Js

JavaScript Introduction
JavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world.

It is the language for HTML, for the Web, for computers, servers, laptops, tablets,
smart phones, and more.
This page contains some examples of what JavaScript can do in HTML.
JavaScript Can Change HTML Elements

The HTML DOM (the Document Object Model) is the official W3C standard for
accessing HTML elements.
JavaScript can manipulate the DOM (change HTML contents).
The following example changes the content (innerHTML) of an HTML element
identified with id="demo":
Example
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript";
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First JavaScript</h1>
<p>JavaScript can change the content of an HTML element:</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me!</button>
<p id="demo">This is a demonstration.</p>
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello
JavaScript!";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output:
My First JavaScript
JavaScript can change the content of an HTML element:
This is a demonstration.
The method document.getElementById() is one of many methods in the HTML
DOM.
You can use JavaScript to:
Change HTML elements

Delete HTML elements
Create new HTML elements
Copy and clone HTML elements
And much more ...
There are several chapters, about the HTML DOM, later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Can Change HTML Attributes

This example changes the value of the source attribute (src) of an HTML <image>
element:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<script>
function changeImage() {
var image = document.getElementById('myImage');
if (image.src.match("bulbon")) {
image.src = "pic_bulboff.gif";
} else {
image.src = "pic_bulbon.gif";
}
}
</script>
<img id="myImage" onclick="changeImage()" src="pic_bulboff.gif" width="100" height="180">
<p>Click the light bulb to turn on/off the light</p>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Can Change HTML Styles (CSS)

Changing the style of an HTML element, is a variant of changing an HTML attribute.
Example
document.getElementById("demo").style.fontSize = "25px";
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p id="demo">JavaScript can change the style of an HTML element.</p>
<script>
var x = document.getElementById("demo");
x.style.fontSize = "25px";
x.style.color = "red";
}
</script>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me!</button>

</body>
</html>
Output:
My First JavaScript
JavaScript can change the style of an HTML element.
JavaScript Can Validate Data

JavaScript is often used to validate input:
Please input a number between 1 and 10
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Please input a number between 1 and 10:</p>
<input id="numb" type="text">
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Submit</button>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
var x, text;
//Get the value of input field with id="numb"
x = document.getElementById("numb").value;
// If x is Not a Number or less than one or greater than 10
if (isNaN(x) || x < 1 || x > 10) {
text = "Input not valid";

} else {
text = "Input OK";
}
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = text;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output;
Please input a number between 1 and 10:

Input OK
Please input a number between 1 and 10:17

Input not valid
JavaScript and Java are two completely different languages, both in
concept
and
design.
JavaScript was invented by Brendan Eich, to be used in Netscape (a no
longer
existing
browser)
in
1995,
and was adopted by the ECMA standard association in 1997.
ECMA-262 is the official name. ECMAScript 5 (version 1.8.5 - July
2010) is the latest standard.
In HTML, JavaScripts must be inserted between <script> and </script> tags.

JavaScripts can be put in the <body> and in the <head> section of an HTML page.
The <script> Tag

To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, use the <script> tag.
The <script> and </script> tells where the JavaScript starts and ends.
The lines between <script> and </script> contain the JavaScript code:
Example
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My First JavaScript Function";
}
</script>
You don't have to understand the code above.

Just take it for a fact, that the browser will interpret the code between the <script> and
</script> tags as JavaScript.
Old examples may have type="text/javascript" in the <script> tag. This is no longer
required.
JavaScript is the default scripting language in all modern browsers and in HTML5.
JavaScript Functions and Events

Often, JavaScript code is written to be executed when an event occurs, like when the
user clicks a button.
JavaScript code inside a function, can be invoked later, when an event occurs.
Invoke a function = Call upon a function (ask for the code in the function to be
executed).
You will learn much more about functions and events in later chapters.
JavaScript in <head> or <body>

You can place any number of scripts in an HTML document.
Scripts can be placed in the <body> or in the <head> section of HTML, and/or in
both.
Often you will see scripts at the bottom of the <body> section of a web page. This can
reduce display time.
Sometimes you will see all JavaScript functions in the <head> section.
Anyway, separating HTML and JavaScript, by putting all the code in one place, is
always a good habit.
JavaScript in <head>
In this example, a JavaScript function is placed in the <head> section of an HTML
page.
The function is invoked (called) when a button is clicked:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph changed.";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo">A Paragraph</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:
My Web Page
A Paragraph.
My Web Page
Paragraph changed.
External JavaScripts
Scripts can also be placed in external files.
External scripts are practical when the same code is used in many different web pages.
JavaScript files have the file extension .js.
To use an external script, put the name of the script file in the source (src) attribute of
the <script> tag:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<script src="myScript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
You can place an external script reference in <head> or <body> as you like.
The script will behave as if it was located exactly where you put the reference in the
HTML document.
External scripts cannot contain <script> tags.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> myFunction is stored in an external file
called "myScript.js".</p>
<script src="myScript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Output:
My Web Page
My First External JavaScript
Note: myFunction is stored in an external file called "myScript.js".
My Web Page
A Paragraph.
Note: myFunction is stored in an external file called "myScript.js".
JavaScript does not have any print or output functions.
In HTML, JavaScript can only be used to manipulate HTML elements.
Manipulating HTML Elements

To access an HTML element from JavaScript, you can use the
document.getElementById(id) method.
Use the "id" attribute to identify the HTML element, and innerHTML to refer to the
element content:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo">My First Paragraph</p>
<script>
</script>
</body>
</html>
The JavaScript statement above (inside the <script> tag) is executed by the web
browser:
document.getElementById("demo") is JavaScript code for finding an HTML
element using the id attribute.
innerHTML = "Paragraph changed." is JavaScript code for changing an element's

HTML content (innerHTML).
In This Tutorial
Most of the time, in this tutorial, we will use the output method described above:
Writing output into a <p> element with id="demo".
Writing to The HTML Document

For testing purposes, you can use JavaScript to write directly to the HTML document:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
<script>
document.write(Date());
</script>
</body>
</html>
My First Web Page

My first paragraph.
Fri Aug 01 2014 23:41:31 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)
Use document.write for testing only.

If you execute it, on a loaded HTML document, all HTML elements will be
overwritten.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
<script>
document.write(Date());
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
My First Web Page

My first paragraph.
Fri Aug 01 2014 23:44:57 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)
JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript is a programming language. The Syntax rules define how the language is
constructed.
JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript is a scripting language. It is a lightweight, but powerful, programming
language.
Syntax definition: "The principles by which sentences are constructed in a

language."
The sentences of a programming language are called computer statements, or just
statements.
JavaScript Literals
In a programming language, a literal is a constant value, like 3.14.
Number literals can be written with or without decimals, and with or without
scientific notation (e):
3.14
1001
123e5
String literals can be written with double or single quotes:
"John Doe"
'John Doe'
Expression literals evaluates (computes) to a value:
5+6
5 * 10
Array literals defines an array:
[40, 100, 1, 5, 25, 10]
Object literals defines an object:

{firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"}
Function literals defines a function:

function myFunction(a, b) { return a * b;}
JavaScript Variables
In a programming language (and in normal algebra), named variables store data

values.
JavaScript uses the var keyword to define variables, and an equal sign to assign
values to variables (just like algebra):
var x, length
x=5
length = 6
A variable can have variable values during the execution of a JavaScript. A literal is
always a constant value.
A variable is a name. A literal is value.
JavaScript Operators
JavaScript uses arithmetic operators to compute values (just like algebra):
(5 + 6) * 10
JavaScript uses an assignment operator to assign values to variables (just like algebra):
x=5
y=6
z = (x + y) * 10
The JavaScript language has many types of operators:
Type
Examples
Description
Assignment, arithmetic, and bitwise

operators
= + - * /
Described in JS Operators
Conditional, comparison, and logical

operators
== != < >
Described in JS
Comparisons
JavaScript Statements
In HTML, JavaScript statements are written as sequences of "commands" to the

HTML browser.
Statements are separated by semicolons:
x = 5 + 6;
y = x * 10;
JavaScript Keywords
A JavaScript statement often starts with a keyword. The var keyword tells the
browser to create a new variable:
var x = 5 + 6;
var y = x * 10;
JavaScript Identifiers
All programming languages must identify variables, functions, and objects, with
unique names.
These unique names are called identifiers.
Identifier names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs, but cannot
begin with a number.
Reserved words (like JavaScript keywords) cannot be used as identifiers.
JavaScript Comments
Not all JavaScript statements are "commands". Anything after double slashes // is
ignored by the browser:
// I will not be executed
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript variables can hold many types of data: numbers, text strings, arrays,
objects and much more:
var length = 16;
// Number assigned by a number literal
var points = x * 10;
// Number assigned by an expression literal
var lastName = "Johnson";
// String assigned by a string literal
var cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"];
// Array assigned by an array literal
var person = {firstName:John, lastName:Doe}; // Object assigned by an object literal
We use blue color to highlight reserved words, brown for string literals, and green for
comments.
JavaScript Functions
JavaScript statements written inside a function, can be invoked many times (reused):
Invoke a function = Call upon a function (ask for the code in the function to be
executed).
function myFunction(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
// returns the product of a and b
JavaScript is Case Sensitive

In JavaScript all identifiers are case sensitive.
The variables lastName and lastname, are two different variables.
The functions myFunction and myfunction, are two different functions.
JavaScript does not interpret Var; as var.
JavaScript Character Set

JavaScript uses the Unicode character set.
Unicode covers (almost) all the characters, punctuations, and symbols in the world.
For a closer look, please study our Complete Unicode Reference.
Did You Know?

It is common, in JavaScript, to use camelCase names.
You will often see identifier names written like lastName (instead of lastname).
Example
My First JavaScript Example
Click "Date" to display current day, date, and time.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Click Date to display current day, date, and time.</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Date</button>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = Date();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output;
My First JavaScript
Click Date to display current day, date, and time.
In HTML, JavaScript statements are command lines executed by the web browser.
In HTML, JavaScript statements are "commands" to the browser.
The purpose, of the statements, is to tell the browser what to do.
This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" inside an HTML
element identified with id="demo":
Example
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello Dolly.";
Semicolon ;
Semicolon separates JavaScript statements.

Normally you add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement.
Using semicolons also makes it possible to write many statements on one line.
Writing:
a = 5;
b = 6;
c = a + b;
Is the same as writing:
a = 5; b = 6; c = a + b;
You might see examples without semicolons.

Ending statements with semicolon is optional in JavaScript.
JavaScript Code
JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements.
Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written.
This example will manipulate two different HTML elements:
Example
document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML = "How are you?";
JavaScript Code Blocks
JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks.

Blocks start with a left curly bracket, and end with a right curly bracket.
The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together.
A good example of statements grouped together in blocks, are in JavaScript
functions.
This example will run a function that will manipulate two HTML elements:
Example
document.getElementById("myDIV").innerHTML = "How are you?";
}
In this tutorial we use 4 spaces of indentation for code blocks.
You will learn much more about functions later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Statement Identifiers

JavaScript statements often start with a statement identifier to identify the JavaScript
action to be performed.
Statement identifiers are reserved words and cannot be used as variable names (or any
other things).
Here is a list of some of the JavaScript statements (reserved words) you will learn
about in this tutorial:
Dolly!";
However, you cannot break up a code line like this:
Example
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = \
"Hello Dolly!";
JavaScript variables are "containers" for storing information:
Example
var x = 5;
var y = 6;
var z = x + y;
Much Like Algebra
x=5
y=6
z=x+y
In algebra we use letters (like x) to hold values (like 5).

From the expression z = x + y above, we can calculate the value of z to be 11.
In JavaScript these letters are called variables.
JavaScript variables are containers for storing data.
JavaScript Variables
As with algebra, JavaScript variables can be used to hold values (x = 5) or expressions
(z = x + y).
Variable can have short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum,
totalVolume).
Variable names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs.
Variable names must begin with a letter

Variable names can also begin with $ and _ (but we will not use it)
Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are different variables)
Reserved words (like JavaScript keywords) cannot be used as variable names
Both JavaScript statements and JavaScript variables are case-sensitive.
The Assignment Operator

In JavaScript, the equal sign (=) is an "assignment" operator, is not an "equal to"
operator.
This is different from algebra. The following does not make any sense in algebra:
x=x+5
In JavaScript, however it makes perfect sense: Assign the value of x + 5 to the

variable x.
In reality: Calculate the value of x + 5. Then put the result into the variable x.
The "equal to" operator in JavaScript, is written like == or ===. You will see it soon!.
JavaScript Data Types

JavaScript variables can hold many types of data, like text values (person = "John
Doe").
In JavaScript texts are called strings or text strings.
There are many types of JavaScript variables, but for now, just think of numbers and
strings.
When you assign a string value to a variable, you put double or single quotes around
the value.
When you assign a numeric value to a variable, you do not put quotes around the
value.
If you put quotes around a numeric value, it will be treated as a text string.
Example
var pi = 3.14;
var person = "John Doe";
var answer = 'Yes I am!';
Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
Creating a variable in JavaScript is called "declaring" a variable.

You declare JavaScript variables with the var keyword:
var carName;
After the declaration, the variable is empty (it has no value).

To assign a value to the variable, use the equal sign:
carName = "Volvo";
You can also assign a value to the variable when you declare it:
var carName = "Volvo";
In the example below, we create a variable called carName and assign the value
"Volvo" to it.
Then we "output" the value inside an HTML paragraph with id="demo":
Example
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = carName;
</script>
It's a good programming practice to declare all variables at the beginning of a script.
One Statement, Many Variables

You can declare many variables in one statement.
Start the statement with var and separate the variables by comma:
var lastName = "Doe", age = 30, job = "carpenter";
Your declaration can also span multiple lines:
var lastName = "Doe",

age = 30,
job = "carpenter";
In JavaScript you can always separate statements by semicolon, but then you cannot
omit the var keyword.
Wrong:
var lastName = "Doe"; age = 30; job = "carpenter";
Right;
var lastName = "Doe"; var age = 30; var job = "carpenter";
Value = undefined
In computer programs, variables are often declared without a value. The value can be
something that has to be calculated, or something that will be provided later, like user
input. Variable declared without a value will have the value undefined.
The variable carName will have the value undefined after the execution of the
following statement:
var carName;
Re-Declaring JavaScript Variables

If you re-declare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its value:.
The value of the variable carName will still have the value "Volvo" after the execution
of the following two statements:
var carName;
JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic with JavaScript variables, using operators like
= and +:
Example
var y = 5;
var x = y + 2;
You can also add strings, but strings will be concatenated (added end-to-end):
Example
var y = "5";
var x = y + 2;
Note that if you add a number to a string, both will be treated as strings.
You will learn a lot more about arithmetic operators later in this tutorial.
Why Study JavaScript?

JavaScript is one of 3 languages all web developers MUST learn:
1. HTML to define the content of web pages
2. CSS to specify the layout of web pages
3. JavaScript to program the behavior of web pages
This tutorial is about JavaScript, and how JavaScript works with HTML and CSS.
JavaScript References
At W3Schools you will find a complete reference of all JavaScript objects, Browser
objects, and HTML DOM objects.
The references contain examples for every object, every property, and every method.
The Window Object

Previous
Next Reference
Window Object
The window object represents an open window in a browser.
If a document contain frames (<frame> or <iframe> tags), the browser creates one
window object for the HTML document, and one additional window object for each
frame.
Note: There is no public standard that applies to the Window object, but all major
browsers support it.
Window Object Properties

Property
closed
defaultStatus
document
frames
history
innerHeight
innerWidth
length
location
name
navigator
opener
outerHeight
outerWidth
Description
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether a window has been closed or not
Sets or returns the default text in the statusbar of a window
Returns the Document object for the window (See Document object)
Returns an array of all the frames (including iframes) in the current window
Returns the History object for the window (See History object)
Returns the inner height of a window's content area
Returns the inner width of a window's content area
Returns the number of frames (including iframes) in a window
Returns the Location object for the window (See Location object)
Sets or returns the name of a window
Returns the Navigator object for the window (See Navigator object)
Returns a reference to the window that created the window
Returns the outer height of a window, including toolbars/scrollbars
Returns the outer width of a window, including toolbars/scrollbars
pageXOffset
Returns the pixels the current document has been scrolled (horizontally) from
the upper left corner of the window
pageYOffset
Returns the pixels the current document has been scrolled (vertically) from the
upper left corner of the window
parent
screen
screenLeft
screenTop
screenX
screenY
self
status
top
Returns the parent window of the current window

Returns the Screen object for the window (See Screen object)
Returns the x coordinate of the window relative to the screen
Returns the y coordinate of the window relative to the screen
Returns the x coordinate of the window relative to the screen
Returns the y coordinate of the window relative to the screen
Returns the current window
Sets or returns the text in the statusbar of a window
Returns the topmost browser window
Window Object Methods

Method
Description
alert()
atob()
blur()
btoa()
clearInterval()
clearTimeout()
close()
confirm()
createPopup()
focus()
moveBy()
moveTo()
open()
print()
prompt()
resizeBy()
resizeTo()
Displays an alert box with a message and an OK button
scroll()
This method has been replaced by the scrollTo() method.
scrollBy()
scrollTo()
setInterval()
Scrolls the content by the specified number of pixels
Decodes a base-64 encoded string

Removes focus from the current window
Encodes a string in base-64
Clears a timer set with setInterval()
Clears a timer set with setTimeout()
Closes the current window
Displays a dialog box with a message and an OK and a Cancel button
Creates a pop-up window
Sets focus to the current window
Moves a window relative to its current position
Moves a window to the specified position
Opens a new browser window
Prints the content of the current window
Displays a dialog box that prompts the visitor for input
Resizes the window by the specified pixels
Resizes the window to the specified width and height
Scrolls the content to the specified coordinates

Calls a function or evaluates an expression at specified intervals (in
milliseconds)
setTimeout()
Calls a function or evaluates an expression after a specified number of

milliseconds
stop()
Stops the window from loading
The Navigator Object

Previous
Next Reference
Navigator Object
The navigator object contains information about the browser.
Note: There is no public standard that applies to the navigator object, but all major
browsers support it.
Navigator Object Properties

Property
appCodeName
appName
appVersion
cookieEnabled
language
onLine
platform
product
userAgent
Description
Returns the code name of the browser
Returns the name of the browser
Returns the version information of the browser
Determines whether cookies are enabled in the browser
Returns the language of the browser
Determines whether the browser is online
Returns for which platform the browser is compiled
Returns the engine name of the browser
Returns the user-agent header sent by the browser to the server
Navigator Object Methods

Method
javaEnabled()
Description
Specifies whether or not the browser has Java enabled
taintEnabled()
Removed in JavaScript version 1.2. Specifies whether the browser has

data tainting enabl
ed
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JavaScript Introduction

JavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world.

JavaScript Can Change HTML Elements

Change HTML elements

JavaScript Can Change HTML Attributes

JavaScript Can Change HTML Styles (CSS)

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me!</button>

JavaScript Can Validate Data

text = "Input not valid";

Please input a number between 1 and 10:

Please input a number between 1 and 10:17

In HTML, JavaScripts must be inserted between <script> and </script> tags.

The <script> Tag

You don't have to understand the code above.

JavaScript Functions and Events

JavaScript in <head> or <body>

Manipulating HTML Elements

innerHTML = "Paragraph changed." is JavaScript code for changing an element's

Writing to The HTML Document

My First Web Page

Use document.write for testing only.

My First Web Page

Syntax definition: "The principles by which sentences are constructed in a

Object literals defines an object:

Function literals defines a function:

In a programming language (and in normal algebra), named variables store data

Assignment, arithmetic, and bitwise

Conditional, comparison, and logical

In HTML, JavaScript statements are written as sequences of "commands" to the

JavaScript Data Types

// returns the product of a and b

JavaScript is Case Sensitive

JavaScript Character Set

For a closer look, please study our Complete Unicode Reference.

Did You Know?

Semicolon separates JavaScript statements.

Is the same as writing:

You might see examples without semicolons.

JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks.

JavaScript Statement Identifiers

JavaScript variables are "containers" for storing information:

In algebra we use letters (like x) to hold values (like 5).

Variable names must begin with a letter

The Assignment Operator

In JavaScript, however it makes perfect sense: Assign the value of x + 5 to the

JavaScript Data Types

Creating a variable in JavaScript is called "declaring" a variable.

After the declaration, the variable is empty (it has no value).

One Statement, Many Variables

Your declaration can also span multiple lines:

var lastName = "Doe",

Re-Declaring JavaScript Variables

Why Study JavaScript?

The Window Object

Window Object Properties

Returns the parent window of the current window

Window Object Methods

Displays an alert box with a message and an OK button

This method has been replaced by the scrollTo() method.