IOS Security Guide

iOS Security
iOS 9.0 or later

September 2015
Contents
Page 4
Introduction
Page 5
System Security
Secure boot chain
System Software Authorization
Secure Enclave
Touch ID
Page 10
Encryption and Data Protection

Hardware security features
File Data Protection
Passcodes
Data Protection classes
Keychain Data Protection
Access to Safari saved passwords
Keybags
Security Certifications and programs
Page 18
App Security
App code signing
Runtime process security
Extensions
App Groups
Data Protection in apps
Accessories
HomeKit
HealthKit
Apple Watch
Page 27
Network Security
TLS
VPN
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
Single Sign-on
AirDrop security
Page 31
Apple Pay
Apple Pay components
How Apple Pay uses the Secure Element
How Apple Pay uses the NFC controller
Credit and debit card provisioning
Payment authorization
Transaction-specific dynamic security code
Contactless payments with Apple Pay
Paying with Apple Pay within apps
Rewards cards
Suspending, removing, and erasing cards
iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015
Page 38
Internet Services
Apple ID
iMessage
FaceTime
iCloud
iCloud Keychain
Siri
Continuity
Spotlight Suggestions
Page 50
Device Controls
Passcode protection
iOS pairing model
Configuration enforcement
Mobile device management (MDM)
Device Enrollment Program
Apple Configurator
Device restrictions
Supervised-only restrictions
Remote wipe
Find My iPhone and Activation Lock
Page 56
Privacy Controls
Location Services
Access to personal data
Privacy policy
Page 57
Conclusion
A commitment to security
Page 58
Glossary
Page 60
Document Revision History
Introduction
Apple designed the iOS platform with security at its core. When we set out to create
the best possible mobile platform, we drew from decades of experience to build an
entirely new architecture. We thought about the security hazards of the desktop
environment, and established a new approach to security in the design of iOS. We
developed and incorporated innovative features that tighten mobile security and
protect the entire system by default. As a result, iOS is a major leap forward in security
for mobile devices.
Data Protection
Class
App Sandbox
Software
Every iOS device combines software, hardware, and services designed to work
together for maximum security and a transparent user experience. iOS protects not
only the device and its data at rest, but the entire ecosystem, including everything
users do locally, on networks, and with key Internet services.
User Partition
(Encrypted)
iOS and iOS devices provide advanced security features, and yet theyre also easy
to use. Many of these features are enabled by default, so IT departments dont need
to perform extensive configurations. And key security features like device encryption
are not configurable, so users cant disable them by mistake. Other features, such as
Touch ID, enhance the user experience by making it simpler and more intuitive to
secure the device.
OS Partition
File System
Kernel
Secure
Enclave
Secure
Element
Hardware and
Firmware
Crypto Engine
This document provides details about how security technology and features are
implemented within the iOS platform. It will also help organizations combine iOS
platform security technology and features with their own policies and procedures
to meet their specific security needs.
This document is organized into the following topic areas:
System security: The integrated and secure software and hardware that are the platform
for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
Device Key
Group Key
Apple Root Certicate
Security architecture diagram of iOS provides

a visual overview of the different technologies
discussed in this document.
Encryption and data protection: The architecture and design that protects user data if
the device is lost or stolen, or if an unauthorized person attempts to use or modify it.
App security: The systems that enable apps to run securely and without compromising
platform integrity.
Network security: Industry-standard networking protocols that provide secure
authentication and encryption of data in transmission.
Apple Pay: Apples implementation of secure payments.
Internet services: Apples network-based infrastructure for messaging, syncing,
and backup.
Device controls: Methods that prevent unauthorized use of the device and enable
it to be remotely wiped if lost or stolen.
Privacy controls: Capabilities of iOS that can be used to control access to Location
Services and user data.
System Security
Entering Device Firmware Upgrade
(DFU) mode
Restoring a device after it enters DFU
mode returns it to a known good state
with the certainty that only unmodified
Apple-signed code is present. DFU mode
can be entered manually: First connect
the device to a computer using a USB
cable, then hold down both the Home
and Sleep/Wake buttons. After 8 seconds,
release the Sleep/Wake button while
continuing to hold down the Home
button. Note: Nothing will be displayed
on the screen when the device is in
DFU mode. If the Apple logo appears,
the Sleep/Wake button was held down
too long.
System security is designed so that both software and hardware are secure across
all core components of every iOS device. This includes the boot-up process, software
updates, and Secure Enclave. This architecture is central to security in iOS, and never
gets in the way of device usability.
The tight integration of hardware and software on iOS devices ensures that each
component of the system is trusted, and validates the system as a whole. From initial
boot-up to iOS software updates to third-party apps, each step is analyzed and vetted
to help ensure that the hardware and software are performing optimally together and
using resources properly.
Secure boot chain

Each step of the startup process contains components that are cryptographically
signed by Apple to ensure integrity and that proceed only after verifying the chain of
trust. This includes the bootloaders, kernel, kernel extensions, and baseband firmware.
When an iOS device is turned on, its application processor immediately executes code
from read-only memory known as the Boot ROM. This immutable code, known as the
hardware root of trust, is laid down during chip fabrication, and is implicitly trusted.
The Boot ROM code contains the Apple Root CA public key, which is used to verify that
the Low-Level Bootloader (LLB) is signed by Apple before allowing it to load. This is
the first step in the chain of trust where each step ensures that the next is signed by
Apple. When the LLB finishes its tasks, it verifies and runs the next-stage bootloader,
iBoot, which in turn verifies and runs the iOS kernel.
This secure boot chain helps ensure that the lowest levels of software are not tampered
with and allows iOS to run only on validated Apple devices.
For devices with cellular access, the baseband subsystem also utilizes its own similar
process of secure booting with signed software and keys verified by the baseband
processor.
For devices with an A7 or later A-series processor, the Secure Enclave coprocessor also
utilizes a secure boot process that ensures its separate software is verified and signed
by Apple.
If one step of this boot process is unable to load or verify the next process, startup is
stopped and the device displays the Connect to iTunes screen. This is called recovery
mode. If the Boot ROM is not able to load or verify LLB, it enters DFU (Device Firmware
Upgrade) mode. In both cases, the device must be connected to iTunes via USB and
restored to factory default settings. For more information on manually entering
recovery mode, see https://support.apple.com/kb/HT1808.
System Software Authorization

Apple regularly releases software updates to address emerging security concerns and
also provide new features; these updates are provided for all supported devices simultaneously. Users receive iOS update notifications on the device and through iTunes, and
updates are delivered wirelessly, encouraging rapid adoption of the latest security fixes.
The startup process described above helps ensure that only Apple-signed code can be
installed on a device. To prevent devices from being downgraded to older versions that
lack the latest security updates, iOS uses a process called System Software Authorization.
If downgrades were possible, an attacker who gains possession of a device could install
an older version of iOS and exploit a vulnerability thats been fixed in the newer version.
On a device with an A7 or later A-series processor, the Secure Enclave coprocessor
also utilizes System Software Authorization to ensure the integrity of its software and
prevent downgrade installations. See Secure Enclave, below.
iOS software updates can be installed using iTunes or over the air (OTA) on the device.
With iTunes, a full copy of iOS is downloaded and installed. OTA software updates
download only the components required to complete an update, improving network
efficiency, rather than downloading the entire OS. Additionally, software updates can be
cached on a local network server running the caching service on OS X Server so that
iOS devices do not need to access Apple servers to obtain the necessary update data.
During an iOS upgrade, iTunes (or the device itself, in the case of OTA software
updates) connects to the Apple installation authorization server and sends it a list of
cryptographic measurements for each part of the installation bundle to be installed
(for example, LLB, iBoot, the kernel, and OS image), a random anti-replay value (nonce),
and the devices unique ID (ECID).
The authorization server checks the presented list of measurements against versions for
which installation is permitted and, if it finds a match, adds the ECID to the measurement
and signs the result. The server passes a complete set of signed data to the device as
part of the upgrade process. Adding the ECID personalizes the authorization for the
requesting device. By authorizing and signing only for known measurements, the server
ensures that the update takes place exactly as provided by Apple.
The boot-time chain-of-trust evaluation verifies that the signature comes from Apple
and that the measurement of the item loaded from disk, combined with the devices
ECID, matches what was covered by the signature.
These steps ensure that the authorization is for a specific device and that an old iOS
version from one device cant be copied to another. The nonce prevents an attacker
from saving the servers response and using it to tamper with a device or otherwise
alter the system software.
Secure Enclave
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor fabricated in the Apple A7 or later A-series
processor. It utilizes its own secure boot and personalized software update separate
from the application processor. It provides all cryptographic operations for Data
Protection key management and maintains the integrity of Data Protection even
if thekernel has been compromised.
The Secure Enclave uses encrypted memory and includes a hardware random
number generator. Its microkernel is based on the L4 family, with modifications by
Apple. Communication between the Secure Enclave and the application processor
is isolated to an interrupt-driven mailbox and shared memory data buffers.
Each Secure Enclave is provisioned during fabrication with its own UID (Unique ID)
that is not accessible to other parts of the system and is not known to Apple. When
the device starts up, an ephemeral key is created, entangled with its UID, and used
to encrypt the Secure Enclaves portion of the devices memory space.
Additionally, data that is saved to the file system by the Secure Enclave is encrypted
with a key entangled with the UID and an anti-replay counter.
The Secure Enclave is responsible for processing fingerprint data from the Touch
ID sensor, determining if there is a match against registered fingerprints, and then
enabling access or purchases on behalf of the user. Communication between the
processor and the Touch ID sensor takes place over a serial peripheral interface
bus. The processor forwards the data to the Secure Enclave but cannot read it. Its
encrypted and authenticated with a session key that is negotiated using the devices
shared key that is provisioned for the Touch ID sensor and the Secure Enclave. The
session key exchange uses AES key wrapping with both sides providing a random
key that establishes the session key and uses AES-CCM transport encryption.
Touch ID
Touch ID is the fingerprint sensing system that makes secure access to the device
faster and easier. This technology reads fingerprint data from any angle and learns
more about a users fingerprint over time, with the sensor continuing to expand the
fingerprint map as additional overlapping nodes are identified with each use.
Touch ID makes using a longer, more complex passcode far more practical because
users wont have to enter it as frequently. Touch ID also overcomes the inconvenience
of a passcode-based lock, not by replacing it but by securely providing access to the
device within thoughtful boundaries and time constraints.
Touch ID and passcodes
To use Touch ID, users must set up their device so that a passcode is required to unlock
it. When Touch ID scans and recognizes an enrolled fingerprint, the device unlocks
without asking for the device passcode. The passcode can always be used instead of
Touch ID, and its still required under the following circumstances:
The device has just been turned on or restarted.
The device has not been unlocked for more than 48 hours.
The device has received a remote lock command.
After five unsuccessful attempts to match a fingerprint.
When setting up or enrolling new fingers with Touch ID.
When Touch ID is enabled, the device immediately locks when the Sleep/Wake
button is pressed. With passcode-only security, many users set an unlocking grace
period to avoid having to enter a passcode each time the device is used. With Touch
ID, the device locks every time it goes to sleep, and requires a fingerprintor
optionally the passcodeat every wake.
Touch ID can be trained to recognize up to five different fingers. With one finger
enrolled, the chance of a random match with someone else is 1 in 50,000. However,
Touch ID allows only five unsuccessful fingerprint match attempts before the user
isrequired to enter a passcode to obtain access.
Other uses for Touch ID
Touch ID can also be configured to approve purchases from the iTunes Store, the
App Store, and the iBooks Store, so users dont have to enter an Apple ID password.
When they choose to authorize a purchase, authentication tokens are exchanged
between the device and the store. The token and cryptographic nonce are held in the
Secure Enclave. The nonce is signed with a Secure Enclave key shared by all devices
and the iTunes Store.
Touch ID can also be used with Apple Pay, Apples implementation of secure payments.
For more information, see the Apple Pay section of this document.
Additionally, third-party apps can use system-provided APIs to ask the user to
authenticate using Touch ID or a passcode. The app is only notified as to whether
the authentication was successful; it cannot access Touch ID or the data associated
with the enrolled fingerprint.
Keychain items can also be protected with Touch ID, to be released by the Secured
Enclave only by a fingerprint match or the device passcode. App developers also
have APIs to verify that a passcode has been set by the user and therefore able to
authenticate or unlock keychain items using Touch ID.
With iOS 9, developers can require that Touch ID API operations dont fall back to
an application password or the device passcode. Along with the ability to retrieve a
representation of the state of enrolled fingers, this allows Touch ID to be used as a
second factor in security sensitive apps.
Touch ID security
The fingerprint sensor is active only when the capacitive steel ring that surrounds the
Home button detects the touch of a finger, which triggers the advanced imaging array
to scan the finger and send the scan to the Secure Enclave.
The raster scan is temporarily stored in encrypted memory within the Secure Enclave
while being vectorized for analysis, and then its discarded. The analysis utilizes subdermal ridge flow angle mapping, which is a lossy process that discards minutia data
that would be required to reconstruct the users actual fingerprint. The resulting map
of nodes is stored without any identity information in an encrypted format that can
only be read by the Secure Enclave, and is never sent to Apple or backed up to iCloud
or iTunes.
How Touch ID unlocks an iOS device
If Touch ID is turned off, when a device locks, the keys for Data Protection class
Complete, which are held in the Secure Enclave, are discarded. The files and keychain
items in that class are inaccessible until the user unlocks the device by entering his
orher passcode.
With Touch ID turned on, the keys are not discarded when the device locks; instead,
theyre wrapped with a key that is given to the Touch ID subsystem inside the Secure
Enclave. When a user attempts to unlock the device, if Touch ID recognizes the users
fingerprint, it provides the key for unwrapping the Data Protection keys, and the
device is unlocked. This process provides additional protection by requiring the
Data Protection and Touch ID subsystems to cooperate in order to unlock the device.
The keys needed for Touch ID to unlock the device are lost if the device reboots
and are discarded by the Secure Enclave after 48 hours or five failed Touch ID
recognition attempts.
Encryption and Data Protection

The secure boot chain, code signing, and runtime process security all help to ensure
that only trusted code and apps can run on a device. iOS has additional encryption
anddata protection features to safeguard user data, even in cases where other parts
ofthe security infrastructure have been compromised (for example, on a device with
unauthorized modifications). This provides important benefits for both users and
IT administrators, protecting personal and corporate information at all times and
providing methods for instant and complete remote wipe in the case of device
theft orloss.
Hardware security features

On mobile devices, speed and power efficiency are critical. Cryptographic operations
are complex and can introduce performance or battery life problems if not designed
and implemented with these priorities in mind.
Every iOS device has a dedicated AES 256 crypto engine built into the DMA path
between the flash storage and main system memory, making file encryption highly
efficient.
The devices unique ID (UID) and a device group ID (GID) are AES 256-bit keys fused
(UID) or compiled (GID) into the application processor and Secure Enclave during
manufacturing. No software or firmware can read them directly; they can see only the
results of encryption or decryption operations performed by dedicated AES engines
implemented in silicon using the UID or GID as a key. Additionally, the Secure Enclaves
UID and GID can only be used by the AES engine dedicated to the Secure Enclave. The
UIDs are unique to each device and are not recorded by Apple or any of its suppliers.
The GIDs are common to all processors in a class of devices (for example, all devices
using the Apple A8 processor), and are used for non security-critical tasks such as when
delivering system software during installation and restore. Integrating these keys into
the silicon helps prevent them from being tampered with or bypassed, or accessed
outside the AES engine. The UIDs and GIDs are also not available via JTAG or other
debugging interfaces.
Erase all content and settings

The Erase all content and settings
option in Settings obliterates all the keys
in Effaceable Storage, rendering all user
dataon the device cryptographically inaccessible. Therefore, its an ideal way to be
sure all personal information is removed
from a device before giving it to somebody
else or returning it for service. Important:
Do not use the Erase all content and
settings option until the device has been
backed up, as there is no way to recover
theerased data.
The UID allows data to be cryptographically tied to a particular device. For example,
thekey hierarchy protecting the file system includes the UID, so if the memory chips
are physically moved from one device to another, the files are inaccessible. The UID is
not related to any other identifier on the device.
Apart from the UID and GID, all other cryptographic keys are created by the systems
random number generator (RNG) using an algorithm based on CTR_DRBG. System
entropy is generated from timing variations during boot, and additionally from
interrupt timing once the device has booted. Keys generated inside the Secure Enclave
use its true hardware random number generator based on multiple ring oscillators post
processed withCTR_DRBG.
Securely erasing saved keys is just as important as generating them. Its especially
challenging to do so on flash storage, where wear-leveling might mean multiple copies
of data need to be erased. To address this issue, iOS devices include a feature dedicated
to secure data erasure called Effaceable Storage. This feature accesses the underlying
storage technology (for example, NAND) to directly address and erase a small number
of blocks at a very low level.
10

In addition to the hardware encryption features built into iOS devices, Apple uses a
technology called Data Protection to further protect data stored in flash memory on
the device. Data Protection allows the device to respond to common events such as
incoming phone calls, but also enables a high level of encryption for user data. Key
system apps, such as Messages, Mail, Calendar, Contacts, Photos, and Health data values
use Data Protection by default, and third-party apps installed on iOS 7 or later receive
this protection automatically.
Data Protection is implemented by constructing and managing a hierarchy of keys,
and builds on the hardware encryption technologies built into each iOS device. Data
Protection is controlled on a per-file basis by assigning each file to a class; accessibility
is determined by whether the class keys have been unlocked.
Architecture overview
Every time a file on the data partition is created, Data Protection creates a new 256-bit
key (the per-file key) and gives it to the hardware AES engine, which uses the key to
encrypt the file as it is written to flash memory using AES CBC mode. (On devices with
an A8 processor, AES-XTS is used.) The initialization vector (IV) is calculated with the
block offset into the file, encrypted with the SHA-1 hash of the per-file key.
The per-file key is wrapped with one of several class keys, depending on the
circumstances under which the file should be accessible. Like all other wrappings, this
is performed using NIST AES key wrapping, per RFC 3394. The wrapped per-file key is
stored in the files metadata.
When a file is opened, its metadata is decrypted with the file system key, revealing
the wrapped per-file key and a notation on which class protects it. The per-file key
isunwrapped with the class key, then supplied to the hardware AES engine, which
decrypts the file as it is read from flash memory. All wrapped file key handling occurs
in the Secure Enclave; the file key is never directly exposed to the application processor.
At boot, the Secure Enclave negotiates an ephemeral key with the AES engine. When
the Secure Enclave unwraps a files keys, they are rewrapped with the ephemeral key
and sent back to the application processor.
The metadata of all files in the file system is encrypted with a random key, which
is created when iOS is first installed or when the device is wiped by a user. The file
system key is stored in Effaceable Storage. Since its stored on the device, this key is
not used to maintain the confidentiality of data; instead, its designed to be quickly
erased on demand (by the user, with the Erase all content and settings option, or
by a user or administrator issuing a remote wipe command from a mobile device
management (MDM) server, Exchange ActiveSync, or iCloud). Erasing the key in this
manner renders all files cryptographically inaccessible.
File System Key
Hardware Key
Class Key
File Metadata
File Key
File Contents
Passcode Key
11
The content of a file is encrypted with a per-file key, which is wrapped with a class key
and stored in a files metadata, which is in turn encrypted with the file system key. The
class key is protected with the hardware UID and, for some classes, the users passcode.
This hierarchy provides both flexibility and performance. For example, changing a files
class only requires rewrapping its per-file key, and a change of passcode just rewraps
the class key.
Passcode considerations
If a long password that contains only
numbers is entered, a numeric keypad
is displayed at the Lock screen instead
of the full keyboard. A longer numeric
passcode may be easier to enter than a
shorter alphanumeric passcode, while
providing similar security.
Passcodes
By setting up a device passcode, the user automatically enables Data Protection.
iOS supports six-digit, four-digit, and arbitrary-length alphanumeric passcodes. In
addition to unlocking the device, a passcode provides entropy for certain encryption
keys. This means an attacker in possession of a device cant get access to data in
specific protection classes without the passcode.
The passcode is entangled with the devices UID, so brute-force attempts must be
performed on the device under attack. A large iteration count is used to make each
attempt slower. The iteration count is calibrated so that one attempt takes approximately
80 milliseconds. This means it would take more than 5 years to try all combinations
of a six-character alphanumeric passcode with lowercase letters and numbers.
The stronger the user passcode is, the stronger the encryption key becomes. Touch ID
can be used to enhance this equation by enabling the user to establish a much stronger
passcode than would otherwise be practical. This increases the effective amount of
entropy protecting the encryption keys used for Data Protection, without adversely
affecting the user experience of unlocking an iOS device multiple times throughout
the day.
Delays between passcode attempts

Attempts
Delay Enforced
1-4
none
5
1 minute
6
5 minutes
7-8
15 minutes
9
1 hour
To further discourage brute-force passcode attacks, there are escalating time delays after
the entry of an invalid passcode at the Lock screen. If Settings > Touch ID & Passcode >
Erase Data is turned on, the device will automatically wipe after 10 consecutive incorrect
attempts to enter the passcode. This setting is also available as an administrative policy
through mobile device management (MDM) and Exchange ActiveSync, and can be set
to a lower threshold.
On devices with an A7 or later A-series processor, the delays are enforced by the
Secure Enclave. If the device is restarted during a timed delay, the delay is still
enforced, with the timer starting over for the current period.
Data Protection classes

When a new file is created on an iOS device, its assigned a class by the app that
creates it. Each class uses different policies to determine when the data is accessible.
The basic classes and policies are described in the following sections.
Complete Protection
(NSFileProtectionComplete): The class key is protected with a key derived

from the user passcode and the device UID. Shortly after the user locks a device
(10 seconds, if the Require Password setting is Immediately), the decrypted class key
is discarded, rendering all data in this class inaccessible until the user enters the
passcode again or unlocks the device using Touch ID.
12
Protected Unless Open
(NSFileProtectionCompleteUnlessOpen): Some files may need to be

written while the device is locked. A good example of this is a mail attachment downloading in the background. This behavior is achieved by using asymmetric elliptic curve
cryptography (ECDH over Curve25519). The usual per-file key is protected by akey
derived using One-Pass Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement as described in NIST SP 800-56A.
The ephemeral public key for the agreement is stored alongside the wrapped per-file
key. The KDF is Concatenation Key Derivation Function (Approved Alternative 1)
as described in 5.8.1 of NIST SP 800-56A. AlgorithmID is omitted. PartyUInfo and
PartyVInfo are the ephemeral and static public keys, respectively. SHA-256 is used as
the hashing function. As soon as the file is closed, the per-file key is wiped from
memory. To open the file again, the shared secret is re-created using the Protected
Unless Open classs private key and the files ephemeral public key; its hash is used
to unwrap the per-file key, which is then used to decrypt the file.
Protected Until First User Authentication
(NSFileProtectionCompleteUntilFirstUserAuthentication): This
class behaves in the same way as Complete Protection, except that the decrypted class
key is not removed from memory when the device is locked. The protection in this
class has similar properties to desktop full-volume encryption, and protects data from
attacks that involve a reboot. This is the default class for all third-party app data not
otherwise assigned to a Data Protection class.
No Protection
(NSFileProtectionNone): This class key is protected only with the UID, and is
kept in Effaceable Storage. Since all the keys needed to decrypt files in this class are
stored on the device, the encryption only affords the benefit of fast remote wipe. If a
file is not assigned a Data Protection class, it is still stored in encrypted form (as is all
data on an iOS device).

Many apps need to handle passwords and other short but sensitive bits of data, such
as keys and login tokens. The iOS keychain provides a secure way to store these items.
The keychain is implemented as a SQLite database stored on the file system. There
is only one database; the securityd daemon determines which keychain items each
process or app can access. Keychain access APIs result in calls to the daemon, which
queries the apps keychain-access-groups, application-identifier, and applicationgroup entitlements. Rather than limiting access to a single process, access groups
allow keychain items to be shared between apps.
Keychain items can only be shared between apps from the same developer. This is
managed by requiring third-party apps to use access groups with a prefix allocated
to them through the iOS Developer Program via application groups. The prefix
requirementandapplication group uniquenessareenforced throughcode signing,
Provisioning Profiles,and the iOS Developer Program.
13
Components of a keychain item

Along with the access group, each keychain
item contains administrative metadata (such
as created and last updated timestamps).
It also contains SHA-1 hashes of the attributes
used to query for the item (such as the
account and server name) to allow lookup
without decrypting each item. And finally,
it contains the encryption data, which
includes the following:
Version number
Access control list (ACL) data
Value indicating which protection
class the item is in
Per-item key wrapped with the
protection class key
Dictionary of attributes describing
the item (as passed to SecItemAdd),
encoded as a binary plist and encrypted
with the per-item key
The encryption is AES 128 in GCM (Galois/
Counter Mode); the access group is included
in the attributes and protected by the GMAC
tag calculated during encryption.
Keychain data is protected using a class structure similar to the one used in file Data
Protection. These classes have behaviors equivalent to file Data Protection classes, but
use distinct keys and are part of APIs that are named differently.
Availability
When unlocked
NSFileProtectionComplete
kSecAttrAccessibleWhenUnlocked
While locked
NSFileProtectionCompleteUnlessOpen
N/A
After first unlock
NSFileProtectionCompleteUntilFirstUserAuthentication
kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock
Always
NSFileProtectionNone
kSecAttrAccessibleAlways
Passcode
enabled
N/A
kSecAttrAccessibleWhenPasscodeSetThisDeviceOnly
Apps that utilize background refresh services can use

kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock for keychain items that need to be
accessed during background updates.
The class kSecAttrAccessibleWhenPasscodeSetThisDeviceOnly
behaves the same as kSecAttrAccessibleWhenUnlocked, however it is only available
when the device is configured with a passcode. This class exists only in the systemkeybag; theydo not sync to iCloud Keychain, are not backed up, and are not included in
escrow keybags. If the passcode is removed or reset, the items are rendered useless
by discarding the class keys.
Other keychain classes have a This device only counterpart, which is always protected
with the UID when being copied from the device during a backup, rendering it useless
if restored to a different device.
Apple has carefully balanced security and usability by choosing keychain classes that
depend on the type of information being secured and when its needed by iOS. For
example, a VPN certificate must always be available so the device keeps a continuous connection, but its classified as non-migratory, so it cant be moved to another
device.
For keychain items created by iOS, the following class protections are enforced:
Item
Accessible
Wi-Fi passwords
After first unlock
Mail accounts
After first unlock
Exchange accounts
After first unlock
VPN passwords
After first unlock
LDAP, CalDAV, CardDAV
After first unlock
Social network account tokens
After first unlock
Handoff advertisement encryption keys
After first unlock
iCloud token
After first unlock
Home sharing password
When unlocked
Find My iPhone token
Always
Voicemail
Always
iTunes backup
When unlocked, non-migratory
Safari passwords
When unlocked
Safari bookmarks
When unlocked
VPN certificates
Always, non-migratory
Bluetooth keys
Apple Push Notification service token
14
iCloud certificates and private key
iMessage keys
Certificates and private keys installed by Configuration Profile
SIM PIN
Keychain access control
Keychains can use access control lists (ACLs) to set policies for accessibility and
authentication requirements. Items can establish conditions that require user presence
by specifying that they cant be accessed unless authenticated using Touch ID or by
entering the devices passcode. ACLs are evaluated inside the Secure Enclave and are
released to the kernel only if their specified constraints are met.
Access to Safari saved passwords

iOS apps can interact with keychain items saved by Safari for password autofill using
thefollowing two APIs:
SecRequestSharedWebCredential
SecAddSharedWebCredential
Access will be granted only if both the app developer and website administrator have
given their approval, and the user has given consent. App developers express their
intent to access Safari saved passwords by including an entitlement in their app. The
entitlement lists the fully qualified domain names of associated websites. The websites
must place a file on their server listing the unique app identifiers of apps theyve
approved.When an app with the com.apple.developer.associated-domains entitlement
is installed, iOS makes a TLS request to each listed website, requesting the file/appleapp-site-association. If the file lists the app identifier of the app being installed, then
iOS marks the website and app as having a trusted relationship.Only with a trusted
relationship will calls to these two APIs result in a prompt to the user, who must agree
before any passwords are released to the app, or are updated or deleted.
Keybags
The keys for both file and keychain Data Protection classes are collected and managed
in keybags. iOS uses the following four keybags: system, backup, escrow, and iCloud
Backup.
System keybag is where the wrapped class keys used in normal operation
of the device are stored. For example, when a passcode is entered, the
NSFileProtectionComplete key is loaded from the system keybag and
unwrapped. It is a binary plist stored in the No Protection class, but whose contents
are encrypted with a key held in Effaceable Storage. In order to give forward security to
keybags, this key is wiped and regenerated each time a user changes their passcode.
The AppleKeyStore kernel extension manages the system keybag, and can be queried
regarding a devices lock state. It reports that the device is unlocked only if all the class
keys in the system keybag are accessible, and have been unwrapped successfully.
Backup keybag is created when an encrypted backup is made by iTunes and stored on
the computer to which the device is backed up. A new keybag is created with a new set
of keys, and the backed-up data is re-encrypted to these new keys. As explained earlier,
non-migratory keychain items remain wrapped with the UID-derived key, allowing them
to be restored to the device they were originally backed up from, but rendering them
inaccessible on a different device.
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The keybag is protected with the password set in iTunes, run through 10,000 iterations
of PBKDF2. Despite this large iteration count, theres no tie to a specific device, and
therefore a brute-force attack parallelized across many computers could theoretically
be attempted on the backup keybag. This threat can be mitigated with a sufficiently
strong password.
If a user chooses not to encrypt an iTunes backup, the backup files are not encrypted
regardless of their Data Protection class, but the keychain remains protected with a
UID-derived key. This is why keychain items migrate to a new device only if a backup
password is set.
Escrow keybag is used for iTunes syncing and MDM. This keybag allows iTunes to back
up and sync without requiring the user to enter a passcode, and it allows an MDM
server to remotely clear a users passcode. It is stored on the computer thats used to
sync with iTunes, or on the MDM server that manages the device.
The escrow keybag improves the user experience during device synchronization,
whichpotentially requires access to all classes of data. When a passcode-locked device
is firstconnected to iTunes, the user is prompted to enter a passcode. The device
then creates an escrow keybag containing thesame class keys used on the device,
protected by a newly generated key. The escrow keybag and the key protecting it are
split between the device and the host or server, with the data stored on the device in
the Protected UntilFirst User Authentication class. This is why the device passcode
must be entered beforethe user backs up with iTunes for the first time after a reboot.
In the case of an OTA software update, the user is prompted for his or her passcode
when initiating the update. This is used to securely create a One-time Unlock Token,
which unlocks the system keybag after the update. This token cannot be generated
without entering the users passcode, and any previously generated token is invalidated
if the users passcode changed.
One-time Unlock Tokens are either for attended or unattended installation of a software
update. They are encrypted with a key derived from the current value of a monotonic
counter in the Secure Enclave, the UUID of the keybag, and the Secure Enclaves UID.
Incrementing the One-time Unlock Token counter in the SEP invalidates any existing
token. The counter is incremented when a token is used, after the first unlock of a
restarted device, when a software update is canceled (by the user or by the system),
or when the policy timer for a token has expired.
The One-time Unlock Token for attended software updates expires after 20 minutes.
This token is exported from the Secure Enclave and is written to effaceable storage. A
policy timer increments the counter if the device has not rebooted within 20 minutes.
For unattended software updates, which is set when the user chooses Install Later
when notified of the update, the application processor can keep the One-time Unlock
Token alive in the Secure Enclave for up to 8 hours. After that time, a policy timer
increments the counter.
iCloud Backup keybag is similar to the backup keybag. All the class keys in this keybag
are asymmetric (using Curve25519, like the Protected Unless Open Data Protection class),
so iCloud backups can be performed in the background. For all Data Protection classes
except No Protection, the encrypted data is read from the device and sent to iCloud.
The corresponding class keys are protected by iCloud keys. The keychain class keys are
wrapped with a UID-derived key in the same way as an unencrypted iTunes backup.
An asymmetric keybag is also used for the backup in the keychain recovery aspect of
iCloud Keychain.
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Security Certifications and programs

Cryptographic Validation (FIPS 140-2)
The cryptographic modules in iOS have been validated for compliance with U.S. Federal
Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 Level 1 following each releases since
iOS 6. The cryptographic modules in iOS 9 are identical to those in iOS 8, but as with
each release, Apple submits the modules for re-validation. This program validates the
integrity of cryptographic operations for Apple apps and third-party apps that properly
utilize iOS cryptographic services.
Common Criteria Certification (ISO 15408)
Apple has already begun pursuit of iOS certification under the Common Criteria
Certification (CCC) program. The first two certifications currently active are against the
Mobile Device Fundamental Protection Profile v2.0 (MDFPP2) and the VPN IPSecPP1.4
Client Protection Profile (VPNIPSecPP1.4). Apple has taken an active role within the
International Technical Community (ITC) in developing currently unavailable Protection
Profiles (PPs) focused on evaluating key mobile security technology. Apple continues
to evaluate and pursue certifications against new and updated version of the PPs
available today.
Commercial Solutions for Classified (CSfC)
Where applicable, Apple has also submitted the iOS platform and various services for
inclusion in theCommercial Solutions for Classified (CSfC) Program Components List.
Specifically,iOSfor Mobile Platform and theIKEv2client for theIPSec VPN Client
(IKEv2 Always-On VPN only).As Apple platforms and services undergo Common Criteria
Certifications, they will be submitted for inclusion under CSfC Program Component
List as well.
Security Configuration Guides
Apple has collaborated with governments worldwide to develop guides that give
instructions and recommendations formaintaining a more secure environment, also
known as device hardening. These guides provide defined and vetted information
about how to configure and utilize features in iOS for enhanced protection.
For information oniOS security certifications, validations, and guidance, see
https://support.apple.com/kb/HT202739.
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App Security
Apps are among the most critical elements of a modern mobile security architecture.
While apps provide amazing productivity benefits for users, they also have the
potential to negatively impact system security, stability, and user data if theyre not
handled properly.
Because of this, iOS provides layers of protection to ensure that apps are signed and
verified, and are sandboxed to protect user data. These elements provide a stable, secure
platform for apps, enabling thousands of developers to deliver hundreds of thousands
of apps on iOS without impacting system integrity. And users can access these apps on
their iOS devices without undue fear of viruses, malware, or unauthorized attacks.
App code signing

Once the iOS kernel has started, it controls which user processes and apps can be run.
To ensure that all apps come from a known and approved source and have not been
tampered with, iOS requires that all executable code be signed using an Apple-issued
certificate. Apps provided with the device, like Mail and Safari, are signed by Apple.
Third-party apps must also be validated and signed using an Apple-issued certificate.
Mandatory code signing extends the concept of chain of trust from the OS to apps,
and prevents third-party apps from loading unsigned code resources or using
self-modifying code.
In order to develop and install apps on iOS devices, developers must register with
Apple and join the iOS Developer Program. The real-world identity of each developer,
whether an individual or a business, is verified by Apple before their certificate is
issued. This certificate enables developers to sign apps and submit them to the App
Store for distribution. As a result, all apps in the App Store have been submitted by an
identifiable person or organization, serving as a deterrent to the creation of malicious
apps. They have also been reviewed by Apple to ensure they operate as described
and dont contain obvious bugs or other problems. In addition to the technology
already discussed, this curation process gives customers confidence in the quality of
the apps they buy.
iOS allows developers to embed frameworks inside of their apps, which can be used by
the app itself or by extensions embedded within the app. To protect the system and
other apps from loading third-party code inside of their address space, the system will
perform a code signature validation of all the dynamic libraries that a process links
against at launch time. This verification is accomplished through the team identifier
(Team ID), which is extracted from anApple-issued certificate. A team identifier is
a 10-character alphanumeric string; for example, 1A2B3C4D5F.A program may link
against any platform library that ships with the system or any library with the same
team identifier in its code signature as the main executable. Since the executables
shipping as part of the system dont have a team identifier, they can only link against
libraries that ship with the system itself.
iOS SecurityWhite Paper | October 2014
18
Businesses also have the ability to write in-house apps for use within their organization
and distribute them to their employees. Businesses and organizations can apply to the
Apple Developer Enterprise Program (ADEP) with a D-U-N-S number. Apple approves
applicants after verifying their identity and eligibility. Once an organization becomes a
member of ADEP, it can register to obtain a Provisioning Profile that permits in-house
apps to run on devices it authorizes. Users must have the Provisioning Profile installed
in order to run the in-house apps. This ensures that only the organizations intended
users are able to load the apps onto their iOS devices. Apps installed via MDM are
implicitly trusted because the relationship between the organization and the device
is already established. Otherwise, users have to approve the apps Provisioning Profile
in Settings. Organizations can restrict users from approving apps from unknown
developers. On first launch of any enterprise app, the device must receive positive
confirmation from Apple that the app is allowed to run.
Unlike other mobile platforms, iOS does not allow users to install potentially malicious
unsigned apps from websites, or run untrusted code. At runtime, code signature checks
of all executable memory pages are made as they are loaded to ensure that an app
has not been modified since it was installed or last updated.
Runtime process security

Once an app is verified to be from an approved source, iOS enforces security measures
designed to prevent it from compromising other apps or the rest of the system.
All third-party apps are sandboxed, so they are restricted from accessing files stored by
other apps or from making changes to the device. This prevents apps from gathering
or modifying information stored by other apps. Each app has a unique home directory
for its files, which is randomly assigned when the app is installed. If a third-party app
needs to access information other than its own, it does so only by using services
explicitly provided by iOS.
System files and resources are also shielded from the users apps. The majority of
iOS runs as the non-privileged user mobile, as do all third-party apps. The entire
OS partition is mounted as read-only. Unnecessary tools, such as remote login services,
arent included in the system software, and APIs do not allow apps to escalate their
own privileges to modify other apps or iOS itself.
Access by third-party apps to user information and features such as iCloud and
extensibility is controlled using declared entitlements. Entitlements are key value
pairs that are signed in to an app and allow authentication beyond runtime factors
like unix user ID. Since entitlements are digitally signed, they cannot be changed.
Entitlements are used extensively by system apps and daemons to perform specific
privileged operations that would otherwise require the process to run as root. This
greatly reduces the potential for privilege escalation by a compromised system
application or daemon.
In addition, apps can only perform background processing through system-provided
APIs. This enables apps to continue to function without degrading performance or
dramatically impacting battery life.
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Address space layout randomization (ASLR) protects against the exploitation of

memory corruption bugs. Built-in apps use ASLR to ensure that all memory regions
are randomized upon launch. Randomly arranging the memory addresses of
executable code, system libraries, and related programming constructs reduces
the likelihood of many sophisticated exploits. For example, a return-to-libc attack
attempts to trick a device into executing malicious code by manipulating memory
addresses of the stack and system libraries. Randomizing the placement of these
makes the attack far more difficult to execute, especially across multiple devices.
Xcode, the iOS development environment, automatically compiles third-party
programs with ASLR support turned on.
Further protection is provided by iOS using ARMs Execute Never (XN) feature, which
marks memory pages as non-executable. Memory pages marked as both writable
and executable can be used only by apps under tightly controlled conditions: The
kernel checks for the presence of the Apple-only dynamic code-signing entitlement.
Even then, only a single mmap call can be made to request an executable and writable
page, which is given a randomized address. Safari uses this functionality for its
JavaScript JIT compiler.
Extensions
iOS allows apps to provide functionality to other apps by providing extensions.
Extensions are special-purpose signed executable binaries, packaged within an app.
The system automatically detects extensions at install time and makes them available
to other apps using a matching system.
A system area that supports extensions is called an extension point. Each extension
point provides APIs and enforces policies for that area. The system determines which
extensions are available based on extension pointspecific matching rules. The system
automatically launches extension processes as needed and manages their lifetime.
Entitlements can be used to restrict extension availability to particular system applications. For example, a Today view widget appears only in Notification Center, and a
sharing extension is available only from the Sharing pane. The extension points are
Today widgets, Share, Custom actions, Photo Editing, Document Provider, and Custom
Keyboard.
Extensions run in their own address space. Communication between the extension
and theapp from which it was activateduses interprocess communications mediated
by the system framework. They do not have access to each others files or memory
spaces. Extensions are designed to be isolated from each other, from their containing
apps, and from the apps that use them. They are sandboxed like any other third-party
app and have a container separate from the containing appscontainer. However, they
share the same access to privacy controls as the container app. So if a user grants
Contacts access to an app, this grant will be extended to the extensions that are
embedded within the app, but not to the extensions activated by the app.
Custom keyboards are a special type of extensions since they are enabled by the user
for the entire system. Once enabled, the extension will be used for any text field except
the passcode input and any secure text view. For privacy reasons, custom keyboards
run by default in a very restrictive sandbox that blocks access to the network, to
services that perform network operations on behalf of a process, and to APIs that
would allow the extension to exfiltrate typing data. Developers of custom keyboards
can request that their extension have Open Access, which will let the system run the
extension in the default sandbox after getting consent from the user.
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For devices enrolled in mobile device management, document and keyboard

extensions obey Managed Open Inrules. For example, the MDM server can prevent a
user from exporting a document froma managed app to an unmanaged Document
Provider, or using an unmanagedkeyboard with a managed app. Additionally, app
developers can prevent theuse of third-party keyboard extensions within their app.
App Groups
Apps and extensions owned by a given developer account can share content
when configured to be part of an App Group. It is up to the developer to create
the appropriate groups on the Apple Developer Portal and include the desired set
of apps and extensions. Once configured to be part of an App Group, apps have
access to the following:
A shared on-disk container for storage, which will stay on the device as long as
at least one app from the group is installed
Shared preferences
Shared keychain items
The Apple Developer Portal guarantees that App Group IDs are unique across the
app ecosystem.
Data Protection in apps

The iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) offers a full suite of APIs that make it easy
forthird-party and in-house developers to adopt Data Protection and help ensure
thehighest level of protection in their apps. Data Protection is available for file and
database APIs, including NSFileManager, CoreData, NSData, and SQLite.
The Mail app (including attachments), managed books, Safari bookmarks, app launch
images, and location data are also stored encrypted with keys protected by the users
passcode on their device. Calendar (excludingattachments), Contacts, Reminders,
Notes, Messages, and PhotosimplementProtected Until First User Authentication.
User-installed apps that do not opt-in to a specific Data Protection class receive
Protected Until First User Authentication by default.
Accessories
The Made for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad (MFi) licensing program provides vetted
accessory manufacturers access to the iPod Accessories Protocol (iAP) and the
necessary supporting hardware components.
When an MFi accessory communicates with an iOS device using a Lightning connector
or via Bluetooth, the device asks the accessory to prove it has been authorized by
Apple by responding with an Apple-provided certificate, which is verified by the device.
The device then sends a challenge, which the accessory must answer with a signed
response. This process is entirely handled by a custom integrated circuit that Apple
provides to approved accessory manufacturers and is transparent to the accessory itself.
Accessories can request access to different transport methods and functionality;
for example, access to digital audio streams over the Lightning cable, or location
information provided over Bluetooth. An authentication IC ensures that only
approved devices are granted full access to the device. If an accessory does not
provide authentication, its access is limited to analog audio and a small subset of
serial (UART) audio playback controls.
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AirPlay also utilizes the authentication IC to verify that receivers have been approved
byApple. AirPlay audio and CarPlay video streamsutilize the MFi-SAP (Secure
AssociationProtocol), which encrypts communication between the accessory and
device using AES-128 in CTR mode. Ephemeral keys are exchanged usingECDH
keyexchange (Curve25519) and signed using the authentication ICs 1024-bit RSA
key as part of the Station-to-Station (STS) protocol.
HomeKit
HomeKit provides a home automation infrastructure that utilizes iCloud and iOS security
to protect and synchronize private data without exposing it to Apple.
HomeKit identity
HomeKit identity and security are based on Ed25519 public-private key pairs. An Ed25519
key pair is generated on the iOS device for each user for HomeKit, which becomes his
or her HomeKit identity. It is used to authenticate communication between iOS devices,
and between iOS devices and accessories.
The keys are stored in Keychain and are included only in encrypted Keychain backups.
The keys are synchronized between devices using iCloud Keychain.
Communication with HomeKit accessories
HomeKit accessories generate their own Ed25519 key pair for use in communicating
with iOS devices. If the accessory is restored to factory settings, a new key pair
is generated.
To establish a relationship between an iOS device and a HomeKit accessory, keys are
exchanged using Secure Remote Password (3072-bit) protocol, utilizing an 8-digit code
provided by the accessorys manufacturer and entered on the iOS device by the user,
and then encrypted using ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD with HKDF-SHA-512-derived keys.
The accessorys MFi certification is also verified during setup.
When the iOS device and the HomeKit accessory communicate during use, each
authenticates the other utilizing the keys exchanged in the above process. Each
session is established using the Station-to-Station protocol and is encrypted with
HKDF-SHA-512 derived keys based on per-session Curve25519 keys. This applies to
bothIP-based and Bluetooth Low Energy accessories.
Local data storage
HomeKit stores data about the homes, accessories, scenes, and users on a users iOS
device. This stored data is encrypted using keys derived from the users HomeKit
identity keys, plus a random nonce. Additionally, HomeKit data is stored using Data
Protection class Protected Until First User Authentication. HomeKit data is only backed
up in encrypted backups, so, for example, unencrypted iTunes backups do not contain
HomeKit data.
Data synchronization between devices and users
HomeKit data can be synchronized between a users iOS devices using iCloud and
iCloudKeychain. The HomeKit data is encrypted during the synchronization using keys
derived from the users HomeKit identity and random nonce. This data is handled as
an opaque blob during synchronization. The most recent blob is stored in iCloud to
enable synchronization, but it is not used for any other purposes. Because it is encrypted
using keys that are available only on the users iOS devices, its contents are inaccessible
during transmission and iCloud storage.
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HomeKit data is also synchronized between multiple users of the same home. This
process uses authentication and encryption that is the same as that used between an
iOS device and a HomeKit accessory. The authentication is based on Ed25519 public
keys that are exchanged between the devices when a user is added to a home. After
anew user is added to a home, every further communication is authenticated and
encrypted using Station-to-Station protocol and per-session keys.
Only the user who initially created the home in HomeKit can add new users. His or
her device configures the accessories with the public key of the new user so that the
accessory can authenticate and accept commands from the new user. The process for
configuring Apple TV for use with HomeKit uses the same authentication and encryption
as when adding additional users, but is performed automatically if the user who created
the home is signed in to iCloud on the Apple TV, and the Apple TV is in the home.
If a user does not have multiple devices, and does not grant additional users access to
his or her home, no HomeKit data is synchronized to iCloud.
Home data and apps
Access to home data by apps is controlled by the users Privacy settings. Users are
asked to grant access when apps request home data, similar to Contacts, Photos, and
other iOS data sources. If the user approves, apps have access to the names of rooms,
names of accessories, and which room each accessory is in, and other information as
detailed in the HomeKit developer documentation.
Siri
Siri can be used to query and control accessories, and to activate scenes. Minimal
information about the configuration of the home is provided anonymously to Siri, as
described in the Siri section of this paper, to provide names of rooms, accessories, and
scenes that are necessary for command recognition.
iCloud remote access for HomeKit accessories
HomeKit accessories can connect directly with iCloud to enable iOS devices to control
the accessory when Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication isnt available.
iCloud Remote access has been carefully designed so that accessories can be controlled
and send notifications without revealing to Apple what the accessories are, or what
commands and notifications are being sent. HomeKit does not send information about
the home over iCloud Remote access.
When a user sends a command using iCloud remote access, the accessory and iOS
device are mutually authenticated and data is encrypted using the same procedure
described for local connections. The contents of the communications are encrypted
and not visible to Apple. The addressing through iCloud is based on the iCloud identifiers registered during the setup process.
Accessories that support iCloud remote access are provisioned during the accessorys
setup process. The provisioning process begins with the user signing in to iCloud. Next,
the iOS device asks the accessory to sign a challenge using the Apple Authentication
Coprocessor that is built into all Built for HomeKit accessories. The accessory also
generates prime256v1 elliptic curve keys, and the public key is sent to the iOS device
along with the signed challenge and the X.509 certificate of the authentication
coprocessor. These are used to request a certificate for the accessory from the iCloud
provisioning server. The certificate is stored by the accessory, but it does not contain
any identifying information about the accessory, other than it has been granted access
to HomeKit iCloud remote access. The iOS device that is conducting the provisioning alsosends a bag to the accessory, which contains the URLs and other information
needed to connect to the iCloud remote access server. This information is not specific
to any user or accessory.
23
Each accessory registers a list of allowed users with the iCloud remote access server.
These users have been granted the ability to control the accessory by the person who
added the accessory to the home. Users are granted an identifier by the iCloud server
and can be mapped to an iCloud account for the purpose of delivering notification
messages and responses from the accessories. Similarly, accessories have iCloud-issued
identifiers, but these identifiers are opaque and dont reveal any information about the
accessory itself.
When an accessory connects to the HomeKit iCloud remote access server, it presents its
certificate and a pass. The pass is obtained from a different iCloud server and it is not
unique for each accessory. When an accessory requests a pass, it includes its manufacturer,
model, and firmware version in its request. No user-identifying or home-identifying
information is sent in this request. The connection to the pass server is not authenticated,
in order to help protect privacy.
Accessories connect to the iCloud remote access server using HTTP/2, secured using
TLS 1.2 with AES-128-GCM and SHA-256. The accessory keeps its connection to the
iCloud remote access server open so that it can receive incoming messages and send
responses and outgoing notifications to iOS devices.
HealthKit
The HealthKit framework provides a common database thatapps can use to store and
access fitness and health data with permission of the user. HealthKit also works directly
with health and fitness devices, such as compatible Bluetooth LE heart rate monitors
and the motion coprocessor built into many iOS devices.
Health data
HealthKit uses a database to store the users health data, such as height, weight,
distance walked, blood pressure, and so on. This database is stored in Data Protection
class Complete Protection, which means it is accessible only after a user enters his or
her passcode or uses Touch ID to unlock the device.
Another database stores operational data, such as access tables for apps, names of
devices connected to HealthKit, and scheduling information used to launch apps when
new data is available. This database is stored in Data Protection class Protected Until
First User Authentication.
Temporary journal files store health records that are generated when the device is
locked, such as when the user is exercising. These are stored in Data Protection class
Protected Unless Open. When the device is unlocked, they are imported into the
primary health databases, then deleted when the merge is completed.
Health data is not shared via iCloud or synced between devices. Health databases are
included in encrypted device backups to iCloud or iTunes. Health data is not included
in unencrypted iTunes backups.
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Data Integrity
Data stored in the database includes metadata to track the provenance of each data
record.This metadata includes an application identifier that identifies which app stored
the record.Additionally, an optional metadata item can contain a digitally signed copy
of the record.This is intended to provide data integrity for records generated by a
trusted device. The format used for the digital signature is the Cryptographic Message
Syntax (CMS) specified in IETF RFC 5652.
Access by third-party apps
Access to the HealthKit API is controlled with entitlements, and apps must conform
to restrictions about how the data is used. For example, apps are not allowed to
utilize health data for advertising. Apps are also required to provide users with a
privacy policy that details its use of health data.
Access to health data by apps is controlled by the users Privacy settings. Users are
asked to grant access when apps request access to health data, similar to Contacts,
Photos, and other iOS data sources. However, with health data, apps are granted
separate access for reading and writing data, as well as separate access for each type
ofhealth data. Users can view, and revoke, permissions theyve granted for accessing
health data in the Sources tab of the Health app.
If granted permission to write data, apps can also read the data they write. If granted
the permission to read data, they can read data written by all sources. However, apps
cant determine access granted to other apps. In addition, apps cant conclusively tell
ifthey have been granted read access to health data. When an app does not have read
access, all queries return no datathe same response as an empty database would
return. This prevents apps from inferring the users health status by learning which
types of data the user is tracking.
Medical ID
The Health app gives users the option of filling out a Medical ID form with information
that could be important during a medical emergency. The information is entered
or updated manually and is not synchronized with the information in the health
databases.
The Medical ID information is viewed by tapping the Emergency button on the
Lock screen. The information is stored on the device using Data Protection class
No Protection so that it is accessible without having to enter the device passcode.
Medical ID is an optional feature that enables users to decide how to balance both
safety and privacy concerns.
Apple Watch
Apple Watch uses the security features and technology built for iOS to help protect
data on the device, as well as communications with its paired iPhone and the Internet.
This includes technologies such as Data Protection and keychain access control. The
users passcode is also entangled with the device UID to create encryption keys.
Pairing Apple Watch with iPhone is secured using an out-of-band (OOB) process to
exchange public keys, followed by the BTLE link shared secret. Apple Watch displays
ananimatedpattern, which is captured by the camera on iPhone. The pattern contains
an encoded secret that is used for BTLE 4.1 out-of-band pairing. Standard BTLE Passkey
Entry is used as a fallback pairing method, if necessary.
Once the BTLE session is established, Apple Watch and iPhone exchange keys using a
process adapted from IDS, as described in the iMessage section of this paper. Once keys
have been exchanged, the Bluetooth session key is discarded, and all communications
25
between Apple Watch and iPhone are encrypted using IDS, with the encrypted
BTLE and Wi-Fi links providing a secondary encryption layer. Key rolling is utilized at
15-minute intervals to limit the exposure window, should traffic be compromised.
To support apps that need streaming data, encryption is provided using methods
described in the FaceTime section of this paper, utilizing the IDS service provided by
the paired iPhone.
Apple Watch implements hardware-encrypted storage and class-based protection
offiles and keychain items, as described in the Data Protection section of this paper.
Access-controlled keybags for keychain items are also used. Keys used for communication
between the watch and iPhone are also secured using class-based protection.
When Apple Watch is not within Bluetooth range, Wi-Fi can be used instead. Apple
Watch will not join Wi-Fi networks unless the credentials to do so are present on the
paired iPhone, which provides the list of known networks to the watch automatically.
Apple Watch can be manually locked by holding down the side button. Additionally,
motion heuristics are used to attempt to automatically lock the device shortly after
itsremoved from the wrist. When locked, Apple Pay cant be used. If the automatic
lockingprovided by wrist detection is turned off in settings, Apple Pay is disabled.
Wrist detection is turned off using the Apple Watch app on iPhone. This setting can
also be enforced using mobile device management.
The paired iPhone can also unlock the watch, provided the watch is being worn. This
isaccomplished by establishing a connection authenticated by the keys established
during pairing. iPhone sends the key, which the watch uses to unlock its Data Protection
keys. The watch passcode is not known to iPhone nor is it transmitted. This feature can
be turned off using the Apple Watch app on iPhone.
Apple Watch can be paired with only one iPhone at a time. Pairing with a new iPhone
automatically erases all content and data from Apple Watch.
Enabling Find My Phone on the paired iPhone also enables Activation Lock on Apple
Watch. Activation Lock makes it harder for anyone to use or sell an Apple Watch that
has been lost or stolen. Activation Lock requires the users Apple ID and password to
unpair, erase, or reactivate an Apple Watch.
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Network Security
In addition to the built-in safeguards Apple uses to protect data stored on iOS
devices, there are many network security measures that organizations can take to
keep information secure as it travels to and from an iOS device.
Mobile users must be able to access corporate networks from anywhere in the
world, so its important to ensure that they are authorized and their data is protected
during transmission. iOS usesand provides developer access tostandard
networking protocols for authenticated, authorized, and encrypted communications.
To accomplish these security objectives, iOS integrates proven technologies and the
latest standardsfor both Wi-Fi and cellular data network connections.
On other platforms, firewall software is needed to protect open communication
ports against intrusion. Because iOS achieves a reduced attack surface by limiting
listening ports and removing unnecessary network utilities such as telnet, shells, or
a web server, no additional firewall software is needed on iOS devices.
TLS
iOS supports Transport Layer Security (TLS v1.0, TLS v1.1, TLS v1.2) and DTLS. Safari,
Calendar, Mail, and other Internet apps automatically use these mechanisms to enable
an encrypted communication channel between the device and network services.
High-level APIs (such as CFNetwork) make it easy for developers to adopt TLS in their
apps, while low-level APIs (SecureTransport) provide fine-grained control. By default,
CFNetwork disallows SSLv3, and apps that use WebKit (such as Safari) are prohibited
from making an SSLv3 connection.
App Transport Security
App Transport Security provides default connection requirements so that apps adhere
to best practices for secure connections when using NSURLConnection, CFURL, or
NSURLSession APIs.
Servers must support a minimum of TLS 1.2, forward secrecy, and certificates must be
valid and signed using SHA-256 or better with a minimum of a 2048-bit RSA key or
256-bit elliptic curve key.
Network connections that dont meet these requirements will fail, unless the app
overrides App Transport Security. Invalid certificates always result in a hard failure
and no connection. App Transport Security is automatically applied to apps that are
compiled for iOS 9.
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VPN
Secure network services like virtual private networking typically require minimal setup
and configuration to work with iOS devices. iOS devices work with VPN servers that
support the following protocols and authentication methods:
IKEv2/IPSec with authentication by shared secret, RSA Certificates, ECDSA Certificates,
EAP-MSCHAPv2, or EAP-TLS.
Pulse Secure, Cisco, Aruba Networks, SonicWALL, Check Point, Palo Alto Networks,
Open VPN, AirWatch, MobileIron, NetMotion Wireless, and F5 Networks SSL-VPN using
the appropriate client app from the App Store.
Cisco IPSec with user authentication by Password, RSA SecurID or CRYPTOCard, and
machine authentication by shared secret and certificates.
L2TP/IPSec with user authentication by MS-CHAPV2 Password, RSA SecurID or
CRYPTOCard, and machine authentication by shared secret.
PPTP with user authentication by MS-CHAPV2 Password and RSA SecurID or
CRYPTOCard is supported, but not recommended.
iOS supports VPN On Demand for networks that use certificate-based authentication.
IT policies specify which domains require a VPN connection by using a configuration
profile.
iOS also supports Per App VPN support, facilitating VPN connections on a much more
granular basis. Mobile device management (MDM) can specify a connection for each
managed app and/or specific domains in Safari. This helps ensure that secure data
always goes to and from the corporate networkand that a users personal data
does not.
iOS supports Always-on VPN, which can be configured for devices managed via MDM
and supervised using Apple Configurator or the Device Enrollment Program. This
eliminates the need for users to turn on VPN to enable protection when connecting
to cellular and Wi-Fi networks. Always-on VPN gives an organizationfull control over
device traffic by tunneling all IP traffic back to the organization. The default tunneling
protocol, IKEv2, secures traffic transmission with data encryption. The organization can
now monitor and filter traffic to andfrom its devices, secure data within its network,
and restrict device access to the Internet.
Wi-Fi
iOS supports industry-standard Wi-Fi protocols, including WPA2 Enterprise, to provide
authenticated access to wireless corporate networks. WPA2 Enterprise uses 128-bit AES
encryption, giving users the highest level of assurance that their data remains protected
when sending and receiving communications over a Wi-Fi network connection. With
support for 802.1X, iOS devices can be integrated into a broad range of RADIUS authentication environments. 802.1X wireless authentication methods supported oniPhone
and iPad include EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-FAST, EAP-SIM, PEAPv0, PEAPv1, andLEAP.
iOSuses a randomizedMedia Access Control (MAC) address when conducting Preferred
Network Offload (PNO) scans when a device is not associated with a Wi-Fi network
and its processor is asleep. A devices processor goes to sleep shortly after thescreen
is turned off. PNO scans are run to determine if a user can connect to a preferred Wi-Fi
network to conduct activity such as wirelessly syncing with iTunes.
iOSalso uses a randomized MAC address when conducting enhanced Preferred
Network Offload (ePNO) scans when a device is not associated with a Wi-Finetwork
or its processor is asleep.ePNO scans are run when a device uses Location Services for
apps which use geofences, such as location-based reminders that determine whether
the device is near a specific location.
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Because a devices MAC address now changes when its not connected to a Wi-Fi
network, it cant be used to persistentlytrack a device by passive observers of Wi-Fi
traffic, even when the device is connected to a cellular network.
Weve worked with Wi-Fimanufacturers to let them know that background scans use a
randomized MAC address, and that neither Apple nor manufacturers can predict these
randomized MAC addresses.
Wi-Fi MAC address randomization is not supported on iPhone 4s.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth support in iOS has been designed to provide useful functionality without
unnecessary increased access to private data. iOS devices support Encryption Mode 3,
Security Mode 4, and Service Level 1 connections. iOS supports the following
Bluetooth profiles:
Hands-Free Profile (HFP 1.5)
Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP)
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)
Personal Area Network Profile (PAN)
Human Interface Device Profile (HID)
Support for these profiles varies by device. For more information, see
https://support.apple.com/kb/ht3647.
Single Sign-on
iOS supports authentication to enterprise networks through Single Sign-on (SSO).
SSO works with Kerberos-based networks to authenticate users to services they are
authorized to access. SSO can be used for a range of network activities, from secure
Safari sessions to third-party apps.
iOS SSO utilizes SPNEGO tokens and the HTTP Negotiate protocol to work with
Kerberos-based authentication gateways and Windows Integrated Authentication
systems that support Kerberos tickets. Certificated-based authentication is also
supported. SSO support is based on the open source Heimdal project.
The following encryption types are supported:
AES128-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96
AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96
DES3-CBC-SHA1
ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5
Safari supports SSO, and third-party apps that use standard iOS networking APIs can
also be configured to use it. To configure SSO, iOS supports a configuration profile
payload that allows MDM servers to push down the necessary settings. This includes
setting the user principal name (that is, the Active Directory user account) and
Kerberos realm settings, as well as configuring which apps and/or Safari web URLs
should be allowed to use SSO.
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AirDrop security
iOS devices that support AirDrop use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Apple-created
peer-to-peer Wi-Fi technology to send files and information to nearby devices,
including AirDrop-capable Mac computers running OS X Yosemite or later. The Wi-Fi
radio is used to communicate directly between devices without using any Internet
connection or Wi-Fi Access Point.
When a user enables AirDrop, a 2048-bit RSA identity is stored on the device.
Additionally, an AirDrop identity hash is created based on the email addresses and
phone numbers associated with the users Apple ID.
When a user chooses AirDrop as the method for sharing an item, the device emits
an AirDrop signal over Bluetooth Low Energy. Other devices that are awake, in close
proximity, and have AirDrop turned on detect the signal and respond with a shortened
version of their owners identity hash.
AirDrop is set to share with Contacts Only by default. Users can also choose if they
want to be able to use AirDrop to share with Everyone or turn off the feature entirely.
InContacts Only mode, the received identity hashes are compared with hashes of
people in the initiators Contacts app. If a match is found, the sending device creates a
peer-to-peer Wi-Fi network and advertises an AirDrop connection using Bonjour. Using
this connection, the receiving devices send their full identity hashes to the initiator. If
the full hash still matches Contacts, the recipients first name and photo (if present in
Contacts) are displayed in the AirDrop sharing sheet.
When using AirDrop, the sending user selects who they want to share with. The
sending device initiates an encrypted (TLS) connection with the receiving device,
which exchanges their iCloud identity certificates. The identity in the certificates is
verified against each users Contacts app. Then the receiving user is asked to accept
the incoming transfer from the identified person or device. If multiple recipients have
been selected, this process is repeated for each destination.
In the Everyone mode, the same process is used but if a match in Contacts is not
found, the receiving devices are shown in the AirDrop sending sheet with a silhouette
and with the devices name, as defined in Settings > General > About > Name.
Organizations can restrict the use of AirDrop for devices or apps being managed by a
mobile device management solution.
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Apple Pay
With Apple Pay, users can use supported iOS devices and Apple Watch to pay in an
easy, secure, and private way. Its simple for users, and its built with integrated security
in both hardware and software.
Apple Pay is also designed to protect the users personal information. Apple Pay
doesnt collect any transaction information that can be tied back to the user. Payment
transactions are between the user, the merchant, and the card issuer.
Apple Pay components

Secure Element: The Secure Element is an industry-standard, certified chip running the
Java Card platform, which is compliant with financial industry requirements for electronic payments.
NFC controller: The NFC controller handles Near Field Communication protocols and
routes communication between the application processor and the Secure Element,
and between the Secure Element and the point-of-sale terminal.
Wallet: Wallet is used to add and manage credit, debit, rewards, and store cards and to
make payments with Apple Pay. Users can view their cards and additional information
about their card issuer, their card issuers privacy policy, recent transactions, and more
in Wallet. Users can also add cards to Apple Pay in Setup Assistant and Settings.
Secure Enclave: On iPhone and iPad, the Secure Enclave manages the authentication
process and enables a payment transaction to proceed. It stores fingerprint data for
Touch ID.
On Apple Watch, the device must be unlocked, and the user must double-clickthe side
button. The double-click is detected and passed to the Secure Elementdirectly without
going through the application processor.
Apple Pay Servers: The Apple Pay Servers manage the state of credit and debit cards
inWallet and the Device Account Numbers stored in the Secure Element. They
communicate both with the device and with the payment network servers. The Apple
Pay Servers are also responsible for re-encrypting payment credentials for payments
withinapps.
How Apple Pay uses the Secure Element

The Secure Element hosts a specially designed applet to manage Apple Pay. It also
includes payment applets certified by the payment networks. Credit or debit card data
is sent from the payment network or card issuer encrypted to these payment applets
using keys that are known only to the payment network and the payment applets
security domain. This data is stored within these payment applets and protected using
the Secure Elements security features. Duringa transaction, the terminal communicates
directly with the Secure Element throughthe Near Field Communication (NFC) controller
over a dedicated hardware bus.
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How Apple Pay uses the NFC controller

As the gateway to the Secure Element, the NFC controller ensures that all contactless
payment transactions are conducted using a point-of-sale terminal that is in close
proximity with the device. Only payment requests arriving from an in-field terminal
aremarked by the NFC controller as contactless transactions.
Once payment is authorized by the card holder using Touch ID or passcode, or on
an unlocked Apple Watch by double-clicking the side button, contactless responses
prepared by the payment applets within the Secure Element are exclusively routed
bythe controller to the NFC field. Consequently, payment authorization details for
contactless transactions are contained to the local NFC field and are never exposed
to the application processor. In contrast, payment authorization details for payments
within apps are routed to the application processor, but only after encryption by the
Secure Element to the Apple Pay Server.
Credit and debit card provisioning

When a user adds a credit or debit card (including store cards) to Apple Pay, Apple
securely sends the card information, along with other information about users account
and device, to the card issuer. Using this information, the card issuer will determine
whether to approve adding the card to Apple Pay.
Apple Pay uses three server-side calls to send and receive communication with the
card issuer or network as part of the card provisioning process: Required Fields, Check
Card, and Link and Provision. The card issuer or network uses these calls to verify, approve,
and add cards to Apple Pay. These client-server sessions are encrypted using SSL.
Full card numbers are not stored on the device or on Apple servers. Instead, a unique
Device Account Number is created, encrypted, and then stored in the Secure Element.
This unique Device Account Number is encrypted in such a way that Apple cant access
it. The Device Account Number is unique and different from usual credit or debit card
numbers, the card issuer can prevent its use on a magnetic stripe card, over the phone,
or on websites. The Device Account Number in the Secure Element is isolated from iOS
and WatchOS, is never stored on Apple Pay Servers, and is never backed up to iCloud.
Cards for use with Apple Watch are provisioned for Apple Pay using the Apple Watch
app on iPhone. Provisioning a card for Apple Watch requires that the watch be within
Bluetooth communications range. Cards are specifically enrolled for use with Apple
Watch and have their own Device Account Numbers, which are stored within the
Secure Element on the Apple Watch.
There are two ways to provision a credit or debit card into Apple Pay:
Adding a credit or debit card manually to Apple Pay
Adding credit or debit cards on file from an iTunes Store account to Apple Pay
Adding a credit or debit card manually to Apple Pay
To add a card manually, including store cards, the name, credit card number, expiration
date, and CVV are used to facilitate the provisioning process. From within Settings,
the Wallet app, or the Apple Watch app, users can enter that information by typing,
or using the iSight camera. When the camera captures the card information, Apple
attempts to populate the name, card number, and expiration date. The photo is never
saved to the device or stored in the photo library. Once all the fields are filled in, the
Check Card process verifies the fields other than the CVV. They are encrypted and sent
to the Apple Pay Server.
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If a terms and conditions ID is returned with the Check Card process, Apple downloads
and displays the terms and conditions of the card issuer to the user. If the user accepts
the terms and conditions, Apple sends the ID of the terms that were accepted, as well
as the CVV to the Link and Provision process. Additionally, as part of the Link and
Provision process, Apple shares information from the device with the card issuer or
network, like information about your iTunes and App Store account activity (for
example, whether you have a long history of transactions within iTunes), information
about your device (for example, phone number, name, and model of your device plus
any companion iOS device necessary to set up Apple Pay), as well as your approximate
location at the time you add your card (if you have Location Services enabled). Using
this information, the card issuer will determine whether to approve adding the card to
Apple Pay.
As the result of the Link and Provision process, two things occur:
The device begins to download the Wallet pass file representing the credit or debit card.
The device begins to bind the card to the Secure Element.
The pass file contains URLs to download card art, metadata about the card such as
contact information, the related issuers app, and supported features. It also contains
the pass state, which includes information such as whether the personalizing of the
Secure Element has completed, whether the card is currently suspended by the card
issuer, or whether additional verification is required before the card will be able to
make payments with Apple Pay.
Adding credit or debit cards from an iTunes Store account to Apple Pay
For a credit or debit card on file with iTunes, the user may be required to re-enter
their Apple ID password. The card number is retrieved from iTunes and the Check Card
process is initiated. If the card is eligible for Apple Pay, the device will download and
display terms and conditions, then send along the terms ID and the card security code
to the Link and Provision process. Additional verification may occur for iTunes account
cards on file.
Adding credit or debit cards from a card issuers app
When the app is registered for use with Apple Pay, keys are established for the app and
the merchants server. These keys are used to encrypt the card information thats sent
to the merchant, which prevents the information from being read by the iOS device.
The provisioning flow is similar to that used for manually added cards, described above,
except that one-time passwords are used in lieu of the CVV.
Additional verification
A card issuer can decide whether a credit or debit card requires additional verification.
Depending on what is offered by the card issuer, the user may be able to choose
between different options for additional verification, such as a text message, email,
customer service call, or a method in an approved third-party app to complete the
verification. For text messages or email, the user selects from contact information the
issuer has on file. A code will be sent, which the user will need to enter into Wallet,
Settings, or the Apple Watch app. Forcustomer service or verification using an app,
the issuer performs their own communication process.
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Payment authorization
The Secure Element will only allow a payment to be made after it receives authorization
from the Secure Enclave, confirming the user has authenticated with Touch ID or the
device passcode. Touch ID is the default method if available but the passcode can be
used at any time instead of Touch ID. A passcode is automatically offered after three
unsuccessful attempts to match a fingerprint and after five unsuccessful attempts, the
passcode is required. A passcode is also required when Touch ID is not configured or
not enabled for Apple Pay.
Communication between the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element takes place over
a serial interface, with the Secure Element connected to the NFC controller, which in
turn is connected to the application processor. Even though not directly connected,
the Secure Enclave and Secure Element can communicate securely using a shared
pairing key that is provisioned during the manufacturing process. The encryption and
authentication of the communication is based on AES, with cryptographic nonces used
by both sides to protect against replay attacks. The pairing key is generated inside the
Secure Enclave from its UID key and the Secure Elements unique identifier. The pairing
key is then securely transferred from the Secure Enclave to a hardware security module
(HSM) in the factory, which has the key material required to then inject the pairing key
into the Secure Element.
When the user authorizes a transaction, the Secure Enclave sends signed data about
the type of authentication and details about the type of transaction (contactless or
within apps) to the Secure Element, tied to an Authorization Random (AR) value. The
AR is generated in the Secure Enclave when a user first provisions a credit card and is
persisted while Apple Pay is enabled, protected by the Secure Enclaves encryption and
anti-rollback mechanism. It is securely delivered to the Secure Element via the pairing
key. On receipt of a new AR value, the Secure Element marks any previously added
cards as deleted.
Credit and debit cards added to the Secure Element can only be used if the Secure
Element is presented with authorization using the same pairing key and AR value from
when the card was added. This allows iOS to instruct the Secure Enclave to render
cards unusable by marking its copy of the AR as invalid under the following scenarios:
When the passcode is disabled.
The user logs out of iCloud.
The user selects Erase All Content and Settings.
The device is restored from recovery mode.
With Apple Watch, cards are marked as invalid when:
The watchs passcode is disabled.
The watch is unpaired from iPhone.
Wrist detection is turned off.
Using the pairing key and its copy of the current AR value, the Secure Element verifies
the authorization received from the Secure Enclave before enabling the payment
applet for a contactless payment. This process also applies when retrieving encrypted
payment data from a payment applet for transactions within apps.
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Transaction-specific dynamic security code

All payment transactions originating from the payment applets include a transactionspecific dynamic security code along with a Device Account Number. This one-time
code is computed using a counter that is incremented for each new transaction, and
a key thats provisioned in the payment applet during personalization and is known by
the payment network and/or the card issuer. Depending on the payment scheme, other
data may also be used in the calculation of these codes, including the following:
A random number generated by the payment applet
Another random number generated by the terminalin the case of an NFC transaction
or
Another random number generated by the serverin the case of transactions
withinapps
These security codes are provided to the payment network and the card issuer, which
allows them to verify each transaction. The length of these security codes may vary
based on the type of transaction being done.
Contactless payments with Apple Pay

If iPhone is on and detects an NFC field, it will present the user with the relevant credit
or debit card, or the default card, which is managed in Settings. The user can also go to
the Wallet app and choose a credit or debit card, or when the device is locked, doubleclick the Home button.
Next, the user must authenticate using Touch ID or their passcode before payment
information is transmitted. When Apple Watch is unlocked, double-clicking the side
button activates the default card for payment. No payment information is sent without
user authentication.
Once the user authenticates, the Device Account Number and a transaction-specific
dynamic security code are used when processing the payment. Neither Apple nor a
users device sends the full actual credit or debit card numbers to merchants. Apple
may receive anonymous transaction information such as the approximate time and
location of the transaction, which helps improve Apple Pay and other Apple products
and services.
Paying with Apple Pay within apps

Apple Pay can also be used to make payments within iOS apps. When users pay in apps
using Apple Pay, Apple receives encrypted transaction information and re-encrypts
it with a merchant-specific key before its sent to the merchant. Apple Pay retains
anonymous transaction information such as approximate purchase amount. This
information cant be tied back to the user and never includes what the user is buying.
When an app initiates an Apple Pay payment transaction, the Apple Pay Servers receive
the encrypted transaction from the device prior to the merchant receiving it. The
Apple Pay Servers then re-encrypt it with a merchant-specific key before relaying the
transaction to the merchant.
When an app requests a payment, it calls an API to determine if the device supports
Apple Pay and if the user has credit or debit cards that can make payments on a
payment network accepted by the merchant. The app requests any pieces of information
it needs to process and fulfill the transaction, such as the billing and shipping address,
and contact information. The app then asks iOS to present the ApplePay sheet, which
requests information for the app, as well as other necessary information, such as the
card to use.
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At this time, the app is presented with city, state, and zip code information to calculate
the final shipping cost. The full set of requested information isnt provided to the app
until the user authorizes the payment with Touch ID or the device passcode. Once
the payment is authorized, the information presented in the Apple Pay sheet will be
transferred to the merchant.
When the user authorizes the payment, a call is made to the Apple Pay Servers to
obtain a cryptographic nonce, which is similar to the value returned by the NFC
terminal used for in-store transactions. The nonce, along with other transaction data, is
passed to the Secure Element to generate a payment credential that will be encrypted
with an Apple key. When the encrypted payment credential comes out of the Secure
Element, its passed to the Apple Pay Servers, which decrypt the credential, verify the
nonce in the credential against the nonce sent by the Secure Element, and re-encrypt
the payment credential with the merchant key associated with the Merchant ID. Its
then returned to the device, which hands it back to the app via the API. The app then
passes it along to the merchant system for processing. The merchant can then decrypt
the payment credential with its private key for processing. This, together with the
signature from Apples servers, allows the merchant to verify that the transaction was
intended for this particular merchant.
The APIs require an entitlement that specifies the supported merchant IDs. An app
canalso include additional data to send to the Secure Element to be signed, such as
an order number or customer identity, ensuring the transaction cant be diverted to
a different customer. This is accomplished by the app developer. The app developer is
able to specify applicationData on the PKPaymentRequest. A hash of this data is included
in the encrypted payment data. The merchant is then responsible for verifying that
their applicationData hash matches whats included in the payment data.
Rewards cards
As of iOS 9, Apple Pay supports the Value Added Service (VAS) protocol for transmitting
merchant rewards cards to compatible NFC terminals. The VAS protocol can be
implemented on merchant terminals and uses NFC to communicate with supported
Apple devices. The VAS protocol works over a short distance and is used to provide
complementary services, such as transmission of rewards cardinformation, as part of
an Apple Pay transaction.
The NFC terminal initiates receiving the card information by sending a request for a
card. If the user has a card with the stores identifier, the user is asked to authorize its
use. If the merchant supports encryption, the card information, a timestamp, and a
single-use random ECDH P-256 key is used with the merchants public key to derive
an encryption key for the card data, which is sent to the terminal. If the merchant
does not support encryption, the user is asked to re-present the device to the terminal
before the rewards card information is sent.
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Suspending, removing, and erasing cards

Users can suspend Apple Pay on iPhone and iPad by placing their devices in Lost Mode
using Find My iPhone. Users also have the ability to remove and erase their cards from
Apple Pay using Find My iPhone, iCloud Settings, or directly on their devices using
Wallet. On Apple Watch, cards can be removed using iCloud settings, the Apple Watch
app on iPhone, or directly on the watch. The ability to make payments using cards on
the device will be suspended or removed from Apple Pay by the card issuer or respective
payment network even if the device is offline and not connected to a cellular or Wi-Fi
network. Users can also call their card issuer to suspend or remove cards from Apple Pay.
Additionally, when a user erases the entire device using Erase All Content and Settings,
using Find My iPhone, or restoring their device using recovery mode, iOS will instruct
theSecure Element to mark all cards as deleted.This has the effect of immediately
changing the cards to an unusable state until the Apple Pay Servers can be contacted
to fully erase the cards from the Secure Element. Independently, the Secure Enclave
marks the AR as invalid, so that further payment authorizations for previously enrolled
cards arent possible. When the device is online, it attempts to contact the Apple Pay
Servers to ensure all cards in the Secure Element are erased.
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Internet Services
Creating strong Apple ID passwords
Apple IDs are used to connect to a number
of services including iCloud, FaceTime,
and iMessage. To help users create strong
passwords, all new accounts must contain
the following password attributes:
At least eight characters
At least one letter
At least one uppercase letter
At least one number
No more than three consecutive
identicalcharacters
Not the same as the account name
Apple has built a robust set of services to help users get even more utility and
productivity out of their devices, including iMessage, FaceTime, Siri, Spotlight
Suggestions, iCloud, iCloud Backup, and iCloud Keychain.
These Internet services have been built with the same security goals that iOS promotes
throughout the platform. These goals include secure handling of data, whether at rest
on the device or in transit over wireless networks; protection of users personal information; and threat protection against malicious or unauthorized access to information and
services. Each service uses its own powerful security architecture without compromising
the overall ease of use of iOS.
Apple ID
An Apple ID is the user name and password that is used to sign in to Apple services
suchas iCloud, iMessage, FaceTime, the iTunes Store, the iBooks Store, the App Store, and
more. It is important for users to keep their Apple IDs secure to prevent unauthorized
access to their accounts. To help with this, Apple requires strong passwords that must
be at least eight characters in length, contain both letters and numbers, must not
contain more than three consecutive identical characters, and cannot be acommonly
used password. Users are encouraged to exceed these guidelines by adding extra
characters and punctuation marks to make their passwords even stronger.Apple also
sends email and push notifications to users when important changes are made to their
account; for example, if a password or billing information has been changed, or the
Apple ID has been used to sign in on a new device. Ifanything does not look familiar,
users are instructed to change their Apple ID password immediately.
Apple also offers two-step verification for Apple ID, which provides a second layer of
security for the users account. With two-step verification enabled, the users identity
must be verified via a temporary code sent to one of the users trusted devicesbefore
changes are permitted to his or her Apple ID account information, before signing in
to iCloud, iMessage, FaceTime, and Game Center, and before making an iTunes Store,
iBooks Store, or App Store purchase from a new device. This can prevent anyone from
accessing a users account, even if they know the password. Users are also provided
with a 14-character Recovery Key to be stored in a safe place in case they ever forget
their password or lose access to their trusted devices.
For more information on two-step verification for Apple ID, visit
https://support.apple.com/kb/ht5570.
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iMessage
Apple iMessage is a messaging service for iOS devices and Mac computers. iMessage
supports text and attachments such as photos, contacts, and locations. Messages
appear on all of a users registered devices so that a conversation can be continued
from any of the users devices. iMessage makes extensive use of the Apple Push
Notification service (APNs). Apple does not log messages or attachments, and their
contents are protected by end-to-end encryption so no one but the sender and
receiver can access them. Apple cannot decrypt the data.
When a user turns on iMessage on a device, the device generates two pairs of keys for
use with the service: an RSA 1280-bit key for encryption and an ECDSA 256-bit key on
the NIST P-256 curve for signing. The private keys for both key pairs are saved in the
devices keychain and the public keys are sent to Apples directory service (IDS), where
they are associated with the users phone number or email address, along with the
devices APNs address.
As users enable additional devices for use with iMessage, their encryption and signing
public keys, APNs addresses, and associated phone numbers are added to the directory
service. Users can also add more email addresses, which will be verified by sending a
confirmation link. Phone numbers are verified by the carrier network and SIM. Further,
all of the users registered devices display an alert message when a new device, phone
number, or email address is added.
How iMessage sends and receives messages
Users start a new iMessage conversation by entering an address or name. If they enter
a phone number or email address, the device contacts the IDS to retrieve the public
keys and APNs addresses for all of the devices associated with the addressee. If the
user enters a name, the device first utilizes the users Contacts app to gather the phone
numbers and email addresses associated with that name, then gets the public keys
and APNs addresses from the IDS.
The users outgoing message is individually encrypted for each of the receivers
devices. The public RSA encryption keys of the receiving devices are retrieved from
IDS. For each receiving device, the sending device generates a random 128-bit key
and encrypts the message with it using AES in CTR mode. This per-message AES key is
encrypted using RSA-OAEP to the public key of the receiving device. The combination
of the encrypted message text and the encrypted message key is then hashed with
SHA-1, and the hash is signed with ECDSA using the sending devices private signing
key. The resulting messages, one for each receiving device, consist of the encrypted
message text, the encrypted message key, and the senders digital signature. They are
then dispatched to the APNs for delivery. Metadata, such as the timestamp and APNs
routing information, is not encrypted. Communication with APNs is encrypted using a
forward-secret TLS channel.
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APNs can only relay messages up to 4 KB or 16 KB in size, depending on iOS version.

If the message text is too long, or if an attachment such as a photo is included, the
attachment is encrypted using AES in CTR mode with a randomly generated 256-bit
key and uploaded to iCloud. The AES key for the attachment, its URI (Uniform Resource
Identifier), and a SHA-1 hash of its encrypted form are then sent to the recipient as the
contents of an iMessage, with their confidentiality and integrity protected through
normal iMessage encryption, as shown below.
Attachment
encrypted with
random key
iCloud
APNs
Signed and encrypted
message for user 2 with URI and
key for attachment
User 1
User 2
Public key
and APNs token
for user 2
Public key
and APNs token
for user 1
IDS
For group conversations, this process is repeated for each recipient and their devices.
On the receiving side, each device receives its copy of the message from APNs, and,
if necessary, retrieves the attachment from iCloud. The incoming phone number or
email address of the sender is matched to the receivers contacts so that a name can
be displayed, if possible.
As with all push notifications, the message is deleted from APNs when it is delivered.
Unlike other APNs notifications, however, iMessage messages are queued for delivery
to offline devices. Messages are currently stored for up to 30 days.
FaceTime
FaceTime is Apples video and audio calling service. Similar to iMessage, FaceTime calls
also use the Apple Push Notification service to establish an initial connection to the
users registered devices. The audio/video contents of FaceTime calls are protected by
end-to-end encryption, so no one but the sender and receiver can access them. Apple
cannot decrypt the data.
FaceTime uses Internet Connectivity Establishment (ICE) to establish a peer-to-peer
connection between devices. Using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) messages, the
devices verify their identity certificates and establish a shared secret for each session.
The cryptographic nonces supplied by each device are combined to salt keys for each
of the media channels, which are streamed via Secure Real Time Protocol (SRTP) using
AES-256 encryption.
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iCloud
iCloud stores a users contacts, calendars, photos, documents, and more and keeps the
information up to date across all of his or her devices, automatically. iCloud can also
beused by third-party apps to store and sync documents as well as key values for
app data as defined by the developer. Users set up iCloud by signing in with an Apple
ID and choosing which services they would like to use. iCloud features, including My
Photo Stream, iCloud Drive, and Backup, can be disabled by IT administrators via a
configuration profile. The service is agnostic about what is being stored and handles
allfile content the same way, as a collection of bytes.
Each file is broken into chunks and encrypted by iCloud using AES-128 and a key
derived from each chunks contents that utilizes SHA-256. The keys, and the files
metadata, are stored by Apple in the users iCloud account. The encrypted chunks of
the file are stored, without any user-identifying information, using third-party storage
services, such as Amazon S3 and Windows Azure.
iCloud Drive
iCloud Drive adds account-based keys to protect documents stored in iCloud. As with
existing iCloud services, it chunks and encrypts file contents and stores the encrypted
chunks using third-party services. However, the file content keys are wrapped by
record keys stored with the iCloud Drive metadata. These record keys are in turn
protected by the users iCloud Drive service key, which is then stored with the users
iCloud account. Users get access to their iCloud documents metadata by having
authenticated with iCloud, but must also possess the iCloud Drive service key to
expose protected parts ofiCloud Drive storage.
CloudKit
CloudKit allows app developers to store key-value data, structured data, and assets in
iCloud. Access to CloudKit is controlled using app entitlements. CloudKit supports both
public and private databases. Public databases are used by all copies of the app, typically for general assets, and are not encrypted. Private databases store the users data.
As with iCloud Drive, CloudKit uses account-based keys to protect the information
stored in the users private database and, similar to other iCloud services, files are
chunked, encrypted, and stored using third-party services. CloudKit utilizes a hierarchy
of keys, similar to Data Protection. The per-file keys are wrapped by CloudKit Record
keys. The Record keys, in turn, are protected by a zone-wide key, which is protected by
the users CloudKit Service key. The CloudKit Service key is stored in the users iCloud
account and is available only after the user has authenticated with iCloud.
CloudKit
Service Key
CloudKit
Zone Key
CloudKit
Record Key
File
Metadata
File
Chunk List
File
Chunk
Convergent
Encryption
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iCloud Backup
iCloud also backs up informationincluding device settings, app data, photos, and
videos in the Camera Roll, and conversations in the Messages appdaily over Wi-Fi.
iCloud secures the content by encrypting it when sent over the Internet, storing it in
an encrypted format, and using secure tokens for authentication. iCloud Backup occurs
only when the device is locked, connected to a power source, and has Wi-Fi access to
the Internet. Because of the encryption used in iOS, the system is designed to keep
data secure while allowing incremental, unattended backup and restoration to occur.
Heres what iCloud backs up:
Information about purchased music, movies, TV shows, apps, and books, but not the
purchased content itself
Photos and videos in Camera Roll
Contacts, calendar events, reminders, and notes
Device settings
App data
PDFs and books added to iBooks but not purchased
Call history
Home screen and app organization
iMessage, text (SMS), and MMS messages
Ringtones
HomeKit data
HealthKit data
Visual Voicemail
When files are created in Data Protection classes that are not accessible when the
device is locked, their per-file keys are encrypted using the class keys from the iCloud
Backup keybag. Files are backed up to iCloud in their original, encrypted state. Files in
Data Protection class No Protection are encrypted during transport.
The iCloud Backup keybag contains asymmetric (Curve25519) keys for each Data
Protection class, which are used to encrypt the per-file keys. For more information
about the contents of the backup keybag and the iCloud Backup keybag, see Keychain
Data Protection in the Encryption and Data Protection section.
The backup set is stored in the users iCloud account and consists of a copy of the
users files, and the iCloud Backup keybag. The iCloud Backup keybag is protected by
arandom key, which is also stored with the backup set. (The users iCloud password
is not utilized for encryption so that changing the iCloud password wont invalidate
existing backups.)
While the users keychain database is backed up to iCloud, it remains protected by a
UID-tangled key. This allows the keychain to be restored only to the same device from
which it originated, and it means no one else, including Apple, can read the users
keychain items.
On restore, the backed-up files, iCloud Backup keybag, and the key for the keybag are
retrieved from the users iCloud account. The iCloud Backup keybag is decrypted using
its key, then the per-file keys in the keybag are used to decrypt the files in the backup
set, which are written as new files to the file system, thus re-encrypting them as per
their Data Protection class.
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Safari integration with iCloud Keychain

Safari can automatically generate cryptographically strong random strings for
website passwords, which are stored in
Keychain and synced to your other devices. Keychain items are transferred from
device to device, traveling through Apple
servers, but are encrypted in such a way
that Apple and other devices cannot read
their contents.
iCloud Keychain
iCloud Keychain allows users to securely sync his or her passwords between iOS
devices and Mac computers without exposing that information to Apple. In addition
tostrong privacy and security, other goals that heavily influenced the design and
architecture of iCloud Keychain were ease of use and the ability to recover a keychain.
iCloud Keychain consists of two services: keychain syncing and keychain recovery.
Apple designed iCloud Keychain and keychain recovery so that a users passwords
are still protected under the following conditions:
A users iCloud account is compromised.
iCloud is compromised by an external attacker or employee.
Third-party access to user accounts.
Keychain syncing
When a user enables iCloud Keychain for the first time, the device establishes a circle
of trust and creates a syncing identity for itself. A syncing identity consists of a private
key and a public key. The public key of the syncing identity is put in the circle, and the
circle is signed twice: first by the private key of the syncing identity, then again with
an asymmetric elliptical key (using P256) derived from the users iCloud account
password. Also stored with the circle are the parameters (random salt and iterations)
used to create the key that is based on the users iCloud password.
The signed syncing circle is placed in the users iCloud key value storage area. It cannot
be read without knowing the users iCloud password, and cannot be modified validly
without having the private key of the syncing identity of its member.
When the user turns on iCloud Keychain on another device, the new device notices
in iCloud that the user has a previously established syncing circle that it is not a member of. The device creates its syncing identity key pair, then creates an application
ticket to request membership in the circle. The ticket consists of the devices public
key of its syncing identity, and the user is asked to authenticate with his or her iCloud
password. The elliptical key generation parameters are retrieved from iCloud and
generate a keythat is used to sign the application ticket. Finally, the application ticket
is placed iniCloud.
When the first device sees that an application ticket has arrived, it displays a notice for
the user to acknowledge that a new device is asking to join the syncing circle. The user
enters his or her iCloud password, and the application ticket is verified as signed by a
matching private key. This establishes that the person who generated the request to
join the circle entered the users iCloud password at the time the request was made.
Upon the users approval to add the new device to the circle, the first device adds the
public key of the new member to the syncing circle, signs it again with both its syncing identity and the key derived from the users iCloud password. The new syncing
circle is placed in iCloud, where it is similarly signed by the new member of the circle.
There are now two members of the signing circle, and each member has the public
key of its peer. They now begin to exchange individual keychain items via iCloud key
value storage. If both circle members have the same item, the one with the most
recent modification date will be synced. Items are skipped if the other member has the
item and the modification dates are identical. Each item that is synced is encrypted
specifically for the device it is being sent to. It cannot be decrypted by other devices
or Apple. Additionally, the encrypted item is ephemeral in iCloud; its overwritten with
each new item thats synced.
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This process is repeated as new devices join the syncing circle. For example, when a
third device joins, the confirmation appears on both of the other users devices. The
user can approve the new member from either of those devices. As new peers are
added, each peer syncs with the new one to ensure that all members have the same
keychain items.
However, the entire keychain is not synced. Some items are device-specific, such as
VPN identities, and shouldnt leave the device. Only items with the attribute
kSecAttrSynchronizable are synced. Apple has set this attribute for Safari
user data (including user names, passwords, and credit card numbers), as well as
Wi-Fipasswords and HomeKit encryption keys.
Additionally, by default, keychain items added by third-party apps do not sync.
Developers must set the kSecAttrSynchronizable when adding items
to the keychain.
Keychain recovery
Keychain recovery provides a way for users to optionally escrow their keychain with
Apple, without allowing Apple to read the passwords and other data it contains. Even
if the user has only a single device, keychain recovery provides a safety net against
data loss. This is particularly important when Safari is used to generate random, strong
passwords for web accounts, as the only record of those passwords is in the keychain.
A cornerstone of keychain recovery is secondary authentication and a secure escrow
service, created by Apple specifically to support this feature. The users keychain is
encrypted using a strong passcode, and the escrow service will provide a copy of the
keychain only if a strict set of conditions are met.
When iCloud Keychain is turned on, the user is asked to create an iCloud Security
Code. This code is required to recover an escrowed keychain. By default, the user is
asked to provide a simple four-digit value for the security code. However, users can
also specify their own, longer code, or let their devices create a cryptographically
random code that they can record and keep on their own.
Next, the iOS device exports a copy of the users keychain, encrypts it wrapped with
keys in an asymmetric keybag,and places it in the users iCloud key value storage
area. The keybag iswrapped with the users iCloud Security Code and the public key
of theHSM (hardware security module) cluster that will store theescrow record. This
becomesthe users iCloud Escrow Record.
If the user decided to accept a cryptographically random security code, instead of
specifying his or her own or using a four-digit value, no escrow record is necessary.
Instead, the iCloud Security Code is used to wrap the random key directly.
In addition to establishing a security code, users must register a phone number. This
is used to provide a secondary level of authentication during keychain recovery. The
user will receive an SMS that must be replied to in order for the recovery to proceed.
Escrow security
iCloud provides a secure infrastructure for keychain escrow that ensures only
authorized users and devices can perform a recovery. Topographically positioned
behind iCloud are clusters of hardware security modules (HSM). These clusters guard
the escrow records. Each has a key that is used to encrypt the escrow records under
their watch, as described previously.
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To recover a keychain, users must authenticate with their iCloud account and password
and respond to an SMS sent to their registered phone number. Once this is done, users
must enter their iCloud Security Code. The HSM cluster verifies that a user knows his or
her iCloud Security Code using Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP); the code itself
is not sent to Apple. Each member of the cluster independently verifies that the user
has not exceeded the maximum number of attempts that are allowed to retrieve his
orher record, as discussed below. If a majority agree, the cluster unwraps the escrow
record and sends it to the users device.
Next, the device uses the iCloud Security Code to unwrap the random key used to
encrypt the users keychain. With that key, the keychainretrieved from iCloud key
value storageis decrypted and restored onto the device. Only 10 attempts to
authenticate and retrieve an escrow record are allowed. After several failed attempts,
the record is locked and the user must call Apple Support to be granted more
attempts. After the 10thfailed attempt, the HSM cluster destroys the escrow record
and the keychain is lost forever. This provides protection against a brute-force attempt
to retrieve the record, at the expense of sacrificing the keychain data in response.
These policies are coded in the HSM firmware. The administrative access cards that
permit the firmware to be changed have been destroyed. Any attempt to alter the
firmware or access the private key will cause the HSM cluster to delete the private key.
Should this occur, the owners of all keychains protected by the cluster will receive a
message informing them that their escrow record has been lost. They can then choose
to re-enroll.
Siri
By simply talking naturally, users can enlist Siri to send messages, schedule meetings,
place phone calls, and more. Siri uses speech recognition, text-to-speech, and a
client- server model to respond to a broad range of requests. The tasks that Siri
supports have been designed to ensure that only the absolute minimal amount of
personal information is utilized and that it is fully protected.
When Siri is turned on, the device creates random identifiers for use with the voice
recognition and Siri servers. These identifiers are used only within Siri and are utilized
to improve the service. If Siri is subsequently turned off, the device will generate a
new random identifier to be used if Siri is turned back on.
In order to facilitate Siris features, some of the users information from the device
is sent to the server. This includes information about the music library (song titles,
artists, and playlists), the names of Reminders lists, and names and relationships that
are defined in Contacts. All communication with the server is over HTTPS.
When a Siri session is initiated, the users first and last name (from Contacts), along
with a rough geographic location, is sent to the server. This is so Siri can respond with
the name or answer questions that only need an approximate location, such as those
about the weather.
If a more precise location is necessary, for example, to determine the location of
nearby movie theaters, the server asks the device to provide a more exact location.
This is an example of how, by default, information is sent to the server only when its
strictly necessary to process the users request. In any event, session information is
discarded after 10 minutes of inactivity.
When Siri is used from Apple Watch, the watch creates its own random unique
identifier, as described above. However, instead of sending the users information again,
its requests also send the Siri identifier of the paired iPhone to provide a reference to
that information.
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The recording of the users spoken words is sent to Apples voice recognition server.
If the task involves dictation only, the recognized text is sent back to the device.
Otherwise, Siri analyzes the text and, if necessary, combines it with information from
the profile associated with the device. For example, if the request is send a message
to my mom, the relationships and names that were uploaded from Contacts are
utilized. The command for the identified action is then sent back to the device to be
carried out.
Many Siri functions are accomplished by the device under the direction of the server.
For example, if the user asks Siri to read an incoming message, the server simply tells
the device to speak the contents of its unread messages. The contents and sender of
the message are not sent to the server.
User voice recordings are saved for a six-month period so that the recognition system
can utilize them to better understand the users voice. After six months, another copy
is saved, without its identifier, for use by Apple in improving and developing Siri for
up to two years. Additionally, some recordings that reference music, sports teams
and players, and businesses or points of interest are similarly saved for purposes of
improving Siri.
Siri can also be invoked hands-free via voice activation. The voice trigger detection is
performed locally on the device. In this mode, Siri is activated only when the incoming
audio pattern sufficiently matches the acoustics of the specified trigger phrase.
When the trigger is detected, the corresponding audio including the subsequent
Siri command is sent to Apples voice recognition server for further processing, which
follows the same rules as other user voice recordings made through Siri.
Continuity
Continuitytakes advantage of technologies like iCloud, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi to enable
users to continue an activity from one device to another, make and receive phone calls,
send and receive text messages, and share a cellular Internet connection.
Handoff
With Handoff, when a users Mac and iOS device are near each other, the user can automatically pass whatever theyre working on from one device to the other. Handoff lets
the user switch devices and instantly continue working.
When a user signs in to iCloud on a second Handoff capable device, the two devices
establish a Bluetooth Low Energy 4.0 pairing out-of-band using the Apple Push
Notification service (APNs). The individual messages are encrypted in a similar fashion
to iMessage. Once the devices are paired, each will generate a symmetric 256-bit
AES key that gets stored in the devices keychain. This key is used to encrypt and
authenticate theBluetooth Low Energy advertisements that communicate the devices
current activity to other iCloud paired devices using AES-256 in GCM mode, with replay
protection measures. The first time a device receives an advertisement from a new
key, it will establish aBluetooth Low Energyconnection to the originating device and
perform an advertisement encryption key exchange. This connection is secured using
standardBluetooth Low Energy4.0 encryption as well as encryption of the individual
messages, which is similar to how iMessage is encrypted. In some situations, these
messages will go via the Apple Push Notification service instead ofBluetooth Low
Energy. The activity payload is protected and transferred in the same way as an
iMessage.
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Handoff between native apps and websites

Handoff allows an iOS native app to resume webpages in domains legitimately
controlled by the app developer. It also allows the native app user activity to be
resumed in a web browser.
To prevent native apps from claiming to resume websites not controlled by the
developer, the app must demonstrate legitimate control over the web domains it
wants to resume. Control over a website domain is established via the mechanism
used for shared web credentials. For details, refer to Access to Safari saved passwords
in the Encryption and Data Protection section. The system must validate an apps
domain name control before the app is permitted to accept user activity Handoff.
The source of a webpage Handoff can be any browser that has adopted the Handoff
APIs. When the user views a webpage, the system advertises the domain name of the
webpage in the encrypted Handoff advertisement bytes. Only the users other devices
can decrypt the advertisement bytes (as previously described inthe section above).
On a receiving device, the system detects that an installed native app accepts Handoff
from the advertised domain name and displays that native app icon as the Handoff
option. When launched, the native app receives the full URL and the title of the
webpage. No other information is passed from the browser to the native app.
In the opposite direction, a native app may specify a fallback URL when a Handoffreceiving device does not have the same native app installed. In this case, the system
displays the users default browser as the Handoff app option (if that browser has
adopted Handoff APIs). When Handoff is requested, the browser will be launched and
given the fallback URL provided by the source app. There is no requirement that the
fallback URL be limited to domain names controlled by the native app developer.
Handoff of larger data
In addition to the basic feature of Handoff, some apps may elect to use APIs that
support sending larger amounts of data over Apple-created peer-to-peer Wi-Fi
technology (in a similar fashion to AirDrop). For example, the Mail app uses these
APIs to support Handoff of a mail draft, which may include large attachments.
When an app uses this facility, the exchange between the two devices starts off just
as in Handoff (see previous sections). However, after receiving the initial payload using
Bluetooth Low Energy, the receiving device initiates a new connection over Wi-Fi. This
connection is encrypted (TLS), which exchanges their iCloud identity certificates. The
identity in the certificates is verified against the users identity. Further payload data is
sent over this encrypted connection until the transfer is complete.
iPhone Cellular Call Relay
When your Mac, iPad, or iPodis on the same Wi-Fi network as your iPhone, it can make
and receive phone calls using your iPhone cellular connection. Configuration requires
your devices to be signed in to both iCloud and FaceTime using the same Apple ID
account.
When an incoming call arrives, all configured devices will be notified via the Apple
Push Notification service (APNs), with each notification using the same end-to-end
encryption as iMessage uses. Devices that are on the same network will present the
incoming call notification UI. Upon answering the call, the audio will be seamlessly
transmitted from your iPhone using asecure peer-to-peer connectionbetween the
two devices.
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Outgoing calls will also be relayed to iPhone via the Apple Push Notification service,
and audio will be similarly transmitted over thesecure peer-to-peer link between
devices.
Users can disable phone call relay on a device by turning off iPhone Cellular Calls in
FaceTime settings.
iPhone Text Message Forwarding
Text Message Forwarding automatically sends SMS text messages received on iPhone
to a users enrolled iPad, iPod touch, or Mac. Each device must be signed in to the
iMessage service using the same Apple ID account. When SMS Message Forwarding
isturned on, enrollment is verified on each device by entering a random six-digit
numeric code generated by iPhone.
Once devices are linked, iPhone encrypts and forwards incoming SMS text messages
to each device, utilizing the methods described in the iMessage section of this document. Replies are sent back to iPhone using the same method, then iPhone sends the
reply as a text message using the carriers SMS transmission mechanism. Text Message
Forwarding can be turned on or off in Messages settings.
Instant Hotspot
iOS devices that support Instant Hotspot use Bluetooth Low Energy to discover and
communicate to devices that have signed in to the same iCloud account. Compatible
Mac computers running OS X Yosemite and later use the same technology to discover
and communicate with Instant Hotspot iOS devices.
When a user enters Wi-Fi Settings on the iOS device, the device emits aBluetooth
Low Energysignal containing an identifier that all devices signed in to the same iCloud
account agree upon. The identifier is generated from a DSID (Destination Signaling
Identifier) tied to the iCloud account, and rotated periodically. When other devices
signed in to the same iCloud account are in close proximity and support personal
hotspot, they detect the signal and respond, indicating availability.
When a user chooses a device available for personal hotspot, a request to turn on
Personal Hotspot is sent to that device. The request is sent across a link that is encrypted using standardBluetooth Low Energyencryption, and the request is encrypted in
a fashion similar to iMessage encryption. The device then responds across the same
Bluetooth Low Energylink using the same per-message encryption with personal
hotspot connection information.
Spotlight Suggestions
Safari search and Spotlight search include search suggestions from the Internet, apps,
iTunes, App Store, movie showtimes, locations nearby, and more.
To make suggestions more relevant to users, user context and search feedback with
search query requests are sent to Apple. Context sent with search requests provides
Apple with: i) the devices approximate location; ii) the device type (e.g., Mac, iPhone,
iPad, or iPod); iii) the client app, which is either Spotlight or Safari; iv) the devices
default language and region settings; v) the three most recently used apps on the
device; and vi) an anonymous session ID. All communication with the server is
encrypted via HTTPS.
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To help protect user privacy, Spotlight Suggestions never sends exact location, instead
blurring the location on the client before sending. The level of blurring is based on
estimated population density at the devices location; for instance, more blurring is
used in a rural location versus less blurring in a city center where users will typically
be closer together. Further, users can disable the sending of all location information
to Apple in Settings, by turning off Location Services for Spotlight Suggestions. If
Location Services is disabled, then Apple may use the clients IP address to infer an
approximate location.
The anonymous session ID allows Apple to analyze patterns between queries conducted in a 15-minute period. For instance, if users frequently search for Caf phone
number shortly after searching for Caf, Apple may learn to make the phone number
more available in results. Unlike most search engines, however, Apples search service
does not use a persistent personal identifier across a users search history to tie queries
to a user or device; instead, Apple devices use a temporary anonymous session ID for
at most a 15-minute period before discarding that ID.
Information on the three most recently used apps on the device is included as
additional search context. To protect the privacy of users, only apps that are in an
Apple-maintained whitelist of popular apps and have been accessed within the last
three hours are included.
Search feedback sent to Apple provides Apple with: i) timings between user actions
such as key-presses and result selections; ii) Spotlight Suggestions result selected, if
any; and iii) type of local result selected (e.g., Bookmark or Contact). Just as with
search context, the search feedback is not tied to any individual person or device.
Apple retains Spotlight Suggestions logs with queries, context, and feedback for up
to 18 months. Reduced logs including only query, country, language, date (to the hour),
and device-type are retained up to two years. IP addresses are not retained with
query logs.
In some cases, Spotlight Suggestions may forward queries for common words and
phrases to a qualified partner in order to receive and display the partners search
results. These queries are not stored by the qualified partner and partners do not
receive search feedback. Partners also do not receive user IP addresses. Communication
with the partner is encrypted via HTTPS. Apple will provide city-level location, device
type, and client language as search context to the partner based on which locations,
device types, and languages Apple sees repeated queries from.
Spotlight Suggestions can be turned off in Settings for Spotlight, for Safari, or for
both. If turned off for Spotlight, then Spotlight is reverted to being a local on-deviceonly search client that does not transmit information to Apple. If turned off in Safari,
the users search queries, search context, and search feedback are not transmitted to
Apple.
Spotlight also includes mechanisms for making local, on-device content searchable:
The CoreSpotlight API, which allows Apple and third-party apps to pass indexable
content to Spotlight.
The NSUserActivity API, which allows Apple and third-party apps to pass information
to Spotlight regarding app pages visited by the user.
Spotlight maintains an on-device index of the information it receives using these two
methods, so that results from this data can be shown in response to a users search, or
automatically when Spotlight is launched. There is also an on-device federated search
API, only available to Apple-provided apps, which allows Spotlight to pass user search
queries to apps for processing, and receive their results.
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Device Controls
iOS supports flexible security policies and configurations that are easy to enforce and
manage. This enables organizations to protect corporate information and ensure that
employees meet enterprise requirements, even if they are using devices theyve provided themselvesfor example, as part of a bring your own device (BYOD) program.
Organizations can use resources such as passcode protection, configuration profiles,
remote wipe, and third-party MDM solutions to manage fleets of devices and help
keep corporate data secure, even when employees access this data on their personal
iOS devices.
Passcode protection
By default, the users passcode can be defined as a numeric PIN. On devices with
TouchID, the minimum passcode length is six digits. On other devices, the minimum
length is four digits. Users can specify a longer alphanumeric passcode by selecting
Custom Alphanumeric Code in the Passcode Options in Settings > Passcode. Longer
and more complex passcodes are harder to guess or attack, and are recommended
for enterprise use.
Administrators can enforce complex passcode requirements and other policies using
MDM or Exchange ActiveSync, or by requiring users to manually install configuration
profiles. The following passcode policies are available:
Allow simple value
Require alphanumeric value
Minimum passcode length
Minimum number of complex characters
Maximum passcode age
Passcode history
Auto-lock timeout
Grace period for device lock
Maximum number of failed attempts
Allow Touch ID
For details about each policy, see the Configuration Profile Key Reference
documentation at https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/featuredarticles/
iPhoneConfigurationProfileRef/.
50
iOS pairing model

iOS uses a pairing model to control access to a device from a host computer.
Pairingestablishes a trust relationship between the device and its connected host,
signified bypublic key exchange. iOS usesthis sign of trust to enable additional functionalitywith the connected host, such as data synchronization. In iOS 9, services that
require pairing cannot be started until after the device has been unlocked by the user.
The pairing process requires the user to unlock the device and accept the pairing
request from the host. After the user has done this, the host and device exchange
andsave 2048-bit RSA public keys. Thehost is then given a 256-bit key that can unlock
anescrow keybag stored on the device (see Escrow keybags in the Keybags section).
The exchanged keysare used to start an encrypted SSL session, which the device
requiresbefore it will sendprotected data to the host or start a service (iTunes syncing,
file transfers, Xcodedevelopment, etc.). The devicerequires connections from ahost
over Wi-Fi to use this encrypted session for allcommunication, so it must have been
previously paired over USB.Pairing also enables several diagnostic capabilities. In IOS
9, if a pairing record has not been used for more than six months, it expires. For more
information, seehttps://support.apple.com/kb/HT6331.
Certain services, including com.apple.pcapd, are restricted to work only
overUSB.Additionally, the com.apple.file_relay service requires an Apple-signed
configuration profile to be installed.
A user can clear the list of trusted hosts by using the Reset Network Settings or
Reset Location & Privacy options. For more information, see
https://support.apple.com/kb/HT5868.
Configuration enforcement
A configuration profile is an XML file that allows an administrator to distribute configuration information to iOS devices. Settings that are defined by an installed configuration profile cant be changed by the user. If the user deletes a configuration profile, all
the settings defined by the profile are also removed. In this manner, administrators can
enforce settings by tying policies to access. For example, a configuration profile that
provides an email configuration can also specify a device passcode policy. Users wont
be able to access mail unless their passcodes meet the administrators requirements.
An iOS configuration profile contains a number of settings that can be specified,
including:
Passcode policies
Restrictions on device features (disabling the camera, for example)
Wi-Fi settings
VPN settings
Mail server settings
Exchange settings
LDAP directory service settings
CalDAV calendar service settings
Web clips
Credentials and keys
Advanced cellular network settings
51
Configuration profiles can be signed and encrypted to validate their origin, ensure
their integrity, and protect their contents. Configuration profiles are encrypted using
CMS (RFC 3852), supporting 3DES and AES-128.
Configuration profiles can also be locked to a device to completely prevent their
removal, or to allow removal only with a passcode. Since many enterprise users own
their iOS devices, configuration profiles that bind a device to an MDM server can be
removedbut doing so will also remove all managed configuration information,
data, and apps.
Users can install configuration profiles directly on their devices using Apple
Configurator, or they can be downloaded via Safari, sent via a mail message, or
sentover the air using an MDM server.
Mobile device management (MDM)

iOS support for MDM allows businesses to securely configure and manage scaled
iPhone and iPad deployments across their organizations. MDM capabilities are built
on existing iOS technologies such as configuration profiles, over-the-air enrollment,
and the Apple Push Notification service (APNs). For example, APNs is used to wake the
device so it can communicate directly with its MDM server over a secured connection.
No confidential orproprietary information is transmitted via APNs.
Using MDM, IT departments can enroll iOS devices in an enterprise environment,
wirelessly configure and update settings, monitor compliance with corporate policies,
and even remotely wipe or lock managed devices. For more information on mobile
device management, see www.apple.com/iphone/business/it/management.html.
Device Enrollment Program

The Device Enrollment Program (DEP) provides a fast, streamlined way to deploy iOS
devices that an organization has purchased directly from Apple or through participating Apple Authorized Resellers and carriers. The organization can automatically enroll
devices in MDM without having to physically touch or prep the devices before users
get them. The setup process for users can be further simplified by removing specific
steps in the Setup Assistant, so users are up and running quickly. Administrators can
also control whether or not the user can remove the MDM profile from the device and
ensure that device restrictions are in place from the very start. For example, they can
order the devices from Apple, configure all the management settings, and have the
devices shipped directly to the users home address. Once the device is unboxed and
activated, the device enrolls in the organizations MDMand all management settings,
apps, and books are ready for the user.
The process is simple: After enrolling in the program, administrators log in to the
program website, link the program to their MDM server, and claim the iOS devices
purchased through Apple. The devices can then be assigned to users via MDM. Once a
user has been assigned, any MDM-specified configurations, restrictions, or controls are
automatically installed. For more information, see https://deploy.apple.com.
Note: The Device Enrollment Program is not available in all countries or regions.
52
Apple Configurator
In addition to MDM, Apple Configurator for OS X makes it easy for anyone to deploy
iOS devices. Apple Configurator can be used to quickly configure large numbers of
devices with apps, data, restrictions, and settings.
Supervision
During the setup of a device, an organization can configure a device to be supervised.

Supervision denotes that a device is institutionally owned, which provides additional
control over its configuration and restrictions. Devices can be supervised during setup
through the Device Enrollment Program or Apple Configurator.
For more information on configuring and managing devices using MDM or Apple
Configurator, see the iOS Deployment Reference at
https://help.apple.com/deployment/ios.
For information about the additional controls for supervised devices, see the
Configuration Profile Reference: https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/
featuredarticles/iPhoneConfigurationProfileRef/iPhoneConfigurationProfileRef.pdf.
Device restrictions
Administrators can restrict device features by installing a configuration profile. Some of
the restrictions available include:
Allow app installs
Allow trusting enterprise apps
Allow use of camera
Allow FaceTime
Allow screenshots
Allow voice dialing while locked
Allow automatic sync while roaming
Allow in-app purchases
Allow syncing of recent Mail
Force user to enter store password for all purchases
Allow Siri while device is locked
Allow use of iTunes Store
Allow documents from managed sources in unmanaged destinations
Allow documents from unmanaged sources in managed destinations
Allow iCloud Keychain sync
Allow updating certificate trust database over the air
Allow showing notifications on Lock screen
Force AirPlay connections to use pairing passwords
Allow Spotlight to show user-generated content from the Internet
Enable Spotlight Suggestions in Spotlight
Allow Handoff
Treat AirDrop as unmanaged destination
Allow enterprise books to be backed up
Allow notes and bookmarks in enterprise books to sync across the users devices
Allow use of Safari
53
Enable Safari autofill

Force Fraudulent Website Warning
Enable JavaScript
Limit ad tracking in Safari
Block pop-ups
Accept cookies
Allow iCloud backup
Allow iCloud document and key-value sync
Allow iCloud Photo Sharing
Allow diagnostics to be sent to Apple
Allow user to accept untrusted TLS certificates
Force encrypted backups
Allow Touch ID
Allow Control Center access from Lock screen
Allow Today view from Lock screen
Require Apple Watch wrist detection
Supervised-only restrictions
Allow iMessage
Allow removal of apps
Allow manual install of configuration profiles
Global network proxy for HTTP
Allow pairing to computers for content sync
Restrict AirPlay connections with whitelist and optional connection passcodes
Allow AirDrop
Allow Find My Friends modification
Allow autonomous Single App Mode for certain managed apps
Allow account modification
Allow cellular data modification
Allow host pairing (iTunes)
Allow Activation Lock
Prevent Erase All Content and Settings
Prevent enabling restrictions
Third-party content filter
Single App mode
Always-on VPN
Allow passcode modification
Allow Apple Watch pairing
Allow automatic app downloads
Allow keyboard prediction, autocorrection, spell check, and short cuts
For more information about restrictions, see https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/
featuredarticles/iPhoneConfigurationProfileRef/iPhoneConfigurationProfileRef.pdf
54
Remote wipe
iOS devices can be erased remotely by an administrator or user. Instant remote wipe
is achieved by securely discarding the block storage encryption key from Effaceable
Storage, rendering all data unreadable. A remote wipe command can be initiated by
MDM, Exchange, or iCloud.
When a remote wipe command is triggered by MDM or iCloud, the device sends an
acknowledgment and performs the wipe. For remote wipe via Exchange, the device
checks in with the Exchange Server before performing the wipe.
Users can also wipe devices in their possession using the Settings app. And as
mentioned, devices can be set to automatically wipe after a series of failed
passcode attempts.
Find My iPhone and Activation Lock

If a device is lost or stolen, its important to deactivate and erase the device. With
iOS 7 or later, when Find My iPhone is turned on, the device cant be reactivated
without entering the owners Apple ID credentials. Its a good idea for an organization
to either supervise its devices or have a policy in place for users to disable the feature
so that Find My iPhone doesnt prevent the organization from assigning the device
to another individual.
With iOS 7.1 or later, a compatible MDM solution can enable Activation Lock on
supervised devices when a user turns on Find My iPhone. MDM administrators
can manage Find My iPhone Activation Lock by supervising devices with Apple
Configurator or the Device Enrollment Program. The MDM solution can then store
a bypass code when Activation Lock is enabled, and later use this code to clear
Activation Lock automatically when the device needs to be erased and assigned
to a new user. See your MDM
solution documentation for details.
Important: By default, supervised devices never have Activation Lock enabled, even
if the user turns on Find My iPhone. However, an MDM server may retrieve a bypass
code and permit Activation Lock on the device. If Find My iPhone is turned on when
the MDM server enables Activation Lock, it is enabled at that point. If Find My iPhone
is turned off when the MDM server enables Activation Lock, its enabled the next time
the user activates Find My iPhone.
55
Privacy Controls
Apple takes customer privacy seriously and has numerous built-in controls and options
that allow iOS users to decide how and when apps utilize their information, as well as
what information is being utilized.
Location Services
Location Services uses GPS, Bluetooth, and crowd-sourced Wi-Fi hotspot and cell tower
locations to determine the users approximate location. Location Services can be
turned off using a single switch in Settings, or users can approve access for each app
that uses the service. Apps may request to receive location data only while the app is
being used or allow it at any time. Users may choose not to allow this access, and may
change their choice at any time in Settings. From Settings, access can be set to never
allowed, allowed when in use, or always, depending on the apps requested location
use. Also, if apps granted access to use location at any time make use of this permission while in background mode, users are reminded of their approval and may change
an apps access.
Additionally, users are given fine-grained control over system services use of location
information. This includes being able to turn off the inclusion of location information
ininformation collected by thediagnostic and usage services usedby Apple to
improve iOS, location-based Siri information, location-based context for Spotlight
Suggestions searches, local traffic conditions, and frequently visited locations used to
estimate travel times.
Access to personal data

iOS helps prevent apps from accessing a users personal information without permission.
Additionally, in Settings, users can see which apps they have permitted to access
certaininformation, as well as grant or revoke any future access. This includes access to:

Contacts Microphone

Calendars Camera

Reminders HomeKit

Photos HealthKit
Motion activity on iPhone 5s or later
Bluetooth sharing
Social media accounts, such as

Twitter and Facebook
If the user signs in to iCloud, apps are granted access by default to iCloud Drive. Users
may control each apps access under iCloud in Settings. Additionally, iOS provides
restrictions that prevent data movement between apps and accounts installed by
MDM and those installed by the user.
Privacy policy
Apples privacy policy is available online at https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy.
56
Conclusion
A commitment to security
Apple is committed to helping protect customers with leading privacy and security
technologies that aredesigned tosafeguard personal information, as well as
comprehensive methods to helpprotect corporate data in an enterprise environment.
Security is built into iOS. From the platform to the network to the apps, everything a
business needs is available in the iOS platform. Together, these components give iOS
its industry-leading security without compromising the user experience.
Apple uses a consistent, integrated security infrastructure throughout iOS and the iOS
apps ecosystem. Hardware-based storage encryption provides remote wipe capabilities
when a device is lost, and enables users to completely remove all corporate and personal
information when a device is sold or transferred to another owner. Diagnostic information is also collected anonymously.
iOS apps designed by Apple are built with enhanced security in mind. Safari offers safe
browsing with support for Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP), EV certificates,
and certificate verification warnings. Mail leverages certificates for authenticated and
encrypted Mail by supporting S/MIME, which permits per-message S/MIME, so S/MIME
users can choose to always sign and encrypt by default, or selectively control how
individual messages are protected. iMessage and FaceTime also provide client-to-client
encryption.
For third-party apps, the combination of required code signing, sandboxing, and
entitlements gives users solid protection against viruses, malware, and other exploits
that compromise the security of other platforms. The App Store submission process
works to further shield users from these risks by reviewing every iOS app before its
made available for sale.
To make the most of the extensive security features built into iOS, businesses are
encouraged to review their IT and security policies to ensure that they are taking
full advantage of the layers of security technology offered by this platform.
Apple maintains a dedicated security team to support all Apple products. The team
provides security auditing and testing for products under development, as well as for
released products. The Apple team also provides security tools and training, and actively
monitors for reports of new security issues and threats. Apple is a member of the Forum
of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST). To learn more about reporting issues
to Apple and subscribing to security notifications, go to apple.com/support/security.
57
Glossary
Address space layout

randomization (ASLR)
A technique employed by iOS to make the successful exploitation of a software bug much
more difficult. By ensuring memory addresses and offsets are unpredictable, exploit code cant
hard code these values. In iOS 5 and later, the position of all system apps andlibraries are
randomized, along with all third-party apps compiled as position-independent executables.
Apple Push Notification service (APNs)
A worldwide service provided by Apple that delivers push notifications to iOS devices.
Boot ROM
The very first code executed by a devices processor when it first boots. As an integral part of
the processor, it cant be altered by either Apple or an attacker.
Data Protection
File and keychain protection mechanism for iOS. It can also refer to the APIs that apps use to
protect files and keychain items.
Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU)
A mode in which a devices Boot ROM code waits to be recovered over USB. The screen
is black when in DFU mode, but upon connecting to a computer running iTunes, the following
prompt is presented: iTunes has detected an iPad in recovery mode. You must restore this iPad
before it can be used with iTunes.
ECID
A 64-bit identifier thats unique to the processor in each iOS device. Used as part of the
personalization process, its not considered a secret.
Effaceable Storage
A dedicated area of NAND storage, used to store cryptographic keys, that can be addressed
directly and wiped securely. While it doesnt provide protection if an attacker has physical
possession of a device, keys held in Effaceable Storage can be used as part of a key hierarchy
to facilitate fast wipe and forward security.
File system key
The key that encrypts each files metadata, including its class key.This is kept in Effaceable
Storage to facilitate fast wipe, rather than confidentiality.
Group ID (GID)
Like the UID but common to every processor in a class.
Hardware security module (HSM)
A specialized tamper-resistant computer that safeguards and manages digital keys.
iBoot
Code thats loaded by LLB, and in turn loads XNU, as part of the secure boot chain.
Identity Service (IDS)
Apples directory of iMessage public keys, APNs addresses, and phone numbers and email
addresses that are used to look up the keys and device addresses.
Integrated circuit (IC)
Also known as a microchip.
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
Standard hardware debugging tool used by programmers and circuit developers.
Keybag
A data structure used to store a collection of class keys. Each type (system, backup, escrow, or
iCloud Backup) has the same format:
A header containing:
Version (set to 3 in iOS 5)
Type (system, backup, escrow, or iCloud Backup)
Keybag UUID
An HMAC if the keybag is signed
The method used for wrapping the class keys: tangling with the UID or PBKDF2, along
with the salt and iteration count
A list of class keys:
Key UUID
Class (which file or keychain Data Protection class this is)
Wrapping type (UID-derived key only; UID-derived key and passcode-derived key)
Wrapped class key
Public key for asymmetric classes
58
Keychain
The infrastructure and a set of APIs used by iOS and third-party apps to store and retrieve
passwords, keys, and other sensitive credentials.
Key wrapping
Encrypting one key with another. iOS uses NIST AES key wrapping, as per RFC 3394.
Low-Level Bootloader (LLB)
Code thats invoked by the Boot ROM, and in turn loads iBoot, as part of the secure boot chain.
Per-file key
The AES 256-bit key used to encrypt a file on the file system. The per-file key is wrapped by a
class key and is stored in the files metadata.
Provisioning Profile
A plist signed by Apple that contains a set of entities and entitlements allowing apps to be
installed and tested on an iOS device. A development Provisioning Profile lists the devices that
a developer has chosen for ad hoc distribution, and a distribution Provisioning Profile contains
the app ID of an enterprise-developed app.
Ridge flow angle mapping
A mathematical representation of the direction and width of the ridges extracted from a portion
of a fingerprint.
Smart card
An integrated, embedded circuit that provides secure identification, authentication, and data
storage.
System on a chip (SoC)
An integrated circuit (IC) that incorporates multiple components into a single chip. The Secure
Enclave is an SoC within Apples A7-or-later central processor.
Tangling
The process by which a users passcode is turned into a cryptographic key and strengthened
with the devices UID. This ensures that a brute-force attack must be performed ona given
device, and thus is rate limited and cannot be performed in parallel. The tangling algorithm is
PBKDF2, which uses AES keyed with the device UID as the pseudorandom function (PRF) for
each iteration.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
A string of characters that identifies a web-based resource.
Unique ID (UID)
A 256-bit AES key thats burned into each processor at manufacture.It cannot be read by
firmware or software, and is used only by the processors hardware AES engine. Toobtain the
actual key, an attacker would have to mount a highly sophisticated andexpensive physical
attack against the processors silicon. The UID is not related toanyother identifier on the device
including, but not limited to, the UDID.
XNU
The kernel at the heart of the iOS and OS X operating systems. Its assumed to be trusted, and
enforces security measures such as code signing, sandboxing, entitlement checking, and ASLR.
59
Document Revision History

Date
Summary
September 2015
Updated for iOS 9

Apple Watch activation lock
Passcode policies
Touch ID API support
Data Protection on A8 uses AES-XTS
Keybags for unattended software update
Certification updates
Enterprise app trust model
Data protection for Safari bookmarks
App Transport Security
VPN specifications
iCloud Remote Access for HomeKit
Apple Pay Rewards cards
Apple Pay card issuers app
Spotlight on-device indexing
iOS Pairing Model
Apple Configurator
Restrictions
For more information about the security contents of iOS 9 see:
support.apple.com/HT205212
2015 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, AirDrop, AirPlay, Apple TV, Apple Watch, Bonjour, FaceTime, iBooks,
iMessage, iPad, iPhone, iPod, iPod touch, iTunes, Keychain, Mac, OS X, Safari, Siri, Spotlight, and Xcode are trademarks of Apple Inc.,
registered in the U.S. and other countries. Apple Pay, CarPlay Lightning, and Touch ID are trademarks of Apple Inc. iCloud and
iTunes Store are service marks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store and iBooks Store are service
marks of Apple Inc. IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license.
The Bluetooth word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Apple
is under license. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other product and company names mentioned herein
may be trademarks of their respective companies. Product specifications are subject to change without notice. September 2015
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iOS Security

iOS 9.0 or later

Encryption and Data Protection

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Document Revision History

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Security architecture diagram of iOS provides

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Secure boot chain

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

System Software Authorization

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Touch ID and passcodes

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Other uses for Touch ID

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

How Touch ID unlocks an iOS device

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Encryption and Data Protection

Hardware security features

Erase all content and settings

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

File Data Protection

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Delays between passcode attempts

Data Protection classes

(NSFileProtectionComplete): The class key is protected with a key derived

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Protected Unless Open

(NSFileProtectionCompleteUnlessOpen): Some files may need to be

Protected Until First User Authentication

Keychain Data Protection

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

Components of a keychain item

File Data Protection

Keychain Data Protection

After first unlock

Apps that utilize background refresh services can use

After first unlock

After first unlock

After first unlock

After first unlock

LDAP, CalDAV, CardDAV

After first unlock

Social network account tokens

After first unlock

Handoff advertisement encryption keys

After first unlock

After first unlock

Home sharing password

Find My iPhone token

When unlocked, non-migratory

Apple Push Notification service token

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015

iCloud certificates and private key

Certificates and private keys installed by Configuration Profile

Keychain access control

Access to Safari saved passwords

iOS SecurityWhite Paper | September 2015