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    CH 28 Sec 2 - Modernization in Japan

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    Japan began opening up to Western influence in the 1850s after Commodore Perry convinced the shogun to sign a treaty opening ports for trade. This began Japan's process of modernization as it sought to strengthen itself against the West. The Meiji government centralized power, adopted Western political and economic systems, and built up its military and industrial strength. By the 1890s, Japan had become the strongest military power in Asia and sought to eliminate Western extraterritorial rights, showing its equality with Western nations. It then became increasingly imperialistic, defeating China in 1894-95 to gain Taiwan and influence in Korea, and stunning the world by defeating Russia in the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War.

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    CH 28 Sec 2 - Modernization in Japan

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    MrEHsieh
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    Japan began opening up to Western influence in the 1850s after Commodore Perry convinced the shogun to sign a treaty opening ports for trade. This began Japan's process of modernization as it sought to strengthen itself against the West. The Meiji government centralized power, adopted Western political and economic systems, and built up its military and industrial strength. By the 1890s, Japan had become the strongest military power in Asia and sought to eliminate Western extraterritorial rights, showing its equality with Western nations. It then became increasingly imperialistic, defeating China in 1894-95 to gain Taiwan and influence in Korea, and stunning the world by defeating Russia in the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War.

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    Ch 28 Sec 2 - Modernization in Japan

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    Japan began opening up to Western influence in the 1850s after Commodore Perry convinced the shogun to sign a treaty opening ports for trade. This began Japan's process of modernization as it sought to strengthen itself against the West. The Meiji government centralized power, adopted Western political and economic systems, and built up its military and industrial strength. By the 1890s, Japan had become the strongest military power in Asia and sought to eliminate Western extraterritorial rights, showing its equality with Western nations. It then became increasingly imperialistic, defeating China in 1894-95 to gain Taiwan and influence in Korea, and stunning the world by defeating Russia in the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views4 pages

    CH 28 Sec 2 - Modernization in Japan

    Uploaded by

    MrEHsieh
    Japan began opening up to Western influence in the 1850s after Commodore Perry convinced the shogun to sign a treaty opening ports for trade. This began Japan's process of modernization as it sought to strengthen itself against the West. The Meiji government centralized power, adopted Western political and economic systems, and built up its military and industrial strength. By the 1890s, Japan had become the strongest military power in Asia and sought to eliminate Western extraterritorial rights, showing its equality with Western nations. It then became increasingly imperialistic, defeating China in 1894-95 to gain Taiwan and influence in Korea, and stunning the world by defeating Russia in the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War.

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    of 4

    Page 1 of 4

    Modernization in Japan
    MAIN IDEA

    WHY IT MATTERS NOW

    CULTURAL INTERACTION Japan


    followed the model of Western
    powers by industrializing and
    expanding its foreign influence.

    Japans continued development


    of its own way of life has made
    it a leading world power.

    TERMS & NAMES


    Treaty of
    Kanagawa
    Meiji era

    RussoJapanese War
    annexation

    SETTING THE STAGE In the early 17th century, Japan had shut itself off from

    almost all contact with other nations. Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns,
    Japanese society was very tightly ordered. The shogun parceled out land to the
    daimyo, or lords. The peasants worked for and lived under the protection of their
    daimyo and his small army of samurai, or warriors. This rigid feudal system
    managed to keep the country free of civil war. Peace and relative prosperity
    reigned in Japan for two centuries.
    TAKING NOTES
    Analyzing Causes List
    the steps that Japan
    took toward
    modernization and the
    events that contributed
    to its growth as an
    imperialistic power.
    Modernization

    Imperialism

    Japan Ends Its Isolation


    The Japanese had almost no contact with the industrialized world during this
    time of isolation. They continued, however, to trade with China and with Dutch
    merchants from Indonesia. They also had diplomatic contact with Korea.
    However, trade was growing in importance, both inside and outside Japan.
    The Demand for Foreign Trade Beginning in the early 19th century,

    Westerners tried to convince the Japanese to open their ports to trade. British,
    French, Russian, and American officials occasionally anchored off the Japanese
    coast. Like China, however, Japan repeatedly refused to receive them. Then, in
    1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry took four ships into what is now Tokyo
    Harbor. These massive black wooden ships powered by steam astounded the
    Japanese. The ships cannons also shocked them. The Tokugawa shogun realized
    he had no choice but to receive Perry and the letter Perry had brought from U.S.
    president Millard Fillmore.
    Fillmores letter politely asked the shogun to allow free trade between the
    United States and Japan. Perry delivered it with a threat, however. He would
    come back with a larger fleet in a year to receive Japans reply. That reply was
    the Treaty of Kanagawa of 1854. Under its terms, Japan opened two ports at
    which U.S. ships could take on supplies. After the United States had pushed open
    the door, other Western powers soon followed. By 1860, Japan, like China, had
    granted foreigners permission to trade at several treaty ports. It had also
    extended extraterritorial rights to many foreign nations.
    Meiji Reform and Modernization The Japanese were angry that the shogun had

    given in to the foreigners demands. They turned to Japans young emperor,


    Mutsuhito (mootsooHEEtoh), who seemed to symbolize the countrys sense of

    810 Chapter 28

    Page 2 of 4

    pride and nationalism. In 1867, the Tokugawa shogun stepped down, ending the military dictatorships that had lasted since the 12th century. Mutsuhito took control of
    the government. He chose the name Meiji for his reign, which means enlightened
    rule. Mutsuhitos reign, which lasted 45 years, is known as the Meiji era.
    The Meiji emperor realized that the best way to counter Western influence was
    to modernize. He sent diplomats to Europe and North America to study Western
    ways. The Japanese then chose what they believed to be the best that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country. They admired Germanys
    strong centralized government, for example. And they used its constitution as a
    model for their own. The Japanese also admired the discipline of the German army
    and the skill of the British navy. They attempted to imitate these European powers
    as they modernized their military. Japan adopted the American system of universal
    public education and required that all Japanese children attend school. Their teachers often included foreign experts. Students could go abroad to study as well.
    The emperor also energetically supported following the Western path of industrialization. By the early 20th century, the Japanese economy had become as modern as any in the world. The country built its first railroad line in 1872. The track
    connected Tokyo, the nations capital, with the port of Yokohama, 20 miles to the
    south. By 1914, Japan had more than 7,000 miles of railroad. Coal production grew
    from half a million tons in 1875 to more than 21 million tons in 1913. Meanwhile,
    large, state-supported companies built thousands of factories. Traditional Japanese
    industries, such as tea processing and silk production, expanded to give the country unique products to trade. Developing modern industries, such as shipbuilding,
    made Japan competitive with the West.

    Imperial Japan
    Japans race to modernize paid off. By 1890, the country had several dozen warships and 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers. It had become the strongest
    military power in Asia.
    Japan had gained military, political, and economic strength. It then sought to
    eliminate the extraterritorial rights of foreigners. The Japanese foreign minister
    assured foreigners that they could rely on fair treatment in Japan. This was because
    its constitution and legal codes were similar to those of European nations, he
    explained. His reasoning was convincing, and in 1894, foreign powers accepted the

    China and Japan Confront the West


    China
    Remains committed
    to traditional values
    Loses numerous
    territorial conflicts
    Grants other
    nations spheres of
    influence within
    China
    Finally accepts
    necessity for reform
    The Dowager
    Empress Cixi
    (18621908)

    Both
    Have wellestablished
    traditional
    values
    Initially resist
    change
    Oppose Western
    imperialism

    Japan
    Considers
    modernization to be
    necessary
    Borrows and adapts
    Western ways
    Strengthens its
    economic and
    military power
    Becomes an empire
    builder

    SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts


    1. Contrasting According to the diagram, in what ways did China and Japan
    deal differently with Western influence?
    2. Comparing What similar responses did each country share despite the
    different paths they followed?

    The Meiji Emperor


    Mutsuhito
    (18671912)

    811

    Page 3 of 4

    abolition of extraterritorial rights for their citizens living in Japan. Japans feeling
    of strength and equality with the Western nations rose.
    As Japans sense of power grew, the nation also became more imperialistic. As
    in Europe, national pride played a large part in Japans imperial plans. The
    Japanese were determined to show the world that they were a powerful nation.
    Japan Attacks China The Japanese first turned their sights to their neighbor,

    Korea. In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade. But
    China also considered Korea to be important both as a trading partner and a military outpost. Recognizing their similar interests in Korea, Japan and China signed
    a hands-off agreement. In 1885, both countries pledged that they would not send
    their armies into Korea.
    In June 1894, however, China broke that agreement. Rebellions had broken out
    against Koreas king. He asked China for military help in putting them down.
    Chinese troops marched into Korea. Japan protested and sent its troops to Korea to
    fight the Chinese. This Sino-Japanese War lasted just a few months. In that time,
    Japan drove the Chinese out of Korea, destroyed the Chinese navy, and gained a
    foothold in Manchuria. In 1895, China and Japan signed a peace treaty. This treaty
    gave Japan its first colonies, Taiwan and the neighboring Pescadores Islands. (See
    the map on page 803.)
    Russo-Japanese War Japans victory over China changed the worlds balance of

    power. Russia and Japan emerged as the major powersand enemiesin East
    Asia. The two countries soon went to war over Manchuria. In 1903, Japan offered
    to recognize Russias rights in Manchuria if the Russians would agree to stay out
    of Korea. But the Russians refused.
    In February 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships anchored
    off the coast of Manchuria. In the resulting Russo-Japanese War, Japan drove

    Warlike Japan
    Cartoonists often use symbols to identify the
    countries, individuals, or even ideas featured in
    their cartoons. Russia has long been symbolized
    as a bear by cartoonists. Here, the cartoonist uses
    a polar bear.
    Prior to the Meiji era, cartoonists usually
    pictured Japan as a fierce samurai. Later, however,
    Japan often was symbolized by a caricature of
    Emperor Mutsuhito. Here, the cartoonist has
    exaggerated the emperors physical features to
    make him look like a bird of prey.

    SKILLBUILDER:
    Interpreting Political Cartoons
    1. Clarifying How does the cartoonist signify
    that Japan is warlike?
    2. Making Inferences In their fight, Russia
    and Japan appear to be crushing someone.
    Who do you think this might be?

    812 Chapter 28

    Making
    Inferences
    Why did
    Japan become
    imperialistic?

    Vocabulary

    Sino: a prefix meaning Chinese

    Page 4 of 4

    Russian troops out of Korea and captured most of Russias


    Pacific fleet. It also destroyed Russias Baltic fleet, which had
    sailed all the way around Africa to participate in the war.
    In 1905, Japan and Russia began peace negotiations. U.S.
    president Theodore Roosevelt helped draft the treaty, which
    the two nations signed on a ship off Portsmouth, New
    Hampshire. This agreement, the Treaty of Portsmouth, gave
    Japan the captured territories. It also forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and to stay out of Korea.

    Western Views of the East


    The Japanese victory over the
    Russians in 1905 exploded a strong
    Western myth. Many Westerners
    believed that white people were a
    superior race. The overwhelming
    success of European colonialism and
    imperialism in the Americas, Africa,
    and Asia had reinforced this belief.
    But the Japanese had shown
    Europeans that people of other races
    were their equals in modern warfare.
    Unfortunately, Japans military
    victory led to a different form of
    Western racism. Influenced by the
    ideas of Germanys Emperor Wilhelm
    II, the West imagined the Japanese
    uniting with the Chinese and
    conquering Europe. The resulting
    racist Western fear of what was called
    the yellow peril influenced world
    politics for many decades.

    Japanese Occupation of Korea After defeating Russia,

    Japan attacked Korea with a vengeance. In 1905, it made


    Korea a protectorate. Japan sent in advisers, who grabbed
    more and more power from the Korean government. The
    Korean king was unable to rally international support for his
    regime. In 1907, he gave up control of the country. Within
    two years the Korean Imperial Army was disbanded. In
    1910, Japan officially imposed annexation on Korea, or
    brought that country under Japans control.
    The Japanese were harsh rulers. They shut down Korean
    newspapers and took over Korean schools. There they
    replaced the study of Korean language and history with
    Japanese subjects. They took land away from Korean farmers and gave it to Japanese settlers. They encouraged
    Japanese businessmen to start industries in Korea, but forbade Koreans from going into business. Resentment of Japans repressive rule
    grew, helping to create a strong Korean nationalist movement.
    The rest of the world clearly saw the brutal results of Japans imperialism.
    Nevertheless, the United States and other European countries largely ignored what
    was happening in Korea. They were too busy with their own imperialistic aims, as
    you will learn in Section 3.

    Vocabulary

    protectorate: a
    country under the
    partial control and
    protection of
    another nation

    Clarifying
    How did Japan
    treat the Koreans
    after it annexed the
    country?

    SECTION

    ASSESSMENT

    TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
    Treaty of Kanagawa

    Meiji era

    Russo-Japanese War

    annexation

    USING YOUR NOTES

    MAIN IDEAS

    CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

    2. Do you think that Japan could

    3. How was the Treaty of

    6. ANALYZING CAUSES What influences do you think were

    have become an imperialistic


    power if it had not modernized? Why or why not?
    Modernization

    Imperialism

    Kanagawa similar to the


    treaties that China signed with
    various European powers?
    4. What steps did the Meiji

    emperor take to modernize


    Japan?
    5. How did Japan begin its quest

    to build an empire?

    most important in motivating Japan to build its empire?


    7. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS In your view, was

    Japans aggressive imperialism justified? Support your


    answer with information from the text.
    8. ANALYZING BIAS How did Japans victory in the Russo-

    Japanese War both explode and create stereotypes?


    9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING In the role of a

    Japanese official, write a letter to the government of a


    Western power explaining why you think it is necessary
    for your country to build an empire.

    CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A SYMBOL


    Conduct research to discover the name that Akihito, the present emperor of Japan, chose for
    his reign. Then create a symbol that expresses the meaning of this name.

    Transformations Around the Globe 813

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