BLERIOT XI

1911
_

7'

Gnome

550

50

32' 6"

lb.

BIS.
Propellor

1911
(Chauvif

6"

H. P.
Stroke
Total Area (approx.)
Total Weight (approx.)

Weight

120 mm.
220 lb.

AIRCRAFT

440

NEWS

February, ipii

GENERAL

IN
By D.

E. Ball

Cup, was thrown out upon his head and instantly

This accident was caused by the over conof Moisant, who undertook to make a
landing at too sharp an angle while traveling with
the wind.
The extra heavy gasoline tank used for
this flight, by lowering its centre of gravity, increased the diving tendency of the Bleriot, when
the tail was struck by an upward gust.

killed.

fidence

Captain

Thomas

nd

Bald'

famous American aviato

of the world giving

are
flying

J.

C.

Mars, both

now making

tour

exhibti

includes trips through Hawaii, Japan,

the Philippines, Africa and EJurope.

itinerary

China,

Legislation for the regulation and protection of

aeroplanes was adopted by the Pacific Aero Club
recently, for submission to the State Legislature.
One series of measures is designed to safeguard
the air men from exemplary damages for tresIt is provided that when they find it necessary to land on private property they shall not be
held liable for anything but the actual damage
pass.

do.

tiiey

An amendment
making

it

to the penal code is proposed

a felony equivalent to attempted homi-

an aeroplane in flight.
Another bill provides for the licensing, registraand numbering of aeroplanes after the man-

cide to shoot at
tion

ner

automobiles.
required to

of

would be

Under
carry

this

law

certain

aeroplanes
lights

when

ilying at night.

make

the flight.

Under

these conditions the his-

Albany-New York flight by Mr. Curtiss gave

him claim to the prize for the third time.

toric

We

The
their

observe quite frequently that newspapers

or periodicals publishing aeroplane records give
the speed record to Radley, who flew one mile in
47 2-5 seconds, or at the rate of 75.95 miles per
hour.

day of 1910 was a disastrous one for

two of her most noted aviators losing

last

America,

lives whilst

flying their machines.

Arch Hoxsey, who had but a few days previousbroken the world's altitude record in a climb
of over eleven thousand feet, fell several hundred
feet at the grounds of the Los Angeles. Cal.,
Aero meet, and was instantly killed that is if
he was not dead before reaching the ground
which is quite possible.
Whether the fault was
caused by some part of the machine breaking in
mid-air or whether Mr. Hoxsey was suddenly afflicted with "mountain sickness" through the too
rapid change of pressure in his descent, will never
be known.

It

ly

this

ever,

might be stated here that Radley accomplished

Howfeat at Lanark, Scotland, last July.
it

is

not a record, as

it

was made

straight-

straightaway course, a machine would

naturally go faster with a wind back of it, wliicli,
of course, was the case here.
It is nothing short
of absurd to put down Radley's feat as a record.
One might just as well allow an automobile to
make a record running down hill.
Page 359 (December Aircraft) gives correct
Speed Records.

In

At New Orleans, on the morning of December

John B. IVToisant, while testing his machine
preparatory to making a flight for the Michelln
31,

Dr. Sidnev S. Stowell the noted balloonist of

M'ass., was married recently to Miss
Blanche Edith Hulse of Brooklyn.
It is the intention of the pair to spend many of their honeymoon days ballooning among the Berkshires.
Pittsfield,

II,LIARD

BURGESS

CO.

FLYING ABOUT THE COUNTRY

AND CURTIS BIPLANE.

For the third successive year Glenn H. Curtiss

won the Scientific American Trophy, which

has

was the
flights

ing

first

in

the

competitive prize ofl^ered for aeroplane

country.
Under the rules governthis trophy Mr. Curtiss now

this

award of

keeps the cup.

In 1908, when the Scientific American first
offered the cup, the rules called for the
best
of one kilometre, which Mr. Curtiss accomplished on July 4 of that year.
In 1909 he again
won the prize by a flight at Mineola, just prior
to
the international aviation meet at Rheims,
France, when he was the first winner of the
Coupe Internationale D'Aviation
For 1910 the Aero Club of America decided to
award the prize to the aviator making the longest
continuous cross country flight in this country
after formally giving notice of his intention to
flight

AIRCRAFT

February, igii

441
Navy Department detailed Lieutenant Theodore
G. Ellison to work with Mr. Curtiss.
Lieutenant
lj;i]ison_ has for the past three years been in the
submarine boat service at Newport News and is an
enthusiast in submarine work, declaring that nothing but aviation appealed to him so strongly.
He
reported to Mr. Curtiss for duty at Los Angeles
on January 4.
In connection with his other experimental work
coast, Mr. Curtiss will conduct a number
of tests to develop a machine especially adapted
for the use of the navy, and Rear Admiral Barry,
commander of the Pacific Squadron, has been
mstructed to co-operate with the aviator in these
tests, makmg use of the vessels of the squadron
whenever possible.
On December 10 Charles F. Willard made a
daring cross country flight from Los Angeles to
Pasadena, California, and return.
The homeboiind trip was made at an altitude of 3,000 feet
and the route was over the entire city of Los
Angeles, making the flight one of the most picturesque that has been made. Willard used his large
model Curtiss biplane. Starting from a point west
"f l^os Angeles, he flew directly over the business
cLnter of the^ city to a point over the center
of
his return he circled over the
nitice
Express, the newspaper
'"-- trip
promoted the flight.
of fifty-five
'^o.'"=r':5 in .one Hour and ten minutes.
""'A'
On 'i^"
December 7 and 8 Eugene B. Ely and J.
.\. JJ. McCurdj; participated in
a two-machine meet
at Columbia, b. C, both aviators making
a number of flights each day.
At this meet McCurdy

on the

acquired

the "Spiral Glide," which he

practicing since at all his engagements

Decembe

On December
height

to

26th, at

of

over

Los An
eleven

World's Record.
Falcon Joslyn and Thomas J. Nestor, two of the
most successful mining men in Alaska, propose
conducting experiments during the coming summer with the aeroplane, from Nome to the
Squirrel River Diggings on Kolzebue Sound and
other camps within the Arctic circle, as a means
of transporting mails, rush orders and light freight.
if successful, will prove invaluable,
especially in winter when travel over the snow and
ice-covered Northland renders land locomotion well
nigh impracticable.

This scheme,

The San Francisco Aviation Meet, January 7th

16th, was accompanied with many interesting
Rear Admiral Edward B. Barryj commanding the Pacific fleet and Brigadier-General
Taskcr H. Bliss, commanding the department of
California, were ordered by the Navy and War
to

features:

departments to

town

has been

McCurdy, Ely and Jimmie Ward

IS

less than

1,100.

From Dillon, McCurdy went to Norfolk, Va

where on December 23 he made a beautiful flight
over the city and along the entire water front
over the river, the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch being
sponsor.
On Christmas day, McCurdy and Ward
*^J^' Jacksonville, Fla., under the auspices of
the Times-Union.
Opening flights for the new year were made by
McCurdy and Ward at Charlestown, S. C, under

Sevthe various tests.

eral Army and Navy oiUcers were also in attendance.
The sum of $100,000 was raised by the
committee as guarantee and prize money.
assist

,15-17,

participated in an aeroplane tournament at Atlanta,

Ga., held un der the auspices of the Journal of that
city.
The meet wa decidedly successful from a
financial standpoint ind many of the prominent
citizens of the city I'oiced their approval
of the
flights through the ( lumns of the Journal.
December 16-17-18 Charles F. Willard and Bud
Mars participated i
the meet held at Fresno,
California, where they flew unde
personal
direction of Mr. Curtiss.
Mr. Curtiss also attended
and supervised the work of his aviators, Willard
Ely, Beachy and Robinson at the Los Angeles
meet December 24 to January 3. It was at this
meet that Lincoln Beachy, the famous dirigible
balloonist, made his first appearance as
an aviator
flying an eight cylinder Curtiss biplane
as a regu^
.Curtiss team.
At this meet
i?rii J won L J!;S
Willard
$2,100 in prizes
On December 21, iMcCfurdy gave a flying exhibition at Dillon, S. C, receiving $1,000 for
the
day s flights although the entire population of the

in

bill has been prepared for introduction in

the New .Jersey legislature by J. Hood IVTacFarland, providing for State control of aviation.
similar movement, the idea of Governor Baldwin, is on foot in the Legislature of California,
and is obviously the outcome of the tragedies of
aviation which marked the close of 1910.

the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce on

January 2 and 3.
Beginning February 4, the Curtiss aviators, McCurdy, Ward, Post and Beachy will participate at
a meet to be held at Havana. Cuba, under the
auspices of the Havana Post and under the jjatronage of the Cuban government.
The meet will be
held at Camp Columbia, the parade ground of
the government troops, and the army will police

At the Los Angeles meet (Dec. 24-Jan. 2),

Hoxsev, Latham, Brookins, Parmelee, Radley, Ely,
Willard and Curtiss were the stars.

field.
number of
are to be competed for.

the

substantial' cash

Chester I. Campbell is more than sanguine as

to the success of the Second National Exhibition
of Air Craft to be held at Boston, February 2025, of_ which he is manager.
Many novelties are
to be introduced and most of the prominent manufacturers will be represented.

On December 22nd, Hubert Latham in his Antoinette, flew from the Los Angeles Aviation field
to theBolsa Chico hunting grounds, a distance of
ten miles, where he amused himself by shooting
ducks from his aeropla
When the big mofiopl
the slo
where the best shooting
preserves, water fowl ro:
throb of the motor cau
the snipe, mudhens an<
this

the

by the hundreds,
d consternation among
ducks, which frequent

place.

After using
shot, Latham
frightened birds out to sea for _.,
fore returning to the aviation field.

chased
,_

the
..,

Some good flights have recently been made at

Santa Barbara by Mr. D. Masson, who is flying a
machine for N. C. Adossides.
This machine is
equipped witli a Hall-Scott motor.

DOINGS OF CURTISS AVIATORS

Glenn H. Curtiss arrived at Los Angeles, Call-'
on December 9, and began at once the
organization of an aeroplane school and the openfornia,

ing of winter experimental grounds.

Just before
leaving for the western coast, Mr. Curtiss wrote
the secretaries of the War and Navy Departments
offering to instruct an officer from each free of
all cost
to the government.
Both departments
accepted the offer, and Secretary Meyer, of the

NE BUILT BY

F.

H. TURNER,

HIGH SCHOOL BOYS OF CHICAGO.

prizes

AIRCRAFT

442

Febnmry, ipii

HISTORY OF THE MICHELIN CUP

By G.

F.

Wood

Campbell

$10,000 by flying one kilometre in a closed circuit.

This

flight of

eleven hundred yards, accomplished in one minute and twentyeight seconds, was still the world's official record then, both as to
distance and duration, and had been unapproached by Farman's
rivals.

For the yearly competition, the first idea of the givers was to
contribute for ten successive years a prize of three thousand dollars to the aviator making the longest flight of the year, as measured over the ground, and in accordance with rules made from
cup of a minimum
year to year to fit the progress in aviation.
value of $3,000 was also donated, to be held from year to year,

by the club of the winner of the money prize^ and to become the
absolute property of the last individual winner on December 31,
1917, while a copy of the cup was to go to his club on this occasion.
It was further stipulated that the prize would be open to
aviators of aH. nations and could be competed for under the
auspices of any -aero-club affiliated to the International Aeronautic Federation.XThe 1908 winner, it was decided, would have
to fly a distance "at least equal to double the distance of Far-

man's record," in other words, about one mile and a quarter, and
in subsequent years the winner would have to fly at least double
the winning distance of the previous year.
It was quickly pointed out, however, that even if each winner
only flew just double the distance of his predecessor, the final
winner of the cup in 1917 would have to fly a minimum of six

hundred and forty

As

miles.

a matter of fact,

Wilbur Wright won the prize

in 1908

with

and
and were that rule now in force, the ultimate winner
in 1917 would be under the obligation of making a continuous
flight of at least forty thousand miles, or nearly twice around

a distance of nearly seventy-seven miles instead of one mile

a quarter,

the earth

was on March 7, 1908, that, under the heading of

"Le plus gros prix du monde" the largest prize in
the world iw Sports, one of the big Parisian
sporting daily papers, published a letter from Michelin & Co., the Clermont-Ferrand manufacturers, in

which they offered for competition among aviators, the sum of

Of this total $20,000 was set aside under the name of
$50,000.

"Grand Prix Michelin," and

who, under official control,

is

at the disposal of the first aviator

fiies

from the Aero Club of France

grounds at St. Cloud, just outside Paris, to the Cathedral at

Clermont and thence to the summit of the Puy de Dome, the
nearby mountain he must carry a passenger and take less than
six hours to perform the feat.
This was the event which the American aviator, Henry Weymann, competed for a few months ago, and came very near win;

ning, beating

all

cross-country records in his

efifort.

was also in an attempt to win this prize that Leon Morane,

the famous French Bleriot driver, sustained the serious accident,
on October 5th last, which prevented his coming to America for
It

the International Meet.

here be noted that the original rules gave the Arc de

in the heart of Paris, as the "starting post," and that
this was later changed so as to avoid giving official sanction to
It

may

Triomphe,

flying over Paris.

$30,000 was devoted to yearly competitions, and

the winning of part of this gift, and the "Cup" or trophy
which goes with it. that many aviators have in view at the end of

The rules governing the distribution of the Michelin prizes

were, however, not definitely drawn up until April 14, 1908. In
the meanwhile Farman had already doubled his record by flying
1 mile 433 yards, and Delagrange had just quadrupled it by covering 2 miles 773 yards in six minutes, thirty seconds, and had only
missed the official recognition of a record of nine minutes fifteen

seconds, by grazing the ground two minutes forty-five seconds

after he started.

The

results of these flights clearly indicated the startling rapid-

with which aviation would progress, and it was decided that

rules as to the minimum distance to be flown and the conditions
under which it was to be measured would be also formulated

ity

warranted by aeronautical progress.

however, increased the total sum of the yearly
prizes to thirty-two thousand dollars, deciding that it should
be divided in eight prizes of four thousand dollars each, instead
of ten of three thousand, as first projected.
The Cup will therefore be won outright on December 31, 1915.

from year

The

to year, as

givers,

It may here be said that the original design accepted for this
Challenge trophy embodied a miniature reproduction of a famous
French biplane, which at the time the trophy was founded, was
the only machine positively known as being capable of sustained

flight;

when Wilbur Wright loomed up

endeavoring to cling to and follow

is

every year.

in its flight.

1908

The remaining

it

as a likely winner, the

design was changed to the present allegorical one a large batlike winged creature which struggling and shackled humans are

For 1908 the conditions called for a triangular course, marked

out with stakes or buoys, as the case might be, with the stipulation that no one side of the triangle should exceed one kilometre

At that time (March, 1908) the Wright brothers had been in

comparative seclusion for two years and were believed in by but

in length.

few people. The Anglo-French aviator, Henry Farman, had, less

than two months before, won the Deutsch-Archdeacon prize of

flight,

The

distances

covered before the

and after the

last stake

not to be counted in the

was

first

stake

was passed

in

passed, before alighting, were

official figures.

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii

In the middle of the following September Wilbur Wright,

who

Le Mans, astounding Europe with

his demonstrations of mechanical flight, decided to compete for
a minor prize of one thousand dollars, governed by the same
rules as the Michelin prize, except that it was only open to competition until September 30th, instead of until December 31st.
Wright elected to compete for both prizes at the same time
and September 18th was the day selected but the great crowd
which had gathered at the Camp d'Auvours during the night was
doomed to disappointment, for on this morning Wilbur Wright
received the cablegram announcing the accident at Fort Myer of
the previous afternoon, which had resulted in mortal injuries to
Lieut. Selfridge, and in very serious injury to Orville Wright.
Notwithstanding the
It was a critical time for the Wrights.
younger brother's great flights at Fort Myer the preceding week,
doubtful
of their superiority,
many foreign authorities were still
and the accident was the occasion of an outburst of I-told-you-so's
for

some weeks had been

at

on the part of the detractors of their invention.

Wright, who was to receive one hundred thousand dollars for
the French rights on his machine, if he made two flights of one
hour each carrying a passenger and fuel for one hundred and
let the Washington accident delay his
few days.
His confidence unshaken,
he called the Aviation Committee together for Monday, September 21st, to control his trial for the two prizes, and on that day
showed the world once for all the worth of his aeroplane.
Leaving the ground at 5 :17 in the afternoon, he did not alight
until 1 hour 31 minutes 35 4-5 seconds later, according to the
official timing, thus breaking his brother's world's record by
more than seventeen minutes, and his own European record of
the previous week by more than fifty-two minutes.
He had completed the triangular course of two kilometres
thirty-three times, but the distance credited to him for the two
prizes he was competing for fell far short of these forty-one

twenty-five miles, did not

plans

for

more than

443

which for many months was

to be the record

for French-built

machines.

Michelin cup, Wilbur

no opposition, and, if he had elected
not to better his record, his distance of September 28th would still
have landed him a winner, and this, notwithstanding Farman's
renewed efforts at long-distance flying in the last days of 1908.
It was on December 18th that Wright once more flew for the
Fie succeeded
prize, and the effort was crowned with success.
in more than doubling his distance and in beating his world's
In competing later in

Wright met with

the year for the

practically

by over twenty-three minutes, the

and 1 hour 54 minutes and 53 2-5
seconds, respectively, of which BIJ^ miles (in 1 hour 53 minutes
record for duration of

flight

figures being sixty-two miles

59 2-5 seconds) counted for the Michelin Cup.

Bad weather prevented his making any further effort, until the
December 30th. Sixty miles and 1 hour 52
minutes 40 seconds were the time and distance of this flight, so
that he just failed to come up to his previous best; but when it is
borne in mind that the temperature was 23 degrees Fahrenheit,
and that the speed of this biplane was little, if any, less than
forty miles an hour, the heroic nature of the feat will be better
penultimate day

appreciated.

On

the last

morning

of 1908

Wright made another

start,

but

and
he had to land. His one chance left to improve his record was
to fly from two in the afternoon until sunset, for starts between
twelve and two were not allowed.
Wilbur Wright availed himself of it to the full. The start was
given him exactly at two he rose from the monorail three seconds later, and flew until twenty minutes after four, sunset havafter forty-two minutes of flight a gasoline feed-pipe broke,

The

ing occurred just eighty seconds before he landed.

distance

miles.

counting for the Michelin cup proved to be seventy-six miles

and fifty-five hundredths and the time between passing the first
and last stakes 2 hours 18 minutes 33 3-5 seconds. The total
time Wright was in the air was 2 hours 20 minutes 23 1-5 seconds,

The rules of the competition stated that no distance could be

counted after sunset, and the sun had gone down fifty-one minutes
after Wright started. At that time he had covered nineteen circuits, or between twenty-three and twenty-four miles, and, according to the rules, this was the official distance of his trial for
the Cup and prizes. It was thought at first that only fifteen circuits

which stood as a world's record until August of last year.

The anxiety of the committee to give the American aviator
every chance is again shown by the fact that although they once
more ignored Paris time for the sunset, they adhered to it for
the start, which gave Wright eight and a half minutes more time
in which to add to his record than if he had been flying near

would be credited to him sunset occurred on that day in the

latitude of Paris and Le Mans at exactly six o'clock, but because
Paris time is used all over France and Le Mans is over one hundred miles west of the metropolis, it was found that Wright had
eight and a half minutes more to fly before sunset actually occurred in the longitude of Le Mans in other words, it was only
eight and a half minutes to six by geographical, or local time,
when it was six in Paris.
This exactitude on the part of the committee in charge shows
what precautions were taken to follow the rules to the letter, and
speaks well for the spirit of fair play shown towards Wright in

Paris.

France.

Three days

later

Wright made another

trial
he flew but 54
but in this time covered twenty-four and
three-eighths miles adding about twelve hundred yards to the
official figures of his previous trial.

minutes

3 1-5 seconds,

At this time Henry Farman, on a Voisin biplane, was also

making trials for the two prizes, near Chalons, and excitement
ran high in the last days of September as to who should win the
smaller prize the prix de la Commission d'Aviation de I'Aero-

Club de France.
In a trial on September 28th Wright increased his distance to
nearly thirty miles, which he covered in 1 hour 7 minutes 24 4-5
seconds. He rightly judged this sufficient to win the minor prize,
Jor, notwithstanding Farman's game efforts in the last two days
of the month, when he made flights of 42 minutes and 35 minutes

Wright proved an easy victor.

October 2d Farman made a flight of 44 minutes 32 seconds

36 seconds, respectively,

On

1909

The

rules governing the

differed but

little

Michelin Cup competitions for 1909

from those of

winner had,
and that the course

1908, except that the

of course, to exceed Wright's 1908 distance,

did not need to be triangular, a four-cornered one being allowed.

This, of course, brought the official distance nearer the actual

distance covered, as the sharper the corner the greater

ground

lost

when going around

is

the

it.

was intended

to have competitions for the Michelin Cup on

day of the great Rheims meet, held in August, 1909, but
the Betheny aerodrome measured more than six miles around
and the Michelin rules call for a two-and-a-half-mile course, as
a maximum.
It was thought that it would be dangerous to have
aeroplanes flying over different courses at the same time and the
It

the final

was given up.

At the Berlin meet, held a month later, on an aerodrome only
one mile and nine-sixteenths in circuit, the same size as that at
Belmont Park, New York, the Germa. \ero Club undertook
idea

to
in

officially
control
competitions
for
conjunction with those for their prizes.

the

Michelin

On October

Cup.

1st 'Rou-

de Dietrich automobile racer, driving a Voisin biplane, flew fifty-two laps (about eighty miles and three-quarters)
in 2 hours 41 minutes and 50 seconds, beating Wright's distance
by about four miles and a quarter.
Exactly a month later November 1, 1909 Rougier's distance
was beaten by Paulhan, who on that day made a continuous flight
gier, the old

of 96 miles (in 2 hours 49 minutes 20 seconds) at the Brookland's

AIRCRAFT

444
motor

man

track,

Weybridge, England.

A question was raised at the time as to whether Rougier's and

Paulhan's flights would count for the trophy, they not being members of the aero-clubs of the countries in which they made
them (one of the general

All disputes were

rules of the contest).

however, when Henry Farman made his great effort for

the record and the prize, on

November 3rd

was made

the flight

at Mourmelon, over a four-cornered course, and Farman kept

up for 4 hours 17 minutes 53 2-5 seconds, during which he officially covered 144.29 miles^nearly 50 miles more than Paulhan

had on a similar machine forty-eight hours before. The last

six miles or so were covered after sunset and the distance for
the Michelin cup was first given out as 138 miles. It was found,
however, that the 1909 rules made no stipulation as to sunset, and

Farman was

Pehrimry, ipii

aviator

thus receives

biplane.

settled,

An

Paulhan drove a Henry Far-

credited with the full distance.

Both time and distance remained world's records until this

meet at Rheims, and although several of the more famous
aviators (Hubert Latham among others) endeavored in the last
year's

days of 1909 to surpass the performance, the Michelin cup for

1909 and the $4,000 prize attached to it went to Henry Farman.

Cup

just fails to better the Michelin

full credit

distance

for his performance in the totalization of

distance or duration of the day and of the meet.

At Belmont Park, on the other hand, the totalization prizes did

not extend throughout the flying hours every day but were confined to single and specific hours they therefore did not benefit a
:

man undertaking a five or six hour flight.

On October 28th, backed by the firms of

his aeroplane and of

his motor, Maurice Tabuteau, the crack Maurice Farmaji^ driver
and the hero of the France-to-Spain trans-Pyrennean fligfits, left
the ground at Buc at 8 :45 in the morning, with the determination

of not landing before

his,

his

all records for distance and duration were

counting for the Michelin Cup. Several months

flight

before (July 9th) Tabuteau had proved his endurance in a 3 hour

minute flight, during which he covered 231 kilometres. In his
great flight for the Cup in the Fall, he practically doubled these
figures; his records (289.4 miles and 6 hours 1 minute 35 seconds)
standing until the last days of the year.
35

Tabuteau

is

thus the

first

man

to have "held the air" a quarter

of a day.

But the
last

1910

who

real struggle for the 1910 Prize did not begin until the

three weeks of the year;

brought out the

it

finest long-dis-

tance flying as yet witnessed.

The

rules for the current year allow the

Cup

to be contested for

either over an aerodrome or across country, on condition that

can be fully observed that no contact with the ground occurs.

Entry for the contest must be mad? two days before

4 o'clock in the afternoon, the entry

fee

it

before

it,

holding good

($10.00)

for four days in the case of a special attempt or for the full length

of a meet,

if

tried for during the said meet.

Georges Legagneux, the most popular and most versatile pilot

France, opened hostilities at Pau, on December 13th, when, on
the same machine on which he had broken the world's altitude
record, four days before, he set out after Tabuteau's figures.
Legagneux had made his headquarters in the- south of France
in

because of the mildness of the winter there.

first

There was, a few weeks ago in France, quite a controversy as to

who was at that time the temporary holder of the 1910 cup at
Rheims, on July 7th, Jan Olieslaegers, on a Gnome-Bleriot, flew
:

158.45 miles without landing (in 3 hours 39 minutes 29 seconds),

him

The

failure of his

attempt was due, however, to the weather, a storm compelling

to come down early in the afternoon
his official distance
;

figured out at 392 kilometres (243.6 miles)

this is within half a
mile of that which Olieslaegers accomplished in his record-breaking flight at the end of the Rheims meet last July it is worth
;

breaking Farman's distance record, but not the duration one. On

July 9th, at the same meet, Labouchere, on an Antoinette, flew
211.28 miles in 4 hours 37 minutes 2-5 second, thus beating both
distance and duration records, and for the

time passing the

first

200-mile mark.

The very next

day, Olieslaegers

made

the great flight which re-

mained the world's record for nearly four months.

5

hours

5 1-5

minutes
244.04

miles,

seconds that he was

in the air

During the
he covered

and was immediately acclaimed as the

noting that Legagneux took but 4 hours 34 minutes to go the distance as against the skilful Belgian's 5 hours 3 minutes, the difference being due partly, no doubt, to the slightly larger course

Pau but especially to the superiority in speed of Legagneux's

Gnome-Bleriot over Olieslaegers'. The world's records made by
for three and four hours were 256.7 kilometres and

at

Legagneux

He

343.3 kilometres respectively.

gasolene and 40

litres

of

carried a load of 150 litres of

oil.

ever, is not a member of the Aero Club of France, and when this
was pointed out Labouchere was looked upon as the holder pro

The next attempt to dethrone Tabuteau was made by no less a

Henry Farman. Methodically, without haste, leaving nothing to chance, Farman had had a special machine built
to repeat his 1909 victory: this long-distance aeroplane was fitted

tempore.

with huge tanks

officially

leader in the race for the 1910 Michelin Cup.

There

is

a Labouchere in the

list

of

Olieslaegers,

members

of the

how-

Aero Club

turned out that this is a cousin of the AntoinThe point came up

ette driver, who, himself, is not a member.
of France, but

it

a Gnome-driven Bleriot, made his flight of 174

Bordeaux on September 14th (in 3 hours 56 minutes
56 seconds)
it was shown that Labouchere was not a member
and that Simon, who was one, was the real holder. Two days
later
September 16th Aubrun, the second of the Circuit de I'Est,

when Simon, on
miles at

made

a flight of 197 miles (in 3 hours 45 minutes 30 seconds) at

same aerodrome. Aubrun, like Simon,

Aero Club of France and is thus eligible
the

is

to

member

of the

compete for the

prize, in France.
It

the Belmont Park Meet

was hoped that
would make attempts for the Michelin 1910
'

flyers

The reason they

did not

is

obvious enough

it

several of the
Prize.

must be borne

if made before the

be immediately afterwards eclipsed by
another and thus receive not the smallest compensation, if it is
not made while competing for some other prize at the same time.

in

mind

that a successful attempt on the Cup,

very end of the year,

may

In Europe an aviator's attempt for the Michelin prize during a

meet, (once he

is

regularly entered for

his efforts at totalization of distance

merely incidental to
affording an incentive to

it)

is

indulge in long flights without alighting, to increase his total,

instead of in more numerous flights of shorter duration.

celebrity than

230 litres capacity for gasolene and 80 litres for

oil, or large enough for a twelve-hour flight.
Farman
had the machine taken to his school at Etampes, and at 9.11 :30
A. M. December 18th rose from the ground with his huge load of
fuel and lubricant
he did not land again until 5.24 :15 P. M.,
staying up longer than the sun did on this day, in the latitude of
the castor

Etampes
Dring these

hours 12 minutes 45 seconds (which at

ing constitute the world's duration record)

Farman had

this writ-

travelled

an average speed of but 35 miles an hour, as compared with

that,
notwithstanding the
miles,
so
Tabuteau's 48
great
superiority of his performance in duration, he actually fell 2,120
metres short of the distance (465.720 metres) of his brother
at

Maurice's best driver.

He could have flown longer and beaten this distance, but was
misled into believing he had already done so by the cheers of the
spectators, who could not wait until he had actually exceeded it to
voice their enthusiasm.

was made

in

The

last

hour or so of Farman's

flight

darkness, his machine being fitted with fore and aft

electric lamp's to enable his flight to be controlled after

sundown.

It was on December 31st that Legagneux made his second

attempt and this time success was the reward of his tenacity, and
the World's Distance Record came back to the monoplanes.
Starting at 8.34:15 a. m., Legagneux kept to his task until 2.33,

flying with great regularity

and

at a slightly higher speed than

AIRCRAFT

Febncary, ipii

445

on his previous attempt, he thus once more broke all records from
200 kilometres on. In the 5 hours 59 minutes he was up, Legagneux covered 515.9 kilometres (320.565 miles) and took the lead

reached its climax Moisant and Hoxsey entered for the Michelin Cup, the writer being delegated to New Orleans by the Aero
Club to witness Moisant's trial and Mr. Twining performing the

for the Cup.

same

Outside of the Distance Record the new figures set up by the

popular Frenchman were
min.

Three hours
Four hours

258.5 kil.

300

kil

in 3 hrs. 28

345.5 kil.

400

kil

in 4 hrs. 38 min.

Five hours
Six hours

432.2

kil.

500

kil

in 5 hrs. 48 min.

515.9

kil.

With only ten days to go, the competition between the various
flyers for the classic trophy became acute: at Pau, Legagneux
held himself in readiness to surpass any successful attempts to
better his distance; at Etampes, Henry Farman, and at Buc,
Tabuteau,
streak of

their tanks

filled

dawn

overnight to be ready at the

to start out in the conquest of kilometres,

if

first

the

weather prospects were in any way encouraging; others in various parts of France and elsewhere began to reveal their aspirations and show that they, too, had their eye on the coveted prize.
Thus Pierre l\'Iarie the clever driver of R. E. P. monoplanes,
(whose full name is Pierre Marie Bournique). prepared to
enter the contest at Buc, showing that Robert Esnault-Pelterie,
after years of labor, had at last got his monoplane and his engine
properly adjusted and tuned up; at Douai, an R. E. P. motor
also figured in Louis Breguet's plan of action, one of his remarkable biplanes having been fitted with the compact little engine for
special Cup-winning purposes.

At Mourmelon, Rene Thomas represented the Antoinette company in the struggle, achieving on his first attempt, on Christmas
Day, a flight of 2 hours 35 minutes at Mouzon, Roger Sommer
;

also

made

preparations.

Nor was

the competitive activity con-

France in Austria, Illner proposed to add to the fame

of the Etrich monoplane by a record-breaking flight, while here,
in America, the two men whose death was to cast gloom over
the whole aeronautic world at the very hour when the struggle
fined to

office for Hoxsey at Los Angeles.

Farman and Tabuteau both made earnest attempts on Decem-

ber 29th to displace Legagneux's figures, but were beaten by the

fog and the rain Tabuteau had gone about 400 kilometres, his
:

time for 390 kilometres being 5 hours 12 minutes 49 1-5 seconds,

and Farman had gone 150 kilometres in soimcthing under two

hours and a half.

Apparently feeling no fatigue from this effort, Tabuteau was
off the next day before sunrise; he flew from 7.40 a. m. to
3.28.31 3-5 p. m., covering the tremendous distance of 584.635 kilometers (363,782 mUes), or some 40 miles more than Legagneux.
This performance was to prove the winning one, for no other
flyer was able to equal it that day or the next.

Renaux, on another Maurice Farman, flew 220 miles in about

hours and Thomas on his Antoinette, 163 miles in 3 hours 5
minutes 4 seconds on the penultimate day; while on the last one
Henry Farman made one last game effort (302 miles in 7 hours
11 minutes), going much faster than on December 18th, a broken
lubricating pipe bringing him down at Buc, Pierre Marie made
;

a startling flight of 530 kilometres in 6 hours 29 minutes 19 1-5

seconds;

Breguet did 390.42 in 5 hours 2 minDouzy, Sommer was up 2 hours 40 minutes,

Pau, Legagneux flew for 2 hours 20 minutes in a high
at

Douai,

utes 41 seconds

and

at

at

wind.

was in a preliminary trial, prior to making his intended

attempt that Moisant was killed at Hanrahan, near New Orleans;
he was prepared to fly seven hours and stood a good chance of
winning the trophy for America. Hoxsey, at Los Angeles, gave
up the idea of attempting the long flight on learning of TabuIt

teau's distance of the previous day,

and decided to go for altitude

in this flight that he sustained his fatal fall.
below gives the history of the successful attempts
for the trophy in succinct form:

instead:

The

it

was

table

AIRCRAFT

446

February, ipii

INDEX
Belmont Park
Aboukaia in "nemoiselle." Mile.
Fatal aeroplane
Accidents,
Ader, Clemen.

(Illus.)

254
96

90
369

England."

Results

Club

See

(Article)
"After Rheims."
Agreement, Wright-Aero Club.....^

Man."

ar-

and

makeshifts."

Dirigibles,

ticle)

emancipation

the

"Air,

of

(Illus.

and

Editorial

Business

132
(Illus.). 249
Air streams about hook-shaped plane.
176
(Article)
"Albany-New York."
(Article)
26
Patrick
Y."
"Alexander's opinion,
29, 103
Aeronautics in
Algeria.

Latham flying in
Power plant of

192
192
13
in General.

112
103

320
6

284
284
284
285
285

(Illus.)
(Illus.)
racer.
his.

3'35

284

School

Wrights Pirates"?

Argentine Republic,

(Illus. article) ..
Aeronautics in
59,

"Argument

Uniform-Pitch Propeller,"

"Are

the

An

for the

(Illus.

55

on

de

292

145,

186, 292, 326, 368

225

(Illus.)
Auteult machine.
See Meets.
Aviation Meets.

Dirigible.

99
23
178, 179

183
7

(Illus.)

Baldwin, Illustrated article bv Philip

(Poem)
"Balloons. The Progress of"
Balloon-trip over Paris
(Portrait.)
Balsan, Jacques
Baltimore, Aero Club of
"Banking." (Article)
Banquet of the Aero Club of America.
Barnes, Accident to

404
5

284
28
32
11
(Illus.) 90

326

Some

Construction

Types,

description

at Los Angeles.
Belgium, Aeronautics in

Beachv

29.

59.

145.

186, 252,

63,

Briinnhuber, in Albatross Biplane.

"Buchanan Method of Plane Making,
article)

(Illus.

Buchanan, Illustrated
Buda-Pest Meet
Bulgaria.

Aeronautics

article

by E.

184
91

Crafts,

H. C.

Article

Call

,'\viation

Crocker, article by F. S
Cross Aeroplane, H. H. Turner and F.

Canada, .Aeronautics

444

of)

Cromley monoplane (Illustration,

ings and description)
Cromley, illus. article by John M
Cross-Channel flights, see" Channel
Cross-Country flying and records

The"
257
257
219

HO
324

145,

scale

draw288
288

crossings.

189, 260, 283. 327, 355, 369, 393

213
"Cross-Country Flying." (Article)
21
(Portrait)
Grossman, Mrs. G. W.
Cuba, Aeronautics in
145, 428
Curtiss, Glenn H.
186,

146,

Albany

flight

dinner.

176
177
361
141

(Illus.)

by
At Belmont Park.
(Illus.)
Biographv and Portrait of

Article

Biplane," (Illus.)
14, 15, 50, 290, 320
15
quick-starting record
296
Flies over Lake Erie
.297
Flyers at New York
Landing at Governor's Island, (Illus.) ... 178
14
Ready to fly, (Illus.)
Signa'ture of.
177

Breaking

133

222
222

in
59, 103,

W.,

145, 428

243

by Henrv L
Engine (Illus. description)

75
69

(Article)

91
Daimler motor first used on Dirigible
(Illus.3
224
I,ong, Aeroplane of E.
(Illus.)
134
Delagrange, in his Voisin, Leon.
187
Rene.
(Illus.)
Demoiselle, see Santos-Dumont.
59, 103, 186, 218
Denmark, Aeronautics in
Aeronautic
Construction
Company
Detroit,
262
motor
Deutsch (de la Meurthe) Henri

De

Demanest,

64
Biography and Portrait
Conception of use of gasoline engine.... 91
.245

Dirigible of
Dienstbach, Carl
Dirigibles

Compared.

98
Forei.gn

Cost of
At Brussels

Call,

191

(Portrait)

"Criticism of the Courts Decision of February

in
Suit"
17th,
the
Wright-Paulham

15
292, 428

re-

Bell,

147
70

219,252

in
of G.

Portrait
L
Triplane, Herring
Description and drawing
flight!
In

Bumbaugh,

177
flight
253,254,283
de I'Est
21
Clement, Miss Mary E
description)
399
Clerget motor,
(Illus.
Club News
31, 67, 111, 153, 191, 220, 294
.Aero Club of America
..31, 67, 111, 153, 369, 398, 432
32
.'\ero Club of Baltimore
68
Aero Club of Bufl=alo
256, 399
Aero Qub of California
434
Aero Club of Connecticut
220
Aeronautic Federation of America
."Aeronautic Society
32, 49. 112, 294
32
Aero Club of New England
Aero Club of Pennsylvania
67, 294
68
Aero Club of Rochester
68
Aero Club of Washington
153
/Vro Scientific Club of Washington
Atlantic City Aero Club
68
California Clubs
255, 294
Dartmouth Aero Club
399
67
Hartford Aero Club
Harvard Aeronautical Society ... .33, 220, 255
Intercollegiate Aeronautical Association. 153
National Council of the Aero Club 220, 255, 399
399
New Jersey Aero Club
399
Pacific Aero Club
Pittsfield Aero Club
191
33
Southern Aero Club
University of Pennsylvania Aero Club.... 67
145
Cochin-China, Aeronautics in
6
Cody Biplane
Cofl^n, new cover designs by G. A.
Preceding pages 1 and 129.
433
Collier,
Robert J
Companies, New
1 94, 262
Controls on Wright Biplane,
(Illus.)
52, 53
Construction Details, (Illus.)
190, 217, 257, 287, 328, 395, 397, 438
Construction of Balloons, (Illus.) .45, 46, 47, 48

289, 290, 291

219, 252, 259

Meet

Circuit

438,439

Cover No. 8
Details of Machines and

of
147
(Portrait)
33
27
(Portrait)
Comte de. (Portrait) 28

Thomas W.

3
Cavendish discovers hydrogen
Channel-Crossings
4, 59, 186, 254, 285, 392
Chanute, Octave
23
Biography and Portrait
403
Death and Obituary of
4
Charles,
Professor
260
Chicago-New York Race
China, Aeronautics in
3, 103, 145, 252, 428
Chronographic account of Albany-New York

16
187
138
287

150
67
327
354, 360
361
255
211
430
(Illus.)

145
(Illus.)
29
156, 157. 255

(Illus.)

103,

Alexander GrahamBiography and Portrait

Bell, Hugh.,'.

of

article

Bradsky-Laboun, Death of Baron de

Brazil, Aeronautics in
"British Aeronautic Notes"
Brodbeck, Adolf (Portrait)
Brookins, American Record bv W. R
Accident of
And "Light Roadster"
Brown, article bv Edwin C
Brun in Antoinette. General (Illus.)

No. II
Bayard-Clement teaching apparatus.
(Illus.)
Beach Monoplane.

Details

and
(Illus.)

Burgess

Bavard-Clement Dirigible

"No.

12,

Results

Dr.

(Illus.

91

Nos.
14'0,

Meet,
Jr.,

Cartier, Mme. Gaby.

Castillon de St. Victor,

of

of

'

Books, Foreign
Boston Aero Show.
Boston-Harvard Meet.

Bournemouth
152

(Illus.)
bis.
Covers
(Illus.)

of
Signature of

Illustrations,
sults

B
Bacon, Article by Miss Gertrude
Bacqueville, Marquis de
(Article)
"Balancing."
Baldwin, Capt. Thos. S.
Biography and Portrait
(Illus.)
Biplane in flight.
Description and Scale-drawings

Start

air-trip.

Portrait

29, 218, 292

106

103.

22,279,433
4,

Monoplane VIII
Monoplane XL
6 and 7

318
252

Australia

59,

Cross-Channel

first

Carey,

16

140
(Illus.) ... 59
138
146
of No. 10
60, 218, 287, 293, 321

Est.

(Illus.)

Flies in Argentine Republic

Records of
(Illus.)
Audemars at Bournemouth.

Aeronautics in
(Illus)
Gliding in
Austria, Aeronautics in

109
64
108
22
108
22
65
109
109
23
65
140
141
65

Louis
Biography of
Channel Crossing M'onument
Letter from
Longest flight of
Cover
(Illus.)
1910 Model.

93
Circuit

141

(Illus.)

(Article)
in

64
108
140

Bleriot.

Aubrun
second

141

Wright. Orville
Wright, Wilbur

Aero Club. See Clubs.

"Attacks on the Wright Brothers wholly unFinishes

2.-i

64
22
140
23

Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von

Bishop, Cortlandt Field
(Illus.)
at Los Angeles.
Biography and Portrait
Blanchard and Teffries

Atlantic City

justified."

68

Maxim, Hudson
McCoy, James C
Moedebeck, Lieut. Col. Hermann
Nadar
Rotch, A. Lawrence
Stevens, A. Leo

103

404

article)

361

.360.

Louis
Chanute, Octave
Curtiss, Glenn H
Deutsch (de la Meurthe), Henri
Edwards, Chas. Jerome
Esnault-Pelterie, Robert
Farman, Henry
Hearst, William Randolph
Hoyt, Colgate
Lambert, A. B
Langley, Samuel Pierpont
Ludlow, Israel

(Table)..
Analysis of Aeroplanes at Olympia.
Antoinette Monoplanes
(Illus.) Covers of Nos. 7, 9, and 10,
pages 317,
(Illus.)
No. IV.
Factory
Gordon Bennett Motor
Impressions of flight in
(Illus.)
60,
In flight.

Bleriot,

America, Aeronautics in. See News

Amherst Aero Club, News of

(Illus.)

Biographies
Baldwin, Thomas S
Bennett, James Gordon
Bishop, Cortlandt Field

Offices.

Allen, Brig.-Gen. James

Letter from
Signature of
Altitude record at Los Angeles
See Records.
Altitude records.

357
323
400

(Article)

64
Biography and Portrait ._
28
(Portrait)
Besangon, Georges.
(Portrait) ........ 27
Besangon, Mme. Georges.
Big Men of the Movement
See Biographies.

(Illus.)

320, 260, 296

With the Camera Man at

Bennett, C. W.
(Portrait)
Bennett, James Gordon-

223

ticle)

Aircraft's

323,325

to

Rules and regulations at

impressions of"

20
(Ar223
247
152

ticle)

324

of

of

"Some

32

(.\rticle) ...

"Aeronautics
Aeronautic Society of New York. See Club News.
(Ar"Aeroplanes among Plants and Animals."

"Aeroplanes

list

References

News.

New

257

Committee

test

Prize

of,

in

Trophy.

Making for the line (Illus.) Cover of No. 10.

324
Portrait of Allan Ryan, Manager of
Portrait of J. C. McCoy, Chairman Con-

IS

See Club News

Aero Clubs. See Club News.
Aero Scientific Club of Washington.

Bennett

ticle)

184

Elections

News

Gordon

Grandstands and pylons at (Illus.) Cover

of No. 10.
(Ar"International Aviation Meet, The"

141
6

Annual Banquet

.325

315
351
362
(Table).. 318
323, 325
319
(Illus.)

(Illus.)

at

Details of M'achines
Distance, Speeds and Records.
Events of

141
100, 254

Signature of
(Editorial)
"Aerial Chauffeurs";
Aerial Experiment Association
Curtiss' connection with
Biplane (Illus.)
Founded bv A. G. Bell
(Article)
"Aerial Warfare."
Aero Club of America-

Cannes
325
319

Code of the Air, in force at

Courses of Aerodrome
(Illus.)

Crowd

250

Biographv and Portrait

Compared to Wrights
Letters from

Meet-

Calendar of events
Club House at

136
390

186, 218, 219

American

(Illus.)

98
98
103
43

exposition

Attempts of Guyot
Baldwin.
(Illus.)
Bayard-Clement I.
Bayard-Clement II.
(Illus.)
Beachv.
"Beta."

and

(Illus.)
(Illus.)

145
15
59, 245,

252

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii
"City of Cardiff"
Conception of General
"Espaiia."

133,245
149
254
43

(Illus.)

Erbsloh
Giffard
(Illus.)

Woman
Woman
Woman

see below.
Military.
(Illus.)

Fatalities,

Italian

Haenlein
Knabenshue.

43, 91

16

(Illus.)

Lebaudy brothers

"Le Jaune."

245
245
29
392
392

((Illus.)

World's
"Morning Post" crosses Channel
of

List

"Morning Post,"

(IHus.)

"Nulli Secundus."
(Illus.)
"Parseval."
(Illus.)
"Parsevals."
List of
"Patrie"

Renard

and

293
245

"Republique."
Sanchez

91

(Illus.

245
103
92, 133
92
133, 245

Santos-Dumont
Schwartz
Severe
Tissandier

91

"Torres

Quevado."
(Illus.)
Rome from
(Illus.)
"Ville de Lucerne"

63

View

61

of

"Ville

de Paris."

(Illus.)

7,

Wellman
Wellman.
Wolfert

(Illus.)

92

Zepellin
Zepellin (Illus.)
Dirigible Fatalities

De

Bradsky

92,

and

Morin

J.

91
9

Armstrong

Breaks altitude record

Breaks altitude record

at Lanark
at Philadelphia

254
403
259

At Bournemouth
Dubonnet, Emile
Cross-Channel Record
Flight
Dupuy de

92
106
133
254
254
133

Erbeloh
Republique
Severo and Sache
Wolfert and Knabe
"Don't Whine."
(Editorial)
Drexel,

293
245
327
369

146
147

over

Paris
Lome Airship

91

Dutch East Indies, Aeronautics in

Dutrieu, Helene
(Illus.)
In Sommer biplane.
Ostend-Bruges
Portrait

145

146
292
429

by

of

255
66
49, 96, 137, ISO

(lUus.)

Editorials

8,

Edwards, Chas. Terorae

Biography and Portrait of
108,
Edwards and Edick BiplaneDescription and scale drawing
29, 60, 145,
Egypt, Aeronautics in
(Illus.)
Ely Cup, Lewis
(Illus.)
Ely in Curtiss single-plane racer.
(Illus.)
Ely, Mrs.
England, -Aeronautics in
29, 59,

103,

Esnault-Pelterie,

145,

433
216
186
112
360
360

218, 219, 252, 292, 326,

368, 392, 428

186,

Robert

Biography and Portrait

Letter from
Signature of
Eteve, Capt
Etrich monoplane.
European Letters
"Evolution of the

140

Curve."

(Illus.

Farman, HenryBiography and

186,
crossing of

Fourth
channel
"France. A month in" (Letter)
France, Aeronautics in
146,

218,

186,

364, 395

105

Ferber, Statue to Captain

Ferris at Los Angeles, Dick.

"Field

Apparatus,"

article

Wood

15

(Illus.)

by

H.

A.

Wise

American

start

woman

of
to

fly

254
282
104,

29, 60,

326,

368,

in
(Illus.)

430
368

392,

Cover of
No. 7, 317

Portrait
biplane,

Garfield,

Charles

of

68

Garrison
Kinderman.
(Illus.)
Gasnier at Belmont Park, Pierre.
(Illus.)

432

Gasnier, Portrait of Rene

Garros flies with Mcisant
General, News in

28
283

156,

30,

223, 260. 296, 327, 369,

East Africa, Aeronautics in
192,

German

Germany,

Aeronautics

145,

218,

186,

Gibson, Ada.

in

252,

292,

Gibson, Hugo
Article by

328,

Hugo

(Mrs.

Article by
Portrait of

113,

70,

443
105
29, 59, 103
368, 392, 428
403,

34
21

144

Biography and Portrait of

"Glider, How to build a" (Illus. Article)
Gliding in Japan.
(Illus.)
Gnome-driven Antoinette. (Illus.)
Gnome after accident. Fourteen cylinder

185

143
62
431

for

results

Gordon Bennett Team, French.

,

Goupy

biplane.

(Illus.)

10,

16
31, 67

29
60
60

Illustrated article
Poster of (Illus.)
Watching the flying

41

(Illus.)

at

I-Iergesell,
Experiments of Professor
Herring-Burgess biplane
Description and scale drawing

19
110

Herring-Curtiss biplane, see Curtiss biplane.

Hewartson flying with Farman, Mr. and Mrs.
224

(Illus.)

"High Flying."
Hilliard

(Editorial)
Blob
(Illus.)

flying.

224,443

Holbrook

Helicopter Machine.
Holland, Aeronautics in
Honeywell, H. E., Article by

225
148
215
243

(Illus.)

50,

10,

of

Hopkins, .Article by Horace G

Hopkinson, Francis
Horace Mann School Aero Club.

223
91

and

(Illus.

Notice)

221
217

article)
to Build a Glider,"

"How

45
143

(Illus. article)

Hoxsey, Arch
.About

443
American cross country record by
369
Blown backward by wind
356
Col. Roosevelt flies with
369
Starting at Belmont Park
361
Portrait
of
443
Hovt, Biography and Portrait of Colgate
64
Hubbard at wheel of monoplane, G. C. (Illus.). 290
to

start.

(Illus.)

Humber Monoplane.
Hungary, Aeronautics

146,257

(Illus.)
in. 29, 61,

148,187,219

105,

Hvdr
D:

Generating plant
I

3 ?o

Entries
Final oflScial figures
Start of (Illus.)

109
(Illus.)

Entries for

320

Defence of
Trophy.
(Illus.)
Won by Grahame-Wliite
Gordon Bennett Balloon Cup
Elimination Race

296
290

361

Gordon Bennett Aviation Trophy

Challenges

.364

Meet

Helioijolis

60
186

(Illus.)

361

Grace, Cecil
Flies over battleships
Flies at Folkestone

Tohn J., Articles and drawings by

400, 438
"Imitating the Bird's Wing."
(Illus. article) .248
"Impressions of Belmont Park Meet." (Article) .400
326 India, Aeronautics in
105,148,431
320
Aviation in
(Illus.)
106
403 Intiercollegiate Aeronautic Ai^sociation.
See
364
Club News.
364 International Aviation Tournament.
See Bel(Illus.) Cover
mont Park.
of No. 7, 317 International Aviators, Inc., The
403
253 "Internal Work of the Wind, The"
(Illus.
319
353

Idc,

146
320

Irvine, Portrait of L C
Italian military dirigible.

24, 76

serial)

Grade Monoplane.
(Illus.
6
Grahame-White, ClaudeArticle by
295
At Boston
290
At Pau
;i36
Performances in Gordon Bennett Race 353, 359
)

112

7,63

(Illus.)

Italy, Aeronautics in
29, 61, 105, 187, 254,

293,

327,

369,

394, 431

"

100 kilometer record

Greece, Aeronautics in
Grey, Letter from C. G

Gross

dirigible.

by

359

".

61

150

(Illus.)
(Illus.)

Tapan.

Flying
Portrait

Jo
Julliot

At

Making

251
15
179

(Illus.)

Belmont Park.
(Illus.)
Biography and Portrait
Going for Altitude.
(Illus.)
dive.

Signature

Han

(Illus.)

of
G.,

213
Article by

151

Sin, General
3
at various aerodromes.
(Illus.)
148, 256, 291, 294, 353

Hangars

Hanriot IWonoplanes
In

flight.

Scale

Harbord

(Illus.)

drawin.gs of
Portrait of Edward E
in basket of "Valkyrie,"

(Illus.)

Harmon, Clifford B.
At Boston

253
Cover of No. 9
400
69

Mrs

.\

27

291
13

435

Biography

and Portrait of
Crosses Long Island Sound
In flight.
(Illus.)

184
296

Medal

294
259
297

(Illus.)

Records

of
Starting for

Greenwich.
(Illus)
Harvard Aeronautical Society, see Club News.
Hartford Aero Club. See Club News.

Harvard biplane.

(Illus.)

(Illus.)

of

.244

de

Pennendriff

at

Los

Angeles,
14

flights at Heliopolis.

41

(Illus.)

Daniel
breaks record.
Kinet, Death of Nicholas
Kite Factorv, Bardeleau, (Illus.)
"Kites,"
(Article)
Chinese
Kites,
(Illus.)
Kites, Perkins man-lifting.

146

Kinet

292
297
182
182
291

3,

Kuabe, Death of

Knabenshue
Krupp,

dirigible.

Captain
aeroplane

(Illus.

gun.

91
16
91

428

(Illus.)

M'av.

(Illus.)

of.

Belmont Park.

at

Jerome H. (Portrait)
Lebaudy dii ;ible

Marquise de (Illus.)
Khedive of Egypt watching

Krebs,

At Rheims
Harbert

de

356
403
360
356

(Article)

91

360
175
213
361

Hanna, John

Death of

43

293. 394, 431

Ralph

Blown backwards by wind

Haenlein dirigible
Hamilton, Charles K.
And Latham.
(Illus.)
Arriving at Philadelphia.
Article bv

62, 106,

in

Dr

Johnstone.

431
.'.'.'....'

Aeronautics

Jeffries,

134

Balloon to return to starting point. (Illus.) 91

186
Biplane to cross Channel
91
Closed circuit by air-craft
59
Cross-Channel flight
186
Cross-country race

Flving at Heliopolis.

Death of
Hawley, portrait of Allan R
II. de K. Motor
Headless Wright biplane
Hearst, William RandolphBiography and Portrait of
Conversing with the Paulhan's
Heitman, Article by Charles H

Portrait

Balloon.

Firsts-

Air voyage,

292,

252,

French Soudan, Aeronautics

French Team in Cup Race.

141

portrait

Biplane
6, 13, 50, 51, 131, 290, 321
146
Cross-country records
400
Monoplane (scale drawings)
Passenger flights
292, 393
400
Racing Biplane (scale drawings)
400
Tries out monoplane
430
Michelin-Cup biplane
283
Farman School, Maurice
390
Fatal Aeroplane Accidents
3
Fauste Veranzio
(Illns. article)
"Features of the Paris Show."

74
74
62

different countries) 29, 59,

218, 252, 292, 326, 368, 392, 428

103, 145,

Hauvette-Michelin

178
20

(Article)

In
Foreign Club News
Foreign News, (see

282
429
259, 282
article)
286

Fantastic Aeronautic conception of 1798 (Illus.) 4

Description and drawFairchild Monoplane.
154
ings

243
387, 399

(Illus.)

biographical article)
Balloon Basket.
(Illus.)

Guide Signs.
138 Gusmao, De
138 Guyot

(Illus.)

of

(Illus.

Unofiicial

Eaton-Twining Monoplane.
Edholm, Poem by C. L

34
4
135

balloon ascension
aeroplane in flight
Carl

Club Banquet.
"Flying at Mineola."
"Flying M'ammals"
Forbes, A. Holland

7,

to fly
to make
to pilot

Portrait

Fisher,
Flyers'

Krebs

447

Crossing of English Channel by air. (Illus.)

4
Elongated Balloon
43
Flights in different countries
217
Men to fly. (Biographical article)
140
Steam-driven dirigible
43
Three-passenger one hour flight.
(Illus.). 104

392
43

Alensnier

De Bradsky
Dupuy de Lome.

"Gross."

13

Labouchere, Jacques
Breaks records
In flight (illus.)
Ladougne at Rheims.

Cover of No.

258
317
253
150
27

7,

(Illus.)

"Lady writes from Nice, A" (Letters)

(Portrait)
Lafaurie, Mmme. Marie Anne
Laloe in Bregi's Voisin, Mile. (Illus.)
Lambert, A. B., Biography and Portrait of
Lanark

Meet

135

108
292

"

Biography and Portrait of Samuel

22
pierpont
Laroche in her Voisin. Raymonde de (Illns) 135
220 Latest Types of French Air-Craft. (Illus.) 366, 395
Langley,

AIRCRAFT

448
Latham, Hubert
Accident at

Heliopolis.

61

(Illus.)

Doncaster
Folkestone

Power

Lenark
Los Angeles
Lyons

plant of
Teaching Mile.

Marvingt.

LaurenQO. Eartolmeo
Laurens breaks records
Lavadan, Article by Dr. L.

La Vaulx,
"Law and

142,

101,

57.

25,

181,

Flight

In

Mars

with

bis

214,

8,

office

Portrait of

Mulhausen

In Gordon Bennett Cup race

In flight

Louis
Petersburg
Toronto
St.
St.

Portrait

353

of

Records by
100

h.

p.

motor of

Le Blon, Death

(Illus.)

of

283
28, 293, 356
359
(Illus.) .357
254
361
107
.

393
392

to Brussels
Starting for Brussels.

Flies

Lesseps

(Illus.)
.

Cover of
91
91
91

._

dirigible

Channel,

crosses

Verona

of Morane
Start of Weyman.

Jacques

de

Mrs.
(Illus.)
Mineola, Flying at

13
(Illus.) .. 146,

257
360

brothers

75.92

Article

chii

Models, Flying machine.

107

six

Marvingt, Mile.
136
(Illus.)
At wheel of Antoinette.
393
Flies 53 minutes
Masson at I.^s Angejes, Didier, (Illus.).... 15
67
Maxim, Article by Hiram Percy

Hiram

57
55

138
55
66
138

(Illus.)
of
(.^rtic]e)
aeroplane.
Signature of

New

Maxim, Hudson
18
22
136

by
Biography and portrait
(Illus.)
at Pau.

Article

McArdle

Baie de

la

186
294
254
369

See Belmont Park.

Seine,

Cover of No.

Brussels

Buda-Pest
Caen

9,

285

104, 284

Biarritz

Bordeaux
Boston
Bournemouth

254, 285

Monaco
Monte Carlo, Rougier

Race,

354
283
326
443
62, 106, 149
(Illus. article)
106
passenger

at,

Montgolfier Brothers
Montgolfier, Joseph, (Portrait)
Montgolfiere rising.
(Illus.)
Month in France, A (Letter)

Moore-Brabazon

28
3

282

electioneering,

T.

J.

C.

59

(HIus.)

Wels

F.

113
155

Garsed, J. L
Geraldson, G
Green, R. E

297
256
222
222
190
190
222
190
190
256
297
113
155
297
113

Kapferer
Koegler, A.

Rueben, N
Ruthenberg,
Schanze, H.
Schilling,

Smith,

E.

&

K.

Stelzer,

Jr

H
Sr

C.

G. & F
Von Ehrenberg, F
Von Parseval, A
Stites,

J.

Windel, T
Wunderlich,
Paulhan Biplane

Construction details
Description of

395
396

of

Paulhan, Louis
Article by
(Illus.).. 12, 13,
At Los Angeles.
Breaks records
Decorated by French Government
In London-Manchester flight.
Portrait of
Signature of

14,

75
16

15,

146
282
145

(Illus.)

75
75
431

In

flight
at
Paulhan
(Illus.)

Los

Mme.

Angeles,

Louis,
13,

16

14,

Paulson, A. O. (Portrait)
Aerocycle of
Peltier,-

Mme. Therese

Perkins,

Sam.

Portrait

71

71

134

(Illus.)

M'an-Carrying

of

Kites

of

Aeronautics in
Personal Notes
Peru, Aeronautics in
description
am'
Pfitzner
Monoplane,
ngs
H.Phipus, Illus. articles by Walti

364
107
34

Persia,

107, 431

.110

25,

292
326
Cover of No. 8.. 289, 290, 291
219, 252, 259
252
148, 187, 219
292

32,

57,

McCoy, Tames

101,

C.

142,

181,

214.

246.

388

281,

Biography and Portrait of.. 65

McCurdv

(Illus.)
at Belmont Park.
(Portrait)
M'Kay, 'Clarence W.

361
68

Poems

Illus.

109

(Portrait)
Henry M.
New' Flyers described-

67

Neelv,

Baldwin biplane
Burlingame monoplane
Cromley monoplane
Edwards and Edick biplane
Etrich monoplane of 1910
Fairchild monoplane
Herring-Burgess biplane
Pfitzner monoplane

flies on a Koechlin, Mme

Norohara, Aeroplane built by Capt.

284

Niel

Norway. .Aeronautics in
"Nulli Secundus," dirigible

(Illus.)

Illus.

.430
62
7

"Propeller,
Pitch."

An Argument

17,

55

the

Uniform
494

328
(Illus.)
Mrs. Bessica
Rapid Development of Aviation as shown by
(Article

Statistics.

and

tables)

72,

73

Recent Patented Inventions,

113, 155, 190, 222, 256, 257
72, 73, 110, 144, 146,
Records and Statistics
186. 189, 217, 258, 291, 292, 293, 295, 326

291

Records

American

295, 326, 355, 393, 403

.Altitude

258

Comparative Records

where

Countries
1910
Distance

aviators

prior

flew

First

flight

in

different

(Article)

189, 217
110, 144. 189, 217
73
prior to 1910.
.

258
258, 392
189, 217
144, 393

flights
flights.

Weight carrying
"Relation of

258

Wind

368
390
217

72, 73,

countries

Hour flights in America

72, 73.
Hour flights
Number of competent flyers
Records made at Rheims

106,253

to

"3
258, 368

Duration
Fatal Aeroplane accidents

Two-Man

for

article)

(Illus.

Speed
Two-hour

chronographic account by Augustus. 177

Raiche,

147
Illustrated article
150
(Letters)
Impression of a lady at
King of Sweden and Rougier. (Illus.) .... 147
104
Poster.
(Illus.)
131
Rougier and RawHnson over the sea
148
Row of sheds. (Illus.)

77
364
178
69

chronographic account of

Signature of
(Portrait)
Potter, N. R.

110

in C^neral.
See General.
107, 187
Aeronautics in
South Wales,
69
(Portrait)
Newstrom. Oscar
.296
Newton, Article by B. R
New York-Philadelohia-New York. (Illus.) .. 175
"New York Aero Show, The," (Illus. article).. 436
149
New Zealand. Aeronautics in
"Nice Meet"

149, 187

Portrait of

Progress of Balloons, The (Poem)

New

Ochoa, Articles by Victor

Olieslaegers, Portrait of
Records of at Rheims

91
107,

183
249
288
216
325
154
110

News

66
27

5,

Mme. Alice, (Portrait)

Porter, Rufus
Portraits, see Biographies.
Politics,

Portugal, Aeronautics in
Post. Augustus

Nadar, Biography and Portrait of

National Council.
See Clubs.
National Model Aero Club.
See Clubs.

16

(Illus.)

Baltimore

Blackpool

Lieut.

of

109

(foot note)
Flies over Paris with
Flies at Folkestone
Portrait of

66
250
56,

M'odel

Belmont Park.

portrait

Hermann

Col.

S.

by

Biography and portrait

(Illus.)
Giant aeroplane.
In his laboratory
Letter from

Measuring altitude with transit.

Meets of 1910, AviationAngers
Asbury Park
Baden-Baden

Ill

Moisant, John B.
Crosses Channel with passenger
Eligibility of
in
Gordon Bennett

368

Sir
Articles

article)-

188, 221, 262, 288

(Illus.)

&

Etrich, T.
Fricks,

190
155

222

217, 221,
Morane, Leon
111, 143, 154, 183, 188, 190,
And two passengers in Bleriot. (Illus.) .218
249, 257, 262, 287, 288, 325, 328, 362, 368,
At Bournemouth
259
397. 402, 436.
155
258 Pierce Model.
Records of
at Rheims
(Illus.)
11
33 Pilcher
Morin, Death of...
215
105 "Piloting a Baloon."
(Article)
Morocco, Aeronautics in
253
327 Meyers, Serial and articles by Denys P.
Piscboff at Rheims, De (Illus.)

444
(Illus.)
Mallard, lifted by kites. Miss,
Marconnet and Fequant
.285, 292
Records at Havre and Trouville.
318
Records at Bordeaux
92
Marev-Monge
360
(Illus.)
Wars.' Mrs. Mars and J. C.
33
Martin, Tames V. (Article bv)
Cover of No. 9
(Illus.)
Martin flying.
Martinet starts for Brussels with Legagneux.
Cover of No. 11
(Illus.)

Maxim,

(Illus.

111, 154,

Model Trophy, Stephens.

Moedebeck, Biography and

108
100
149, 187, 219, 254

M
Madagascar, Aeronautics in
Madiot. Death of Captain

191
178, 261, 296
15, 16

138

article)

326
326
440
97

(Illus. )
of" (Illus. article)

221, 262, 402

flying
.111

preceding page 173

Cover drawings by
145
article)
(Illus.
London-Manchester.
21
Longworth, Mrs. Nicholas (Portrait)
Los Angeles Aeronautical Tournament, The,

by
Biography and portrait of
Letter to Ader from
Luxemburg, Aeronautics in 106,

Weyman and

Military aeronautics
Minaha'n, Article by Luke J
1 91
Portrait
192
Minahan christens Balloon "Massachusetts,"

Lillo,

Lovelace (Humber) monoplane.

Ludlow, Israel

43, 91
106, 431

146

Martyrs of Aviation, First

187,254

Meusnier, General
Mexico, Aeronautics in
Michelin Grand Prize, Attempts of

154

Letters from Aeronautical Celebrities

150, 259,282
Letters, European
134
(Portrait)
Levitt. Miss Dorothy
68
Lewis. Article by Dal.
Lewis, Photos of Belmont Park Meet by
360, 361
Leopold
Lilienthal, Otto-10
Biographical article
11
In flight.
(Illus.)
10
Portrait
10
(Illus.)
Starting to glide.

And Wright

219
186
285

Tours
Trouville

Miscarol at Los Angeles.

(Illus.)
Model Bleriot, Gold. (Illus.)
(Illus.
Model Construction Details. (Illus.)
186 M'odels Landing Area, Diagram of

article)

(Illus.

149,187

"Michelin Cup, History

Legagneux, Georges
Breaks altitude record
No. 11.
Lennox, Earl of
Lenoir engine used on
Leppig
(Illus.)
Lesh Model.

Palermo
Rheims

293, 317

155
155
256

Rouen

Leblanc, Alfred

112
392
368
395
428
68

Naples
Nice
Niort

Where
's accident occurred.
Wins Circuit de I'Est

61, 394
187, 219

Mondorf

245

Lebaudy Brothers

(Illus.)

Pacific Aero Club, News of

Paris-Brussels Prize
326,
Paris, Flights over
253, 283,
Paris Show, Features of (Illus. article) .364,
218 Parseval Dirigible.
(Illus.)
7,
293 Partridge, article by Arthur E
187 Patents, (description of illus.)
104, 131, 147, 148, 150
Augsberger, Ed. J
104
Brekke, G.
Cover of No. 6.. 218
Chase, H. M. & M. F. H. Gouverneur
61, 187
Christmas, W.
186, 219
Clement, A
369
Crane, L- L

Milan

426
369
132

49, 96,

of

Passes Eiffel Tower.

13

186
105

Marseilles

389
285

281,

292

Montreal

246,

34

29, 41, 60, 145

105, 187, 293

Heliopolis
Johannisthal

393
33
28

Portrait of Comte Henri de

the Air," serial

Lawrence, Letter from Geo.

Lawson, Alfred
Editorials by

Havre

(Illus.) ... .355

(Illus.)
136
3

racei.

's

103
104
27

at

103 Olympia, British Show at

(Illus.)
326 Omer-Decugis, Mme. Albert,
(Portrait)
326 O'Neill, James T., Article by
(Editorial)
Cover of No. 9.. 285 "Organization."

285
(Illus.).. 361
360
And Hamilton. (Illus.)
285
Flying. (Illus.) Covers of No. 7 and 9
285, 356
Portrait of

At Havre
With Gasnier and Miss Wright.

February, ipii
105,147 Olympia, British Show

Cannes
Copenhagen

.',,

to Aerial Navigation,

'A,;

' ''^^

The.
1?

Krebs

biplane

Results ....
Retrospective article
Some records at
Richardson, Article by Geo. Atwell
Robert brothers
Robillard, Flight with Comte de
Rolls. I-Ion. Chas. ,S.

Biography and Portrait of

Death of
Tail of Short-Wright of

247
219
153

67,

91

284

(illiis.)

velt-

Ethel
Flies with Hoxsey,
Rotch, A. Lawrence
Article by

and

Biography

Colonel

147

Stevens,

23
4
4

Cover of No. 6.. 218

Monaco

Monte

and

Carlo

article)

of

Human

Flight

61

147
188
104
296

Russia, Aeronautics in 62, 107, 149, 187, 254, 369,

431.
Alia
Address by ....
Portrait
of

Rv

Boston, John

serial)
43, 91, 133, 245

3,

(Illus.)

.Alberto

.139

icle)

27
284
136
283

(Portrait)

biplane

School
School

Pau, Flying
Buc, Flying

at
at

(Illus.)

92

Schwartz

dirigible
Darius.
(Illus.)

of

Seal

71

Second Channel-crossing.
Second Flight over Paris

(Illus.)

Severe

133
178

Albuquerque, Death of

d'

Seymour

86

137, 147
62, 431

Servia, .Aeronautics in
in his Biplane, oe (Illus)

Shneider Biplane (Illus.)

Shows, Aero
Shrigley, Alfred R.
nd Portrait
Biography
Siam, Aeronauti

224
261, 436

70,

252
431

284
283
428

at Biarritz
Flying at Buc

Portrait of
biplane

Tandem

Gage

Tarbell,

105

(Illus.)

A.

Biography and Portrait

250
Teaching apparatus, Bayard-Clement (Illus.).. 29
Terminology of Henry A. Wise Wood
404
Third and Fourth Flights over Paris
253
Third Cross Channel Flight
186
Thompson. Illus. articles by Gustave R
Impressions"

138
177
138
213
138

Robert

Hamilton, Chas.
Ma.xim, Sir Hiram S
Paulhan, Louis

75

Post, Augustus
Wood, G. F. Campbell
Simon, Barrier and Hamilton (Illus.)
Mrs. J. HerbertArticles by 3, 30, 43. 70. 91, 113, 133, 156,

Sinclair,

223.

296.

245,

Portrait of
Slavin Biplane,

152
28
92
112
107
63
93
27

Triaca, Mme. Albert C.

Triaca, -Albert

(Illus.)

(Portrait)

Foreign News compiled bv,

29, 59, 10'3,

145, 186, 218, 252

Portrait of
Trilobated Dirigible (Illus.)
Triplanes (Illus.)
Tunis, Aeronautics in
Turkey, Aeronautics in
Turnbull, Article by W. F
Tuttle, Article by T. T

Twining, Article by H. La

Two Hour

93
63
6,

of the

Description

of

Cover of No. 6

(Illus.)

Sketch

of

17th, 1903, as

on

this

day Wilbur Wright

first

Switzerland does not fign:

still
a question who flei
claim the honor, among th
broke his machine on the
lake at San Moritz early ir
who was practising near
is

in

attempt

909,

leva

and Speckner,
in
December,

1909.

Since this list was published flights h

in Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay, Bulgari:
Tunisia. India. Cochin-China. Japan, Ha

made

vere

Rheims Meet,"

of

in

of

Owing

to

fault in the printing

allowed bet'
"
page 296. The

first

no margin was
second and third columns on
paragraph^readV

French

189,

Wright"Company
of

is

400, 435

404

Menace
The"

(Article)
94
"Company is an Incentive to the Development of Aviation. The" (Article)
151
Biplane (Illus.) .. .6, 52, 53, 147, 290, 355, 422

Injunctions

dismissed
194
(Illus.)
355
Brothers and Israel Ludlow (Illus.)
360
In Racer, Orville (Illus.)....
355
Patent Lawsuits, 50. 75, 93, 94, 95, 100, 101,

Baby Racer

140,

"And

144.

151,

153,

293
146

of
185,

conflict.

^ tide)
Team at Belmont Park

ng. Articles

of 172,5 kilometres (Two houi

107.2 miles, and not 105.6 miles.

page 359 Latham's times for 95 kilometres

for 100 kilometres were 5 hrs. 45' 05.66" and
48' 53.41" respectively, instead of the figures given.
1911.

On page 391 the full names of the Italians

were: Lieutenant Marquis Vittorio VivaldiPasqua,
Lieutenarit
Giuseppe Saglietti,
Enrico
^
,,
Cammarota and
passenger. Private Giuseppe
.

Castellani.
fatalities

two weeks of

occurred:

361
21
(Illus.

ar-

50
361

(Illus.)

H.U,

by Edward

99. 153, 182,

286

Dirigible (Diagram)
Dirigible (Illus.)
First Dirigible
First Dirigible (Illus.)

1910 the

News concerning

28
65
92

(Illus.)

92
92
29
106

A
can birth, driving
i
fog in the North
26, Giulio ]
lo (Italian), lost
Bleriot while
at Sao Paulo,
er 28, Alexandre Laflfont (Frenchd hi: passenger, Mario Pola (Spaniard),
ten in tlieir .Antoinette at Issy-les-Moulineaux
parade-ground, near Paris, when about to start for
the Paris-Brussels-Paris prize (wings broke in the
naturali; d Englishman of
a Shortort-Grace biplane; lost

Sea:

D(
December

ol

of his

air); December 30, De Caumont (Frenchman), fell

at St. Cyr (steering gear of his Nieuport mono,

became deranged); December 31, Tohn B.

Moisant (American), miscalculated elide when
about to land at Harahan, near New Orleans, La.,
and was thrown from machine when gust hit tail
of his Bleriot; December 31. Arch. Hoxsey (American), fell in his Wright biolane at Los Angeles,
Cal., from height of over 500 feet; was probablv
physically indisposed by sudden change of pressure
when coming down rapidiv from great altitude.
plane

hrs.

last

The"

from Page 445)

On

the

188
140
140. 141

Zens, Ernest (Portrait)

Zeppelin, General Count Ferdinand von
Biography and Portrait of

and

144

Drawn.

i49
149

DECEMBER.

Iii

194.

(Article)
to be

Biography and portrait

Wilbur. Biography and portrait
Miss Katherine
At Belmont Park

187
393

The equivalent

-JANUARY,

188,

Selden Patents"

Some Conclusions
The" (Article)

"Suits.

Aubrun's record for 200 kilometres

and not 2 hrs. 18' 18 3/5

Development

to the

.\viation.

18;;_30 3/5",
is

284

by
Terminology of
Articles

293

record)

217, 258, 296, 318, 391

factories
and

aeronautic

schools

292
107
187, 218

killed

OCTOBER.

110, 144,

73.

Visits

(Illus.). 105
6

"And now this great record has been made

almost insignificant by the stupend
s
performances of this same Korane at Deau
le on September 3rd, and of Chavez at Issy
September
8th"
and the others accordingly.

givt

cabled reports; fuller and more

the meet are given on page 258.

Campbell-

Wood, Henry A. Wise-

NOVEMBER.

table, as it
there; several
Auf'm Ordt, who
zen surface of the

27
134
134, 187
.'.217

for

Tables compiled by

45

(Illus.)

Flights

21

(Por-

by and letters from, 50, 60, 64, 65,

72, 97, 106, 108, 109, 110, 137, 140, 141,
144, 145, 154, 180, 184, 185, 186, 189, 217,
247, 258, 259, 282, 295, 317, 319, 390, 392,
403, 442, 445.
Balloon Trip over Paris
284
Flies with De Robillard
284
Portrait of
433
Signature of
357

Skeleton of Dirigible

this

first

Prominent

Portrait of

Biography and Portrait of Gabriel

Headless (Illus.)
Old Type Biplane (Illus.)
1910 Racer (Illus.)
1910 Racer (Sketch)

146
149
149

also Defries' very short flights in .Australia.

In
the case of the Wright brothers, the date of Decamber 14th, 1903, might here be quoted instead of

The "Re

G. F.
Articles

"Curtiss-Paulhan

RECORDS AND STATISTICS (Continued

December

Wood,

Voisin

400

(Article)

77
66
194
92

193,

(Article)

Women, World's Record

Marquis Pasqua
Death of
First

(Illus.)
76,

(Illus.)

interested in Aviation,
(Portraits)

\'ivaldi.

Belmont Meet"

Orville,

Van den Born, Aerial wanderings

Vanniman triplane
Vendome biplane (Illus.)

Sommer, Roger
Biplane,
Biplane.
Biplane,

Balloon

360

224
279

recorded by Langley

"Women Who Fly"

Women who fly

V
Valves,

444
185,

traits)

"Uncle Sam Must Look Skyward" (.Article)

97
University of Pennsylvania Aero Club, see Clubs.

(Illus.

31

"Some Impressions

14,15,16,290

(Illus.)

Women, Some Prominent European Sky

107
254
248
67
256
189
252
437

29,

Flights
Tyck, Altitude record by Jules
Types of machines at Aero Show
Types of successful dirigibles
Types of successful aeroplanes

296

article)

(Illus.)

Monoplane

"Wings," Poem
Wittemann brothers biplane
Wolfert Dirigible

291,403

252,

178
357 Venezuela, Aeronautics in
443 Victoria. .Aeronautics in
"Ville de Lucerne" dirigible
178 "Ville de Paris" dirigible
Vinci, Leonardo da
21

F.

"Soaring Power versus Motor Power"

Charles.

Portrait of
Wind Velocities

155, 190, 222

(.-Vrticle)

Alle

H.

W. C

369
369
253
255

Wheeler, article by

Signatures
Ader. Clem.

Lo

of

(Illus.)

Pischoff)

American

Flies

Siemens Dynam.

Bleriot,

Dirigible

Women

Tabuteau, Maurice

Tonquin, Aeronautics in
"Torres Quevado" dirigible.
Toulmin, Article by H. A

id Portrait of.

Dirigibles

Monoplane,
"Safe Flight."
(lUu
Saun
Mme. Lucien

245
27
107

29, 62,

113,

Biography

Description

Werner (de

65
45
139

(Illus.

Surcouf, Mme. Fdouar'd (Portrait)

Switzerland, Aeronautics in

"Three
Santos- Dumont,

Tissandier, Paul (Portrait)

Tissandier, Paul (Illus.)
Todd, Portrait of Professor David

Sache, Death of.

Sanders Teach<

Article)

Surcouf builds Lebaudv Dirigible

149, 1S7, 219, 254

Runaway aeroplane
Russ Flyer,

Summary

107

106,

Willard,

Stevens Builds a Balloon."

(Illus.

89,

At Heliopolis.
(Illus.)
At Nice.
(Illus.)
Roumania, Aeronautics in.. 107,
Rummler, Article by Wm. R

at

Leo

Wachter, Charles (Illus,)

211
Wait, Old Poem communicated by Miss Marie 5
Warping control on Wright Biplane
53
52,
Watching the Flying at Los Angeles (Illus.) .151
Weyman, Cross.country flights by Henry
293
Wellman's Transatlantic Attempt
Forecast of Failure
327

Gnome-Driven Biplane (Illus.)

Wild, Horace B.
147 Stephens, Article by James S
Biography and Portrait of
369 Stokes Monoplane, Sketches and description of. 434 Wilkins, Bishop John
St. Peters seen from dirigible (Illus.)
Willoughby, Hugh L61
19 St. Louis Aero Show
Letters from
261

"How

Rougier, Henri

Ryan

49
354
136
44
403

(Editorial)

Speed at Belmont Park

Spencer-Kavanagh at Pau, Miss (Illus.)
Spherical Balloon, Diagram of
Stebbins and Geynet Triplane (Illus.)

3,

Rouen Meet
At

146

(Illus.)

A"

"bpecialist.

his

Weight.carrying by
60. 146
South Africa, Aeronautics in
187, 431
South Australia, Aeronautics in
187
Spa Faccioli biplane (Illus.)
187
Spain, Aeronautics in.. 62, 107, 149, 187, 254, 327
Spanish Dirigible "Torres Quevado" (Illus.).. 63

251
259

Portrait

(lUus.) .,
Pilatre de

Rozier,

in

Biography and Portrait

Kermit and Miss

de Lambert,

ith

Roziere

449

Breaks circular cross-country record

dirigible

tests

Ro

AIRCRAFT

Februnry, ipii
and

following
December 22, Cecil Grace, a

Since
writing

flight

1910 the onlv fatality reported at this

the death of the Croatian aviator Rous-

is

January_9th, in Servia, after making a

th
"ave; his propeller became de-

across

tached and he w;

able to pick out

good landing.

AIRCRAFT

450

CLASSIFIED
10

FOR SALE

pOR

this

-pOR SALE GENUINE CURTISS AERO-T

PLANE MADE BY GLENN H. CURTISS
AT HIS HAMMONDSPORT FACTORY, COMWITH REGULAR 4-CYLINDER
PLETE
WATER-COOLED CURTISS MOTOR, INCLUDING PACKING BOXES AND EXTRA PARTS;
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY; FLIGHT GUARANTEED; PRICE $3,000. ADDRESS BIPLANE,
care of Aircraft.

pOR SALE Elbr:

-T
motor,
Aircraft.

98

iter-cooled

Address:

lbs.,

BIPLANE
For

22-30 H.P.
Elbridge,

for automobile

for
Well built
particulars.

Mich,

\I/-OULD
*'

like

le

Company
"

ad"

iual

to

on a ucviec for
lor inanuauiiuj^
ng sta
smAddress: George Nealy, 1454
Rockaway Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

make

offer

bility of aeroplanes.

/^URTISS, Farman, and other standard aeroWorkplanes constructed, guaranteed to fly.

manship and material the best; prices the lowest.

Address:

^OR

J.

T.

C, Aircraft.

SALE 30

H.P.

4-cylinder.
air-cooled
E. J. CampCal.

ining order.

443 Crocker

St.,

Los Angeles,

A EROPLANE My Curtiss nproved type with

which I have made ma V very successful
ith 4-cylinder, 60
at Mineola. equipped
motor, packH.P. Elbridge Featherweight
Will set
ing boxes and spare parts included.
Perfect flyer
and teach buyer to fly anywhere.
Sickness in family compels sacriflce.
guaranteed.
Address: Henry
Worth double.
Price $2,000.
Charles Cooke, 128 West 65th St,, New York,
-f^

flights

N. Y.

SALE^Bleriot monoplar
24 horse power
Anzani motor, imported fr n Eleriot factory
Will be sold big sai iftce by Aviation
closing up its busii :ss.
Box 727 %

year.

Company,
Aircraft.

ADVERTISING

SEVEN WORDS TO LINE

CENTS A LINE

February, ipii

CASH WITH ORDER

AIRCRAFT

February, jgi7

PATENTS

PATENTS
C AA

R. THOMPSON
GUSTAVEROOM

your idea in the

Patent Office under
my " No-Fee-In-Advance" plan,
and you make and sell under
"Patent Applied For." Send sketch
<{!

Files

Main

New York

170 Broadway,

QUALIFIED TO DO

E.SPKCT.AT.T,Y

Printed copies of Airship patents 10c. each.

with regard to

legal effect

its

Motor 30 H. P.
Model.
Brand new.
Address Motor, care

NOTICE

FRED.

Church Aeroplane Co.

HAVE MOVED TO THEIR NEW FACTORY

123

JUST PUBLISHED

The book

bound

The GHAS.

THOMPSON

and

Skids, Fabric

CO,

work.

Bamboo

prices

complete aero-

for

and large

ety

for

model

Brooklyn Headquarters

for the

vari-

builders.

500

to

$100Model

lbs.

at

"PARAGON"

1000 to

Dirigible

NEW

100 R.P.M.

Soon Ready!

GET
JERSEY

INC.
YORK CITY

to fly.

LINCOLN SQUARE NOVELTY

WORKS

Department B.

New York

1931 Broadway,

DO YOU NEED CAPITAL?

5; Bore X 5 Stroke

IF

SO

you should write

at

once for particulars of

P.

It is

M.

the most effective

medium

American Security

&

Trust

_nd

their

a specialty 33 years.

For Sale, 2 captive balloon

apital foi

Company

AVIATORS WANTED
NO

LIMIT

TO SALARY

course by correspondence. Post graduate

course in assembling and actual flights at our
aviation field.
have our own exhibition department and can use competent aviators. Also
secure positions outside.

We

Detroit

Aeroplane Co.
DETROIT, MICH.

Chicago School of Aviation,

Sheparu

complete, best

Unused,
^as-tight,

always-working captive balloons are the most

profitable, successful, attractive novelties before

the public today.

"^'""

FRANKFORT.

N. Y.

CLEAVER'S MILL
24S-247 West 28th

St.,

New York

Manufacturer of

PROPELLERS

and

For All Kinds

Orders Filled
'^'"nf'^"'

outfits

known system. Latest 7-h-p airship.

Witteman glider, cheap. Efficient,

Wilminglon, Del.

Home

cost.

Campbell. 500 P..Victor Bldg., Washington, D.C.

Hydrogen-tight gas-bags and portable generators

Corporation and Club Organizers

Weight 115 Ub.

MONOPLANES

Washington, D. C

CO.,

CLUB PLAN

20-30 Brake H. P.
500 R.

NAVIGATION.
VICTOR J. EVANS &

cents.

AERO
Alodel IGll
I

Fee Returned

We

"'Aeroplane

You can practise in-doore with a

Jersey Skeeter Aeroplane. Wind, Rainor Snowwon't
interfere with your sport. Sent by mail post-paid for

DETROIT

to

1 Ej in I

for free search of Patent Office

Records.
How to Obtain a Patent, and What
to Invent, with List of Inventions Wanted and
Prizes offered for Inventions sent free.
Patents
advertised free.
are experts in AIRSHIPS and all patents
and technical matters relating to AE^RIAL

SKEETER
"25

000

PL

Send sketch

Telephone 5565 Spring

Washington. D. C.

1103 F. Street.

guaranteed

thrust

Aeronautic

for

lyearii

400

from our 8-foot diameter

DELTOUR,

Can

parts

Reed, Rattan and Split

J.
49 SIXTH AVE.

Detroit

of

Propellers.

Bamboo for models.

ALL SIZES IN STOCK

F. O. B.

for one invention. Book.

to Obtain a Patent" and
vent" sent free. Mend rough
ee report as to patentability.
ts advertised for sale at our expense
rteeu Manufacturers' Journals.
Patent Obtained or Fee Returned
CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE. Patent Att'ys
l>

Chkago

BAMBOO
Special grades of

Patent Lawyer

T YOUR IDEAS

all accessories.

planes, accessories

Publisiters

545-549 Wateh Ave,

COLEMAN,

N. W., Washington, D. C.

Spruce,

New Supply Catalog Now Ready

Booksellers

With

C.

Finished

St.,

Wheels, Rubber Shock Absorbers,

Price $1.00 post-

by

622 F

Aeroplanes, Gliders, Frames for

Dirigibles,

is

"Aeronautical
Pocket size 250

paid.
Sold
generally.

Rates Reasonable
Best Services

Highest References.

E.

D. C.

THAT PROTECT

Advice and Books Free.

WATSON

ihe

pages, fully illustrated,

in cloth.

CO.

UP-TO-DATE FACIUTIES FOR BUILDING

book shows

d and operate Fly-

ible."

&

WASHINGTON,

P A TF NT^

N. Y.

OPQUTION

By latkinan-Russell-Chanute

les.

Mailed Free.

DIETERICH

800 G STREET,

SMITH STREET

BROOKLYN,

flVING MiCHINES

__

G.

Patent Lawyers

Aircraft.

practica!

G!d^i!?k

PATENTS.

100 Mechanical Mavements.

J^ARRIMAN

CONSTRUCIION AND

WRITE TO-DAY

OF HIGH CHARACTER

REFERENCES

This

Can secure you a Patent that will PROTECT

your invention on a flying machine, for a
moderate fee. Advice free.

AERONAUTICAL WORK
Work done

For Sale.

JONES

S.

PATENT ATTORNEY
Victor Building, Washington, D. C.

Solicitor of Patents

Office, Cleveland, Ohio.

1911

BENNETT

City

(Counselor at lyaw)

BILLMAN,

THAT'S THE THING

FLY!

Telephone 4012 Cortlandt

for free report.

C.

PATENTS

1701

'

OBED

451

at

FRAMEWORK
of Air-Crafl

Short

Notice

AIRCRAFT

452

February, iqii

C.<&A.WITTEMANN,

AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERS

Designers, Constructors, Developers of Heavier-than-air Machines

AEROPLANES
Our

Gliders

best,

GLIDERS

SEPARATE PARTS

the

are

Light Metal Castings

for Connections always carried in
Stock, or Special

the safest and

the easiest to operate.

Practical Lessons in

castings made

fe*-

to

order.

Gliding.

Clear Spruce Finished

Experiments conducted
Large Grounds for

to Order

Testing.

Also All Other Fittings

Get our estimate for
your Flying Machine

GLIDERS IN
STOCK.
Wittemann Glider

Works: Ocean Terrace and

Little

Clove Road, Staten Island, N. Y.

Telephone 390

L W-B

DO YOU KNOW??

? ?
Znd

Boston's

in Flight

National

Exhibition

WILL BE HELD

Aerial

of

Craft

IN

Mechanics Building, Boston, February 20-25, 1911

ALSO
1st

That
in

2nd

it

generally

America

That any
And

3rd

is

That

who

attended

all

that last year's Boston Exposition of Aerial Craft

Exhibitor of

all

this

acknowledged by those

of

last year's

show

will tell

you

it

was

Aerial Exhibitions
Biggest and Best.

the indoor

was

the

of financial benefit to him.

One Year Ago when the general interest in

Aviation was only slumbering.

this

year will far surpass anything heretofore held, and that, have you an Aeroplane, an

Accessory, a Model or an Idea,

it

will

pay you

to exhibit

and attend

this Exhibition.

WATCH THIS YEAR'S SHOW

PONT FAIL TO BE THERE
FOR ALL PARTICULARS ADDRESS

CHESTER

I.

CAMPBELL,

Gen'l Manager.

Executive Offices: 5 Park Square, Boston, Mass.

AIRCRAFT

Fcbnmry. igii

Morok,

many

and

famous

other

Aviators

fly

453

THE
SCIENTIFIC

handsome trophy shown below was given by

lating aviation in

Shneider Aeroplanes

THE
rates

and Paris

in Stocfi

E. 178th St., NEW YORK

ELBRIDGE ENGINE COMPANY

FRED SHNEIDER, 1020

New York Agent

for

WIRE
^

Wire

Aviator

supplied in

plate finish

making

This wire

is

quality

Cord

high

specially

grade

with a

sizes

soldering easy.
drawn from

of twisted wire.

extra

Also Aviator

steel.
::

::

::

::

John A. Roeblings Sons Co.

TRENTON, N. J.

Model Aeroplanes
AND SUPPLIES
Percy Pierce Flyer
200
THE
The outfit includes
scale drawing
fett.

flies

lart^^e

wood, rattan
rubber, aluminum and silk,tomakeit. &%
r
pl. Ij
Price by mail, securely packed
Twining's Book and Parts to make model

and complete

set of parts in

-i

.....

biplane

$1.20

SUPPLIES

Propellers, wood, 8 inch

75c
10 inch
ll.OO
12 inch
1.25
14 inch
2.00
Special 6 in. propeller, 50c., unfinished
propellers, 6 and 8 in. ISc. 10 in. 25c.
.

WHEELS
Special, light-weUht, rubber-tired

2)4 inch diameter

price 30c each

Special, light-weibt

IX

inch diameter

price 10c each

RUBBER
100
50

/s Si rV in. strands,
in. square strands,

it.

ft.

price $1.00
price 1.00

WOOD AND BAMBOO

All sizes in three feel lengths

BOOKS
Model Flying Machines, Their design and conBy mail 55 cts.
struction, by W. G. Aston.
How to Make a 20 ft. Glider, by A. P. Morgan.

Price 55

cts.

SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE

W. H.
Model Propeller

37-39

PHIPPS

. 28th Street,

New

York. N. Y.

the

SCIENTIFIC

Prof.

machine
QlidcTSy Propellers

THE

AMERICAN

for the purpose of stimuUnited States. It is fitting that the

of this sort should be
first and only noteworthy trophy
offered by a journal which, for more than 66 years, has
fostered the development of aeronautics and the mechanical arts,
not only in America, but throughout the civilized world.

SHNEIDER MACHINES

in

S.

P.

AMERICAN TROPHY

commemo-

the first successful

Langley's aeroplane
the precursor of the modem monoplane.

America and

AIRCRAFT

454

February, ipii

SCALE MODEL AEROPLANES

That Fly!
FLYING MODELS

NAIAD

EXHIBITION MODELS
Complete or

in the

rough

AND OTHER

PROPELLERS, MOTORS

SUPPLIES

Aeronautical Cloth
Manufactured Especially

Blueprints

3-Foot
Foot
3-Foot
20-Foot
3

and

Directions for Building Models

Antoinette Monoplane

....
....

LIGHT, STRONG, AIR-TIGHT

$L00

Monoplane
Wright Biplane
Man-Carrying Glider

Bleiiot

AND

MOISTURE-PROOF ON BOTH SIDES

1.00

LOO

... 1.00
CHICAGO AERONAUTIC SUPPLY CO.
Room

19,

6030 South Park Ave., Chicago,

III.

Complete Working Drawings

(3 Sheets)

of

Sample books, including data and

THE

C. E.

Hubs furnished 4", 5", 5)^" or 6" wide fitted with

Knock Out Axle also Bronze Bearing to lit

American Aeroplane Supply House

Aeronautical Engineers
and Manufacturers ot

14

THE

S.

I.,

N. Y.

SAFETY.

Degree of

facturers testifying to

The

Curtiss

its

C^lrtiss

PI^ANKS,

built

in

Curtiss

sections,

with the finest rubberized silk fabric.

The
be assembled by two persons in two hours.

The

Curiiss

NEW YORK

IN

STOCK

We

for

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

are turning out Propellers of the

highest excellence and efficiency

superiority.

PROPEIvI^EK, made

covere
Curti:

factory.

JNY

SIZE

MADE TO ORDER

both
roplane

We carry a full line of

AERONAUTICAL SUPPLIES

CONSTRUCTION,

embodies the best workmanship,

the frame being made of the finest Oregon spruce laminated for
strength.
Every wire and turnbuckle is thoroughly tested.
The Cjutiss DESIGN.
As there is no warping of the surface
the Curtiss design combines the advantages of rigidity with the
strength of the trussing made possible by the biplane.
It is also
the most compact practical machine built.

CURTISS-TYPE AEROPLANES IN STOCK

For particulars address

CURTISS AEROPLANE CO.

P.

FACTORY

HAMMONDSPORT,
NEW YORK OFFICE
1737

BROADWAY

Axle.

to

Jr., 956 8th Ave.,

PROPELLERS

has stood the test for efficiency.

The

WEAVER,

MOTOR

developed from the ffamous Curtiss moto

cycle motor.
The most efficient and reliabL water cooled mote
for aviation purposes.
Ten s and particular on applicatior
Curtiss aeroplanes equipped
dth Curtiss po\v(
plants,
The Curtiss CHASSIS,
Recognized as
he strongest
absorbing landing gear for
eroplanes.
The Curtiss CONTROL,
The famous shoulder control
balancing ailerons and steerii 5 wheel for elevator and rudder,
Curtiss control has been w dely imitated by leading aero rr
Curtiss

A.

Laminated True Screw

Experience, Equipment, Workmanship and Design Have Produced

The

J.

Curtiss Aeroplane
the Highest

Plain or
"

Steering Wheels.

Write for Prices

CITY,

Telephone 213, Garden City

IN

of

FARMAN TYPE RUNNING GEARS.

Aeroplanes and Accessories

GARDEN

New York

PRICE $10.00

Box 160

CO.

SIZES
PROMPT DELIVERIES
Monoplane Tail Wheel weight 3 lbs.
20"x2'' Curtiss Type
weight 7 lbs. sustain Dead Load
600 lbs. Rims either wood or steel.
20''x2-4" Wheels for Single Tube Tires.
20''x3'' Wheels lor Single Tube Tires.
20"x4" Wheels for Clincher Tires.
24"x3" Wheels for Clincher Tires.

STOCK

16''xl '2"

KNOCK DOWN PARTS OF BLERIOT MACHINES A SPECIALTY

0.

Aeroplane Wire Wheels

(Cross Channel Type)

P.

prices, sent on request

CONOVER

101 Franklin Street

Scale and Full Size

BLERIOT NO. 1 1 MONOPLANE

Franklin and Main Sts.

Aeroplanes and Used by Aviators

Prominence

for

of

N. Y.

BRAUNER

& CO.

330-332 East 98th Street

TRAINING GROUNDS

LOS ANGELES, CAL.

New York

City

AIRCRAFT

February, igii

^ACMEPROPELLERS
Quick

455

THE new

sport of

Aeroplaning which

is

only comparable in Winter

with ski-jumping, tobogganing, or sleighing on a speedway with a

can be enjoyed by you

race horse,
if

you use

now

as well as in

Summer

BEACH PERFECTED MONOPLANE

(Bleriot

Type)

^ihe

only machine that will not upset in the strongest winds on account

of

powerful gyroscope.

its

Deliveries on Standard Sizes

Highest Grade Workmanship

Special

Propellers to Specification

a Specialty

Aeroplane Parts

Correspondence Solicited

THE ACME OIL ENGINE CO.

BRIDGEPORT, CONN.

AEROPLANE SIPPLIES
Are you building an Aeroplane ?

Then

We

get acquainted
Bleriot Crossing the English Channel

carry the largest assortment of

The

Chicagoan John B. Moisanl's thrilhng flight from Paris

his mechanic, last August, as well as his fast trip
from Belmont Park over Brooklyn to the Statue of Liberty and return
(whereby he won a $i 0,000 prize) was made with a monoplane like
to

aeroplane parts and motors on this

side of the Globe.

late

London with

while Grahame-White won the international Cup Race with a

fitted with a 100 H. P. motor.
This type of aeroplane holds the world's records for speed, passenger-carrying, endurance and altitude.
At Belmont Park Leblanc made over 71 miles an hour with the mate
of White's mono.
In France, last December, Legagneux made a continuous flight of 6 hours and I minute duration, travehng 322 miles
without a stop at the speed of an express train.
He also rose to a
height of 10,499 feet over two miles
breaking the world's altitude
record.
At Rheims, last summer, Morane carried 2 passengers 412
lbs. extra weight
successfully.
Chavez crossed the Alps above the
Simplon Pass, September 23, and Cattaneo flew across the Rio-de-laours;

Everything from a turnbuckle to

the machine

duplicate machine

itself.

Don't buy and then regret. Our

prices are lower than others.
Catalogue of
( Hot from the press)

motors, gliders, light metal castings and parts for the asking.

Plata,

Exhibiting at the New York and

Boston Aero Shows Don't fail
Dept. F.
to see us there.

Bleriot

Buenos Ayres
Monoplanes the

at

capable of reaching such

treacherous wind currents.

in
34 miles) on December
7.
machine that has shown
1

only
high

Our

matically held stable in the

85

CHAMBERS

ST.

NEW YORK

67

READE

altitudes

and

coping

their
itself

with

air.

IVrite to-day for Catalogue^ mentioning'''' Aircraft

Two types

and

Prices,

sizes.

Delivery

in three

"

weeks.

$5,000 and upward

ST.

Scientific

Aeroplane Company

Box 773

the

gyroscopic attachment makes

the strongest winds
The machine is auto-

machines non-capsizable in
without any exertion of the aviator.

these

WILLIS CO.

E. J.

NEW YORK

AIRCRAFT

456

Volume
^ Bound
shelves

in

numbers of

Value

of

book-form and ready

individual

of

February, 191

for the library table or

or association, the twelve first
are now offered by the Lawson
as a solid entity of incomparable

AIRCRAFT

Publishing Company
value to the student of, and to the enthusiast

in,

matters

aeronautic.

^As an ornament for any booklover's delectation, as

monument to the birth and to the lightning-

well as a

development of

Human

Flight and as a faithful

and amazingly-rapid history,
the first volume of America's great magazine of Aerial
Navigation, valuable as it is now, will, in years to come,

like

reflection of

its

intricate

when

travel by air has reached as advanced a stage as

that by water has to-day, constitute an hereditary asset
literary, historical, scientific

^It

is

"VOL.

of unique worth.

I" of an Aeronautical Encyclopedia.

^A

reference which any library or club cannot afford

be without; one which every thinking individual
requires for the accuracy and completeness of his
information on the latest triumph of the genius of Man.
to

^The number
owing
First

of copies available for sale

to the scarcity of

come,

first

is

very limited

one or two of the numbers.

served.

Price per copy, delivery to any part of the

United

Cloth Bound
Cloth and Leather
All Leather

States, prepaid:

$3.50

-----

5.00
7. 00

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING COMPANY

EAST

37-39
k

'

28th

STREET,

NEW

YORK,

U.

S.

A.

AIRCRAFT

Pebruary, ipii

457

AERONAUT LEO STEVENS

BALLOON

LEADING

AND AIRSHIP

CONSTRUCTOR

OF THE WORLD

Vulcanized Rubber Material of the Leading Makers, Germany, France and America

Rubber
Fabrics
for

Balloons
and

Airships

ONE TO FIFTY PASSENGERS

Contractor to the United States Government and ninety- five per cent,

of the clubs

in this

country

GIBSON PROPELLERS
American Representative

Balloons, Airships

for

and Aeroplanes

of the Foremost Makers Abroad

Address

BOX

181,

MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK,

U.

S.

A.

AIRCRAFT

458

February, igii

with 6 Adjustable Blades, will lift over 600 lbs. straight up with 60 H. P.
Long Stroke Motor at 500 R. P. M. Tractor has Leather
Covered Flexible Elevator Cable Transmission

16-Foot Parachute

Hub Spread
Vanadium Steel Tube Rim Wire SpokesCovered Top and Bottom

Four-Inch

JOS. E. BISSELL

1 J"

ij"

(BOX

ALL KINDS OF AERIAL PHOTO-

Insurance Against Breakdowns

We
to

GRAPHIC WORK DONE BY

have a Machine Shop completely equipped

build

power

plants

for Aircraft.

If

NO GUYS

Pittsburg, Pa.

7 9 5)

LEOPOLD LEWIS

you are

prepared to pay for precision work, write for fur-

915 Eighth Avenue,

ther information.

A Full Line

The

of Eastman's

Taft-Peirce Manufacturing Co.

WOONSOCKET,

New York

Kodaks and Supplies Always on

Hand
DEVELOPING AND PRINTING A SPECIALTY

R.

USED EXTENSIVELY

by

U. S.

The

the

GOV'T

ROYAL

The Simplest, Strongest and Most

Practical Typewriter

Made

STANDARD

TYPEWRITER

Price $65.00

ROYAL TYPEWRITER
Royal Typewriter Building

Branch

CO.
Neiv York, N. Y.

in

Each Principal City

AIRCRAFT

Febrimry, ipii

459

BURGESS COMPANY AND CURTIS

AEROPLANES
The workmanship

of this

company

We

Claude Grahame- White.

has been endorsed by no

are

now

building for Mr.

an authority than Mr.

a large order of

less

White

GRAHAME-WHITE BIPLANES
THEY ARE BUILT IN TWO DIFFERENT

We also are

SIZES,

building regularly

FOR SINGLE PASSENGER AND FOR

Burgess Biplanes

for

TWO

PASSENGER SERVICE

one or two passengers.

BURGESS PROPELLERS A SPECIALTY.

Burgess Company and Curtis, Marblehead, Mass.

Makers of famous Aeroplanes have
worked to produce a combination of
parts which can be relied upon to

If

The "REGULAR" line of REQUA

GIBSON PROPELLERS represents

""

Di

"

STOCK

It is possible that out of such a

large stock a propeller may be found
which just meets the requirements
of any specially designed aeroplane

REQUA GIBSON

PROPELLERS

order
but even in such a case,
that a correct choice can be made,
it is essential that inquirers should
in

clearly state all particulars of the

Plane

surface

and head

Built under the Personal Supervision

of

en-

HUGO

gine.
3.

GIBSON

The number

of propellers to be
their greatest possible dia-

meter.

peller.

The
ber

"SPECIAL"

"REGULAR"

will

be

line

now emnum-

added to as time and

endeavor evolve new combinations of

air-vessel features.

The

S.

S.

Mauretania was

fitted

rived at

E.

is

TRY-OUT PROPOSI-

for the purpose of offering

to an aero experimenter the

same

fa-

the engineers of any marine

ship builders find essential to enable

them

By

to arrive at the

combination

W. BONSON

of

vessel,

most

efficient

engine

and

propeller.

Full particulars on application.

806 11th Avenue

New York

The

direction of rotation, clockwise, or anti-clockwise, when standing in the breeze made by the pro-

braces 29 distinct designs, which

cilities as

CONSULTING ENGINEER

used and

5.

C.

General design of complete ma-

chine.
4.

for

sufficient to warrant it, we

proceed to keep duplicates in stock
for the convenience of the customer.

TION

Horsepower and speed

de-

becomes

The new

resis-

tance.
2.

we

to

with six separate sets of propellers

before the best combination was arof

1.

demand

the

as

or

styles.

propeller,

"SPECIAL"

meet the new

conditions.
This system provides
quick delivery in most cases. As soon
sign a

give satisfactory results.

the standardization of this important

component of an aeroplane therefore, we keep IN
the correct propeller for Curtiss and Farman Biplanes, Bleriot Monoplanes,
etc.,
and specimens of 26 other

our stock does not yield a suita-

"REGULAR"

ble

,^^\\\\a!lll!l/i////

'Phone Columbus, 3672

City

DO NOT FORGET TO GIVE

ALL PARTICULARS OF YOUR
MACHINE.

AIRCRAFT

460

Readers

Pebruary, ipii

of Aircraft

Do You JVant to Make

a Good Investment?

You

are aware of the fact that this is the twelfth issue of Aircraft
or in other words that this magazine has been published regularly
for a period of one year. You probably also know that Aircraft

looked upon generally as the leading Aeronautical Magazine of the

world and that it has established itself as an authority on all things

is

pertaining to aeronautics,

^Well, we not only want to hold that position, but we want to increase
our scope and prestige until we are forever beyond the reach of possible
This is the pyschological moment for us to take advantage
competitors.
of our opportunities and increase our lead immeasurably.

^ The

field

vast

is

business with

We

We

want

have the whole English-speaking world to do

to cover as much territory as it is possible for

us to do.

^ During

the next year

we want

to spend another ^50,000 in the build-

ing up process.

^For

reason

this

The Lawson

we make
Publishing

the laws of the state of

the following statement and offer:

Company,

New York.

publishers of Aircraft,

Its capital

stock

is

is

a corporation

$100,000.

The

governed under

par values of the shares

are :$25.00 each and are full paid and non-assessable.

In order to increase our business

thirty days,

Lawson Publishing Company

however,

we

we

have decided to offer to our readers for a period of

beginning with the 25th day of January, some of the

to accept only

for the

sum

of glO.OO

Treasury Stock of the

a share.

We

reserve the right

such orders as meets with our approval and return whatever amounts

receive for such purpose in case they are not acceptable to us.

AH

orders must be accompanied with drafts or

Company.

We

money

orders and

made payable

to the

have no agents.

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING

37-39 East Twenty-Eighth Street

NEW YORK,

U.

S.

A.

CO.

AIRCRAFT

February, 1911

461

A Personal Guarantee
ON
its

the preceding page The Lawson

Publishing Company offers some of
stock for sale at ten dollars a share.

^As

sure that this stock will

eventually be worth two or three or five
or ten times that amount, I herewith
promise to give my personal written
guarantee (upon request at time of purchase, to any one buying this stock at
ten dollars a share between February
25, 1911, and March 25, 1911), that I
will buy his or her stock myself at the
end of two years from date of purchase,
paying therefor at the rate of ten dollars
a share with six per cent, interest per
I

annum
glad of

feel

two years, and I

the chance to do so.
for

will

be

^ I advise my friends

to buy as much of
the stock as they can get at this low price

and do

it

quickly before

it is

too

late.

ALFRED W. LAWSON.

462

AIRCRAFT

Glimpses of Aircraft's Editorial and Business Offices.

February, ipii

AIRCRAFT

February, ipii

TELEPHONE MADISON SQUARE

463

5017.

AIRCRAFT
Published Monthly by

THE LAWSON PUBLISHING COMPANY

37-39

CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

EAST

NEW

28th

STREET

YORK.

New York, December 21, 1910.

THIS
that

IS

TO

CERTIFY

have examined carefully the

books of THE LAWSON PUBLISHING COMPANY,

and find that the actual paid, circulation of the Nov ember number of A
G R

R-

F T, up to this date is TEN

THOUSAND, TWO HUNDRED AND NINETY -NINE

(10,299)

copies.

This does not include copies sent

to advertisers, exchanges, samples or

returns, the actual number printed being

THIRTEEN THOUSAND, SEVEN HUNDRED AND

TWENTY -FIVE (13,725) copies.

circulation Manager.

SWORN

and subscribed to
before me, this 21st day of
December, A.D., 1910.

^-i^^U^^ y^g

* x^

of
any aeronautical magazine in the
circulation
believe that we are safe in saying that the above figures represent the largest i>aid
In 1863 a Frenchman by the name of Nadar published one number of an aeronautical magazine composed of 100,000 copies, from which his paid
was just 43 copies. Nadar had a very artistic temperament.

We
world.

Notary Public.

circulation

AIRCRAFT

464

Charles K. Hamilton,

J. J. Frisbie,

Baldwin, John H. Davis and

February, ipii

N. C. Addosides, Capt.

many

Thomas

S.

other famous aviators are pur-

chasers of the Hall-Scott Motors.

THE HALL-SCOTT INTERCITY FLYER

Eight Cylinders,

with

60 Horsepower, Weight Complete

Carbureter,

Magneto

and

Water-Pump.

235 Pounds.

THE HALL-SCOTT RACER

Cylinder,

with

Carbureter,

250
CHARI^ES

80 Horsepower, Weight Complete

Eight

Magneto

and

Water-Pump:

Pounds.

HAM

K.

An

Entirely

New Measure

of Reliability in Aeronautical

Motor Building Has Been Created In

"THE HALL-SCOTT" MOTORS

OTHER FEATURES ARE
CONSTANT POWER
LIGHTNESS STRENGTH

SIMPLICITY

A Word

from Hamilton on the Pur-

chase of a Motor for an Aeroplane:

"There
sider

are

when

liability

no

so

factors

important to con-

motor

as re-

construction of

these

choosing an aeroplane

and trustworthiness.
designing

'In the

and

motors the best brains and the best material available are employed.

The

Hall-Scott

is

the crowning feature of

my

experience after having been actively engaged in

the conquest of the air and I am in a position to
know what is required of an aeroplane motor.

"The

flights

have

that this

engine

the best

results out of

no hesitancy
are

what

is

made have

exactly

is

flyers that these

be the most
produced."

believe to

satisfied

me

required to get

an aeroplane, and

in stating to

nautic motors yet

what

reliable

have

motors
aero-

THE HALL-SCOTT MOTOR

CATALOGUES UPON REQUEST

HALL-SCOTT MOTOR CAR CO.

CROCKER BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

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