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    3 Behaviorism

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    Behaviorism is the earliest learning theory developed that views learning as a change in observable behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. Key scholars who contributed to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov with classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner with operant conditioning, and Edward Thorndike with the law of effect. Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Behaviorist pedagogy aims to modify observable behaviors through techniques like behavioral instructional design, reinforcement and punishment, and taxonomies of learning objectives like Bloom's taxonomy. Early learning technologies rooted in behaviorism included teaching machines, programmed instruction, and computer-assisted instruction focused on drill-and-practice. While behaviorism influenced early educational technology and corporate/military training,

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    3 Behaviorism

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    341 views26 pages
    Behaviorism is the earliest learning theory developed that views learning as a change in observable behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. Key scholars who contributed to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov with classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner with operant conditioning, and Edward Thorndike with the law of effect. Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Behaviorist pedagogy aims to modify observable behaviors through techniques like behavioral instructional design, reinforcement and punishment, and taxonomies of learning objectives like Bloom's taxonomy. Early learning technologies rooted in behaviorism included teaching machines, programmed instruction, and computer-assisted instruction focused on drill-and-practice. While behaviorism influenced early educational technology and corporate/military training,

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    PGT201e

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    Behaviorism is the earliest learning theory developed that views learning as a change in observable behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. Key scholars who contributed to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov with classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner with operant conditioning, and Edward Thorndike with the law of effect. Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Behaviorist pedagogy aims to modify observable behaviors through techniques like behavioral instructional design, reinforcement and punishment, and taxonomies of learning objectives like Bloom's taxonomy. Early learning technologies rooted in behaviorism included teaching machines, programmed instruction, and computer-assisted instruction focused on drill-and-practice. While behaviorism influenced early educational technology and corporate/military training,

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    Download as pdf or txt
    341 views26 pages

    3 Behaviorism

    Uploaded by

    خديجة الأحد
    Behaviorism is the earliest learning theory developed that views learning as a change in observable behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. Key scholars who contributed to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov with classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner with operant conditioning, and Edward Thorndike with the law of effect. Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Behaviorist pedagogy aims to modify observable behaviors through techniques like behavioral instructional design, reinforcement and punishment, and taxonomies of learning objectives like Bloom's taxonomy. Early learning technologies rooted in behaviorism included teaching machines, programmed instruction, and computer-assisted instruction focused on drill-and-practice. While behaviorism influenced early educational technology and corporate/military training,

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    PGT201E

    INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICES

    Behaviorism Learning Theory


    Dr Siti Nazleen Abdul Rabu

    Behaviorism

    Behaviorism
    the earliest theory of learning developed.
    offers the simplest explanation of learning theories to date
    that is Learning is Behaviour Change.
    It focuses exclusively on behavior and posits that a stimulus
    leads to a response: S R.
    S-R by Ivan Pavlov
    Positive /Negative Reinforcement
    by B.F Skinner

    Behaviorism
    Behaviourists attempt to maintain a high degree of
    objectivity in the way they view human activity, and they
    generally reject reference to unmeasurable states, such as
    feelings, attitudes, and consciousness.
    Human behaviour is above all seen as predictable and
    controllable.
    Behaviourism thus stems from a strongly objectivist
    epistemological position.

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY


    Under behaviorism, the definition of learning was reduced and
    simplified to simple conditioning: the stimulus and the
    response.
    The motto of behaviorism might well be expressed as behavior,
    not mind!
    Behaviourism is an objectivist approach to teaching.
    Behaviorist learning theory focuses on that which is observable:
    how people behave and especially how to change or elicit
    particular behaviors.

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY


    According to behaviorist theory, what is in the mind is not
    accessible for study, and hence irrelevant and should not be
    considered in research.
    The mind is viewed as a black box that is largely irrelevant, and,
    therefore, by extension educational practice based on behaviorist
    terms would not take the mind into account.
    The emphasis is on environmental stimulus and observed
    response.

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY


    Thus a certain stimulus will evoke a particular response.

    At its simplest, it may be a purely physiological reflex action,


    like the contraction of an iris in the eye when stimulated by bright light.

    Mind is a
    Black Box

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY


    Learning happen - based on the observable change of behaviour.
    It focuses on the repeated patterns of the behaviour until it
    happen instantaneously.
    Centres on the study of observable and measurable behaviours.
    It views the mind as a black box which reacts to observable
    and measurable stimulations.
    This theory neglects the thinking process that may occur in the
    mind.
    Contributors in the development of behaviorist theory Pavlov,
    Thorndike, Watson and Skinner.

    Scholars or Theorist of Behaviorism


    Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning)

    Pavlov

    B. F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning)

    Skinner

    Edward Thorndike (Law of Effect)


    John Broadus Watson ("Little Albert" experiment)

    Thorndike
    Watson

    Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes two major types of conditioning

    Scholars or Theorist of Behaviorism


    Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning)

    His famous dog experiments, held that behavior is


    conditioned to become a reflex response to a stimulus.
    Pavlovs dog experiments in which behavior becomes a reflex
    response to a stimulus.
    B. F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning)

    Skinners rat experiments, which refer to the reinforcement of a


    behavior by a reward or punishment.
    Refers to the reinforcement of a behavior by a reward or a
    punishment.

    What Do You Think

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Pedagogical approaches associated with behaviorist learning
    theory were explored under three categories: reward and
    punishment, behavioral instructional design, and taxonomies of
    learning.
    Behaviorist pedagogy aims to promote and modify observable
    behavior in people. Learning is considered a behavior that
    demonstrates acquisition of knowledge or skills.
    To understand behaviorist learning pedagogy, we look at the
    following three techniques and models:
    Reward and punishment; Behavioral instructional design;
    Taxonomies of learning.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Reinforcement & Punishment
    Reinforcement :
    Students are required to
    respond and receive immediate
    feedback for an activity; or
    getting a correct answer to a
    multiple-choice test.
    Make sure achievements are
    rewarded with reinforcements,
    like praises, gifts or good
    grades.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Reinforcement & Punishment

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Reinforcement & Punishment

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Behavioral Instructional Design

    Behaviorism was prominent in the origins of instructional


    design.
    Instructional design is the systematic planning and presenting
    of instructional sequences, based on a theory of learning.
    Behavioral instructional theory therefore consists of
    prescriptions for what stimuli to employ if a particular response
    is intended.
    The instructional designer can be reasonably certain that with
    the right set of instructional stimuli all manner of learning
    outcomes can be attained.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Behavioral Instructional Design

    Behaviorism emphasized the ability to analyze and deconstruct the


    elements or steps of learning into instructional design, by breaking
    down a task into smaller steps or chunks and by specifying
    behavioral objectives.
    Learning success was assessed by tests developed to measure
    performance in relation to each objective.
    Taxonomies or classifications of learning behaviors were therefore
    considered to be important, in order to design and test instruction.
    Benjamin Blooms 1956 taxonomy of learning (cognitive, affective
    and psychomotor domains) is a classic in this field.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

    The taxonomy could help teachers specify curricular objectives and


    ensure that the educational plans cover the range of behaviors
    required to be taught.
    The taxonomy was to comprise three handbooks: Handbook I
    addressed the cognitive domain, Handbook II, on the affective domain,
    and Handbook III, on the manipulative or motor-skill area.
    Blooms cognitive domain - the six categories set out as learning
    objectives for students were listed according to level of difficulty, in
    that the first must be mastered before the next.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING PEDAGOGY


    Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

    Are you aware that teachers prepare their course content


    objectives based on behavioural objective.
    Refer to your course objectives.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING TECHNOLOGY


    Instructional technology has its roots in behaviorism.
    Learning technologies that were intended to encourage practice
    and reinforcement of specific tasks were developed.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING TECHNOLOGY


    Two major examples of technologies based on behaviorist
    learning theory emerged:
    Teaching machines and programmed instruction;
    Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) or
    Computer-assisted learning (CAL)
    The rise of education technologies occurred within the
    behaviorist school of thought.
    Teaching machines, programmed instruction and computerassisted learning (CAI) were invented within this context.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING TECHNOLOGY


    Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) or (CAL)
    Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) was developed during the
    1950s for teaching and training.
    CAI is essentially a drill-and-practice approach to learning, and
    the control is with the program designer and not the learner
    (although small levels of individual customization were
    implemented).
    It is the earliest example of educational applications of a
    computer.
    Drill and practice, and electronic page turning, both associated
    with CAI, were the earliest forms of educational software.

    BEHAVIORIST LEARNING TECHNOLOGY


    Examples of Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    THE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY

    Behaviourisms influence is still strong in corporate and


    military training, and in some areas of science,
    engineering, and medical training.
    It can be of particular value for rote learning of facts or
    standard procedures such as multiplication tables, for
    dealing with children or adults with limited cognitive
    ability due to brain disorders, or for compliance with
    industrial or business standards or processes that are
    invariant and do not require individual judgement.

    Behaviour, not Mind!

    THE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY


    Behaviourism, with its emphasis on rewards and punishment as
    drivers of learning, and on pre-defined and measurable
    outcomes, is the basis of popular conceptions of learning among
    many parents, politicians, and, it should be noted, computer
    scientists interested in automating learning.
    It is not surprising then that there has also been a tendency until
    recently to see technology, and in particular computer-aided
    instruction, as being closely associated with behaviourist
    approaches to learning, although computers do not necessarily
    have to be used in a behaviourist way.

    The End

    Behaviorism

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