The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered

The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered?
Author(s): Geoffrey C. R. Schmalz

Source: Hesperia, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 2006), pp. 33-81
Published by: American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25067975
Accessed: 25/01/2010 11:45
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you
may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ascsa.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to Hesperia.
http://www.jstor.org
HESPERIA 75 (2006) THE ATHENIAN
Pages 33-81
PRYTANEION
DISCOVERED?
ABSTRACT
The author proposes that the Athenian Prytaneion, one of the city's most
important civic buildings, was located in the peristyle complex beneath Agia
Aikaterini Square, near the ancient Street of the Tripods and theMonument
of Lysikrates in the modern Plaka. This thesis, which is consistent with Pausa
nias s topographical account of ancient Athens, is supported by archaeological
and epigraphical evidence. The identification of the Prytaneion at the eastern
foot of the Acropolis helps to reconstruct the map of Archaic and Classical
Athens and illuminates the testimony of Herodotos and Thucydides.
The Prytaneion is the oldest and most important of the civic buildings in
ancient Athens that have remained lost to us until the present.1 For the
Athenians the Prytaneion, or town hall, the office of the
city's chief official,
symbolized the foundation of Athens as a city-state, its construction form
ing an integral part of Theseus's legendary synoecism of Attica (Thuc.

2.15.2; Plut. Thes. 24.3). Like other prytaneia throughout the Greek world,
the Athenian Prytaneion represented what has been termed the very "life
of the polis," housing the common hearth of the city, the "inextinguishable
and immovable flame" of the goddess Hestia.2 As the ceremonial center
of Athens, the Prytaneion was the site of both public entertainment for
1.1 am greatly indebted to the express my heartfelt thanks to a number excellent suggestions for this
improving
1st Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classi of scholars who have given generously article.
cal Antiquities, under the direction of of their time over the years, including All translations are
by the author
Theodora for to Van Dam, John Fine, and unless otherwise noted.
Kyriakou, permission Raymond
examine the site at Aikaterini Traianos at the
University of 2. Hansen and Fischer-Hansen
Agia Gagos
and to the excavated and Karvallis at 1994, p. 31. For the sacred flame in
Square publish Michigan Anthony
remains in the form of a state plan. Ohio State University. I the Athenian see Suda,
especially Prytaneion,
I am also very grateful to the director thank John Papadopoulos of the Uni s.v. nponaveiov; for this passage and
of the Museum, Chara of California at Los its sources, see Miller 1978, p. 182,
Epigraphical versity Angeles,
lambos Kritzas, for assistance in whose own interest and on no. 264. For Athens more
expertise generally,
several of the the topic is considerable. I see Parker 1996, pp. 26-27; on the
studying inscriptions Finally,
from the site and its immediate am very to the editors and Athenian itself, see most
neigh grateful Prytaneion
borhood. In addition, I would like to anonymous reviewers for their Robertson 1998, pp. 298-299.
Hesperia recently
? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens

GEOFFREY C. R. SCHMALZ
34
honored citizens and a law court for homicide trials.3 In providing the
sacred fire for all public sacrifices, the shrine of Hestia in the Prytaneion
served as the starting point for many of the city's religious processions,
or the that initiated the City Dionysia.4 The
pompai, including eisagoge
with all of the state buildings of early Athens, stood
Prytaneion, together
next to the city's original civic center, the so-called Old or Archaic Agora,
which remained in use long after the foundation of the city's second agora,
the Classical Agora of the Athenian democracy.5 At least for the poetically
or
aristocratically minded Athenian, this was the Kekropian Agora, the
"sacrifice-celebrating omphalos of the city," and the site of the venerable

Altar of Pity.6
As is the case with the Prytaneion, the location of the city's original
agora is unknown.7 Because this site apparently never received any archi
tectural or monumental embellishment, it will almost certainly remain
archaeologically invisible.8 Consequently, many of the most important

or aspects of as Solon's resolute
episodes early Athenian history?such
outcry against the loss of Salamis, Peisistratos's disarmament of the Athe
nian populace, and the original setting of the Panathenaic festival?unfold
across a blank map of the of the precise where
city.9An understanding
abouts of the neighboring Prytaneion may, however, provide the best and
perhaps the only topographical clue. The discovery of the Prytaneion itself,
a an
through the identification of preserved site, would also be important
contribution to the archaeological record of Greek prytaneia generally, as
Even
only three of these buildings have been identified with certainty.10
more since the establishment of the Prytaneion, with its im
importantly,
3. Aristotle (Ath. Pol. 3.5) refers to Basileion. The Boukoleion is recorded somehow decorated it under Cimon
the official function of the Prytaneion: as "near" the in Anecd. Bekk. appears to be mistaken (Robertson
Prytaneion
? ?? ocpxcov [eixe] to Tcpuxave?ov ("the 1.19 (499). Pollux (8.111, cf. also 9.44) 1998, p. 297). This may reflect some
archon had the Prytaneion"). For pub the Basileion the Bou confusion with either the nearby
places alongside
lic xenia and si tesis in the Prytaneion, koleion. Plutarch conv. 7.9 = Anakeion or the Theseion (cf. Har
(Quaest.
s.v. noMyvcoxo?). Pindar's
see, respectively, Poll. 8.140 and 9.40. Mor. 714B) speaks of the Thesmothe pokration,
For the Prytaneion as a homicide court sion and the Prytaneion together; cf. (fr.75, line 5 [Snell]) vision of a
8.120) in the case where no Dem. 21.85. The sources are collected TTOcv?ai?ocôv x' e\)K??' ?yop?v
(Poll.
known defendant was available (and inMilchhoefer [1891] 1977, p. box, s.v. ("well-adorned shining agora")
is prob
as such somewhat to a Boukoleion, and p. xciii, s.v. Thesmoth a evocation of its rather
corresponding ably poetic
modern coroner's see esion; see also 1931, pp. 266 hallowed as
court), Boege Judeich primitively atmosphere,
hold's discussion in 268, nn. 11,12. For recent analysis, see attested in Stat. Theb. 12.491-492:
Agora XXVIII,
pp. 96,148-150; for full testimonia see esp. Robertson 1986, pp. 159-168; also "a grove of gentle trees, marked by the
Agora III, pp. 166-174, nos. 541-571. Shear 1994, pp. 226-228; Miller 1978, cult of the venerable, wool-entwined
Miller (1978, pp. 18-19) suggests that pp. 18-21,44-45; 1995, pp. 211-212; laurel and the suppliant
olive." This
the law court was housed in an annex Wycherley pp. 45-46.

1978, passage is discussed byWycherley in
to the site. 6. See Schnurr 1995a on the liter III, p. 73.
Agora
4. For religious processions
from the ary evidence for the so-called Archaic 9.As Wycherley (1966, p. 285)
see Arist. Pol. 1322b26-29; For the Kekropian see notes, Athens still eludes us
Prytaneion, Agora. Agora, "early
Parker 1996, For the Pry Melanthius, in Plut. Cim. almost
pp. 26,170. preserved completely."
taneion and the Dionysia 4.6. On the city's omphalos, see Pind., 10. See the most recent list in
procession,
see most p. 97. fr. 75, fine 3 (Snell), aoxeo? Hansen and Fischer-Hansen
recently Wilson 2000, ?uxpoc?ov 1994,
The Bendis also started On?evx'. For the 'E^?ou Bcou?c, see S tat. p. 31. The prytaneia of D?los, Lato,
procession
from the Prytaneion; see Schnurr Theb. 12.481 and Lucian, Demon. 57. and Olympia have been positively
1995b, p. 148. 7. Travlos 1960, p. 24; cf.Wycherley identified; six others have been
5. See Ath. Pol. 3.5, where the Pry 1966, p. 291. identified "with some
probability,"
taneion is described as being flanked by 8. The statement in Plut. Cim. 4.6 including,
most
importantly,
that of
the Thesmothesion, Boukoleion, and that the famed painter Polygnotos Ephesos (Miller 1978, pp. 98-109).
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED? 35
Hephaisteion
AGQfiA
i
)Tower of the Winds t
N
Eleusinion
Theseion
Areopagos Hill
PROPOSED
ACROPOLIS SITE OF THE
PRYTANEION
Sanctuary
and Theater
of Dionysos
GCRS
2005 (Phaleron)
1. reconstruction of
Figure Proposed
movable sacred hearth, would have occurred early in the initial formation
southeastern Athens. G. C. R. Schmalz
of the Athenian state, its discovery would afford us the exciting possibility
of uncovering the earliest layers of the city and its history.11 The present
recover a
study aims to significant part of the map of early Athens (Fig. 1),
drawing together all possible lines of argument and evidence?historical,
antiquarian, archaeological, and epigraphical?in establishing the location
of the Prytaneion.
monuments
Given the detailed topographical account of the of ancient
Athens that appears in the work of Pausanias, itmay seem surprising that
the location of the Prytaneion has never been securely identified. Depending
on how Pausanias's text is read, the Prytaneion has been variably ascribed to
the northern or eastern/southeastern sides of the Acropolis. The scholarly
consensus of the last two centuries favored a northern location. This view
has changed since the 1980s, however, when the shrine of Aglauros, which
Pausanias placed directly above the Prytaneion, was discovered in a cave on
the eastern slopes of the Acropolis (Fig. 2).12Moreover, just below the site
11.As Parker (1996, p. 27) has rion, see Dontas 1983; the new epi Papadopoulos 2003, pp. 283-284.
commented, "were it useful to
speak graphical evidence was
initially treated Boegehold (AgoraXXVIII) speaks of
of 'the birth of the polis,' one in SEG XXXIII 115. For a convenient the Prytaneion as "at
might standing generally
identify as the birthday of the polis of summary of the scholarly response the eastern foot" (p. 96) or "on the east
Athens that day on which a common
(by
no means uniform) to this discov slope" (pp. 11,148) of theAcropolis.
was consecrated over which no 137; see also Rob This is an opinion shared by European
hearth ery, see SEGXLMJ
ertson scholars as well; see Schmitt Pantel
king presided." 1998, pp. 283-288,298-299,
12. For the discovery of the Aglau
fig. 1;Harris-Cline 1999, pp. 312-313; 1992, p. 146;H?lscher 1991, p. 359.
of the Aglaurion, the Greek Archaeological Service has partially uncovered Figure 2. The Cave of Aglauros,
an extensive constructed in the 5th century B.c., overlooking the site proposed for
building complex, initially the Photo G. C. R. Schmalz
Prytaneion.
that is a shrine of the Dios
likely candidate for the Anakeion, the Athenian
kouroi.13 The identification of the Aglaurion and possibly the Anakeion,
now
two sites that Pausanias places in close proximity to the Prytaneion,
makes an eastern or, more a southeastern location far more
specifically,
probable.14
It is argued here that the Prytaneion may be identified in the col
remains a short
onnaded preserved under Agia Aikaterini Square, only
distance from the Monument of Lysikrates and the ancient Street of the
Tripods (Figs. 3,4). Situated directly between theMonument of Lysikrates

and the Arch of Hadrian, and standing atwhat must have been one of the
most important intersections of Classical Athens, this site has periodically
been reconstructed as one of the largest building complexes of the ancient
city. Recent salvage work by the Greek Archaeological Service, discussed

below, has demonstrated that the site is older and more architecturally
some of the remains
significant than previously thought, with dating to
the Late Archaic or Early Classical period. The adjacent area was embel
lished with an important public square?an ancient counterpart of the
modern Lysikrates Square?which featured prominent buildings, at least
one cult center, and many monuments dating from the
preserved choregic
13. See Korres 1989a; 1989b, p. 13,
Classical period onward. Most importantly for the thesis of this study, the
2.
fig.
epigraphical record of the site consistently reflects the many aspects of the two most recent
14. The suggestions
a to Hestia, the only
Prytaneion's public life, including large dedication for the precise location of the Pryta
such votive preserved from ancient Athens. neion
place the
site within the same
I begin my discussion of the Prytaneion problem with a detailed con as the

general neighborhood present
southeast of the
sideration of Pausanias's description of Athenian topography, the conflicting
study, directly Acropo
lis; see Kalligas 1994, p. 30 (with the
interpretations of his account, and the implications of recent archaeologi
Odeion of Perikles); Lippolis 1995,
cal discoveries for the reconstruction of his itinerary. Next I examine the
esp. p. 65, fig. 26 (with the ancient
archaeological remains of the proposed Prytaneion site, drawing on early structure

recently found under modern
antiquarian accounts and recent excavation reports published by the Greek Thespis Street).
.
-JJ
/ HOI
3. View southeast from the

Figure
Acropolis along Lysikrates Street,

toward theArch of Hadrian and
the Olympieion. The Monument of
Lysikrates and the proposed site of
the Prytaneion, inAgia Aikaterini
are in the
Square, foreground.
Photo Slide Archives, University of
Michigan
Figure 4. View of Agia Aikaterini

Square, with the proposed site of the
among the trees and the
Prytaneion
Arch of Hadrian in the background,
southeast. Photo G. C. R.
looking
Schmalz
Archaeological Service. This is followed by an analysis of the archaeological

context of those remains, taking into account the finds from the
adjacent
Street of the Tripods and the square inwhich theMonument of Lysikrates
was located. I then discuss the evidence that supports the
epigraphical
identification of the Agia Aikaterini site with the Prytaneion. Finally, in
my conclusion, I consider the implications of the Prytaneion's proposed
location for a broader understanding of early Athenian history.
38 GEOFFREY C R. SCHMALZ
PAUSANIAS, THE PRYTANEION, AND

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Pausanias provides the best and most familiar testimony for the landmarks
of ancient Athens. In the monuments and buildings of ancient Lysikrates
Square, it is easy to recognize his description of the famous Street of the
Tripods and the Prytaneion. As noted above, the proposed location of

the Prytaneion below the southeast corner of the Acropolis also accords
well with his assertion that the site stood directly beneath the shrine of
Aglauros.
Diverse interpretations of early Athenian topography have arisen,
however, on the basis of Pausanias's account and prevailing opinions about
the location of key monuments. The first mention of the Prytaneion in
Pausanias's work is preceded by a description of several other Athenian
sites including the Agora, which he introduces without any topographi
cal word link to his preceding tour of the Kerameikos (Paus. 1.3.1). He
then points to the Ptolemaion, or of as "not far"
Gymnasium Ptolemy,
from the Agora and "near" or "hard by" the Theseion.15 The venerable
Anakeion is introduced next; then the Aglaurion or "behind"
"beyond" 15. Paus. 1.17.2. The Ptolemaion is
it, while the Prytaneion is said to be "near" the latter shrine (Fig. 5).16
said to be xf)? ?yop?t? cc7i?%ovxi o? noXx>
After his first mention of the Prytaneion, Pausanias proceeds to the ...
7tp?? ?? xcp yu|jvocoi(p GrjGeco? ?oxiv
lower part of the city, mentioning the Sanctuary of Serapis and the Temple iep?v.
of Eileithyia. From there he moves on to the
Temple of Olympian Zeus and
16. Paus. 1.18.1-3. See also Papado
for an account of
Following his discussion of southeastern
the Ilissos valley (1.18.6,1.19.1). poulos 2003, p. 285,
Pausanias's
Athens and the Ilissos, Pausanias returns once again to the Prytaneion, itinerary.
17. Paus. 1.20.1: "Egxi ?? o??c ano
telling his readers, "From the Prytaneion there is the so-called Street of Ton 7ipuxav8io\) KaXou|Li8vr| Tp?Tto?e?.
the Tripods."17 He describes the choregic monuments found on the Street of 18. Paus. 1.20.2: Aiov?gco 8? ?v xco
the Tripods and recounts the famous story of one Athenian's obsession over va x 7i?ir|G?ov Zaxupo? eGxi. One
recent scholar has identi
a celebrated satyr statue by Praxiteles that was located there. He ends this accordingly
fied this nearby as the
a satyr "is in the
by remarking that another statue of
tale (1.20.2) temple Temple
Temple of Dionysos itself (Kalligas 1994, p. 28;
of Dionysos hard by,"18 and he introduces the Sanctuary and Theater of
cf. also Judeich 1931, p. 274). For the
Dionysos immediately thereafter (1.20.3). more conventional view that this so
called is simply a
temple neighboring
see most
the choregic monument, recently
Location of the Theseion and Archaic Agora
Goette 2001, p. 98; also Wilson 2000,
p. 212.
The position of the Theseion has always been a critical element in any
19. See, e.g., Leake 1841, vol. 1,
topographical reconstruction of Athens because Pausanias appears to place lacuna is also observed
p. 262. This
it relatively close to the Prytaneion in his progress from one site to the next.
by Lenormant (1857, p. 116).
Between the Theseion and the Anakeion sequences there is, however, as 20. For the early historiography of
a clear the so-called seeWachsmuth

topographers often observed, syntactical break, with
Theseion,
19th-century
none of Pausanias's characteristic word links that would indicate that the 1863, pp. 102-103; Dyer 1873, p. 231.
The Hephaisteion was first identified
Anakeion was necessarily located near the Theseion.19 Their proximity has, as theTheseion in the 1670s by Father
often been assumed.
nevertheless, Babin, followed by Spon (1678, vol. 1,
In turn, because the great Temple of Hephaistos overlooking the Clas pp. 188-190) andWheler (1682,
sical Agora was universally identified as the Theseion until the latter part p. 385). This traditional identification
was first challenged by Ross (1838),
of the 19th century, early antiquarians and topographers of Athens often
to be
at the northern or northeastern foot of the only rejected by such leading
placed the Prytaneion Acropo
topographers as Curtius (1843) and
lis.20 Furthermore, with the testimony of Pausanias in mind, a scholarly Wachsmuth (1863). The Hephaisteion
conviction persisted that the agora visited and described by Pausanias was was identified as such
finally correctly
actually the commercial market of the Roman period. The Roman Market byPervanoglu(1870).
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED: 39
Figure 5. Reconstruction of Pausa is located on the northern side of the Acropolis and is sometimes referred to
nias's itinerary
around the Archaic as theMarket of Caesar
and Augustus. Thus William Leake, for example,
Agora.
Arrows indicate direction that "Pausanias ... referred to the of the and sub
argued Agora Augustan
of sites from northwest to
visited,
sequent ages."21 The same identification of Pausanias's agora reemerged in
south. G. C. R. Schmalz
the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the Theseion and the Gymnasium
of Ptolemy were briefly sought in the Classical Agora itself. Although this
identification with the Roman Market originated as a tentative suggestion
(with its proponent open to the idea of an alternative site), it has since be
come the canonical view.22
This identification remains a common one despite a number of
weighty objections, such as the fact that the extensive and formal peristyle
construction of the Roman Market bears no recognizable relationship
to
Pausanias's bare description of the Archaic Agora. This agora featured only
one salient monument, the venerable Bomos Eleou, the Altar of Pity.23 It
21. Leake 1841, vol. 1, p. 253. Simi (1994, pp. 227-228) andMiller (1995, discussion of the evidence, especially
larly,Clark (1816-1824, vol. 6, p. 271) p. 202); the latter writes that "it is clear from a
topographical point of view,
identified the contemporary bazaar that he [Pausanias] is referring to the see Schnurr 1995a, 133-134; also
pp.
occupying the Roman Market as the agora of his own day, the Agora of Robertson 1992, pp. 46-47, 51-52;
possible site of Pausanias's agora. This Caesar and Augustus or, as it usually 1998, p. 286. The only surviving
was still the prevailing view later in the called today, the Roman evidence for the existence
Agora." physical
see 1873, p. 251; Forch 23. This monument, sur of the altar is in a Claudian
century; Dyer evidently preserved
hammer 1874, pp. 113-115. Yet even rounded by
a modest arbor of shade era inscription (IG II2 4786), dedicated
then this identification had its critics; trees (see n. 8 above), was known in to Zeus
by
an exiled Thracian
family:
see terms as the "O highest on
Cookesley 1852, p. 102. literary "philanthropic ruling high, father of
22.
Vanderpool 1974, p. 309; also agora." The
28 references to the Altar rich-fruited Eirene, we supplicate your
noted earlier in Travlos, Athens, p. 28. of Pity are conveniently collected Altar of Pity" (as translated in Oikono
Most recently, this conventional identi under "Eleos" in
Agora III, pp. 67-74, mides 1964, p. 35, no. 36).
fication has been nos. 163-190. For the most recent
supported by Shear
40 GEOFFREY C. R. SCHMALZ
is also unlikely that a staunch traditionalist such as Pausanias would ever

refer to a commercial market of his own period as a true "agora."24Thus,
a number of scholars now seek the
city's original agora at the eastern foot
of the Acropolis, close to the proposed site of the Prytaneion.25 Such a
location, against the east slope of the Acropolis, would certainly have been
more convenient for the residents of the
early city, living (as they evidently
did) to the south and the southeast. Moreover, the adjacent hillside would
have offered a natural
setting for the city's original theater and assembly
area, composing the ?p%e?c. ?yopa before the theater was relocated near
the Sanctuary of Dionysos on the south
slope.26
Location of the Aglaurion and the Anakeion
For nearly two centuries, the Aglaurion was thought to have been located
somewhere along the cavernous northern slope of the Acropolis. Through
the efforts of George Dontas in the 1980s, however, the sanctuary of the
mythical heroine Aglauros was finally identified below the great southeast
ern cliff of the an earlier
Acropolis,27 confirming interpretation of this very
cave.While
large 17th- and 18th-century antiquarians generally viewed
this site as a shrine of Apollo and the place of Creusas abduction and
rape, by the 19th century there were some who maintained that the
early
a crows and daws,"
cave, then "roosting place of represented the site of the
we know from Pausanias that the was situ
Aglaurion.28 Since Aglaurion
ated above the Anakeion, which in turn looked down over the Prytaneion,
Dontas's discovery helps to establish the relative locations of the sites. As
the excavator observes, it is "probable that the Aglaurion, the Prytaneion,
and the Anakeion were not far from each other."29
A close spatial relationship between the Aglaurion and the Prytaneion
has long been recognized not only in light of Pausanias's testimony but also
because the city's graduating ephebes took their customary oath of citizen
ship at the Aglaurion, after having sacrificed toHestia in the Prytaneion.30
24. Cf. Alcock 1995, pp. 337, 339; 246/5 b.c. and honoring a
priestess
of de Saint-Georges 1675, p. 303 (no. 8
Habicht 1985, pp. 104-105,134-137. Aglauros (SEGXXXIII115). A conve in the
accompanying map of Athens;
nient to 1678, vol. 2, p. 168.
25. Schnurr 1995a; Robertson 1992, summary of scholarly response Fig. 12 here); Spon
pp. 51-54; 1998, esp. pp. 299-301. Cf. Dontas's publication
is
provided
in Broneer (1936) excavated part of the
also Lippolis 1995, p. 51; Papadopoulos GXLVI 137. In addition, Robert cave itself; a well-cut
stairway had been
son (1998, p. 287) out that an recorded at its northern entrance a few
2003, p. 285. points
26. This is implied in Schnurr's earlier decree for a priestess of Aglauros years previously.
(1995b, pp. 140-141) discussion of the (IG II2 948) was found reused nearby, 29. Dontas 1983, p. 60. For the
nec
?pxeice ?yopa recorded by Apollodoros between the Odeion of Perikles and the essary eastward relocation of these and
(in Harpokration, s.v. ?p%e?oc ?yopa Theater of Dionysos. other monuments, see
Papadopoulos
=FGrH??B 244 this 28.Wilkins
F113). Whether 1816, p. 64. This iden 2003, pp. 282-285.
Archaic Agora should instead be iden tification was noted by Leake (1841, 30. According toMartha (1882,
tifiedwith the Peisistratid phase of the vol. 1, pp. 264-265), who rejected it, as p. 145), the Aglaurion "se trouvait en
Classical is a contentious issue it did not conform to his own recon clav? dans l'enceinte du Pryta
Agora g?n?rale
struction of Pausanias's n?e" cited in Dontas
(Papadopoulos 2003, pp. 280-281). testimony, pre (also 1983, p. 60).
For the relocation of the theater, see instead an identification with On the ephebic oath and the Aglauri
ferring
Photios, s.v. ?Kpia
(Agora. Ill, p. 163,
the City Eleusinion; see also Lenor on, see Philochorus inFGrH 328 F105.
no. 525). mant 1857, p. 113. For the avian popu Poll. 8.105-106 records the oath itself,
see Chandler its divine witnesses. On the nature
larity of the cave,
27. See Dontas 1983 for the in situ 1776, with
discovery and topographical signifi p. 61. For the Cave of Apollo (and of the oath, see Merkelbach 1972.
cance of a decree to 247/6 or sometimes also of Creusa), see Guillet
dating
Figure 6.Archaeological and topo

graphical
reconstruction of the east The may also have been involved in the deipnophoria in honor
Prytaneion
slope and foot of theAcropolis: of Aglauros.31 Accounts of ancient ritual also indicate a close proximity
(1) 4th-century stoa; (2) 5th-century between the Prytaneion and the Anakeion; evidently the Anakeia festival
building; (3) choregic monuments; included a primitive theoxenia, inwhich the Dioskouroi were hosted in the
(4)Anakeion; (5) remains of walls
Prytaneion.32
recorded in the 19th century;
As itself, its remains may well have been discovered
for the Anakeion
(6) Lantern of Diogenes; (7) Classi under the upper course of modern Thespis Street, directly below the
cal building. G. C. R. Schmalz
shrine of Aglauros. In 1982 the Greek Archaeological Service uncovered
the remains of two contiguous building terraces (Fig. 6, no. 4) that date
as far back as the Classical period, with evidence for continuous use down
through Roman times. The southern limit of the complex was found to
extend for a total of more than 30 m, from the east side of Straton Street all
the way down Thespis Street to the corner of Rangavis Street (Figs. 6-8).
The principal structure on the uppermost (western) terrace, constructed
with a complex series of north-south walls, features a spacious recessed
room built with well-dressed orthogonal masonry and a deep well used
over a number of centuries. Fronting onto this main space is a seemingly
sizable anteroom or
porch.33
31. See Philochoros inFGrH 328 however, that the literary evidence for The well appears to have been in use
F183. the Anakes is considered before it was sometime

celebrating long deepened
in the Roman Sited between
32. See Poll. 1.37. On the theoxenia,
"spurious" by Robertson (1999, p. 180, period.
seeAth. 4.137e; Simon 1983, p. 68; n.9). the 100 and 90 m elevation marks of
Shapiro 1999, pp. 100-101 (with rele of the excava the east
33. For an account of the each of
slope Acropolis,
vant evidence). For the tion, see Korres 1989a, 1989b; the exca the two main terraces was terraced into
iconographie
see Shear vation and cross section in two sections.
physical proximity implied, plan appear
1994, p. 247,
n. 20. It should be noted, Korres 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2 (Fig. 7 here).
0.0 m 31.50 m
Acropolis East Slope
EAST
7. Elevation of ter
Figure drawing
raced under Street.
complex Thespis
After Korres 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2
8. View eastward down

Figure
Thespis Street, with exposed section

of the site located in the background,
below balustrade and trees (arrow).
Photo G. C. R. Schmalz
These remains are easily the grandest ever to have been discovered
and reported from the east slope of the Acropolis. They may be part of a
site well known until the late 19th century, when substantial remains of a
were still on either side of Straton Street
large terraced structure preserved
under the Cave of Aglauros no. 5). As described by Dodwell, these
(Fig. 6,
were the "remains of awall, of blocks, in a direction from
composed large
north to south. Perhaps the little wreck of the Odeion of Pericles."34 Fol
as
lowing the suggestion of Leake, Curtius tentatively identified this site
the Eleusinion no. 19).35 The evident significance of the site has
(Fig. 9,
even a recent
prompted suggestion that it represents the Prytaneion.36 If
this ancient site between Straton and Rangavis Streets should be identified
with any historical monument in Pausanias's testimony, however, the most
likely would be the lost Anakeion of the Dioskouroi.37
34. Dodwell 1819, vol. 1, p. 301. tured in the topographical of to have been a sanctu
map relatively large
35. Curtius and Milchhoefer 1891, Judeich 1931, end plan 1. ary. In 415 a
b.c., large company of
no. 19, pi. IV; the walls them 36. See Lippolis 1995, esp. p. 65, Athenian or
p. 324, hippeis, knights, occupied
over 10 m no. 14, which shows the site par the sanctuary in an emergency
selves, presumably measuring fig. 26, levy,
in length as are in tially restored
as a
peristyle
structure. while a few years later, in 411 b.c., the
preserved, pictured
III. See also Leake 1841, vol. 1, 37. Built the time of Cimon marched on the shrine
pi. during city's hoplites
The walls are also fea in the 460s the Anakeion is known in a counterrevolutionary see
pp. 264-265. b.c., coup;
the Tripods
Returning from the Ilissos valley, Pausanias (1.20.1) revisits the Prytaneion,
describes the Street of the Tripods, and then turns his attention to the
Theater of Dionysos (Fig. 10). Itwould be logical, therefore, for the theater
and the Prytaneion to have been situated relatively close
together. D?rpfeld
on the south
accordingly located the Prytaneion next to the theater slope of
the Acropolis.38 For this reason, two new suggestions for the location and
identification of the Prytaneion place the site at the southeastern corner
of the Acropolis.39
a
Nevertheless, Pausanias's testimony has often been interpreted in
less than straightforward fashion. The beginning of the ancient Street of
the Tripods is located on the southeastern side of the Acropolis. In his
of the name of the street, with its dense collection of
explanation choregic
monuments, Pausanias presumably describes the antiquities preserved in
and around the modern Lysikrates Square. Yet because the Prytaneion and
the Aglaurion were sought for so many years along the northern slope of
the Acropolis, a considerable distance needed to be introduced between
the Street of the Tripods at the Prytaneion and the choregic monuments
that gave the road its name. Hence Pausanias's report has been interpreted
some to mean that the
by Prytaneion marked the beginning of the ancient
Street of the Tripods somewhere north of the Acropolis.40 In effect, Pausa
nias would then have taken his orientation from the Classical Agora (the
universal modern perspective), rather than from the street's actual point
of origin.
Thuc. 8.93.1-2 and 6.61.2, respectively; Kalligas (1994, p. 30) states that it is lying topographical logic should be
cf. Robertson 1998, p. 296. If the site situated at the of the Street viewed as correct.
beginning
in
question is indeed the Anakeion, of theTripods (cf. SEGXLVl 137; see 40. This argument has been most
then we have new evidence for Cimon's also Lippolis 1995, esp. p. 65, fig. 26, advanced
forcefully by Choremi-Spet
building program on and around the showing the ancient east
slope build sieri (1994, pp. 33, 35, 39-40, fig. 2) in
Acropolis. ing under modern Thespis Street). the firstcomprehensive archaeological
38. D?rpfeld 1895, pp. 188-189. Although this suggestion may be re
study of the street's
remains. See also
39. In one view, the Odeion of as untenable (Rob Schnurr 1995b, p. 147.
jected intrinsically
Perikles is identified as the ertson 1998, n. 16), its under
Prytaneion: p. 286,
from the llissos

valley
XsanctuaryandTheaterJ^^^^ I
of \ Dionysos \\\\ A
\^ c?^
\ \) j M GCRS
^V^
10. Reconstruction of Pausa

Such a a notably Figure
topographical interpretation, however, produces
nias's route from the Ilissos valley
awkward and circuitous itinerary for Pausanias after his tour of the Ilissos
to the south slope of theAcropolis,
valley. Having returned to the eastern city to survey the south slope of the the Street
via the Prytaneion and
Acropolis, Pausanias would have had to have first walked north, without of the G. C. R. Schmalz
Tripods.
comment, past the choregic monuments along the Street of the Tripods,
to turn back to them immediately after reaching the Prytaneion for
only
a second time. At this point, he would have been introducing the street at
a location where there is, despite many recent investigations, no evidence
for any choregic monuments.41 Moreover, now that the has been
Aglaurion
discovered, there is no longer a reason to see any great distance between
the Street of the Tripods at the Prytaneion and the choregic monuments
of Lysikrates Square.42
Through antiquarians and scholars have often related
the centuries
Pausanias's description of the ancient Street of the Tripods to modern
In the formulation of one 19th-century antiquarian, the
Lysikrates Square.
are more
41. As yet, the northernmost recently published archaeological however, likely the remains
monument found along remains, the identification of ancient terrace work. Schnurr 's
choregic especially
Tripods
Street is at no. 28; for a brief of the lost ruins of the Panagia Vlastiki (1995b) view explicitly reflects one
discussion of Choremi-Spetsieri Church as a monument. held, but now evidently ex
1994, choregic initially
see SEGXLVl 137. As reconstructed Those ruins (as pictured in Breton cluded, Hans Goette (there is no
by
by Choremi-Spetsieri 1994 (followed 1868, p. 261), however,
are
clearly of
mention of these remains in Goette
in Schnurr 1995b, p. 148, fig. 5, "G"), the church itself, carefully built from 2001, pp. 54-55).
course of the a ancient 42. A similar
the ancient northern great deal of spolia. The argument (in Kalligas
Street of theTripods is improbably blocks still visible as curb blocks 1994, with an conclusion)
along improbable
reconstructed as a the street have now been as has been dismissed because, in
taking sharp, up published already
ward turn onto the northeastern to the medieval Rizocastro; the conventional view, it "turns back
spur belonging
of theAcropolis, linking therewith see Makri, Tsakos, and Vavylopoulou ward Pausanias's phrase" (Miller 1995,
recon n. 7).
modern Prytaneion Street. This Charitonidou 1987-1988, pp. 362 p. 225,
struction is based on that street's 363, 57-58. These roadside blocks,
figs.
route of Pausanias's return to the Prytaneion went "through the street of

the tripods, between the theatre and choregic grotto."43 Yet, until recently,
the same logic has rarely been applied to the location of the Prytaneion.
to one new analysis, modern Lysikrates Square "is the
most
According
probable beginning of the ancient Street of the Tripods, comprising the
Prytaneion and the Odeion of Perikles."44 Archaeological evidence demon

strates that the ancient street began at the eastern entrance of the Sanctuary
and Theater of Dionysos (Fig. 10). Here, Manolis Korres's excavations
have revealed the initial course of the ancient street, flanked by some 15
choregic monuments built along the west and south sides of the Odeion of
Perikles. These converge upon a large hall at the southwest corner, directly
opposite the propylon.45

is now a growing consensus that the Prytaneion was indeed lo
There
cated along the Street of the Tripods on the east side of the Acropolis below
the Aglaurion.46 The location of the Prytaneion here makes topographical
sense, for it is only here that the front or eastern slope of the Acropolis
levels off enough to permit any convenient, extensive building activity.47
Although scholars from the 19th century onward often assumed that the
one of the
Prytaneion was terraced along slopes of the Acropolis,
adjacent
to the cave shrine of the Aglaurion, it is difficult to imagine whythe early
Athenians would have elected to construct their first civic building on such
an incline. a more accessible and
Presumably they would have preferred
centralized location, on the same relatively level ground occupied by their
early agora.
PROPOSED SITE OF THE PRYTANEION
The proposed site of the Prytaneion is in the Plaka (Fig. 1), under the
modern plateia of Agia Aikaterini, which serves as a
courtyard for the
Middle Byzantine church of St. Catherine.48 The plateia itself is notable in
the present context as the findspot for the only votive dedication to Hestia
preserved from ancient Athens.49 The archaeological remains are situated
directly between the Monument of Lysikrates and the Arch of Hadrian
along Lysikrates Street, a very significant street in antiquity (Figs. 3, 4).
can now see

43.Wilkinsl816,p.64. be experienced by the modern Dionysos, Choremi-Spetsieri 1994,
44. Lippolis 1995, p. 48, fig. 4 under tourist. esp. pp. 32-33; cf. also Robertson 1998,
no. 7. See also Wilson 2000, pp. 209 46. Harris-Cline 1999, pp. 312-313; p. 292, n. 49. The best topographical
213 a consequent of after Robertson 1992, 1998, map of the area is in Judeich 1931,
(with shortening pp. 43-45;
the Street of the Tripods). pp. 283-288,298-299, fig. 1. See also end plan 1.
45. Korres 1988a, esp. p. 12, fig. 1; H?lscher 1991, p. 359; Papadopoulos 48. For the church, whose original
1988b. For Korres's in 2003, p. 284. form "has been entirely distorted
investigations by
the early see in French 47. There is a moderate 11% gra see
1980s, reports reconstruction," briefly Mackenzie
as to the for its date, see also
1990-1991, p. 5; Pariente 1990, p. 705. dient opposed steep 20% slope 1992, p. 237;
Korres's new terminates on the other side of
plan of the that Megaw 1932-1933.
archaeological
sanctuary is also reproduced in Schnurr the Street of theTripods. For the 11% 49. See below, pp. 71-72.
Appar
1995b, pp. 147,151, fig. 2 (with fea gradient
to the southeast of the monu ently for this reason, the tourist litera
ture no. 7 as the aforementioned hall). ments, around the proposed ture on modern Athens has to
Prytaneion begun
Thanks to its new red stone site, seeWelter 1922, p. 75. For the this site with an ancient sanc
grading, identify
the ancient course of the 20% the Street of the see Time Out, p. 86,
street, starting slope between tuary of Hestia;
from the sanctuary's eastern and the top of the Theater of under "Church of St. Catherine."
propylon, Tripods
Figure 11. Exposed remains inAgia

Aikaterini southeast.
Square, looking
The preserved section of an Ionic colonnade, forming the southwest

corner of a a
large peristyle complex, has served as well-known landmark
inAthens from the time of Stuart and Revett in the 18th century (Fig. 11).
Over the centuries, the site has been variously regarded as the Athenian
Basileion, Hadrian's Panhellenion, the Palladion, the Theseion, and the
Yet because most of the remains appear to be Roman
Serapeion. exposed
in date, for the last hundred years the building complex has been thought
to have or
relatively little archaeological topographical significance.
Today
it is generally considered to be part of a neighboring balaneion, or bath
building, of the Late Roman period.50 50. See Travlos, Athens, p. 181,
Recent salvage excavations at the southwest corner of the modern
fig. 221, for Balaneion H: "The hypo
square have begun to change this view, however. An architecturally grander, caust of a Roman bath under Lysikra
and almost certainly earlier, section of the building, described by the Greek tous Street probably belongs
to the
press as a propylon, has been discovered.51 Only a small section of the large building in front of the church of
St. Aikaterini; columns of either the
ancient complex has been excavated, but it is apparent that some of the
or this stoa of this are
remains date as far back as the Archaic period. The salvage peristyle building
archaeological still standing."
work, described in detail below, has demonstrated that the modern square 51. See Catling 1982-1983, p. 8,
preservesxmuch of the original dimensions of the site, making the proposed a in Ta Nea, Janu
summarizing report
Prytaneion site one of the larger architectural spaces in ancient Athens. ary 14,1983.
Antiquarian Interest in the Agia Aikaterini Site
the Ottoman was a

Throughout period, the Plaka popular and prominent
district of the city. It was the first platoma, or quarter of Athens, serving as
the center of government under the rule of the Sardar, whose palace stood
at the top of the northeast slope of the Acropolis. As in the Archaic period,
the Plaka neighborhood marked the principal point of entrance into the
city, and some of the era's most notable Athenian families resided there.52
across the street from the
Perhaps most importantly, just proposed site of
the Prytaneion stood the famous hospice of the Capuchin order. At its
foundation in the 17th century, this small monastic community published
the first study and plan of the archaeological remains of Athens, thereby
era. Later itwould offer
ushering in the modern antiquarian hospitality to
such renowned antiquarians as Edward Dodwell and the influential artist
Don Battista Lusieri.53 The
neighborhhood of the proposed Prytaneion
site therefore served as the starting point for all the early guidebooks to
the ancient and modern city.
In the first of these, a highly influential work published in 1675 by Guil
let de Saint-Georges, theMonument of Lysikrates (the so-called Lantern
of Demosthenes) was first formally identified with Pausanias's description
of the ancient Street of the Tripods (Fig. 12).54 Guillet de Saint-Georges
even ventured to claim that the Prytaneion must be located directly to the
east of the Monument of Lysikrates.55 This suggestion was additionally
was then known
inspired by the fact that the Street of the Tripods locally
as the Street of Hestia.56
Antiquarian interest in the proposed site of the Prytaneion probably

goes even further back into the 15th century. Cyriacus of Ancona appears
to have been the first visitor to take notice of its remains, describing the
site as a gymnasium.57 After mentioning the "marble throne" of theMonu
ment of Lysikrates, whose dedicatory inscription he transcribed, Cyriacus
52. The was vol. 2, between pp. 416 and that

palace of the Sardar Spon 1678, belief the victory tripods
long-held
then situated on the northeast
slope of 417; Coronelli 1687, p. 197;Omont once
surmounting the choregic monu
the Acropolis, next to the Jesuit Mis 1898, pp. 15-17, pis.XLII andXLI. ments served as
lighted
lanterns. Yet
sion and the of the Calogers For Lusieri's residence, see Clark 1816 for all we know, there may also have
Hospice
Medelli.The chief Christian official of 1824, vol. 6, p. 205. been some faint memory of the past
Athens, the Vecchiados Capitanakis,

54. In Guillet de Saint-Georges existence of a shrine to Hestia, perhaps
lived across the street from the Monu work was
1675, esp. pp. 209-333. This inspired by the preservation of the
ment of Lysikrates and the Hospice of followed the visit and ancient Hestia dedication in the exte
immediately by
the
Capuchins,
which he supervised, similarly influential publications of riorwall of the church of theHoly
and next door to the Greek Orthodox Spon (1678) andWheler (1682). Lady of the Lamp. If not, the later
monastery of the Calogeres. See Guillet 55. Guillet de Saint-Georges 1675, worship of the Hestia-like of
figure
de Saint-Georges 1675, pp. 283-284, p. 300. theAgia Kandili would make for a
298-300,333. 56. Guillet de Saint-Georges 1675, remarkable historical irony.
53. See Laborde 1854, pp. 74-76. pp. 209-211. In the 18th century it 57. The text of
Cyriacus reads:
The Capuchin Plan of Athens (dating came to be known as the Kandila, or Ad aliam
gymnasii
sedem exornatam
to ca. 1670) is preserved in the Biblio after the establishment in Bodnar
"Lamp Street," (excerpted 1960, pp. 37-38;
th?que National in Paris; it is conve of a church and convent to the see n. 3 for an of Cyriacus's
Holy explanation
niently republished inOmont 1898, Lady of the Lamp, theAgia Kyra terminology). The
only other choregic
pi. XXXIX; see also Laborde 1854, Kandili, on the site of the so-called monument still
standing
in medieval
p. 78, pi. I (with discussion of its influ Lantern of Diogenes (as recorded by and early modern Athens was that of
ence on pp. 76-79). The many subse Dodwell 1819, vol. 1, p. 289). Presum which afterward
Thrasyllus, Cyriacus
treatments names were
quent of the plan include ably these inspired by the visited.
Figure 12. Detail of the Capuchin

immediately noted another such choregic seat in the gymnasium.58 This Plan as annotated by Guillet de
second choregic monument was almost certainly the Lantern of
Diogenes,
which once stood across the street from theMonument Saint-Georges: (8) Cave of Apollo;
of Lysikrates and
(12) church of Agia Aikaterini;
immediately adjacent to the site under investigation. (13) Lantern of Demosthenes
A few decades later an anonymous Greek visitor to the city took simi
(Monument of Lysikrates);
lar note of theMonument of Lysikrates and alluded, more fancifully (but (16) Lantern of Diogenes and
perhaps presciently), to "the great agora of the city" nearby.59 He described After Guillet de Saint
Analogeion.
an ancient site situated p. 338.
directly between the Lantern of Demosthenes and Georges 1675, plan following
the Arch recording what he took to be the remains of the city's

of Hadrian,
Basileion, or hall. This site, which can only be that under discussion,
royal
featured a "great bath-building," which he imaginatively identified as the
royal bath for the archon basileus. Although written with a com
disarming
bination of fact and fancy, this anonymous account has been given serious
consideration in the
past.60
By the mid-18th century, the Agia Aikaterini site had been turned
into an olive-oil mill. It was at this time that the indomitable antiquarians
Stuart and Revett first measured and recorded the standing remains of the
site (Figs. 13,14). At that time, three columns stood in
place, with two sup
still an Ionic architrave. Stuart and Revett particularly
porting (as today)
58. Bodnar suggests that Cyriacus's XiK?v XouTp?v, ?v x x?v u?yav ?aoi (the wife of the archon basileus) and
to the theater taiov
gymnasium "may refer ?i? rcaxaycov (po?fjaai fiGe^naav Dionysos
in the Basileion on the
area" (1960, p. 162), but the Theater ?v0a Kai ? xou javnox?pxou o?koc. last day of the Anthesteria festival
of Dionysos was visit to the Arch
deeply buried and The of Hadrian im (contra Laborde 1854, p. 25, where
remained unknown until the 19th follows (section 6): "Iaxaxai the word is taken as a name).
mediately personal
century. 5e Kax? ?vaxo?,?? xo?xod kxX. In this Laborde (1854, p. 28) places the site
59. Laborde 1854, p. 18. context, the house
of the Mn?starchos, far outside of its context
topographical
60. This is transcribed in the or bride-official, should with the that "the small
passage nuptial- suggestion
Laborde 1854, p. 18, section 5 (near the almost certainly be understood in
Panagia Vlastiki perhaps marks (its)
Lantern of Demosthenes): Kai ?atax connection with the ritual hieros gamos location."
ve?ov ji?yioTov ?ice? tmripxe Kai x? ?aai that took place between the basilinna
Figure 13.Measured drawing (left)

and detail (right) of the standing
section of the west colonnade.
After Stuart and Revett [1762-1794] 1968,
vol. 3, ch. XI, pis. 1:1 and II
Figure 14. Study of the Ionic capitals

from the west colonnade. After Stuart
and Revett [1762-1794] 1968, vol. 3,
ch. XI, pi. 1:3
5? GEOFFREY C R. SCHMALZ
admired the elegant classicizing style of the Ionic capitals, which they com
pared closely and favorably with those of the 5th-century Ilissos Temple
on the south bank of the Ilissos River. could not offer any
Although they
identification for the building, Stuart thought that itwas "undoubtedly a
part of a considerable edifice."61

In 1835, the epigraphist Kyriakos Pittakis recorded the existence of
numerous Ionic
capitals preserved in the walls of the adjacent church of
the Agia Kyra Kandili, the Holy Lady of the Lamp.62 There were so many
that he believed a temple must once have stood upon the site.Most signifi
a to Hestia. Consequently,
cantly, Pittakis also discovered large dedication
he believed that this now-demolished church marked the proximity, in
ancient times, of the shrine of Hestia. As for the proposed site of the Pry
taneion, Pittakis noted its "numerous ruins," supposing them to represent
the remains of an ancient temple, perhaps the Theseion.63
were on the site.
European topographers similarly drawn to comment
In his early 19th-century plan of Athens, Ferdinand Stademann tenta
identified it as the Palladion, because of an architectural
tively presumably
dedication to Athena Pallas built into the church
of Agia and convent
an remains
Kyra Kandili.64 Leake believed that the exposed represented
a time in the
important public building of the Hellenistic period.65 For
mid-19th century the site was identified as the of Hera and Zeus
Temple
Panhellenios.66
As depicted in the 1860s, the preserved colonnade of the site was partly
buried, and the third standing column had just begun to collapse (Fig. 15).
An archaeological plan of Athens from the 1870s depicts the site with a
fourth column preserved two intercolumniations away.67Toward the end of
the 19th century, Curtius tentatively reconstructed the structure as a very
large peristyle complex.68 Soon afterward, Walter Judeich included the site
in his monumental von Athen, where the structure is
Topographie regarded
as a "colonnaded building of the Roman
period."69 Judeich nonetheless
believed that the location of the site was significant, pointing to the nearby
remains of a substantial building of Archaic and Classical date, partially
excavated some earlier.70
years
61. Stuart and Revett [1762-1794] 65. Leake (1841, vol. 1, pp. 272 68. See Curtius and Kaupert 1881
1968, vol. 3, p. 64. The comparison 273, with pi. II) writes: "the three Ionic 1903, fase. 5, pi. La; as tentively recon
with the IlissosTemple was followed in columns, which in the time of Stuart structed, the complex would measure
1827 by Inwood's ([1827] 1972, p. 137, formed partof an olive-mill, and two of some 70 m long (east-west) by 40 m
pis. 24,25) architectural studies of the which an architrave, wide (north-south).
support belonged
classical remains. See also Travlos, to the of their
city's probably temple Sarapis; 69.Judeichl931,p.339.
Athens, pp. 112-120, 154-163. not that of an early age, nor 70. Located to the northwest of
figs. style being
62. Pittakis 1835, pp. 171-172; so late as Roman times." See also the
Olympieion,
it was excavated by
see also Mommsen 1868, p. 60, under Milchhoefer [1891] 1977, p. 189. the Greek Archaeological Service in
no. 52. 66. See the "Temple de Junion et 1888 (brieflymentioned inD?rpfeld
63. Pittakis 1835, p. 173; Pittakis Jupiter
Panhell?nien" with accurate 1889, p. 414). Two large and successive
it as follows: measurements in Breton are described: an older
locates "Vis-?-vis de 1868, p. 217. walls polygonal
ce
temple
on voit l'arc de triomphe The site is also identified as such by wall of limestone and an ashlar wall
d'Adrien." Wordsworth 1853, plan facing p. 190. of conglomerate, which reinforced or
64. See Stademann [1841] 1977, 67. SeeWachsmuth 1874-1890, modified the earlier one.
end plan. vol. 1, end plan.
Figure 15. Standing section of the

west colonnade as it looked in the
1860s. After Breton 1868, p. 217
Standing Architecture in Agia Aikaterini Square
The best documentation of the standing architecture in Agia Aikaterini
Square continues to be the studies made by Stuart and Revett more than
two centuries ago. The twin columns, Ionic architrave, and
surviving
of the west colonnade are
capitals (see Figs. 11, 16) precisely drawn, and
measurements can be scaled from the the
drawings; preserved colonnade,
for example, stands over 5 m in height from column base to architrave, while
the interaxial spacing of the columns is a standard 2.5 m (Figs. 13,14).71
All elements, from column base to architrave, are
of the architectural
notably full and well proportioned. In these characteristics, the Agia Aika
terini remains contrast with those from Roman buildings inAthens, which
typically have "pancaked" capitals with narrow volutes, pinched leafed

bolsters, and neck moldings with lean and compacted profiles.72 Moreover,
virtually all the preserved Ionic capitals from Roman Athens favor a central
egg-and-dart motif on the echinus, but the ovolo echinus on the Agia
Aikaterini columns is plain. This is reminiscent of the early Attic Ionic
on which the central motif was the echinus
capital, painted. Furthermore,
volute angle is ornamented not only with a conventional palmette leaf, but
71. As derived from Stuart and Re width. Keramopoulos (1911, p. 260) length-height
ratio is 1:2.4, as com
vett's vol. 3, ch. XI, the height of the columns as the more
([1762-1794] 1968, gives pared with Classical, high
I, II) measured the eleva 4.35 m, to 4.55 m with
pis. drawings, rising the profile of those from the
Agia Aikat
tion of the surviving colonnade is 5.36 m; column base. erini site, which have a ratio of 1:1.7.
the interaxial is 2.50 m; the 72. Cf. the examples of reportedly The Ionic bases, less diagnostic
spacing though
intercolumniation is 1.72 m.The Ionic Late Hellenistic and Roman in date, also differ fromthe typically
Imperial
bases measure 0.783 m in diameter at date inMeritt 1996, pp. 169-172, flattened bases from Roman
buildings
bottom (0.575 m at top) and 0.206 m nos. 22-24, and the Ionic capitals
in Athens; their
diameter-height ratios
in the block from the Roman Market in Orlandos are 1:4.7 as with 1:4 in the
height; architrave-epistyle compared
is 0.587 m in height and 0.53 m in 1967, p. 19, fig. 23. In these the overall Roman examples.
GEOFFREY C R. SCHMALZ
52
Ill
'.-? flMlllfl
Figure 16. Standing section of the

also with an unusual fillet above.73 The
flanking volutes of the capital are west exterior look
colonnade, view,
nicely proportioned in relation to the necking element; they feature a large, ing
west. Photo G. C. R. Schmalz
raised boss for the eye of the volute, while the side bolsters are ornamented
in classical fashion with four bands of round astragals at the center. The
form and style of the Ionic capitals from Agia Aikaterini Square indicate
a and studied classicism, as if were
particular carefully they closely styled
after earlier models on site.While typically Augustan in their classicizing
a close
style and general craftsmanship, they share affinity with Classical
prototypes in their sculpted details and generous proportions.
Elsewhere in Roman Athens, the only close parallels for these archi
tectural characteristics are to be found in the Ionic capitals from the City
Asklepieion, which probably belong to the rebuilding of the late-4th-cen

tury east stoa (Fig. 17).74 There the sculpted ornamentation is very similar
to that on the capitals from Agia Aikaterini Square, although the volute
more a
angle is decorated with the typical triple-leafed palmette and lacks
fillet above. The surface of this capital is also less well finished, having been
out with a toothed chisel. The capitals of the Asklepieion
simply roughed
were as
clearly created replicas of their 4th-century predecessors.
b.c. of these to the

73. An excellent 5th-century
Dinsmoor 1971,p. 48. For two repre capitals sanctuary's
for the sentative of the more stoa, seeWalker 1979,
comparison, particularly single examples typical Augustan
palmette leaf, has recently been pub Ionic capital of the Roman era, see Tom pp. 243-244. Tomlinson (2000,
lished from the collection of the British linson 2000, pp. 474-475, nos. 23,24. no. 23) compares an Ionic
pp. 474-475,
School of Athens; seeTomlinson 74. See II" inMartin of "lst-2nd c. a.d." with the
2000, "Chapiteaux capital
the
p. 474, no. 22 (without provenance). 1944-1945, pp. 343-345,
figs. 3-5, Asklepieion example, although
unusual fillet, mean is carved ornamentation is more elabo
The surmounting pi. 27; the best-preserved capital
while, finds a parallel with the Ionic characterized as
belonging "aux meil rate, with the triple-leafed palmette and
from the Periklean of leures ?poques de l'architecture ath? central motif favored in
capitals Temple egg-and-dart
Athena at Sounion; see the in nienne." For an alternative attribution the Roman
figure period.
Figure 17. Ionic capital from the City

Asklepieion.
The proportions of the standing architrave, which is roughly slotted at

the back to receive wooden beams, are also unusual for the Roman period.
As a combined epistyle block, with a frieze over an architrave having triple
fasciae, it is typical of the Late Hellenistic through Julio-Claudian periods.75
It is distinct from the form of epistyle that became popular inAthens in
the 2nd century A.D., when the profile of the architrave course assumed a
sinuous form. It also has a rather old-fashioned proportional ratio between
the frieze and architrave courses, one more typical of the Late Classical
it
andMiddle periods.76 Here again may be suggested that the
Hellenistic
partially preserved building still visible inAgia Aikaterini Square may have
been copied from an earlier phase of the complex.
The West Colonnade
The exposed southwest corner of the site (see above, Fig. 11) was first iden
tified as a large peristyle complex in 1911 when the western corner of the
southern colonnade was cleared by Antonios Keramopoulos during
a brief
salvage operation (Fig. 18). The ancient courtyard of the complex was also
sounded under the modemplateia, where awell and later cistern were discov
ered.77The length of the standing (west) colonnade was exposed down to the
building level of its stylobate, where it was found to have been partially
walled in, probably sometime in the Late Roman period. The colonnade
was cleared to an extent of just over 14.5 m from the southwest corner of
the complex to the northern balk of the excavation, under which the colon
nade presumably continues roughly to the modern intersection of Chaire
phon Street and the southern end of Hadrian Street (Fig. 22, below).
75. For from the those from the 2nd-century Me 5. The well is numbered as feature
examples Augustan (e.g., fig.
see the blocks from the troon in the Classical Y,with the mouth covered a
period, epistyle Agora; Thomp by large
Roman Market (Orlandos 1967, p. 18, son 1937, p. 184, fig. 110), the blocks wellhead; the cistern, feature 8, was
and the so-called Stoa from the site have found to have a mortared mouth and
fig. 22) Augustan proposed Prytaneion
in the City Asklepieion (Versakis 1908, an
approximately 1:1 ratio between
waterproofed earthen sides. The exca
p. 278, pi. 9, no. 24; 1913, p. 69, fig. 25). their two courses. vations are now
briefly reviewed in
76. As with earlier epistyle blocks 77. Keramopoulos 1911, p. 260, Lippolis 1995, p. 62, fig. 18.
54
(BACKFILLEDAREA)
WELL
ANCIENT
NORTH
oCD
i_
CO
CO
O
c
J5
co
O
Figure 18. State plan of the exposed

trench was corner
just deeply enough to reveal prob
excavated southwest of the proposed
Keramopoulos's
able sections of an earlier foundation course of
conglomerate. As partially Prytaneion site inAgia Aikaterini
at the southern and northern ends of the west colonnade, this Square, as excavated in 1911 (gray
exposed still
area) and 1982. G. C. R. Schmalz
wall was laid along a slightly different orientation relative to the surviving
colonnade (Figs. 18,19). Although the wall would appear to be significant
evidence for an earlier phase of the complex, excavation is required to be
certain.
A fallen column of the west colonnade was also discovered (Fig. 20),
probably the leaning column in Breton's portrait of the site (Fig. 15, above).
This column is particularly noteworthy because it features cuttings typically
indicative of the display of votive plaques. Perhaps significantly, Keramo
a votive an enthroned female
poulos's excavation uncovered plaque depicting
a small torch or a
deity receiving the offering of cornucopia (the attributes
of Hestia and Eirene, respectively) from a maiden or young woman ac
an hall
companied by three men.78 Such evidence suggests that important
or cult room, was once situated behind the west colonnade.
facing east,
Further support for the reconstruction of this west hall comes from a finely
molded cornice block of white Pentelic marblerecovered by Keramopoulos
78. This is in Kera
plaque pictured
from the partial walling-in of the westcolonnade (Fig. 21). mopoulos 1911, p. 261, fig. 8.1 thank
Like other aspects of the architectural remains, the coloring of the west for discussing this
Evelyn Harrison
colonnade, with its combined use of Pentelic and Hymettian marbles in the evidence with me.
ww -
'? 4:
'
'+$-f$S t.."ÎBK
Figure 19 (left). View of the west col

onnade, with possible remains of ear Ionic order, ismost typical of Hellenistic and Early Roman construction in
lier construction in
foreground,
look Athens. The first attested use of the twin marbles dates to the beginning of
Photo G. C. R. Schmalz the 4th century b.c. in the east stoa of the
ing northwest. In terms of work
Asklepieion.79
the blocks are
manship, stylobate irregularly hewn, measured, and finished.
Figure 20 (right). View of the west thus have been converted from a prior use on the site, perhaps
They may
colonnade and aisle of the site, cut step blocks of an earlier stylobate.80
south. Traces of fixtures for
having been down from wider
looking
Keramopoulos believed that the section of the west colonnade
votive are visible on the dis extending
plaques
northward from the standing architrave, where the stylobate blocks take
column. Photo G. C. R. Schmalz
placed
on an even more a second
irregular appearance, represents rebuilding.81
The most direct evidence for an ancient colon restoration of the west
nade is provided by the existence of mason's marks on the top surface of its
two northernmost column bases (Fig. 18). Here the architectural members
of the colonnade seem to have been carefully reassembled after its
repair or
remodeling. Both column bases were carved with a lunate epsilon, while
the southern column base is additionally marked by the Greek letter nu,
which could stand for voxio? (south).82 The epsilon probably represents
79. For this and the Roman re 1937, pp. 46-47; for the employment and Caskey 1911, pp. 34, 36.
building, seeAllen and Caskey 1911, of Hymettian steps in the Hellenistic 81. Keramopoulos 1911, pp. 259
pp. 34-39. For the original use, which Metroon, see also
Thompson 1937, 260.
begins
in the 5th century B.c. and is
p. 181, fig. 108. 82. On such mason's marks, see
well known from the 4th-century 80. Such a reuse is evident in the Martin 1965, for their use
pp. 225-231;
Theater of Dionysos, see east stoa of the Allen in cardinal see esp. p. 230.
Thompson Asklepieion; orientation,
Figure 21. Cornice block from

the "west hall" of the site. Photo
G. C. R. Schmalz
a numerical mark for five, which would then indicate that these columns
stood fifth in line from the north and south ends of the colonnade. As it
happens, the column base marked "e-v" stands fifth from the south end of
the colonnade, so the twin marks could stand for "fifth from the south."
If this interpretation is correct, the west colonnade would have extended
for a length of 10 columns, m. The north-south
just over 25 dimension of
the complex, restored with interior aisles or rooms, would then have had
an estimated of ca. 45 m.
length
The Northern Per?bolos Wall and

6th-5th Century Finds
Although 19th-century scholars theorized that the plateia of the Agia Aika
terini church preserved approximately the original dimensions of our site,
itwas not until the 1960s that salvage excavations succeeded in determin
ing its extent.83 Sections of heavy ashlar walls measuring ameter inwidth
were unearthed
precisely where the north and east flanks of the complex's
outer wall, or per?bolos, had earlier been east
projected. A section of the
wall was discovered just outside the northeast corner of the plateia (Fig. 22,
no. 1). a sizable ancient structure, the
Reported as the remains of per?bolos
wall was excavated along its outer face for a distance of more than 3 m and
it appeared to continue past the limit of the excavation trench.84 83. See the reconstruction inTrav
los, Athens, p. 171, fig. 221; ?so

An evidently significant section of the northern per?bolos wall was Agora
XXIV, pi. 2.
found just outside of the northwest corner of the square, under the south
84. Briefly published mArchDelt 17,
ernmost block of Hadrian Street no. 2). The latter road
(Fig. 22, probably BT (1961-1962 [1963]), p. 28, no. 12,
reflects the placement and orientation of the site's northern colonnade. as "i|xf|(ia to?%ox> ?? ?pxaiov Kirip?oD."
to a substantial
Here the excavators brought complex of rooms built
The surviving height of the walls,
light
on an excavated for a distance of 3.14 m,
deep foundations, along with impressive quantity of architectural was 0.68 m.
and sculptural debris.85 Although the cross walls had been largely robbed
85.ArchDelt 17, BT (1961-1962
away, apparently in the Byzantine period, the large outer wall was found [1963]), pp. 27-28, no. 11; these re
well preserved, running east to west, to the northern
flank of Agia mains were excavated under the houses
parallel
Aikaterini Square. The robbed cross walls appear to represent a series of of Hadrian Street 146,148, and 150.
J^^?îC.iV'rV^^^^BI AIKATERINI
9^\ \\
/ ?; ? . Ar?ji?cV
} P<cHw>\ ^^T /
#'
?, \[- / ^
\y< ' ^^\'^\
--""' v- '
/ ^\ ^
GCRS
2003 //
/
'
1
H /.
, / / s ^ ?^
|
Figure 22. Topographical plan of

rooms
the proposed site of the Prytaneion facing south toward the inner courtyard of the ancient complex. A
to the "Graeco-Roman was found
and related areas: (1) east per?bolos deep well attributed period" just beyond
wall of the Prytaneion(?); (2) build the northern side of the per?bolos wall. Within the excavated rooms, the
ing remains
over
6th-century
b.c. excavators encountered scattered deposits of architectural and sculptural
deposit; (3) north wall of 2nd-cen debris from postoccupation levels. Among these remains were part of a
tury a.D. building; (4) Classical monolithic column and some smaller Ionic column bases, all of white
remains. G. C. R. Schmalz
building Pentelic marble. The recorded sculpture was dated mostly to the Graeco
Roman period; the finds, including a small altar (or bomiskos), statuettes,
a statue base, and aHerrn, appear to have been
largely votive in nature.
For the excavators, the most was
exciting result of their investigation
the discovery that the robbed cross walls of the rooms were built directly
over a deep primary to the mid-6th century b.c. This rich
deposit belonging
fill was packed with mendable Attic black-figure ware of excellent quality.
The forms were predominantly drinking cups, including both kylikes and
One mended is recorded as 40 cm in diameter.86
skyphoi. kylix measuring
This deposit is likely to represent the debris of repeated, large-scale dining
activity dating to the Peisistratid era. Significantly, the excavators found that
the overlying features remained in continuous use from the Late Archaic
86. The ware the Archaic or era.
Early Classical period through the Roman
from
deposit (0.5 m in depth) was reported Looking beyond the limit of the site for amoment, it is probably sig
to be excellent in quality,
uniformly nificant that the road against which the western and southeastern flanks of
with of aristocratic eques
depictions
this ancient were built was well b.c.
trian scenes and popular Dionysian complex developed by the 5th century
motifs of satyrs and maenads; ArchDelt This road, which stretched from the lower eastern slope of the Acropolis to
17, BT (1961-1962 [1963]), p. 28. the area of the Olympieion, is represented today by Lysikrates Street. Just
one block to the east, and on the same (northern) side of the road, remains
have been uncovered of a substantially constructed building that originally
dates to the Classical period (Fig. 22, no. 4).87 On the other side of the same
road, just across the street from our site, a cemetery of the 6th century b.c.
has also been discovered.88 Clearly, the urban area directly around the site
proposed for the Prytaneion had been fully developed by the 5th century
b.c., with the ancient counterpart of Lysikrates Street dividing a built-up
area to the north and an
undeveloped patch of land, perhaps the "Field of
Famine" (Zen. 4.93), along with the cemetery, to the south.
This line of urban demarcation more or less in
apparently remained
until as late as the 2nd century A.D., when both sides of the road were
place
heavily redeveloped.89 Some of this later building activity has been linked
to the site, but most of it should probably be regarded
proposed Prytaneion
as distinct. A very structure, built of well-dressed ashlar
large 2nd-century
masonry and aligned with the southern flank of Agia Aikaterini Square,
probably stands too far away (at a distance of some 10 m) to have formed part
of the site, unless it represents a substantial annex (Fig. 22, no. 3).90More
over, itwas the discovery of an adjacent, Late Antique hypocaust under
Lysikrates Street that resulted in the relegation of the site to the rather
undistinguished list of the city's Roman baths.91
The South Colonnade and the "Propylon"
In 1982 the Greek Archaeological Service investigated the site proposed for
the Prytaneion once again during the course of a brief salvage campaign.92
One part of this operation entailed clearing the backfill from Keramopou
los's 1911 excavation in order to expose and conserve this section of the
site (Fig. 18). A new trench reaching behind the west colonnade revealed
a to a
parallel backing wall of substantial proportions, preserved height of
2.3-3.2 m. From the southwest corner of the complex the east or inner
face of the wall was exposed for a length of 15.6 m. Built from rubble
a
and employing large number of reused ashlar blocks of poros limestone
(presumably from
the earlier phases of the complex), this wall probably
represents a final of the in the Late
rebuilding complex Antique period,
perhaps contemporary with the partial walling-in of the west colonnade.
The of this later backing wall may indicate that the west precinct
existence
wall of the complex was sited still further back, fully under Lysikrates Street,
87.The building was found at 15 built over

only in the Roman
period, extracted from two related field reports
Lysikrates Street and briefly published while the building at 15 Lysikrates on
neighboring excavations, under
m ArchDelt 34, B'l (1979 [1987]), Street was substantially rebuilt in the 6 Galanos Street and under Lysikrates
p. 33,
no. 43, with end plan; see also 2nd century A.D.; see ArchDelt 18, BT Street just before
it intersects Galanos
a notice in
Catling 1987-1988, p. 7. (1963 [1965]), p. 37, no. 17. Between Street; seeArchDelt 34, BT (1979
88. The cemetery is noted in the latter site and the proposed site of [1987]), pp. 32-33; ArchEph 1973,
ArchDelt 18, BT (1963 [1965]), p. 37, the Prytaneion, an extensive structure pp. 61-62, fig. 5, wall ?. The
two
pub
no. 17. Four well-built but very narrow was found at 7 Lysikrates Street, ex lished 2nd-century a.D. walls to
appear
graves were found 3 m from the mod more than 7 m from the mod be sections of the same wall,
tending measuring
ern sidewalk. A coin hoard to ern sidewalk and built on a foun ca. 20 m
dating deep long.
the 6th century B.c. was found in one dation of red conglomerate; ArchDelt 91. See n. 50, above.
of the graves. 28, B'l (1973 [1977]), p. 34, no. 16. 92. Vasilopoulou 1989.
89. The cemetery
was
evidently
90. The evidence for this building is
I lllliillllS'l
23. View of southwest corner

Figure
of the of
complex, showing stylobate
south colonnade. Photo G. C. R.
Schmalz
which would allow for the reconstruction of an original aisle or halls along
the west flank of the complex.
en
The salvage excavations of 1982 also uncovered and conserved the
tire southwest corner of the ancient
complex under the intersection of Lysi
krates and Galanos Streets.93 This work revealed that the corner of the
building had been laid out at 86?, or slightly less than a true right angle.
The colonnaded features and the built interior are more refined in terms of
materials and craftsmanship than later constructions on the site.
Perhaps
most significantly, the excavated portion of the interior displays a feature
as a or entranceway
reported in the Greek press propylon, (Fig. 18).94 Al
though only the inner (north) side of the feature remains exposed, enough of
it has been cleared to suggest that it led out from the complex. In addition,
various spolia from the sitewere recovered, including enough epistyle blocks
to represent the entire expanse of the exposed west and south colonnades.
Several large, molded toichobate blocks of Pentelic marble, presumably
from the interior of the propylon, were also found.
The south colonnade of the complex was excavated for a length of 8.7
m. It features a
finely built stylobate with two Ionic bases (Fig. 23). Two
monolithic columns were also recovered, one broken and the other carefully
cut down. The latter column, which has since been erected at the southwest
corner of the interior a
peristyle, has distinctly different coloration from all
the others along the west and south colonnades, and itmay in fact belong
to the interior stylobate of the complex. As excavated, this section of the
south colonnade was found to its final
adapted phase of use, the second
intercolumniation having been walled inwith rubble and a reused funerary
column.
While the dimensions of the south colonnade column bases and col
umns are the same as those to the adjoining west colonnade, the
belonging
intercolumniation is notably broader (by 0.2 m).The stylobate, constructed
from a blue-gray, ostensibly Hymettian marble, also differs distinctly from
93. 1989. its western counterpart. Its quality is markedly superior, and the blocks
Vasilopoulou
under the columns are more (as seen in
94. See p. 46 and n. 51, above.
regularly drawn and assembled
6o GEOFFREY C. R. SCHMALZ
es*
Figure 24. View of the exposed
southern interior of the complex,
with Photo
reported propylon.
z&t&BSmti???l G. C. R. Schmalz
18). The seems to have some in

Fig. stylobate undergone remodeling
as the blocks of the intercolumniations are far less uniform in
antiquity,
dimension than those beneath the columns, and they appear to have been
reused. Within the second intercolumniation two blocks are used; one has
a carefully filled water channel joined to the other with a iron
pi-shaped
clamp. The surface of the adjoining stylobate block has twin dowel holes
for the fixture of a stone pedestal, indicating that it once supported a stele
or small statue base. These largely aesthetic considerations suggest that
the preserved west and south colonnades may well represent two different
architectural phases of the peristyle complex.
The south colonnade was found to back onto a finely constructed built
interior, occupied at itswest end by the so-called propylon and an adjoin
ing
room that would have constituted the far corner of the complex here
(Figs. 24, 25). The breadth of the propylon along its interior stylobate
measures just over 10 m; unlike other architectural elements of the site, it
is constructed from Pentelic marble. This inner (north) face of the propy
lon is framed by two well-carved, bottom-molded west one
antepiers, the
found in situ. The distance between the two antepiers is 7.65 m, while the
intercolumniation is the same as that of the south colonnade, with columns
in west face of the surviving antepier was
and antepiers alignment. The
to receive an abutting structural element that shared the
roughly chiseled
same foundation block. This may be identified with the tall doorjamb found
among a number of displaced architectural members, presumably forming

the doorway into the adjoining corner room.95
Although the interior of the propylon (now backfilled under the

northern sidewalk of Galanos Street) was apparently cleared to a suf
ficient extent to determine its function, no details have been published.
95. In addition, a was
the circumstances of the salvage work did not permit doorpost
Equally unfortunate, found in the same this is similar
place;
the excavator to explore much beyond the eastern limit of the propylon. to those in the probable at
prytaneion
the excavation indicates that the southern flank of the
Although report Ephesos, forwhich seeMiller 1978,
complex featured a built interior that extended eastward from the propylon, pi.
LX:c.
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED? 6l
25. Tentative reconstruction

Figure
of the southwest corner of the
with
complex, reported propylon.
G. C. R. Schmalz
it remains unknown whether it was constructed as an aisle or as

open-plan
a series of
adjoining rooms.
In its reconstructed form (Fig. 25), the propylon calls to mind the
modest of structure used as an
type auxiliary entranceway for colonnaded
markets and stoa complexes. In size it is not much smaller than the east
gate of the Roman Market of Caesar and Augustus, which is sited in the
same fashion. Before the construction of the adjacent 2nd-century a.D.
building found beneath the southern block of Galanos Street, the location
of the propylon would certainly have provided a convenient point of access
from ancient Lysikrates Street, which brought traffic to and from the lower
city around the Olympieion.

Since the exposed remains of the site's southwest corner have yet to be
can on stylistic considerations
properly excavated, their dating only be based
and the varying qualities of workmanship and material. It appears, none
that this corner of the a great deal of
theless, building complex underwent
over several centuries. At the very least, the
rebuilding salvage excavations
of 1982 have demonstrated that the remains at the site proposed as the
Prytaneion are a good deal older and more architecturally sophisticated

than once thought. Certainly the newly exposed southern features of the
complex have every appearance of being pre-Roman in date, while the

with its excellent materials and uniform use of Pentelic marble,
propylon,
would not seem out of place in a Late Classical context. A notably
large
peristyle complex of civic significance is now clearly attested under Agia
Aikaterini an estimated size of ca. 45 m (N-S) by 65 m
Square. With
(E-W)?slightly less than half the size of the Roman Market of Caesar
and Augustus?the Prytaneion represents the third largest structure of its
kind known from ancient Athens.
WIDER ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
The Street of the Tripods and Lysikrates Square
In antiquity the proposed site of the Prytaneion was across from the Street
of the Tripods, a
sharing moderately large square with the Monument of
Lysikrates and its choregic neighbors (as reconstructed in Fig. 26). The
modern Lysikrates Square occupies much of this area. As with the ancient
counterpart to Lysikrates Street, documented to have run from the old
section of the city to the Olympieion,96 this square was developed as early
as the 5th century b.c. At that time, a substantial at
building already stood
the southwest corner of the ancient while to its north (along the
plateia?1
west side of the square), a significant cult area was in regular use. Choregic
monuments of relatively modest size had also begun to make their ap
pearance along the Street of the Tripods in this vicinity. It is possible, but
no means certain, that all of these features were associated with the
by
administration and celebration of the nearby cult of Dionysos.
By the late 4th century b.c., the square was further embellished with a
long, rather shallow stoa, perhaps forming part of the Lykourgan building
program. Most famously, the Monument of Lysikrates, along with eight
the lost Lantern of Diogenes), now
surviving counterparts (including
dominated this civic center.98 The sculpted superstructures of these monu
ments must have been sufficiently raised to be seen above the roofline of
the fronting stoa.
This square probably marked a
intersection in antiquity.
significant
The road from the Archaic harbor at Phaleron
(found under the modern
road of that name, with pavements dating as far back as the 5th century
b.c.) would have had its terminus here, meeting the Street of the Tripods
and the ancient counterparts of Hadrian and Lysikrates Streets below the
front of the Acropolis.99 Indeed, anyone arriving inArchaic Athens by sea
and passing through the city's south gate would have entered the heart of
the city at this point.100 The Archaic Agora was presumably situated just
streets
beyond. Investigations of these ancient (especially the Street of the
Tripods and Hadrian Street) by the Greek Archaeological Service have
96. Trivios, of Lysikrates is no. 3. This the monument at 28 Street

Athens, p. 253. group Tripods
97. On this development, seeWil includes the foundations of two other appearedm ArchDelt 44, B'l (1989
son 2000, p. 209. choregic
monuments located one block [1995]), pp. 18-19, fig. 2; see also
98. See 1994, north of Lysikrates just past French 1989-1990, p. 5;Tomlinson
Choremi-Spetsieri Square,
pp. 32-34, fig. 2. Travlos, Athens, p. 567, the intersection of the Street of the 1995-1996, p. 4.
still provides the best archaeo and Kydathenaion Street 99. A new section of the Phaleron
fig. 710, Tripods
logical plan of the square, with the (at 28 and 34 Tripods Street). For the road was recently excavated at 18 Caval
monuments numbered from monument at 28 Street (now lotti Street, successive pave
choregic Tripods revealing
north to south. Nos. 1-4 the the headquarters of the Hellenike ments from the 5th-4th centuries b.c.;
represent
first or northern
group (with the Hetaireia), see
Choremi-Spetsieri 1994, seeArchDelt 37, B'l (1982 [1989]),
no street ad
Monument of Lysikrates out of order pp. 34-35, fig. 2 (giving pp. 21-23; French 1990-1991, p. 7.
as no. 1); nos. 5-8 represent the second dresses). The first formal publication of 100. For the road and the south gate
the existing monument at see Travlos,
or southern group. Welter (1922) was foundation in general, Athens, pp. 160,
the first to enumerate the four northern 34 Tripods Street may be found in 169-170, fig. 219 (GateX); cf. also
choregic monuments, numbering them Miller 1970, pp. 223-227; see also Papadopoulos 1996, pp. 109,112; 2003,
from the south so that the Monument Schnurr 1995b. The original report for pp. 285-288.
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED?
x
(LOST V \
Archaic Agora
UNTERN OF > ?
DIOGENES) ?
N
MONUMEN
OF ^^ h^^c
Lysikrates
&&'?
' * \r
\
-i'. ?.--*
A?
?_l^f-.?V_^
.7* fcTkt? BUILDING.
Archaic
Cemetery
26. Reconstruction of ancient

Figure
G. C. R. Schmalz confirmed 19th-century reconstructions of the area (e.g., Fig. 27).101 Like
Lysikrates Square.
the Phaleron road, ancient Lysikrates Street must have formed a cardinal
line within the southeastern quarter of Athens, taking its orientation from
the visually dominant Cave of Aglauros, which overlooked the early shrines
of the Ilissos river valley. Today the Arch of Hadrian still expresses the
importance of this line, standing inmonumental fashion as "an urbanistic
hinge."102
In the early 1980s the Greek Archaeological Service, under the di
rection of Korres, excavated in Lysikrates Square and established that the
upper course of the Street of the Tripods had been repeatedly repaved from
the 4th century B.c. to the 1st century A.D.103The substantial remains of
a 5th-century B.c. building just to the south of Korres's excavation had
already been partially excavated by Ioannis Miliades in 1955. Although

this ancient structure was as a private house, its walls,
initially regarded
more than 6 m in were remarkably substantial
(Fig. 26).104
extending length,
the see have a total 0.5 m.

101. For the ancient Street of the 19th-century reconstructions, pavements depth of
Tripods,
see
Choremi-Spetsieri 1994, Curtius andMilchhoefer 1891, p. 105, 104. Miliades' excavation was
2. Following the work of 18; Curtius and Kaupert 1881? never it was
p. 33, fig. fig. published, although
Korres, the course of ancient Hadrian 1903, fase. 5, pi. La. briefly reported by Vanderpool (1957,
Street has been fully plotted in this 102. Post (1998-1999, pp. 173-174; p. 281). See also Travlos 1960, p. 81,
from the corner of Flessa see also S?GXLVIII 238) writes, n. 3; Athens, pp. 566-567, fig. 710,
neighborhood
Street to Street; see Korres "dem isolierten Bauwerk kam also die no. 10; also Kazamiakes 1994, p. 43,
Aphrodite
and Skilardi 1989, fig.A (end plan). Funktion eines urbanistischen 'Schar n. 4;
Choremi-Spetsieri p. 32,
1994,
the street veers niers' zu." of a monument."
Running southward, citing the "remains
steadily westward 1.5-3 m from the 103. See Korres 1988c, p. 6, fig. 1; Schnurr (1995b, pp. 146-147) still
course of the modern street; see Korres French 1989-1990, p. 5. According it as a house."
regards "private
to Korres p. 5), the successive
1989a; French 1990-1991, p. 6. For (1988c,
Figure 27. Detail of Curtius's plan

of ancient Athens, depicting the
site and ancient
proposed Prytaneion
After Curtius and Kaupert
roadways.
1881-1903, fase. 5, pi. La
Korres's investigations revealed that subsequent, extensive building activity

of the 4th century b.c. was carried out in away that did not interfere with
this building, which must therefore have remained in use at the time and
may well have been something more than a private residence.
Korres has further demonstrated thatMiliades' next to
building stood
a B.c.
significant cult site in the 5th century Under the 4th-century stoa,
the excavator discovered a
large Classical ritual deposit (apothetes) of leky
thoi, or libation All of the lekythoi were decorated with Dionysian
jars. ivy
leaves. Next to this apothetes a formal space was found, featuring a ritual
well and surrounding floor area, around which were strewn more cult ves
sels dating to the 5th century, including both lekythoi and kyathoi, or spe
cial cups. Korres suggested that these and other finds were indicative of
cult use.105
Yet another
large and relatively early building had previously been
discovered just across the street from Korres's excavation. At the corner of
Tripods Street and Lysikrates Street, the Greek Archaeological Service

excavated the remains of a substantial ancient wall running parallel to
Lysikrates Street for a length of 7 m.106This wall, constructed on a deep

foundation of red conglomerate, may represent the north end of the build
as a terracotta was found
ing, drainage pipe along the north side of the
structure. As it extended to the northwest, this structure may nearly have
adjoined the building excavated by Miliades.

In the 5th century B.c., Lysikrates Square thus featured a significant
an
complex of public buildings including important cult space. These would
have faced the west side of the proposed Prytaneion site, only 10-15 m
105. This deposit was initially significance of the cult sites, see also
reported by theGreek press in 1982 Papadopoulos 2003, p. 284,

n. 81.
and 1983; see the notice and quotation 106. At 7 Lysikrates Street, and
inCatling 1982-1983, p. 8;Touchais briefly mentioned inArchDelt 28, B' 1
see
1983, p. 750. On the apothetes, (1973 [1977]), p. 34, no. 16. The exca
Mesemvrini, November 27,1982. vators found insufficient evidence for

On the floor with well and cult the remains
deposit, dating precisely.
see 18,1983. On the
Vradyni, February
away. It may be tentatively suggested, therefore, that these structures were

civic offices in the neighborhood of the Prytaneion. With the Sanctuary
and Theater of Dionysos very close to the ancient square, this area would
have been an eminently logical location for the Boukoleion of the archon
basileus.The Boukoleion also served as the headquarters of the four phylo
basileis, or early Athenian tribal kings, who supervised the court in the
Prytaneion. If the ritual vessels excavated by Korres are in fact Dionysian

in character, then the festivals of the City Dionysia and the Anthesteria,
including the sacred marriage between Dionysos and the wife of the archon
basileus (basilinna), may also have taken place here.107
The Rebuilding of Lysikrates Square
Korres's excavations have further revealed that the whole of ancient Lysi
krates Square underwent a dramatic in the 4th century b.c.
remodeling
It is quite likely that this program belongs to the wide-scale building
program of Lykourgos between 338 and 326 b.c., when virtually all the
major public spaces of Athens were rebuilt, often with stoas and colonnaded
enclosures.108 The embellishment of Lysikrates Square principally entailed
the construction of a relatively long and narrow stoa facing east onto the
ancient square and the Prytaneion site (Figs. 28,29).109 To judge from the
quality of its building material and construction technique, the stoa must
a
have been fairly lavish public work. Its back wall stood along the east
side of the Street of the Tripods, which was over 8 m broad at this point.
Itwas carefully constructed of limestone, with well-dressed toichobate and
orthostate courses, resting on a solid foundation of conglomerate blocks
are
(Fig. 29). Two of the limestone blocks exposed in situ. Against the
excavated section of this back wall, cuttings in the 4th-century pavement
indicate the presence of a small monument that once faced the street. A
a colonnade was discovered east of and
deep foundation wall for parallel
to the back wall.
With a breadth of ca. 4 m for the stoa, its
single aisle is notably shallow
in depth (just over 3 m). Yet given the scale of the remains and itsmaterials,
Korres has suggested that the building's other dimension, running along
the length of the road, must have been large. The 4th-century stoa could
have extended some 10-20 m north along the Street of the Tripods, thus
delimiting the west side of the ancient square.

The redevelopment of the ancient square involved a great deal of
some
landscaping and demolition, with many of the earlier, 5th-century
features being filled in. Additionally, the steep slope along the west side
of the Street of the Tripods was radically cut back, at least in parts, and
terraced with a retaining wall, while a new road surface was laid out over
a
relatively deep fill. The water runoff along the west side of the road was
107. This evidence evokes the program in general, see most

recently
previously noted imaginings of the
Camp 2001, pp. 144-154; Mitchel
anonymous 15th-century visitor; 1973, pp. 196-197,203-204.
see p. 48 and nn. 59-60, above. 109. Korres 1988c, p. 6, fig. 1.
108. For the Lykourgan building
66 GEOFFREY C . SCHMALZ
Figure 28. The Street of the Tripods.

View to the north, toward the Mon
ument of with remains of
Lysikrates,
stoa in the
4th-century foreground.
drained southward a terracotta

through newly installed, U-shaped pipe. A
modest commemorative monument, the excavated section
placed against
of retaining wall, was discovered south of theMonument of Lysikrates.110
The larger choregic monument immediately to the south of the monument
was found, meanwhile, to rest on the remains of an earlier monument of
the 5th century. In addition, excavations just to the north, closer to the
center of the modern a
plateia, revealed rectangular structure built of large
conglomerate blocks, also dating to the 4th century.111
The presence of the 4th-century stoa would help to
explain the great
height of the contemporary choregic monuments. In order for their com
memorative superstructures to be seen from the square, they would have to
have been raised above the level of the stoa's roof. The top of the pedestal
for theMonument of Lysikrates would have been nearly level with the stoa's
roofline (Fig. 29). If this reasoning is correct, the stoa would then have to
have been built before 335/4 B.c., when theMonument of Lysikrates was
dedicated.
In antiquity, Lysikrates Square was clearly an important locus within
the city of Athens. It remained so for the rest of antiquity, as the 4th-cen
B.c. stoa was over
tury built only in the 5th century A.D., when much of
this neighborhood apparently underwent another period of major rede
velopment. In this later period, much formal or perhaps even ritual dining
appears to have gone on nearby; a deep rubbish pit, filled with a consider
able quantity of animal remains, was found behind the 4th-century B.c.
retaining wall.112 As for the newly discovered stoa, the fact that it is one of
110. The m. The was

retaining wall is referred of 80.43 road, meanwhile, wall (unnumbered), built
4th-century
to as T 1 and the monument plinth leveledwith a deep fill of 0.5 m above between the back wall and colonnade
as bathro VI in Korres 1988c, pp. 5-6, bedrock (at an elevation of 80.80 m). of the stoa at a different
slightly angle;
fig. 1. The
east
slope
was cut back to a 111. See Catling 1982-1983, p. 8; also Touchais 1983, p. 750. On the
of almost 2.5 m, with the retain Touchais 1983, p. 750. contraction of Athens in the
height beginning
wall built on the ex 112. For the rubbish see Kor 5th a.D., see
ing directly newly pit, early century Thompson
bedrock at an absolute elevation res 1988c, p. 7; see p. 7, fig. 1, for the
posed 1959, esp. pp. 66-67.
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED?
6j
Monument of Lysikrates
Roofline
4th-c. retainingwall
(withreused 5th-c. base) (locationof 5th-c. feature)
GCRS
01 2 5 10 15meters 2003
4th-c. Stoa
East
Figure 29. Archaeological cross

only two completed inAthens during the 4th century b.c. further under
section of the Street of the Tripods at scores the
significance of this area of the city.113
Lysikrates Square, with 4th-century With its modest stoa may well have been as a
stoa. After Korres 1988c, p. 6, fig. 1 depth the designed
decorative backdrop for the square. It would have provided shelter not
only for passersby, but also for the statues and other public monuments
that undoubtedly crowded the square. Korres's excavations uncovered a
life-sized, Hellenistic statue of a draped male figure.114 The stoa also would
have been an appropriate setting for the famous statue of Agatha Tyche
that Lykourgos set up to mark his creation of a civic
by the Prytaneion
cult of good fortune. A votive dedication toAgathe Tyche has indeed been
found nearby.115 The stoa also served to terrace the gently sloping ground
here, so that the Street of the Tripods, running behind the stoa, could be
leveled more easily. Korres's excavations have revealed that the natural slope
of the area increases dramatically on the east side of the stoa,
dropping 10
cm over a distance of 1 m.116
only
This reconstruction of ancient Lysikrates Square, bounded to the east
by the site of the Prytaneion, would explain the remarkable concentration of

large choregic monuments along this short section of the avenue. In antiq
uity, these monumental trophies would have been clustered in prominent
and possibly related locations, around the entrance to the Theater of Dio
nysos and in the nearby square, where the city's Dionysian processions may
have taken place. Against this background, it is easy to picture Demetrios of
Phaleron, the late-4th-century tyrant of Athens, an old anecdote
taking (as
records) his customary afternoon stroll down the Street of the Tripods, beset
by crowds of boys ambitious to become one of his favorites.117
113. The only other

stoa
completed 115. See ArchDelt 21, BT (1966 116. See Korres 1988c, p. 6, fig. 1.
in the 4th b.c. was the so-called statue
century [1968]), p. 39, pi. 61:a. The is The rapid drop in absolute elevation is
east stoa of the
nearby Asklepieion;
see described byAelianus (VH9.39) as from 80.8 m to 80.7 m.
Coulton 1976, p. 46.
standing npbq tco rcp-DToeveico; cf. Plin. 117. Ath. 543a. A similar image
114. This was
reported by the Greek HN36.23. On this statue and its rela first struckWelter (1922, p. 75); more
press in 1983; see Catling 1982-1983, tionship
to the
Prytaneion,
see Gerhard
recently,
see Schnurr 1995b, p. 146.
p. 8; Touchais 1984, p. 742. 1849;Tracy 1994.
THE EPIGRAPHIC RECORD
Much of the epigraphic record from the vicinity of the Agia Aikaterini site
reflects directly upon the Prytaneion and its long and diverse public
life.
The on the Arch of Hadrian (IG II2 5185) to the
inscription alluding
"City of Theseus" is just one of a suggestive corpus of epigraphic material.
more than 30 cen
Altogether, inscriptions, ranging in date from the 5th
tury b.c. to the late 4th century a.D., have been found in the immediate
neighborhood. To judge from their excellent state of preservation, most of
these inscriptions would seem to have been moved a short distance
only
from their original contexts. The earliest epigraphical finds include choregic
dedications and, most significantly, inscriptions concerned with the civic life
of the Prytaneion. The later material includes a series of archon lists that
may have originated in the Prytaneion and a number of statue dedications,
the most important of which is a dedication to Hestia. The Late
Antique
inscriptions in the corpus clearly indicate the public significance of this
area, which is one of five contemporary locations inAthens where there is
evidence for intensive dedicatory and building activity.118 Indeed, with the
destruction and demise of the Classical Agora in the late 3rd century A.D.,
it is likely that the political and administrative activity of Athens reverted
back to this part of the city.
Classical and Hellenistic Inscriptions from the

Prytaneion
The earliest from ancient Lysikrates are

inscriptions Square choregic
monuments. Two such dedications have been found here, both dating
to the later 5th century B.c. One of these, built into the foundations of a
house on lower Hadrian Street once to the philhellene George
belonging
as part of the
Finlay, has recently been republished epigraphical collection
of the British School at Athens.119
Theother extant, early inscriptions from around modern Lysikrates
to the civic and ritual life of the Prytaneion. Significantly
Square pertain
one discovered intact in the first modern
enough, 4th-century inscription,
excavation of the Monument of Lysikrates, appears to deal with public
maintenance in the Prytaneion.120 Even more compelling is the so-called
Prytaneion the
Decree
of 2nd century b.c., honoring the holder of a new
office for the Prytaneion. This magistrate is praised for having given proper
sacrifices to Eirene, the Goddess of Peace, whose cult image was located in
aswell as
the Prytaneion, offerings for "the health and safety of the council
and the people, the women and children [of the city], the allied Romans, and
friends and benefactors."121 The Prytaneion was the traditional location for
118. The corpus of inscriptions from leadingly identified as adLysicratis inscription

was discovered during the
the area is summarized monumentum. The other French restoration of the
conveniently 5th-century 19th-century
by H. Riemann inRE Suppl. VIII, choregic
monument is IG I3 961 Monument of Lysikrates; see Pottier
1956, cols. 882-887 (a-t), s.v.

tr?podes. (= IG I2 669) (baudprocul a Lysicratis 1878, p. 415, no. 1.
For the Late Antique examples,
see monumento). 121. See IG II21000 and analysis in
Sironen 1994, with ?g. 2:b (end plate). 120. See IG II2 608, with analysis Osborne 1981.
119. IG I3 959 (= IG I2 771), mis in Osborne 1981, p. 154, n. 4. This
such public observances relating to the city's allies, benefactors, and general
on behalf of the Romans was
external well-being. Similarly, public sacrifice
also a regular rite during the 2nd century b.c. in the prytaneion at Delphi;
as one to him to go into the pryta
inscription reads, "They granted it
neion for the sacrifice of the Romans."122 There is also evidence that dur
b.c. Athens created a new office in the Prytaneion to
ing the 2nd century
supervise the public reception of the city's friends and allies.123
The Roman Archon Lists and Related

Inscriptions
During the course of the past century, a series of well-preserved archon lists
at or near
of the Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods have been found
theMonument of Lysikrates, and scholars have speculated that the corpus
may have originated in a neighboring public building.124 The most logical
source would be the Prytaneion, in its venerable function as the office of
the archon. Korres's excavation of the square turned up another
eponymous
an intact list dating to the 2nd century A.D.125
example,
Most of the archon lists are early to mid-Augustan in date. They
consist of small marble stelai commemorating the appointed members of
the city's annual board of nine archons and their functionaries. Given the
the office of archon and the Prytaneion, their
long association between
is obvious.126 Of the six archon lists that have come to
significance light
in the immediate vicinity of Lysikrates some were found at the
Square,
Monument of Lysikrates, others along Lysikrates Street by the proposed
site of the Prytaneion; another list (IG II2 1717) was found on the site it
self127 Evidently, these inscriptions were not moved far from their original
so
commemorative setting, for only this particular group of archon lists is
well preserved. Those from the other major findspot of archon lists, the
are were
Acropolis, extremely fragmentary. They probably broken up and
as a
at much later date.128
transported there ready building material
122. Miller 1978, p. 188,

nos. 293, Shear 1994, p. 228; and Robertson IG II21723 and 1727; for the latter,
296. 1998, pp. 298-299. see 1921, p. 90. From
Philadelpheus
123. The evidence is 127. The list found in Korres's exca further to the southeast comes IG II2
epigraphic
in 1971, p. 441; vations (n. 125, above) has been dated 1721, which was found in the First
presented Vanderpool
see also Miller 1978, p. 170, n. 203. to ca. a.D. 125-150: Touchais 1987, National (Fimmen 1914).
Cemetery
For the new office, charged with "the p. 525; Pariente 1990, p. 706. For the 128. Six archon lists are poorly
of friends and allies," see of the previously known lists from the IG II2
reception findspots preserved Acropolis:
Miller 1978, p. 21, and esp. Osborne (n. 124, above), see esp. Dow 1934. 1720 and 1724 (Dow 1934, p. 159),
1981, p. 156. Those found ad viam Lysikratis include /Gil21730 and 1731 (Graindor 1927b,
124. /GIF 1717-1719,1723,1727. IG II21717 (on the north side of the p. 292, no. 68), and IG II21735 and
Dragoumis 1915, p. 6;Dow 1934, street; see
Dragoumis 1905; 1915, p. 6) 1736. For their state of
preservation,
pp. 183-184. and IG II21718; IG II21719 was found seeDow 1934, pp. 154,162,171,
125.The discovery in 1983 of this ad viam
Lysikratis,
ubi olim odeum Peri
figs. 4, 8, 9,13. The fragments of two
archon list within the cemetery of cas erat (on the slope above the Odeion other lists were uncovered near the
the Byzantine and Turkish is
periods
of Perikles, where it
presumably
fell Tower of theWinds; Dow 1934, p. 184.
reported
in Touchais 1987, p. 525. while being carted off to theAcropolis The beautifully preserved list IG II2
126. As noted above (n. 3), "the from the southeast; see Kastriotis 1914, 1722 was removed to Paris, via Istan
archon had the Prytaneion" (Ath. Pol. pp. 165-166, fig. 22). Those found bul, at an early date and is now lost;
monumentum include see Dow
3.5). See also Miller 1978, pp. 44-45; prope Lysikratis 1934, pp. 158-159, fig. 7.
7?
Two local archon lists (IG II2 1717 and 1727) are so
of the relevant
close inworkmanship, wear patterns, and provenance (by the Monument
of Lysikrates) that Sterling Dow suggested that "they were set up, as they
were found, near
together, in the Street of the Tripods"; he also argued that,
in view of their lack of explanatory headings, "we must infer that [their]
purpose was universally understood, or perhaps was clear from their being
set up in some obvious location near a or monument."129
public building
An earlier scholar had already argued from this and other epigraphical
evidence that an important public building once stood on the ancient
course of in size, these stelai were
Lysikrates Street.130 Thin and diminutive
on awall, and were as a
clearly designed for display they probably set up
series of such inscriptions. At least one (IG II2 1721), like amodest votive
was "cut to be set in some Dow was the last
offering, given aperture."131
scholar towonder why these archon lists were displayed in this locale. The
most answer now seems to be that as late as the Roman
probable period,
the board of archons shared an official or commemorative space in this
area, presumably centered in the Prytaneion itself.
Individual members of the Athenian board of archons are also com
memorated in the neighborhood's epigraphical record. Found together with
one of the archon lists {IG II21727) was a commemorative herm, erected
at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. by the archon Claudius Phocas
of Marathon. It was dedicated to Agathe Tyche, whose famous image by
Praxiteles stood by the Prytaneion itself.132 Additionally, the base for an
honorific statue dedicated to the archon thesmothetes M.
Ulpius Flavius
Teisamenos was recovered from the church of the
Agia Kyra Kandili, which
formerly stood between the Monument of Lysikrates and the proposed
site.
Prytaneion
inscribed base is especially significant, for itwould appear to be the
This
remains of the bronze statue once awarded toTeisamenos in the Prytaneion.
The statue was part of the package of honors decreed for his father, the
consular M. Ulpius Eubiotos Leuros of Gargettos, the great 3rd-century
Athenian benefactor.133 Interestingly, the statue of Teisamenos remained
in place during the following centuries, being reused twice in contexts
appropriate for the Prytaneion. Itwas first reinscribed to honor a 4th-cen
tury archon who also held "the office of the president of the [Eleusinian]
to the sanctuary and
panegyris festival" and probably enjoyed family ties
priesthoods at Eleusis.134Two other monuments relating to the priesthoods
129. Dow 1934, n. 1, and roof of its crown molding; see see Miller 1978, 176-177, nos. 236,
p. 184, sloping pp.
p. 183; cf. p. 149. Dow 1934,pp. 150 (/Gil21717), 157 237; see also IG II2 3697-3700. The
130. Dragoumis 1915, esp. p. 6 (the (/Gil21718), 158 (/Gil21720,1721), statue bases for Teisamenos's brother,
Sanctuary of Pythian Apollo). and 183 (generally). M. Ulpius Pupienus Maximus, are also
131. Dow 1934, p. 142; the inscrip 132. See the

dedication,prope
monu
preserved (IG II2 3702, 3703). For the
tion commemorates the archonship of mentum Lysicratis, in IG II2 3681; it original analysis of these honorific
Polyainos
of Sounion (14/13 b.c.). Two was excavated by Philadelpheus (1921, decrees, see Oliver 1951 (esp. p. 353,
distinct methods or were ob no. A.2, for the bronze statues).
phases p. 91).
served by Dow in the fashion of their 133. See the dedication to Teisa 134. IG II2 3692. For the corrected
display: the earlier stelai (e.g., IG II2 menos in IG II2 3701 (EM 10512); for date and especially for the Eleusinian
1717,1718,1720) were placed with Eubiotos's statue in the Prytaneion, connection, see the excellent discussion
clamps
set low on their sides, while cf.Miller 1978, p. 17. On the duplicate in Sironen 1994, pp. 26-28, under
IG II21721 had clamps set into the decrees for Eubiotos, a.d. 229-231, no. 11.
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED? Jl
of Eleusis were found a block away, around the Arch of Hadrian. One of
these was a dedication a late member of the great dadouchic clan of
by
Roman Athens, the Lysiades/Leonides family of Melite; the other was a
commemorative herm for an dadouchos.135
early-3rd-century
The second reuse of the statue for Ulpius Eubiotos represents a par
ticularly important document for Late Roman Athens. It commemorates
Plutarchos, perhaps the famous 5th-century neo-Platonist who became
scholarch of the Academy. The city awarded this statue to honor his pa
tronage of the Panathenaic festival, noting that he "rode the sacred ship
and brought it near to the Temple of Athena three times, thus spending
his entire fortune."136
Certain Eleusinian officials and the chief officers of the Panathenaia

were allowed in the Prytaneion.
traditionally privileges of maintenance
If nothing else, these dedications demonstrate that the immediate area
of Lysikrates a
Square remained prominent monumental space into
late antiquity. This is further attested by the base of another important
4th-century statue preserved in the nearby church of Agia Aikaterini.

The statue was dedicated on behalf of the city to Theodoros, the popular
governor under Theodosios I (a.D. 379-395). an
provincial Replacing
earlier marble statue for the official, the base reads, "You see the leader
Theodoros, who saved all the Greeks and their cities with [his] law, well
and gently administered."137 The Theodoros dedication suggests that
this quarter of the city served as the political center of Late
Antique
Athens, with the site of the Prytaneion possibly representing the chief
civic building.
Dedications to the Gods: Hestia and Other

Deities
The most suggestive inscription from the site proposed for the Prytaneion
is a dedication toHestia, originally found in the now-demolished church of
the Agia Kyra Kandili and later moved to theMiddle Byzantine church of
Aikaterini The a
Agia (Fig. 30). inscription records the dedication of large
bronze votive statue erected by a late Julio-Claudian family.138 Although it
was a private itwas sanctioned the of
offering, officially by city epimeletes
Athens, the chief civic official in charge of the general use of sacred spaces
in the 1st century A.D. The involvement of this magistrate would there
fore seem to indicate that the statue was erected in an important public
sanctuary, most logically the Prytaneion itself.139The monument evidently
a life as a votive, for the base of the statue preserves an earlier
enjoyed long
135. See /Gil2 3613 and 3684, p. 63; Nagy 1980, esp. pp. 109-111; no. 15; also Keramopoulos 1911, p. 259,
Also found near the Arch also Thompson 1959, p. 65. For a full n. 1.
respectively.
of Hadrian is the
ephebic catalogue discussion of the historical context, see 138./Gil2 3185 (EM 10613).
IG II2 2042, to ca. a.d. 135. Sironen 1994, pp. 26-28, no. 11, and In the
139. on Delos,
dating prytaneion
136. See/Gil2 3818, shown in pp. 46-48, no. 29 (IG II2 3818). for example, dedications of images of
Agora XXIV, pi. 47:e. For this inscrip 137. IG II2 4223; seePLRE I, Hestia were common from the 4th
tion as important late evidence for the p. 898, Theodoros 16. It remains in b.c. onward; see Miller 1978,
century
Panathenaia and the course of the the church, where it serves as an altar
185-187, nos. 286,287.
pp.
Panathenaic see XXIV, Sironen 1994,
Ship, Agora support; pp. 31-32,
GEOFFREY C R . SCHMALZ
Figure 30. Statue base for a dedi

cation Hestia, the
naming Apollo,
Theoi Sebastoi, and the Athenian
state, IG II2 3185. Photo G. C. R.
Schmalz
a dedication of the 4th century b.c. in honor of a certain

inscription, Epi
kleides of Acharnai, perhaps an agonistic victor ofthat period.140
The statue was dedicated not only to Hestia, but also to Apollo, the
imperial house, and the governing bodies of Athens. The inclusion of
Apollo is directly relevant, since his too, was part of the

worship, religious
life of the Prytaneion.141 The statue base, along with its inscription, was first
recorded by Jacob Spon in the 1670s, who found it built into the church of
Agia Kyra Kandili, constructed over the recently demolished Lantern of
Diogenes.142 In the early 19th century, Pittakis recorded the dedication in

the same location. Given the nature of the dedication, together with the
fact that the church itself celebrated
the Holy Lady of the Lamp, Pittakis
in
concluded
that a shrine to Hestia was located
ingeniously antiquity
Such a shrine would
nearby.143 necessarily have been situated in the Pry
taneion. In the early 20th century, the same dedication and its findspot
to suggest that the
prompted another scholar Sanctuary of Pythian Apollo
was to be found somewhere modern
along Lysikrates Street.144
Pittakis also saw an inscribed architrave block built into the same
church that records a dedication of an image of Pallas Athena to "the
gods
and the city."145This statue, which probably dated to the 2nd century a.D.,
was
supervised by the ancient "Bouzyges and Priest of Zeus in the Pal
ladion" and installed with formal permission from the oracle of Apollo at
140. See /Gil2 3833 (EM 10613); (= IG I2 78), lines 5-6 (a ceremonial 145. IG II2 3177; the block was
this individual is otherwise unknown to throne for Apollo in the noted out of context
Prytaneion). slightly by Pittakis
Athenian Such a 142. 1678, vol. 3, pp. 205-207,
prosopography. simple Spon (1835, p. 169), with precise provenance
text
might
well imply the
commemora no. 153, "proche l'Eglise d'Agia Kyra." given inMommsen [1868] 1977, p. 60,
tion of some earlier civic hero. The foot 143. Pittakis 1835, p. 172; the find no. 52. The
Augustan date (in Graindor
appear to indicate as the church

cuttings would that spot is given of Agia 1927a, p. 140) is almost certainly incor
the statue exhibited some movement. Aikaterini byMommsen [1868 [1977, rect; the priest (Polyainos of Marathon)
was
The deme of Acharnai notable for p. 60, under no. 52; perhaps the inscrip is mistakenly identified with the archon
its athletes, as well as its (see, tion had been moved there in the inter of 14/13 b.c., Polyainos of Sounion,
hoplites
e.g., Pind. Nem. 2). vening decade. and the lettering appears much later.
141.This is attested in IG V 137 144. Dragoumis 1915, p. 6.
Delphi.146 Hence the new statue may have replaced the original cult image,
which was in the Palladion Sanctuary of Zeus. Yet
traditionally worshipped
one would imagine that such a heavy architectural member would not have
been removed very far from its original setting. It is probably more likely
that the dedication took place in the Prytaneion, since the city's common
hearth was also "a place sacred to Pallas."147 The inscribed epistyle block
could then represent the architectural remains of a 2nd-century A.D. shrine
in the Prytaneion.
The Dedication of Theophilos of Halai
A final noteworthy inscription from the vicinity of the proposed Pryta

neion site is the well-known dedication of an Augustan epimeletes of the
Prytaneion, Theophilos of Halai (Fig. 31).148 Until recently stored in the
Roman Market, on the porch of the Fethiye Tzami, theMosque of Mehmet
II the Conqueror, the dedication had been built into a neoclassical house
at 20 Tripods Street.
0?O(plAO? ?lO?C?pOl)
A?aoue'?? ?mji?[Ar|]Tn[?]
yevojievo? TcpmocveioM
son of Diodoros,
Theophilos,
of Halai, the epimeletes
of the Prytaneion [dedicated it].
The votive was offered to commemorate Theophilos's euergesia,

or benefac
at the conclusion of his service as
tion, special project supervisor. Recent
studies have consistently as an
regarded this findspot approximate marker
for the location of the Prytaneion, and in one instance, the Prytaneion is
claimed to have been located precisely at this spot along the Street of the
turns out, however, this provenience
Tripods.149 As it merely represents
the inscription's final reuse in the modern period. The dedication was first
seen and transcribed by the site of the
Prytaneion proposed here. In 1678,
the inscription was published by Spon, who found it next to the house of
the French consul and pioneering antiquarian Giraud, whose residence
stood near Agia Aikaterini Square.150 That modern square is therefore the
findspot for two dedications from the Prytaneion: Theophilos's votive and
the late Julio-Claudian to Hestia.
offering
Although every study of the Prytaneion and the Archaic
Agora of
Athens has invariably cited the Theophilos a great deal re
inscription,
to be said about was
mains it.The simple offering likely to have been in
146. The
priesthood
is recorded mon hearth in the
Prytaneion. For the 299, fig. 1; this is cited in SEGXLVU1
in the Delphic letter SEGXXX 85 connection between the Palladion 195, along with notice of Schmalz
(= /Gil21096). and the genos Bouzygai, see RE 1998. See also Dow 1937, p. 192,
image
147. SeeMiller 1978, pp. 180-181, XVIII, 1972, cols. 171-189, s.v. Palla no. 117; Robertson 1986, p. 160;Miller
nos. on Aelius dion no. 209;
257,258 (= scholion Aris (L. Ziehen), esp. col. 176, where 1978, pp. 45,171, Shear 1994,
tides 103.16 [A226]); the relationship the dedication IG II2 3177 is cited. p. 227; Schnurr 1995b, p. 147.
derives from the tradition of Ionian 148. IG 1122877 (=Agora III, p. 173, 150. It is described as
"pr?s de chez
colonists, as of Athena, no. 571). le Consul Giraud" in 1678, vol. 3,
suppliants Spon
taking their sacred fire from the com 149. Robertson 1998, esp. pp. 298 pp. 86-87.
/5S5$E\c? aioa ?To

ÂAIIYKKniMiEiill'" Figure 31. The Prytaneion dedica
tion by Theophilos of Halai, IG II2
IrENO?ENOinFY ^r^^c^ffig; IANE? 2877. Photo G. C. R. Schmalz; drawing
after K. S. Pittakis, ArchEph 1839, p. 170,
no. 141
the form of a statuette or

torch, the latter being a common type
symbolic
of dedication in Greek prytaneia.151 Theophilos himself was amember of
one of the most families of Augustan Athens. A_fter traveling
prominent
as an envoy to for the genos, or clan, of the Gephyraioi, he served
Delphi
as both eponymous archon and chief magistrate (the hoplite general) in
the mid-20s b.c.152 Probably at about this same time, he undertook the
epimeleteia of the Prytaneion. This office is otherwise unattested and has

been as unusual. often characterized as a permanent
long regarded Although
custodial position for the maintenance of the Prytaneion,153 itmore likely
represents the sponsorship and supervision of a restoration program there.
In Roman Athens an was
epimeleteia generally related to the euergesia of a
specific civic project. The Market of Caesar and Augustus and the Neronian
restoration of the Metroon are two such Like the Augustan
examples.154
151. A torch is suggested by the 152. On Theophilos and his family, correct, in general terms, is A. G.
small size of the base and the see most Lazzarini 1984, Woodhead's of "a short
relatively recently interpretation
existence of only a small dowel hole at pp. 330-337; 1992, esp. pp. 40 lived office ad hoc or ad hominem,"
Geagan
the center of its top. For a
good
exam 42 (though with some prosopographical noted inTraill 1978, p. 297, under
of a torch confusion). On Theophilos as archon, lines 46-48.
ple comparable offering
from an ephebic lamp-racing victory
see FdD III.2, no. 62, lines 2-3, and 154. See/Gil2 3175 for the
of the Roman period,
see Pantos 1973, possibly IG II21713, Une 30, ascribed Market's dedication, with Eukles of
no. 2, 1. A much to 11/10 B.c. that traditional Marathon as the the
pp. 176-180, fig. (although epimeletes. For
of such dedications in date would seem too late). On Theo Metroon, with Tib. Cl. Diotimos of
larger example
prytaneia is that of the Syracusan tyrant philos
as
hoplite general,
see SEG Besa, see SEG XXIII12 (= IG IP
Dionysios the Younger in the pryta XXVIII 94, Unes 44-48. On the 3580); see also the dedication IG II2
neion at Taranto, which held "as many Delphic mission, see SEG XXX 85, 4174 in honor of the emperor
as there are in the a new edition of IG 1121096. Claudius.
lighted lamps days
year" (Ath. 15.700d). 153.Miller 1978, pp. 36,45. More
who supervised the construction of the

epimeletes Eukles of Marathon,
Roman Market, Theophilos of Halai almost certainly helped to initiate
and oversee some major remodeling or restoration of the Prytaneion. The
nature of the dedicatory base itself indicates such amajor reconstruction.
Itwas clearly made from a recycled stylobate block (a common practice in
this period),155 and it could well represent an earlier architectural element
of the Prytaneion, displaced by the Augustan restoration program.
Finally, Theophilos's advertised connection to the genos Gephyraioi

in the context
might be significant of his epimeleteia, for the members of
this clan included the famous tyrant slayers Harmodios and Aristogeiton.
Since their descendents in the Prytaneion,
received permanent maintenance
act of euergetism was intended, at least in part, to pro
perhaps Theophilos's
mote his claim of celebrated descent. Such claims were quite characteristic
of the revival of Attic gene during the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman
periods. Theophilos's brother Diotimus served simultaneously nearby as the
"Bouzyges and the Priest of Palladian Zeus."This distinguished priesthood

of the Palladion oversaw the annual plowing of the Bouzygion, a sacred
field that may well have been close to the Prytaneion.156
CONCLUSIONS AND HISTORICAL

IMPLICATIONS
The grand architectural scale and prominent location of the Agia Aikaterini
site were recognized by many antiquarians of centuries past, including the
great 19th-century topographer Ernst Curtius. Even so, attempts to relate

the site to the Prytaneion and other landmarks discussed by Pausanias
were long sidelined because of the mistaken notion that the Aglaurion was
located on the north slope of the Acropolis. At last, however, with the dis
covery of the on the east side of the the archaeological
Aglaurion Acropolis,
and epigraphical remains from Agia Aikaterini Square may be plausibly
reconsidered as evidence for the location of the Prytaneion.
The site under Agia Aikaterini a
Square clearly represents significant
civic building of ancient Athens and, indeed, one of the city's largest
one section of the site
building complexes. The archaeological finds from
further suggest that it is one of the earliest civic buildings yet discovered
in Athens, going back to the 6th century b.c. That it remained in use
well into the Roman period, with evidence of periodic rebuilding, is also
indicative of its public importance. The surrounding neighborhood, with
its dense collection of choregic monuments and a contemporary stoa that
remained in use for almost a thousand years, was also a center of civic and
ritual activity. Korres's excavations have demonstrated that the remains in
155.The height of the block, the salvage practice, compare the reuse of existence of the field of the
Bouzygion.
only original dimension preserved,
is architrave blocks from the Erechtheion See also n. 146 above for the priest
0.2 m. This is a fairly standard height for (inter alia) the base of a statue hon hood. On the revival
and problematic
for a stylobate block; the anathyrosis is oring Queen of Mauretania, status of the see Parker
Glaphyra Gephyraioi,
on the left side. Its present ca. a.D. 4; see IG II2 3437/38, 1996, pp. 288-289; for the
preserved newly Tyranni
width and depth (0.53 m and 0.5 m) edited in SEG XXXVII148. cides, Hdt. 5.57.61.
represent its phase of reuse. For this 156. Plut. Mor. 144b records the
76
that area date back to the 5th century b.c. or earlier.We should therefore
at least entertain the possibility that ancient Lysikrates was the
Square
location of such early public offices as the Boukoleion, the Basileion, the
Prytaneion, and the neighboring Sanctuary and Theater of Dionysos.

The public prominence of the Agia Aikaterini site and its immediate
neighborhood iswell attested by epigraphical finds dating from the 4th
century b.c. to the 4th century A.D. Preserved from around the site are
decrees directly related to the civic functioning of the Prytaneion, as in
the 4th-century b.c. maintenance decree and the so-called Prytaneion
Decree of the 2nd century b.c. From a later period, the Prytaneion's role
as the official of the archon is reflected in
headquarters city's eponymous
fully preserved archon lists. The civic and ritual stature of this locality is
further demonstrated by statue dedications for public officials and gods,
including the only example preserved from ancient Athens honoring

Hestia herself.
The identification of the Prytaneion on the southeastern
proposed
side of the Acropolis has important implications for our understanding of
early Athenian history and topography in general (Fig. 32). Unlike other
ancient Greek city-states, which had a single pole or axis between agora
and civic sanctuary, Athens had two such axes, one represented by the Ar
chaic Agora, the other by the Agora of the Classical Athenian democracy,
Pausanias's "Kerameikos" Agora. While the location of the later axis has
been known precisely than 70 years, the original one has only
for more
recently been recognized and understood. The discovery of the Aglaurion

in 1980 revealed an important eastward emphasis in the city's early settle
ment pattern. The proposed Prytaneion site and adjacent Lysikrates Square,
located at the intersection of a number
of the city's earliest streets, mark
one end of the critical route leading east from the heart of the ancient city
to the shrines and sanctuaries of the Ilissos valley and south toward the
harbor at Phaleron.
The location of the Prytaneion to establish a more
proposed helps
coherent account of Pausanias's itinerary, moving back and forth between
the eastern, southeastern, and southern parts of Athens. It clarifies the
historical and spatial relationship to all of the public spaces
Prytaneion's
and shrines noted by Pausanias: the Archaic Agora, the venerable shrines
of the Aglaurion and the Anakeion on the east slope of the
Acropolis,
the lower city around the Olympieion, the Street of the Tripods, and the
Sanctuary and Theater of Dionysos.

a new
This study also offers number of insights into other topographical
references known from the ancient literary record, most importantly those
157. ?VrcpoaOe cov 7tp6 xfjc; ?tKpo
O711G08
7COA-10?, ?? TC?V 7luX8COVKOClTT\?,
of Herodotos and Thucydides. Herodotos describes the Persian assault of
ocvo?ou (Hdt. 8.53.1); see also Paus.
480 b.c. as taking place on the "front of the Acropolis," situated "behind 1.18.2.
the Gates (pylai) and the way up (?nodos)."157 According to Dontas, the 158. Dontas 1983, pp. 60-61. Leake
front of the Acropolis would have overlooked the city center, so Herodo (1841, vol. 1, p. 264) had previously
noted that "the two of Minerva
tos must have been standing at the Prytaneion and looking toward the temples
fronted the east." This
particular read
Acropolis, "facing its gods."158 From this perspective it now makes much
was in
ing of Herodotos prevalent
more sense to understand Herodotos's not as the famous Propylaia,
pylai the early 19th century, inspiring
the
but rather as a contemporary structure. This was probably the enigmatic accurate location of the Aglaurion by
Archaic gateway, known from other sources, that stood below the Acropolis Wilkins (1816, pp. 61-64).
32. View southeast from the

Figure
Acropolis.
and the Aglaurion and symbolically marked the front of the citadel and its
eastward-looking temples.159 Thus, in reference to thepylai and the ?nodos,

Herodotos would have been describing two adjoining landmarks on the
east slope of the Acropolis.160
From this perspective, Thucydides'famous account (2.15.3) of the
early
development of Athens may also be clarified. According to Thucydides,
before the synoecism of Theseus, "the polis was in essence the Acropolis
and the part below it facing rather to the south."161 Thucydides can now
be understood to have referred to the southeastern quarter, with
city's
159. These are Philochorus's ?nodos (Hdt. 8.53.1), more or less on this route continued in use
Lysikrates;
upropylaiaof thepolis" inFGrH328 an axis with the Acropolis, may have until the redevelopment of the area
FI 05, implicitly above theAnakeion existed a block to the north of the
following the Greek War of Indepen
in Polyaenus S trat. 1.21.2. For this Monument of Lysikrates, in dence. If the orientation of Thespis
preserved
or see esp. Rob a series of broad, rock-cut is any guide, these two courses
"propylon" "propylaia," steps under Street
ertson 1998, pp. 292-295; for the rele the modern Street where it could well have converged farther up on
Thespis
vant sources, see also Judeich 1931, meets Street (see Korres 1989a, the east slope of the where
Tripods Acropolis,
p. 272, n. 16. p. 10; 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2; French 1990 the proposed Anakeion site stands.
160. Such an has the 1991, the 161. Thuc. 2.15.3: to ?e Tipo xou
interpretation p. 6). Alternatively, following
virtue of saving Herodotos from an early antiquarian view f| ?CKp?7tOAAC T] V?V OUOOC 7tO?l? f|V,
(e.g., Roque
otherwise awkward form of 1876, p. 168), the ancient ?nodos could Kai to \)7t' auxfiv rcpo? v?tov ua?aoTa
topograph
ical expression; see Miller 1995, p. 236, be identified with the broad pathway T?Tpau|i?vov.
n. 83. The lower course of Herodotos's on the north side of the Monument of
7?
"below the Acropolis" meaning below the "front" or east of the Acropolis
and "rather to the south" meaning the southeast.
The topographical orientation of the growth of Athens stretched from
the Cave of Aglauros down the line of ancient Lysikrates
Street, with its
ancient square and the site of the Prytaneion, to the sacred region of the
Olympieion and the Ilissos river valley.162 Clearly, the visually dominant
cave above the a southeastern fine of orientation between 162. See H?lscher 1991, pp. 358
Aglaurion inspired
the Acropolis and the Ilissos river valley (see Fig. 32). This important topo 361; Papadopoulos 1996, pp. 127-128.
163. Papadopoulos (2003, p. 284)
graphical axis, encompassing both ancient and modern Lysikrates Streets a
also attributes signifi
topographical
and the site of the Prytaneion, was clearly marked in Roman times by cance to the Theseus See
inscription.
the monumental Arch of Hadrian, which looks directly westward toward also Post 1998-1999. The arch rests
the Aglaurion. in its famous backward reference to the over the remains of a small
Indeed, city of cemetery
to the Late Bronze see
Theseus, the Arch seems to commemorate
the very locus of Thucydides' dating Age;
locations 9 and 10 inMountjoy 1995,
early city.163 If the site under discussion does in fact represent the remains
pp. 17-18,33-34,35-36,48,53-54.
of the ancient Prytaneion, then that commemoration would have had the This burial ground and, presumably,
utmost was
immediacy, for the Prytaneion the architectural and ritual its associated settlement date to the
embodiment of Theseus's city.
15th-12th centuries b.c.
REFERENCES
= The Athenian
Agora Agora.
Results
of ogy inGreece, 1982-1983," AR 29,
Excavations Conducted Amer pp. 3-62.
by the
ican School Studies at -. 1987-1988. in
of Classical "Archaeology
Athens, Princeton Greece, 1987-1988," AR 34,
III = R. E. pp. 1-85.
Wycherley, Literary
and Testimonia, 1957. Chandler, R. 1776. Travels in Greece:
Epigraphical
XXIV = A. Or an Account a Tour Made at the
Frantz, Late Antiq of
ad. 1988.
uity, 267-700, Expense of the Society ofDilettanti,
XXVIII =A. L. Boegehold Oxford.
et al., The Lawcourts at Athens: Sites, A. 1994. "H O?o?
Choremi-Spetsieri,
Procedures, and tcov Tputo?cov Koci xa xopriynca
Buildings, Equipment,
Testimonia, 1995. uvnjieia oTnv ocp%cx?aA0r|va," in
Alcock, S. E. 1995. "Pausanias and the Coulson et al. 1994, pp. 31-42.
Polis: Use and Abuse," in Sources Clark, E. D. 1816-1824. Travels in
for
the Ancient Greek of Various Countries and
City-State (Acts of Europe, Asia,
the Copenhagen Polis Centre 2), 11 vols., 4th ed., London.
Africa,
?d. M. H. Hansen, Cookesley, W. G. 1852. Explanatory
Copenhagen,
pp. 326-344. Index to the Ancient Athens,
Map of
Allen, G., and L. D. Caskey. 1911. Eton.
"The East Stoa in the Coronelli, P. M. 1687. An Historical and
Asclepieum
at Athens," 15, pp. 32-43. Account
AJA Geographical of theMorea,
Bodnar, E. W. 1960. and theMaritime Places,
Cyriacus ofAncona Negropont,
and Athens (CollLatomus 43), as Far as Thessalonica, trans. R. W.
Brussels. Gent, London.
1868. Ath?nes, d?crite et W. D. E., O.
Breton, E. Coulson, Palagia, T. L.
dessin?e: Suivie d'un voyage dans le Shear Jr., H. A. and
Shapiro,
2nd ed., Paris. F. J. Frost, eds. 1994. The Archaeol
P?lopon?se,
on the and Attica under the
Broneer, 0.1936. "The Cave ogy ofAthens
East of the Acropolis,"
Slope Hespe Democracy (OxbowMonograph 37),
ria 5, pp. 247-253. Oxford.
Camp, J.M. 2001. The

Archaeology of Coulton,J. J. 1976. The Architectural
Athens, New Haven. the Greek Stoa,

Development of
Catling, H. W. 1982-1983. "Archaeol Oxford.
Curtius, E. 1843. "?ber Theseion zu Graindor, P. 1927'a. Ath?nes sous -. 1988c. "TlXaxeia AuaiKp?
Auguste
Athen," AZ
6, pp. 97-106. (Recueil de travaux publi?s par la tod?,"ArchDelt 36, BT (1981),
Curtius, E., and J. A. Kaupert, eds. Facult? des Lettres de l'Universit? pp. 5-7.
1881-1903. Karten vonAttika, 1), Cairo. -. 1989a. "O?o? 0?om8o? Kai
Egyptienne
9 fascicles, Berlin. -. 1927b. Eni\ievi8ox)," ArchDelt 37, B'l
"Inscriptions attiques
Curtius, E., and A. Milchhoefer 1891.
d'?poque romaine," BCH51, (1982), pp. 9-10.
Die von Athen, mit -.
Stadtgeschichte pp. 247-328. 1989b. "O?o? Q?xsnxSoq," Arcb
einer ?bersicht der
Schriftquellen
zur Guillet de Saint-Georges, G. 1675. Delt 38, BT (1983), pp. 10-13.
von Athen, Berlin. Ath?nes ancienne et nouvelle, et Korres, M., and D. Skilardi. 1989.
Topographie
Dinsmoor, W. B., Jr. 1971. Sounion Festatpr?sent
de
l'empire
des Turcs, "O?o?Aopiavo?," ArchDelt 37, BT
(Keramos Guides), Athens. contenant la vie du sultan Mahomet (1982), p. 11.
Dodwell, E. 1819. A Classical and IV, Paris. Laborde, L. 1854. Ath?nes aux XVe,
Topo
Tour Greece Habicht, C. 1985. Pausanias Guide to XVIe, etXVIIe si?cles, Paris.
graphical through during
the Years 1801,1805, and 1806, 2 Ancient Greece, Lazzarini, M. L. 1984. "Note onoma
Berkeley.
vols., London. Hansen, M. H., and T. Fischer-Han stiche e RivFil
prosopografiche,"
Dontas, G. S. 1983. "The True Aglau sen, 1994. "Monumental Politi 112, pp. 327-337.
rion," Hesperia 52, pp. 48-63. cal Architecture in Archaic and Leake,W. M. 1841. The Topography of
W. 1889. "Miscellen: Funde," Classical Greek Poleis: Evidence Athens, 2 vols., 2nd ed., London.
D?rpfeld,
AM 14, pp. 413-415. and Significance," in From Political Lenormant, C. 1857. "M?moire sur la
-. 1895. "Die Ausgrabungen am Architecture to mani?re de lire Pausanias, ? propos
Stephanas Byzantius:
Westabhange der Akropolis II: Sources
for the
Greek Polis (Historia du v?ritable emplacement de
Das Lenaion oder Dionysion in Einzelschriften 87), ed. D. White M?mAcInscr 21,
l'Agora d'Ath?nes,"
dem Limnai,"_4M20, pp. 161-206. head, Stuttgart, pp. 23-90. pp. 95-164.
Dow, S. 1934. "The Lists of Athenian Harris-Cline, D. 1999. "Archaic Athens
Lippolis, E. 1995. "Tra il ginnasio di
Archontes," Hesperia 3, pp. 140 and theTopography of the Kylon Tolomeo ed il Serapeion: La rico
190. Affair," BSA 94, pp. 309-320. struzione di un quartiere
topogr?fica
-. 1937. ta??is: A H?lscher,T. 1991. "The City of monumentale di Atene," Ostraka 4,
Pry Study of
Inscriptions Honoring the Athenian Athens: Space, Symbol, Structure," pp. 43-67.
Councillors
(Hesperia Suppl. 1), in City States in ClassicalAntiquity Mackenzie, M. 1992. Turkish Athens:
Athens. and Medieval ed. A. Molho, The Forgotten Centuries 1456-1832,
Italy,
S. 1905. "Arenen ?mYpoccpfi K. Raaflaub, and J. Emlen,
Dragoumis, Stuttgart, Reading.
pcojia?Kcov xp?vcov," ArchEph 1905, pp. 355-379. Makri, E., K. Tsakos, and A. Vavylo
pp. 181-186. Inwood, H. W. [1827] 1972. TheErech poulou-Charitonidou. 1987-1988.

-. theion at Athens:
1915. "'EmYpaqnK? (ppovx? Fragments ofAthe "To Pl?OKOCOTpO, GC??OfXEVa \)7t0^8?|I
ajiaxa," 1915, pp. 5-8. nian Architecture and a Few Remains IXoctoc:N?e? 7taparr|pr|0?i? kou
ArchEph
T. H. 1873. Ancient Athens:Its inAttica, and Epirus, repr. 87iavaxpovo?i?Yr|ar|," As?riov rr\?
Dyer, Megara,
and Remains, London. Xpi<jTiaviKT?c Apxaio?oyiicri?
History, Topography,
1931. von 4:14, pp. 329-366.
London. Judeich, W. Topographie Eraipeia?
Fimmen, D. 1914. "Eine neue attische Athen, 2nd ed., Munich. Martha, J. 1882. Les sacerdoces ath?niens,
Archontatsliste,"_4M39, pp. 130 P. G. "H rcepioxri tod

1994. Paris.
Kalligas,
137. lepo? Kai tod Oe?rpou tou Aiovdgou Martin, R. 1944-1945.
"Chapiteaux
Forchhammer, P.W. 1874. OTnv A0r|va," in Coulson et al. 1994, de l'Ascl?pieion d'Ath?
Topographie ioniques
vonAthen (PhilologusSuppl. ULI), pp. 25-30. nes," BCH 68-69, pp. 340-374.
Kastriotis, P. 1914. "To 'Q?e?ov to? -. 1965. Manuel d'architecture
G?ttingen.
French, E. B. 1989-1990. nepiK^?ou?: 'EmYpa?pa?," ArchEph grecque, Paris.
"Archaeology
in Greece," AR 36, pp. 3-82. 1914, pp. 165-166. H. 1932-1933. "The Date of
Megaw,
-. 1990-1991. in Kazamiakes, K. N. 1994. "H O?o? tcov the Hagioi Theodoroi of Athens,"
"Archaeology
Greece,"^ 37, pp. 3-78. Tputo?cov?TexviKa Kai KaTaoKerja BSA 33, pp. 163-169.
1992. "A Family of Mara GTiKa OTOi%eioc," in Coulson et al. Meritt, L. S. 1966. "An Imitation of the
Geagan, DJ.
thon and SocialMobility inAthens 1994,pp. 43-44. Antique
in Architectural Mould
of the First b.c.," Phoenix A. 1911. "AOrjvcov euprj 35, pp. 141-149.
Century Keramopoulos, ings," Hesperia
46, pp. 29-44. -. 1996. "Athenian Ionic Capitals
uma,"ArchEph 1911, pp. 257-261.
"
Gerhard, E. 1849. AyaGfic Tvxqc, Korres, M. 1988a. "?iovuoiaK? O?aTpo," from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia
veco?," Philologus 4, pp. 380-384. ArchDelt 35, B'1 (1980), pp. 9-14. 65, pp. 121-174.
Goette, H. R. 2001. Athens, Attica, and -. 1988b. "nepiK?eio Q?eio Kai Merkelbach, R. 1972. "Aglauros
the
Megarid:
An
Archaeological Guide, Ta 7i^na?ov xopnyiKa uvr|u??a," (Die Religion der Epheben)," ZPE
English trans., rev. ed., London. ArchDelt 35, B'1 (1980), pp. 14-18. 9, pp. 277-283.
8o GEOFFREY C. R. SCHMALZ
Milchhoefer, A. [1891] 1977. Schrift -. 2003. Cer?micas Redivivus:

zur von Athen, The Iron Potters' Field
quellen Topographie Early Age
repr. in Ancient Athens, Piraeus, and in the Area the Classical Athenian
of
Phaleron: and
Literary Epigraphi Agora (Hesperia Suppl. 31),
cal Testimonia on Their Princeton.
Topography,
Cults, Monuments, andEkistic Pariente, A. 1990. des
"Chronique
ed. A. N. Oikonomides, fouilles et d?couvertes arch?olo
History,
en Gr?ce en 1989," BCH
Chicago. giques
Miller, S. G. 1970. "Old Discoveries 114, pp. 703-850.
from Old Athens," 39, Parker, R. 1996. Athenian
Hesperia Religion:
pp. 223-231. A
History, Oxford.
-. 1978. The Its P. 1870. "Das Hephaes
Prytaneion: Pervanoglu,
Function and Architectural Form, teion in Athen," 27,
Philologus
Berkeley. pp. 660-672.
"
-. 1995. "Architecture as Evi A. 1921.
Philadelpheus, AvaoKacpfi
dence for the Identity of the Early 7iap? to AuaiKpareiov jivrifxe?ov,"
Polis," in Sources
for the
Ancient Greek
ArchEph 1921, pp. 83-97.
City-State (Acts of the Copenhagen Pittakis, K. S. 1835. L'ancienne Ath?nes,
Polis Centre 2), ?d. M. H. Hansen, ou la des
description antiquit?s
pp. 201-244. d'Ath?nes et de ses environs, Athens.
Copenhagen,
F.W. 1973. PLREl = A. H. M.
Mitchel, "Lykourgan Jones, J. R. Mar
Athens: 338-322," in Lectures in tindale, and J.Morris, eds., The
Memory of Louise Taft Semple,
2nd
Prosopography of the
Later Roman
series, 1966-1970 (University of

Empire I,Cambridge 1971.
Cincinnati Classical Studies 2), Post, A. 1998-1999. "Zum Hadrianstor
Norman, Okla., pp. 163-214. in Athen," Boreas 21-22, pp. 171
Mommsen, A. [1868] 1977.Athenae 183.
christianae, repr. Chicago. Pottier, E. 1878. "Fouilles au monu

P. A. 1995. Mycenaean ment de BCH 2,
Mountjoy, Lysicrate,"
Athens (SIMA-PB 127), Jonsered. pp. 412-418.
Nagy, B. 1980. "A Late Panathenaic Robertson, N. 1986. "Solon's Axones
Document," AncW3, pp. 107-111. and Kyrbeis, and the Sixth-Century
Oikonomides, A. N. 1964. The Two Historia 35, pp. 147

Background,"
inAncient Athens: A New 176.
Agoras
on Their and -. 1992. Festivals and
Commentary History Legends:
and Monu The Formation of Greek
Development, Cities in the
Topography
ments, Chicago. Light of Public Ritual, Toronto.
-.
Oliver, J. H. 1951. "On the Athenian 1998. "The
City Center of
Decrees for Ulpius Eubiotus," Hes Archaic Athens," 67,
Hesperia
350-354. pp. 283-302.
peria 20, pp.
H. 1898. Ath?nes au XVIIe -. 1999.
Omont, ""Hpco? 'ETrir?yio?," ZPE
si?cle: Dessins des du Parthe 127, pp. 179-181.
sculptures
non, Paris. Roque, P. 1876. Ath?nes
d'apr?s
le colonel
Orlandos, A. K. 1967. ""EKGeoi? Leake: mis au courant des

Ouvrage
Tiepi tcov ?vaoKatpcov Bi?îo0r|Kr|c d?couvertes les
plus r?centes,
Paris.
A?piavo? Kai PcoumKfic Ayopa?," Ross, L. 1838.

T? Qnoe?ov Kai ? vao?
ArchEph 1964, pp. 6-20. ro? 'Apeco?, Athens

(republished
as
Osborne, M. J. 1981. "Entertainment in Das Theseion und der des

Tempel
the Prytaneion at Athens," ZPE 41, Ares inAthen, Halle 1852).
pp. 153-170. Schmalz, G. C. R.
1998. "A New Pryta
Pantos, P. A. 1973. "'Emypaipai Ttap? neion for Athens?" AJA
Augustan
Tr|v Ayop?v tc?v AOnvcov," 102, p. 408 (abstract).
ArchEph
1973, pp. 175-188. Schmitt Pantel, P. 1992. La cit? au ban
K. 1996. quet: Histoire
J. "The Orig des repas dans les
Papadopoulos, publics
inal Kerameikos of Athens and cit?sgrecques (CEFR 157), Rome.
the Siting of the Classical Schnurr, C. 1995a. "Die alte Agora
Agora,"
GRBS 37, pp. 107-128. Athens," ZPE 105, pp. 131-138.
THE ATHENIAN PRYTANEION DISCOVERED? 8l
-. 1995b. "Zur der -. 1959. "Athenian Phocian St??s," AAA 4, pp. 439
Topographie Twilight:
Theaterst?tten und der Tripoden a.D. 267-600 "JRS 49, pp. 61-72. 443.
strasse in Athen," ZPE 105, Time Out = Time Out:Athens (Penguin -. 1974. "The
Agora'
of Pau
pp. 139-153. Time Out Guides), London 2004. sanias 1,17,1-2," Hesperia 43,
Shapiro, H. A. 1999. "Cult Warfare: Tomlinson, R. A. 1995-1996. "Archae pp. 308-310.

The Dioskouroi between in Greece," AR 42, pp. 1-47. P. 1989. "ITtaxTeia Ayia?
Sparta ology Vasilopoulou,
and Athens," in Ancient Greek Hero -. 2000. "Architectural Pieces A\KaT?pivT\<;," ArchDelt 37, B'l
Cult.
Proceedings of the Fifth
Inter in Stone in the Collection of the (1982), p. 20.
national Seminar on Ancient Greek British School atAthens," BSA 95, Versakis, F. 1908. "ApxvceKTOviKa
ed. R. H?gg,
Cult, Stockholm, pp. 473-483. uvn|ie?a tod ?v A0r|vai? Aok?t|
pp. 99-107. Touchais, G. 1983. "Chronique des 1908, pp. 254-282.
me?oD,"ArchEph
Shear, T. L., Jr. 1994. fouilles et d?couvertes arch?olo -. 1913. "Toi) A0r|vr|Giv AaK?r|
"Toovojjxyuc
t' A0TIVOC? ?7coir|G?Triv: The en Gr?ce en 1982," BCH 7ci8?orj oiKTiiiaTa," ArchEph 1913,
Agora giques
and the Democracy," in Coulson 107, pp. 745-838. pp. 52-74.
et al. 1994, pp. 225-248. -. 1984. des fouilles Wachsmuth, C. 1863. "Das Theseion in
"Chronique
Simon, E. 1983. Festivals Attica: et d?couvertes en Athen," AZ21, pp. 98-103.
of arch?ologiques
An
Archaeological Commentary,
Gr?ce en 1983," BCH 108, pp. 735 -. 1874-1890. Die Stadt Athen im
Madison. 843. Alterthum, 2 vols.,
Leipzig.
Sironen, E. 1994. "Life and Adminis -. 1987. des fouilles Walker, S. 1979. "A Sanctuary of Isis
"Chronique
tration of Late Roman Attica in the et d?couvertes
arch?ologiques
en on the South Slope of theAthenian
of Public Gr?ce en 1986," BCH 111, pp. 519 BSA 74, pp. 243-257.
Light Inscriptions," Acropolis,"
in Post-Herulian Athens: Aspects 583. Welter, G. 1922. "Die Tripodenstrasse
of
Life
and Culture inAthens, A.D. 267
Tracy, S.V 1994. "IG II21195 and in Athen," AM 47, pp. 72-77.
529 and Monographs of in Attica," Wheler, G. 1682. A Journey into Greece
(Papers Agatha Tyche Hesperia
the Finnish Institute atAthens 1), 63, pp. 241-244.
by George Wheler, Esq.,
in
Company
ed. P. Castren, Helsinki, pp. 15 Traill, J. S. 1978. "Greek Inscriptions Dr. London.
of Spon of Lyons,
62. from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia Wilkins, W. 1816. Atheniensia, or,
1678. de Dal 47, pp. 269-331. Remarks on the and
Spon,J. Voyage d'Italie, Topography
matie, de Gr?ce, et du Levant,
fait
aux Travlos, J. 1960. IIoAeooo?iicr] ????i?i? Buildings ofAthens,
London.
ann?es 1675 et 1676, 3 vols., Lyon. tcov A6r?v?)v, ano
tcov npo?oTOpiKcov Wilson, P. 2000. The Athenian Institu
F. [1841] 1977. Panorama tcov ?pxcov ro? 19ov tion
of the Khoregia:
Stademann, Xp?vcov ?l?xpi The Chorus, the
von Athen, repr. Mainz. a? vo?, Athens. City, and the Stage, Cambridge.
= Pictorial
Stuart, J., and N. Revett. [1762-1794] Travlos, Athens J. Travlos, Wordsworth, C. 1853. Greece: Pictorial,
1968. 3 vols., Ancient Athens, Lon and Historical, London.
Antiquities ofAthens, Dictionary of Descriptive,
repr. New York. don 1971. R. E. 1966. "Archaia
Wycherley,
H. A. 1937. "Buildings E. 1957. "Newsletter from Agora," Phoenix 20, pp. 285-293.
Thompson, Vanderpool,
on theWest Side of the Agora," -. 1978. The
Greece," AJA 61, pp. 281-285. Stones
ofAthens,
6, pp. 1-226. -. 1971. "An Athenian Decree in Princeton.
Hesperia
Geoffrey C. R. Schmalz
University of Michigan
department of history
io29 tisch hall
435 south state street
ann arbor, michigan

48109-ioo3
gschmalz@umich.edu

The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered?

Author(s): Geoffrey C. R. Schmalz

ing an integral part of Theseus's legendary synoecism of Attica (Thuc.

? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens

"sacrifice-celebrating omphalos of the city," and the site of the venerable

archaeologically invisible.8 Consequently, many of the most important

the law court was housed in an annex Wycherley pp. 45-46.

Tripods (Figs. 3,4). Situated directly between theMonument of Lysikrates

city. Recent salvage work by the Greek Archaeological Service, discussed

I begin my discussion of the Prytaneion problem with a detailed con as the

archaeological remains of the proposed Prytaneion site, drawing on early structure

3. View southeast from the

Acropolis along Lysikrates Street,

Figure 4. View of Agia Aikaterini

Archaeological Service. This is followed by an analysis of the archaeological

PAUSANIAS, THE PRYTANEION, AND

Square, it is easy to recognize his description of the famous Street of the

Tripods and the Prytaneion. As noted above, the proposed location of

a clear the so-called seeWachsmuth

This identification remains a common one despite a number of

is also unlikely that a staunch traditionalist such as Pausanias would ever

Location of the Aglaurion and the Anakeion

ship at the Aglaurion, after having sacrificed toHestia in the Prytaneion.30

Figure 6.Archaeological and topo

F183. the Anakes is considered before it was sometime

Acropolis East Slope

8. View eastward down

Thespis Street, with exposed section

likely would be the lost Anakeion of the Dioskouroi.37

from the llissos

10. Reconstruction of Pausa

route of Pausanias's return to the Prytaneion went "through the street of

Prytaneion and the Odeion of Perikles."44 Archaeological evidence demon

opposite the propylon.45

PROPOSED SITE OF THE PRYTANEION

preserved from ancient Athens.49 The archaeological remains are situated

directly between the Monument of Lysikrates and the Arch of Hadrian

along Lysikrates Street, a very significant street in antiquity (Figs. 3, 4).

can now see

Figure 11. Exposed remains inAgia

The preserved section of an Ionic colonnade, forming the southwest

Antiquarian Interest in the Agia Aikaterini Site

the Ottoman was a

Antiquarian interest in the proposed site of the Prytaneion probably

52. The was vol. 2, between pp. 416 and that

Athens, the Vecchiados Capitanakis,

Figure 12. Detail of the Capuchin

the Arch recording what he took to be the remains of the city's

Figure 13.Measured drawing (left)

Figure 14. Study of the Ionic capitals

part of a considerable edifice."61

d'Adrien." Wordsworth 1853, plan facing p. 190. of conglomerate, which reinforced or

Figure 15. Standing section of the

1860s. After Breton 1868, p. 217

Standing Architecture in Agia Aikaterini Square

The best documentation of the standing architecture in Agia Aikaterini

typically have "pancaked" capitals with narrow volutes, pinched leafed

Figure 16. Standing section of the

Asklepieion, which probably belong to the rebuilding of the late-4th-cen

b.c. of these to the