V R SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

EEE DEPARTMENT

MATLAB Applications to
electrical Engineering
S.V.R.LAKSHMI
KUMARI

P.VENKATESH

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

ASSOCIATE PROFFSSOR
10/9/15 03:16:28 PM

MATLAB PRESENTATION

Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB Basics
Vectors and Matrices
Loops
Plots
Examples
Simulink
Modelling examples

MATLAB

SIMULINK

CONTENTS

Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB Basics
Vectors and Matrices
Loops
Plots
Examples

MATLAB
INTRODUCTION
MATLAB has been developed by Math Works ,It is a powerful
software package used for high performance scientific numeric
computation ,data analysis and visualization
MATLAB stands for MATrix Laboratory
MATLAB provides matrix as one of the basic elements. It provides
basic operations like addition , subtraction , multiplication by use of
simple mathematical operators
Programs can be run step by step, with full access to all variables,
functions etc

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MATLAB PRESENTATION

 We need not declare the type and size of any variable in advance and
MATLAB is case sensitive and so we have to be careful about the case of
variables while using them in our program
MATLAB gives an interactive environment with hundreds of reliable and
accurate built in functions. These functions help in providing the solutions
to a variety of mathematical problems including matrix algebra ,linear
systems ,differential equations ,optimization, nonlinear systems and other
scientific and technical computations
It facilitates access to FORTRAN and C codes by means of external
interfaces

 Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1

MATLAB matrices are of various types to hold different
kinds of data (usually floats or integers)
A single number is really a 1 x 1 matrix in MATLAB
Any matrix can be assigned to any variable

Advantages and Disadvantages of

MATLAB
Advantages:
Ease of Use
Platform Independent (All versions of Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac.)
Predefined Functions and Toolboxes
Device-Independent Plotting
Graphical User Interface
Matlab compiler

Disadvantages:
Interpreted programming language, slower than C++
and Fortran.

MATLAB BASICS

Introduction to Matlab
MATLAB Basics
Vectors and Matrices
Loops
Plots
MATLAB examples

Workspace

Command
History
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Change the current

directory to the
location of your
Matlab file at
startup

Command Window
MATLAB PRESENTATION

MATLAB Windows
MATLAB desktop
Workspace: All the information and details of every variable entered into the
command window is displayed here.
Command History : stores history of every command.
Command window: Every operation which we want to
be entered in command window.

perform is to

Editor Window :This window is used to write any program, which

includes many command statements. By using this window one can
edit any previously written command.
Figure Window :All the figures are shown in a separate figure window.
10

3 ways to open a new m-file using MATLAB editor

1.

Type >> edit myprogram.m at the command prompt

2.

Click on the blank page on MATLAB main window toolbar

3.

Click File New M-file

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11

Variables
1.
2.
3.

In MATLAB environment, every variable is an array or matrix

Once a variable is entered into the system, you can refer to it later
When an expression returns a result that is not assigned to any variable, the system
assigns it to a variable named ans, which can be used later
4. You can have multiple assignments on the same line
Ex : a = 2; b = 7; c = a * b
5. Thewhocommand displays all the variable names you have used
6. Thewhoscommand displays little more about the variables
7. A valid variable name starts with a letter, followed by letters, digits,
or underscores
8. Avoid creating variables with the same name as a function (such
asi,j,mode,char,size, andinf etc.)
9. Check whether a proposed variable name is already in use with
theexistorwhichfunction.existreturns0if there are no existing
variables, functions, or other artifacts with the proposed name

Predefined variables
Break,Case,Catch,continue,else,elseif
end,for,function,global,if,otherwise,return,
switch,try ,while,pi,j,I,ans,NaN,inf etc

Creating Vectors
Create vector with equally spaced intervals

>> x=0:0.5:pi
x =
0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000
Create vector with n equally spaced intervals

>> x=linspace(0, pi, 7)

x =
0 0.5236 1.0472 1.5708 2.0944 2.6180 3.1416
Equal spaced intervals in logarithm space

>> x=logspace(1,2,7)
x =
10.0000
14.6780
21.5443
68.1292 100.0000

31.6228

46.4159

Some Built-in functions

mean(A):mean value of a vector

max(A), min (A): maximum and

minimum.
sum(A): summation.
sort(A): sorted vector
median(A): median value
std(A): standard deviation.
det(A) : determinant of a square
matrix
dot(a,b): dot product of two vectors
Cross(a,b): cross product of two vectors
Inv(A): Inverse of a matrix A

Arithmetic Operations and

Precedence
Operation
Algebraic
Matlab
Form

Scalar

addition
a+b
a+b
subtraction
ab
ab
multiplication a x b
a*b
division
ab
a/b
Exponentiation
ab
a^b
Precedence

Operation
1

Parenthesis, innermost first.

Exponentiation, left to right

Multiplication & division, left to right

Addition & subtraction, left to right

2^3^4 equals (2^3)^4

3+4 equals (2-3)+4
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2/3*4 equals (2/3)*4

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216

Function
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
sqrt(x)

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Description
Exponential (ex)
Natural logarithm
Base 10 logarithm
Square root

MATLAB PRESENTATION

17

Trigonometric Operations
Functio
n

Description

Computes the sine of x, where x is in

sin(x)
radians.
Computes the cosec of x, where x is in
csc(x)
radians.
Computes the sin of x, where x is in
sind(x)
degrees.
Computes the arcsine or inverse sine
asin(x)
of x, where x is in radians.
Computes the hyperbolic sine of x,
sinh(x)
where x is in radians.
atanh(x
ComputesMATLAB
thePRESENTATION
inverse hyperbolic
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18

Complex Number Functions

Functio
n

Description

Computes the complex conjugate of

the complex number x. Thus, if x is
conj(x)
equal to a+ib, then conj(x) will be
equal to a-ib.
Computes the real potion of the
real(x)
complex number x.
Computes the imaginary potion of the
imag(x)
complex number x.
Computes the absolute value of
abs(x)
magnitude of the complex number x.
angle(x
ComputesMATLAB
thePRESENTATION
angle of the complex 19
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Commands for Managing

Variables
Comman
Description
d
clear
Removes all variables from the
memory.
clear a, Clears only variables a and b from
b
memory.
who
Lists the variables currently in
workspace.
whos
Displays a lists of the variables
currently in the memory and their
size together
with information about
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MATLAB PRESENTATION
20

Examples
>> x=1:3
x=1

>> exp(x)
ans = 2.7183 7.3891 20.0855
>> log(x)
ans = 0 0.6931 1.0986
>> sqrt(x)
ans = 1.0000 1.4142 1.7321

Addition,substraction and division of complex

numbers

clc;
clear;
z1=1+2i;
z2=3+4i;
z3=z1+z2
z4=z1-z2
z5=z1*z2
z6=z1/z2
abs(z2)
angle(z3)

Output
z3 = 4.0000 + 6.0000i

z4 = -2.0000 - 2.0000i

z5 = -5.0000 +10.0000i

z6 = 0.4400 + 0.0800i

ans =5

ans = 0.9828

Solve the following examples using

MATLAB

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25

Program to calculate trignometric

values
Program:
x=0:30:180;
y=[sind(x);cosd(x);tand(x);cscd(x);secd(x);c
otd(x)]
z=[x;y]

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26

Solving linear equations

A System of simultaneous linear equations is

written , AX =B
A is a given square matrix of order n , B is a
given column vector of n components and X is
an unknown column vector of n components
we have learn that the solution to AX =b ,can
be written as X=A-1b ,where A-1 is the inverse
of A
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 Example :

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28

Solutions to Systems of Linear

Equations (cont)

Solution by Matrix
Inverse:
Ax = b
A-1Ax = A-1b
x = A-1b

Ax = b

>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1
-1 -1];
>> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = inv(A)*b
x=
-2.0000
5.0000
Answer:
x =-6.0000
-2, x = 5, x = -6
2

The solution to the equation

can be computed using left division.

MATLAB:

Solution by Matrix Division:

MATLAB:

>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1];

>> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = A\b
x=
-2.0000
5.0000
-6.0000
Answer:
x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6

NOTE:
left division: A\b b A right division: x/y x y

linsolve command

Solve the system:

5 x 2 y 3 z 3

4 y 3z 2

x y 9 z 60
A*S=B
MATLAB Code:

>> A=[5,-2,-3;0,4,3;1,-1,9];
>> B=[-3,-2,60]';
transpose ()
>> S=linsolve(A,B)
S=
1.0000
-5.0000
6.0000
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% Note vector

 Solve command
The solve command used to solve quadratic equations. The
function returns the roots of the equation
Example :
MATLAB CODE
1)Quadratic equation x2-7x +12
=0

OUTPUT
s=
3
4

>> Eq = X^2-7*X+12;
>>S= Solve(Eq);
(or)
solve('x^2-7*x+12=0')
2) X4-7X3+3X2-5X+9=0
>> Eg= X^4-7*X^3+3X^25X+9=0;
>>S=solve(Eg);

S= 6.6304 ,1.06 ,-0.34 1.077

and -0.34 + 1.077

EX:
syms a b c x
fun=a*x^2+b*x+c;
solve(fun,x)
Output:
ans =
-(b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))/
(2*a)
-(b - (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))/(2*a)

Expandand
theCollectcommands
Theexpandand thecollectcommand expands and collects an
equation respectively. The following example demonstrates the
concepts
MATLAB Code :

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Factor command :

Thefactorcommand factorizes an
expression and
thesimplifycommand simplifies an
expression.
MATLAB :code
Examples

Answer

factor(x^3 - y^3)

(x - y)*(x^2 + x*y + y^2)

factor([x^2y^2,x^3+y^3])

[ (x - y)*(x + y), (x + y)*(x^2 x*y + y^2)]

simplify((x^4-16)/
(x^2-4))

x^2 + 4

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MATLAB
PRESENTATION
X^2+x*y+y^2

34

Polyval command:
POLYVAL command Evaluates polynomial in a matrix
sense
Ex 1:
>> a=[1 2 3];
>> polyval(a,1)
ans =6

% polynomial X2 + 2X +3
% polynomial is evaluated at 1

Ex 2:
>>a=[1 2 3]
>>b= 1:5
>>C=polyval(a,b)
Output :
C=[6 11 18 27 38]
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Polyval and poly

EX :(with breakpoints)
clc
clear
p=[1 2 1]
x=-2:1:2
y=polyval(p,x)
plot(x,y)
r=roots(p)
q=poly(r)

Diff command

MATLAB provides thedifcommand

for computing symbolic derivatives
Examples :
MATLAB CODE

ANSWER

syms t
f = 3*t^2 + 2*t^(-2);
diff(f)

6*t - 4/t^3

f = x*exp(-3*x);
diff(f, 2)

9*x*exp(-3*x) - 6*exp(3*x)

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Integration:
MATLAB Code :
syms x
int(2*x)
ans = x^2
For example, to calculate the value of
we write
int(x, 4, 9)
ans = 65/2

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Dsolve command:

MATLAB provides thedsolvecommand for solving

differential equations symbolically. The most basic form of
thedsolvecommand for finding the solution to a single
equation is :
second order differential equation as: y" - y = 0, y(0) = -1, y'(0) =
2.
MATLAB Code :
dsolve('D2y - y = 0','y(0) = -1','Dy(0)
= 2')

ans = exp(t)/2 - (3*exp(-t))/2

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39

Polynomial Algebra (Convolution Operator)

Polynomial products and factoring:

( x 2 3 x 2)( x 3 5 x 2 4 x 4) x 5 8 x 4 21x 3 26 x 2 20 x 8

MATLAB code :
For onvolution

For Deconvolution

>> p1=[1,3,2];
>> p2=[1,5,4,4];
>> pc=conv(p1,p2)
pc =
1
8 21 26 20
8

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>> deconv(pc,p2)
ans =
1
3
2
>> deconv(pc,p1)
ans =
1
5
4
4

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40

Mathematics Example:
Polynomial Roots
Find the roots of the following system:

y 12 x 2 x 8
MATLAB code:
>> roots([12 -1 -8])
ans =
0.8592
-0.7759

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Finding the Maxima and Minima of a Curve

Example
Let us find the stationary points of the function f(x) = 2x 3+
3x2 12x + 17
syms x;
y = 2*x^3 + 3*x^2 - 12*x + 17;
% defining the function
ezplot(y)

 Our aim is to find some local maxima and minima on the graph, so
let
us find the local maxima and minima for the interval [-2, 2] on the
graph

syms x;
y = 2*x^3 + 3*x^2 - 12*x + 17;
ezplot(y, [-2, 2])

Laplace and Inverse Laplace

Transforms
MATLAB Code

Answer

laplace(a)

1/s^2

laplace(t^2)

2/s^3

ilaplace(1/s^3)

t^2/2

Fourier Transforms and Inverse Fourier Transforms

MATLAB Code

Answer

f = exp(-2*x^2);
FT = fourier(f)

FT = (2^(1/2)*pi^(1/2)*exp(w^2/8))/2

f = ifourier(-2*exp(abs(w)))

f =-2/(pi*(x^2 + 1))

Transfer function representation Using

Matlab
S 3 2 X 2 X 6 .3
f
X 2 0.05 X 3.14

MatLab
>>num = [1 -2 1 -6.3];
>>den = [1 0.05 -3.14];
>>f = tf(num,den)

Example

Examples

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Matlab Programming for Engineers

Introduction to Matlab
Matlab Basics
Vectors and Matrices
Loops
Plots
MATLAB examples

Matrix Index

The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))

The matrix indices must be positive integer

Given:

A(-2), A(0)
Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or
logicals.
A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
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Vectors and Matrices

Vectors (arrays) are defined as
>> v = [1, 2, 4, 5]
>> w = [1; 2; 4; 5]

>> A = [1,2,3;4,-5,6;5,-6,7]

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Vectors and Matrices

How do we assign values to matrices ?

>>>A=[123;456;789]
A=
123
456
789
>>>

Columns separated by
space or a comma

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1 2 3
4 5 6

7 8 9

Rows separated by
semi-colon

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56

Vectors and Matrices

How do we access elements in a matrix or a vector?

>>>A(2,3)
ans=
6

>>>A(:,3)
ans=
3
6
9

>>>A(1,:)
ans=
123

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>>>A(2,:)
ans=
456

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Vectors and Matrices

Arithmetic operations Matrices

Performing operations to every entry in a matrix
>>>A=[123;456;78
9]
A=
123
456
789
>>>

Add and subtract

>>>A+3
ans=
456
789
101112
>>>A2
ans=
101
234
567

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Vectors and Matrices

Arithmetic operations Matrices

Performing operations to every entry in a matrix
>>>A=[123;456;789]
A=
123
456
789
>>>

Multiply and divide

>>>A*2
ans=
246
81012
141618

>>>A/3
ans=
0.33330.66671.0000
1.33331.66672.0000
2.33332.66673.0000
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Vectors and Matrices

Arithmetic operations Matrices

Performing operations to every entry in a matrix
Power
>>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]
A=
1
4
7
>>>

2
5
8

3
6
9

A^2 = A * A
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To square every element in A, use the

elementwise operator .^
>>>A.^2
ans=
149
162536
496481
>>>A^2
ans=
303642
668196
102126150

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Vectors and Matrices

Arithmetic operations Matrices

Performing operations between matrices
>>>A=[123;456;789]
A=
123
456
789

A*B
A.*B
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>>>B=[111;222;333]
B=
111
222
333

14 14 14
32 32 32

50 50 50

1x1 2 x1 3 x1
4 x 2 5 x 2 6 x 2

7 x3 8 x3 9 x3

MATLAB PRESENTATION

1
8

10 12
21 24 27
61

Vectors and Matrices

A./B

A.^B

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1/ 1 2 / 1 3 / 1
4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2

7 / 3 8 / 3 9 / 3
11 21
2
2
4
5

7 3 83

31

62
93

MATLAB PRESENTATION

1.0000 2.0000 3.0000

= 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000

2.3333 2.6667 3.0000

2
3
1
16
25
36

343 512 729

62

Tril/triu commands
>> a=[1 2
a=
1
2
4
5
7
8

3;4 5 6;7 8 9]
3
6
9

>> tril(a)
ans =
1
0
4
5
7
8
>> triu(a)
ans =
1
0
0

2
5
0

0
0
9

3
6
9

 To extracts a sub matrix such that it

contains all the elements
corresponding to row number and
column number
2
3
1
A 4
5
6
7
8
9
D A(1 : 2,1 : 2)
1
D
4
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Long Array, Matrix

t =1:10
t =

2
3
4
k =2:-0.5:-1

10

k =

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

= [1:4; 5:8]

x =
1
5

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2
6

3
7

4
8

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Generating Vectors from

functions
zeros(M,N)MxN matrix
of zeros
x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0

ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones

rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly

distributed random
numbers on (0,1)

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x = ones(1,3)
x =
1
1
1
x = rand(1,3)
x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068

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Concatenation of Matrices

x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]
1

B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
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Indexing Matrices
Indexing using parentheses
>> A(2,3)

Index submatrices using vectors

of row and column indices
>> A([2 3],[1 2])

Ordering of indices is important!

>> B=A([3 2],[2 1])
>> B=[A(3,2),A(3,1);
A(2,2);A(2,1)]

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Indexing Matrices(Cond)
Index complete row or column using
the colon operator
>> A(1,:)

Can also add limit index range

>> A(1:2,:)
>> A([1 2],:)

General notation for colon operator

>> v=1:5
>> w=1:2:5

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Matrix Concatenation Functions

The following functions combine existing matrices to form a new

matrix.
Function

Description

cat

Concatenate matrices along the specified dimension.

horzcat

Horizontally concatenate matrices.

vertcat

Vertically concatenate matrices.

repmat

Create a new matrix by replicating and tiling existing matrices.

blkdiag

Create a block diagonal matrix from existing matrices

This example constructs a new matrix C by concatenating matrices A

and B in a vertical direction

Example :
>>A = ones(2, 5) * 6; % 2-by-5 matrix of
6's

>>B = rand(3, 5);

% 3-by-5 matrix of

random values

>>C = [A; B]
concatenate A and B

% Vertically

Output :
C=
6.0000
6.0000
0.9501
0.2311
0.6068

6.0000
6.0000
0.4860
0.8913
0.7621

6.0000
6.0000
0.4565
0.0185
0.8214

6.0000
6.0000
0.4447
0.6154
0.7919

6.0000
6.0000
0.9218
0.7382
0.1763

Example :
a=
1
4
7

2
5
8

3
6
9

>> b=repmat(a,2,3)
b=
1
4
7
1
4
7

2
5
8
2
5
8

3
6
9
3
6
9

1
4
7
1
4
7

2
5
8
2
5
8

3
6
9
3
6
9

1
4
7
1
4
7

2
5
8
2
5
8

3
6
9
3
6
9

Creating a Block
Diagonal Matrix

The blkdiag function combines matrices in a diagonal direction and all

other elements of the matrix are set to zero
>>A = magic(3);
>>B = [-5 -6 -9; -4 -4 -2];
>>C = eye(2) * 8;
>>D = blkdiag(A, B, C)

 Output:
D=
8 1
3 5
4 9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

6
7
2
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
-5
-4
0
0

0
0
0
-6
-4
0
0

0
0
0
-9
-2
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
8
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
8

Example

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Diagonal elements

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fprintf ,Disp commands

Disp(x)
Disp(string)
disp(x) displays the array
If X is a string, the text is displayed
Ex :
z=2+3i;
fprintf('z= ');
disp(z)
Output :
Z= 2+3i

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The fscanf and fprintf commands behave like C scanf and printf functions. They support the following
format codes:
Format Code

Purpose

%s

Format as a string.

%d

Format as an integer.

%f

Format as a floating point value.

%e

Format as a floating point value in scientific notation.

%g

Format in the most compact form: %f or %e.

\n

Insert a new line in the output string.

\t

Insert a tab in the output string.

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Fprintf examples :
>> n=2;
>> fprintf('value is %d\n',n)
Output:
value is 2
fprintf('I have %d brother and %d
sister\n',1,1)
Output :
I have 1 brother and 1 sister
>> fprintf(This is %s department , we got %d years of NBA
accrediation/n','EEE',5)
Output : This is EEE department ,we got 5 years of NBA
accrediation/n>>

input command

Example :
x=input('enter the value of x');
y=input('enter the value of y');
z=x+y;
fprintf('the value of z is %d\n',z)

Output:
enter the value of x30
enter the value of y0
the value of z is 30

Input
Write the program to display 6th table
6*1=6
6*2=12
6*3=18
6*4=24
6*5=30
6*6=36
6*7=42
6*8=48
6*9=54
6*10=60

n=input('enter n value');
for i=1:10
fprintf('%d*%d=%d\n',n,i,n*i)
end

Importing data files into MATLAB

1.First create text file with name data

2.In matlab file ,
load data.txt