Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Section 4 - Electricity and Magnetism - With Notes Page

Download as doc, pdf, or txt
Download as doc, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 74

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS

Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and Magnetism


PAL (IGCSE) Single Science
Revision Book - Section 4

Name:

_________________________________

Teacher:

_________________________________

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

Syllabus Content_______________________________

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

Syllabus
Details________________________________
4. Electricity and magnetism
4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism
Core
State the properties of magnets

Give an account of induced magnetism


INDUCED MAGNETISM:

If a piece of iron is brought close to a magnet


it becomes magnetic and is attracted to the
magnet.

Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous materials


FERROUS:
NON-FERROUS:

Containing a large proportion of Iron (e.g. Iron, steel)


Containing no iron

Describe methods of magnetization and of demagnetization


MAGNETISATION: Stroking a magnet across a material (e.g. iron)
DEMAGNETISATION: Hitting the material
Describe an experiment to identify the pattern of field lines round a bar magnet

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

10

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Distinguish between the magnetic properties of iron and steel

Material

Type

Properties

Iron
Steel

Soft magnetic material


Hard magnetic material

Magnetism is temporary
Magnetism is permanent

Distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and


electromagnets

Type of magnet

Design

Use

Permanent

Hard magnetic material

Electromagnet

Uses a solenoid to create


magnetic field

For applications where


magnetism is needed
over long periods fridge
doors
For applications where
the magnetic field needs
to be turned on and off
Scrap metal moving

4.2 Electrical quantities


4.2 (a) Electric charge
Core
Describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of
electrostatic charges

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

11

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

12

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE

If a charge is moved close to the cap the gold leaf rises

State that there are positive and negative charges


There are two type of charges; POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
State that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel
LIKE CHARGES
UNLIKE CHARGES

Repel
- Attract

Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a


force

Distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical


examples
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR:
(metals)

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

Charges are able to flow through the material

13

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
ELECTRICAL INSULATOR: Charges are unable to flow through the material
(plastics)

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

14

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

15

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Supplement
State that charge is measured in coulombs
Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs [C]
State the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns, including
the field around a point charge and the field between two parallel plates

Give an account of charging by induction

Charged rod brought close to top of electroscope


The positive rod attracts electrons to the top of the electroscope
(induced charge)

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

16

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

17

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Recall and use the simple electron model to distinguish between
conductors and insulators

In a conductor the charges are free to move (the electrons in a metal)


In an insulator the charges are not free to move

4.2 (b) Current


Core
State that current is related to the flow of charge
CURRENT: Related to the flow of charge
Use and describe the use of an ammeter

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

18

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

19

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Supplement
Show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use
the equation I = Q /t

Distinguish between the direction of flow of electrons and conventional current

4.2 (c) Electro-motive force


Core
State that the e.m.f. of a source of electrical energy is measured in volts
EMF is measured in Volts [V]
Supplement
Show understanding that e.m.f. is defined in terms of energy supplied by a
source in driving charge round a complete circuit

Electromotive force (e.m.f.): The total energy difference per unit charge around a
circuit

4.2 (d) Potential difference


Core
State that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in
volts
Potential difference (pd) is measured in Volt [V]

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

20

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

21

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Use and describe the use of a voltmeter

4.2 (e) Resistance


Core
State that resistance = p.d./current and understand qualitatively how changes
in p.d. or resistance affect current

Recall and use the equation R = V/I

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

22

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

23

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

24

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and
an ammeter

Relate (without calculation) the resistance of a wire to its length and to its
diameter
Supplement
Recall and use quantitatively the proportionality between resistance and length,
and the inverse proportionality between resistance and cross-sectional area of a
wire

R = Resistance
= Resistivity of material
L = Length of conductor
A = Area
Summary

Increasing length = increasing resistance


Increasing cross-sectional area = decreasing resistance

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

25

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

26

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.2 (f) Electrical energy


Supplement
Recall and use the equations
P =IV and E = IVt

4.3 Electric circuits


4.3 (a) Circuit diagrams
Core
Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors (fixed
and variable), lamps, ammeters, voltmeters, magnetizing coils, transformers,
bells, fuses and relays

Supplement
Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing diodes and transistors

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

27

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

28

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

29

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.3 (b) Series and parallel circuits


Core
Understand that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same

Give the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the
current in each branch

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

30

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

31

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
State that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than
that of either resistor by itself

State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit


Parallel Circuit advantage: If one lamp fails the other lamps in parallel
continue to function
Supplement
Recall and use the fact that the sum of the p.d.s across the components in a
series circuit is equal to the total p.d. across the supply

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

32

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

33

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Recall and use the fact that the current from the source is the sum of the
currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit
Calculate the effective resistance of two resistors in parallel

4.3 (c) Action and use of circuit components


Core
Describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer)

The output voltage can be varied by changing the position of the


potential divider
The voltage dropped across that section of the resistor will vary

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

34

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

35

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the action of thermistors and light dependent resistors and
show understanding of their use as input transducers

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

36

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

37

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the action of a capacitor as an energy store and show
understanding of its use in time delay circuits

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

38

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

39

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the action of a relay and show understanding of its use in
switching circuits

Supplement
Describe the action of a diode and show understanding of its use as a rectifier

A diode allows current to flow in only one one direction

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

40

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

41

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

42

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the action of a transistor as an electrically operated switch and
show understanding of its use in switching circuits

Recognise and show understanding of circuits operating as light sensitive


switches and temperature-operated alarms (using a relay or a transistor)

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

43

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

44

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.3 (d) Digital electronics


Supplement
Explain and use the terms digital and analogue

State that logic gates are circuits containing transistors and other components
LOGIC GATES: Circuits containing transistors and other components
Describe the action of NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates
State and use the symbols for logic gates (candidates should use the American
ANSI#Y 32.14 symbols)

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

45

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

46

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Design and understand simple digital circuits combining several logic
gates

4.4 Dangers of electricity


Core
state the hazards of
damaged insulation
DAMAGED INSULATION risk of electrocution when handling wires etc
overheating of cables
OVERHEATING OF CABLES insulation will melt and wires become
exposed
damp conditions
DAMP CONDITIONS impure water conducts electricity and so risk of
electrocution
Show an understanding of the use of fuses and circuit-breakers
FUSE:

A thin piece of wire which melts and breaks if too much


current passes through it. Used to cut a circuit if the current is too
high.

CIRCUIT BREAKER: Automatic electrical switch which will cut a circuit if


the current is too high

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

47

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

48

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.5 Electromagnetic effects


4.5 (a) Electromagnetic induction
Core
Describe an experiment that shows that a changing magnetic field can induce
an e.m.f. in a circuit
Show understanding that the direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change
causing it

As the magnet is moved in and out of the coil the magnetic field in the
coil changes
The direction of the induced EMF and so current opposes the change
causing it (i.e. makes a magnetic field opposite to the field of the
moving magnet

Supplement
State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.
FACTORS EFFECTING MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED E.M.F.
Increasing strength of magnet = increased induced E.M.F.
Increasing velocity of motion of magnet = increased induced E.M.F.
Increasing # of coils in solenoid = increased induced E.M.F.

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

49

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

50

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.5 (b) a.c. generator


Core
Describe a rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings

AC GENERATOR

If a coil is rotated in a permanent magnetic field the coil


experiences a changing magnetic field
If a wire experiences a changing magnetic field an EMF is induced
If the wire is connected into a circuit a current will flow
The slip rings allow the current to flow around a complete circuit as
the coil rotates

Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

51

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

52

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.5 (c) Transformer


Core
Describe the construction of a basic iron-cored transformer as used for voltage
transformations
Recall and use the equation
(Vp /Vs) = (Np /Ns)
Supplement
Describe the principle of operation of a transformer
Recall and use the equation Vp Ip = Vs Is (for 100% efficiency)

for 100% efficiency


THE TRANSFORMER

An AC current is passed through the primary coil


A varying magnetic field is induced in the coil and the iron core
The secondary coil experiences a varying magnetic field
An EMF and so current is induced in the secondary coil
The output current is also alternating

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

53

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

54

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the use of the transformer in high voltage transmission of
electricity

TRANSFORMERS ARE USED IN ELECTRICTY TRANSMISSION BECAUSE...

The output of a power station is high current


The transformer is used to convert this to low current and high voltage
before passing through the overhead cables
A second transformer is used to lower the current and voltage before
the supply enters homes

Give the advantages of high-voltage transmission


HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION = Low energy losses through heating in the
cables
Explain why energy losses in cables are lower when the voltage is high
High voltage . Low current Less heating of the cable Low
energy loses

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

55

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

56

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.5 (d) The magnetic effect of a current


Core
Describe the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and
in solenoids
Supplement
State the qualitative variation of the strength of the magnetic field over salient
parts of the pattern
Describe the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and
direction of the current

GENERAL CONVENTION FOR MAGNETIC FIELD LINES...

The arrow points towards the south pole


The spacing of the field lines is proportional to the magnetic field
strength
If the current changes direction the magnetic field will reverse in
direction

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

57

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

58

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

59

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Describe applications of the magnetic effect of current, including the
action of a relay

ACTION OF A RELAY

With no current through the coil there is no magnetic field in the


coil
The contacts will be separate
When a current passes through the coil a magnetic field is induced
The contacts will become magnetized and so close

4.5 (e) Force on a current-carrying conductor


Core
Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing:
(i) the current
(ii) the direction of the field

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

60

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
If the current is reversed The force will act in the opposite
direction
If the field direction is reversed The force will act in the opposite
direction

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

61

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

62

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Supplement
State and use the relative directions of force, field and current

Describe an experiment to show the corresponding force on beams of charged


particles

When using the left hand rule for charged particles


For electrons the direction of current is the opposite direction to the
electron velocity
For protons the direction of current is the same direction as the
electron velocity

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

63

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

64

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

65

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.5 (f) d.c. motor


Core
State that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect
and that the effect is increased by increasing the number of turns on the coil
Relate this turning effect to the action of an electric motor
Supplement
Describe the effect of increasing the current

THE ELECTRIC MOTOR

A current is passed through a coil in a magnetic field


If a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force
The coil feels a force which rotates the coil
The commutator ensures that the current flows around the coil to give a force
which always acts to rotate the coil in the same direction

To Increase the rate of rotation...

Increase the number of coils


Increase the strength of the magnetic field
Increase the current

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

66

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

67

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.6 Cathode-ray oscilloscopes


4.6 (a) Cathode rays
Core
Describe the production and detection of cathode rays

DETECTION OF CATHODE RAYS

Cathode rays can be detected by a fluorescent screen


When the rays are incident on the screen the screen emits light

Describe their deflection in electric fields

Cathode rays are deflected towards the positive of an electric field

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

68

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

This indicates that the cathode rays are negatively charged

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

69

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

70

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
State that the particles emitted in thermionic emission are electrons
The particles emitted in thermionic emission are electrons

4.6 (b) Simple treatment of cathode-ray


oscilloscope
Supplement
Describe (in outline) the basic structure and action of a cathode-ray oscilloscope
(detailed circuits are not required)

Electrons are generated by the hot element


The electrons are accelerated towards the anode and focused into a
beam

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

71

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

The deflection coils direct the beam at a certain position in the


screen
The fluorescent screen indicates the position of the beam

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

72

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism

NOTES PAGE

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

73

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS


Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Use and describe the use of a cathode-ray oscilloscope to display
waveforms

KEY CONTROLS.

Time base: Time taken for beam to pass through one horizontal division
[Sec/div]
Vertical amplifier gain: The vertical scale control [Volts/div]

DIPONT Educational Resource Science

74

You might also like