Chapter 15 Oscillations: 15.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillation

Chapter 15 Oscillations
Any motion or event that repeats itself at regular intervals is said

to be periodic.
Oscillation: In general, an oscillation is a periodic fluctuation in
the value of a physical quantity above and below central or
equilibrium value.
Examples: Mechanical and non-mechanical oscillations.
Galileo probably made the first qualitative observations of
oscillations, which led to the property of isochronism.
We confine our attention on simple harmonic oscillation.
Damped and forced oscillations are treated as supplementary
material.
1
15.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillation

The displacement from
equilibrium is given by
x(t ) = A sin t
where A is the amplitude
and , measured in rad/s,
is called the angular
frequency, rather than
angular velocity.
What is the difference between frequency and angular
frequency?
2
Simple Harmonic Oscillation

A complete form of simple harmonic oscillation:
x(t ) = A sin(t + )
The argument t+ is called the phase, while is called the
phase constant (or phase angle), measured in radians.
2
=
= 2f
T
3
Simple Harmonic Oscillation (III)

x(t ) = A sin(t + )
A simple harmonic oscillator has the following characteristics:
1. Simple: the amplitude is constant.
2. Isochronism: the period is independent of amplitude.
3. Harmonic: The time dependence of the fluctuating quantity can
be expressed in terms of a sinusoidal function of a single
frequency.
d 2x
2
+
x=0
2
dt
This differential equation characterizes all types of simple
harmonic oscillation.
Example 15.1:
The position of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by
x=0.08 sin(12t+0.3) m, where t is in seconds. (a) What are the
amplitude and period of the motion? (b) Determine the position,
velocity, and acceleration at t=0.6 s.
Solution:
(a) The amplitude A is 0.08 m and the period T is 2/12=0.52 s.
(b)
x(t ) = A sin(t + )
v(t ) = A cos(t + )
a (t ) = A 2 sin(t + )
15.2 The Block-Spring System

Fsp = kx
Fsp
k
x
m
m
d 2x
k
a= 2 = x
dt
m
d 2x k
2 + x=0
dt
m
a=
k
m,
This differential equation is merely

another way of writing Newtons
second law.
T=
= 2
m
k
Example 15.2:
A 2-kg block is attached to a spring for which k=200 N/m. It is
held at an extension of 5 cm and then release at t=0. Find: (a)
the displacement as a function of time; (b) the velocity when
x=+A/2; (c) the acceleration when x=+A/2.
Solution:
(a) k=200 N/m, m=2 kg, =10 rad/s, T=/5 s, A= 0.05 m and
=/2 (obtained from initial condition).
x(t ) = 0.05 sin(10t + / 2)

(b) and (c)
x(t ) = A / 2 sin(t + ) = 1 / 2, cos(t + ) = 1
v(t ) = 0.05 10 ( 1
a (t ) = 0.05 100 / 2
2)
two velocities, why?

7
Example 15.4:
Show that a block hanging from a vertical spring,
as shwon in Fig. 15.7, executes simple
harmonic motion.
Solution:
mg=kxo, F=mg-kx=-k(x-xo)=-kx, where x=xxo is the displacement from the equilibrium
position.
Since the restoring force is linearly
proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium, the motion will be simple
harmonic,
Gravitation force plays what role in this case?
15.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Since the force exerted by an ideal spring is conservative, the
energy of the block-spring system is constant.
U = 12 kx 2 = 12 kA2 sin 2 (t + )
K = 12 mv 2 = 12 m 2 A2 cos 2 (t + )
= 12 kA2 cos 2 (t + )
E = U + K = 12 kA2
The total energy of any simple harmonic oscillator is constant
and proportional to the square of amplitude.
9
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

All SHM is characterized by a parabolic potential well.
The variation of the kinetic , potential, and total energy as a

function of time.
10
Example 15.4:
vertical block-spring system
Show that a block hanging from a vertical spring,
as shwon in Fig. 15.7, executes simple
harmonic motion.
Solution:
U sp = 12 kx 2 = 12 k ( x0 + x) 2
U g = mgx = mg ( x0 + x)
K = 12 mv 2 = 12 mx& 2
since x0 = mg / k
E = U sp + U g + K
= 12 kx2 + 12 mx& 2
11
15.4 Pendulums
A simple pendulium is an idealized system in
which a point mass is suspended at the end
of a massless string.
Newtons second law applied along this
directions is:
2
mg sin = m
d s
dt 2
Its physical meaning is that the component of the weight acts as

a restoring force.
For small angle, sin. Substituting this together with s=L
into above equation to find
d 2 g
+ =0
2
dt
L
12
Pendulums (II)
d 2 g
+ =0
2
dt
L
g
=
L
T = 2 / = 2
L
g
= o sin(t + )
Note here that the angular frequency should not be confused
with the instantaneous angular velocity d/dt.
13
The Physical Pendulum

The rotational form of Newton' s second law,
d 2
mgd sin = I 2
dt
Small - angle approximation, sin
d 2 mgd
+
=0
2
dt
I
mgd
=
I
T = 2 / = 2
I
mgd
14
The Torsional Pendulum

The restoring torque obeys Hooke' s law,
d 2
= I 2
dt
d 2
+ =0
2
dt
I
T = 2 / = 2
15
Exercises and Problems
Ch.15:
Ex. 14, 22
Prob. 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14
16

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Chapter 15 Oscillations: 15.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillation

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Chapter 15 Oscillations

Any motion or event that repeats itself at regular intervals is said

15.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillation

Simple Harmonic Oscillation

Simple Harmonic Oscillation (III)

15.2 The Block-Spring System

This differential equation is merely

x(t ) = 0.05 sin(10t + / 2)

two velocities, why?

15.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

The variation of the kinetic , potential, and total energy as a

Its physical meaning is that the component of the weight acts as

The Physical Pendulum

The Torsional Pendulum

Exercises and Problems

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