Ec331 2013 24 PDF

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
mmthzwl
ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
Dr. M.V. Kartikeyan

Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
Email: kartik@iitr.ac.in / kartik@ieee.org
Kartik
MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

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Lesson#24
1. TL Matching (Part-02)
With double-stub
With QW transformer
Kartik
RECAP ...
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Kartik

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TUNING WITH
DOUBLE-STUB
Kartik

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Double Stub Tuner Matching:

Suppose that the load impedance changes.
Or suppose that the transmitter is retuned
and the frequency and wavelength change.
Adjusting a single stub tuner is very difficult.
One has to remove the stub, remake the line
where the break was, and calculate the new
stub length and point of attachment.
Kartik

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We can use two stubs permanently attached to the

line at fixed points of attachment, and tune by
altering the stub lengths.
It is comparatively easy to make sliding shorts in
rigid coaxial line. Two quantities have to be matched
(r and x) and we have two variables; the length of
each stub. (in the case of the single stub match
method, the two variables are the length of the stub,
and its position along the line with respect to the
antenna).
Kartik

mmthzwl
As before, the generator-end stub has reactance -jx'

and is attached at a point where the line impedance,
including the effect of the other stub at its fixed point
of attachment, is 1+jx'. Transforming the unit r=1
circle towards the load until you reach the load-end
stub attachment, the circle r=1 transforms to another
circle, call it "B", touching the outside of the SMITH
chart, and also passing through its centre.
Kartik

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The load impedance, when transformed towards the

generator up to the load-end stub position, will be a
generalised impedance ZL' different from ZL. The effect
of the load-end stub is to add reactance x" to ZL' so that
the impedance value ZL'+jx" lies on the circle "B" above.
We chose the length of the stub to make x" the required
value for this to happen. If we write ZL'=r'+jx' then the
effect of adding the stub is to move the reactance
j(x'+x") along the constant r' curve depending on the
size of x".
Kartik

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Triple stub tuners and E-H tuners

1. It is just possible for the r' curve not to intersect the circle "B",
in which case a double stub match is not possible for this value
of load impedance, and stub placements. Generalised
adjustable tuners are therefore designed with three stubs,
which are spaced at unequal intervals. Such a device is called a
"Triple Stub Tuner". Sliding shorts are easily arranged in coax or
waveguide.
2. In waveguide only, there is a special type of tuner called an E-H
tuner. This has shunt and series side arms consisting of sliding
shorts, attached at the same point along the guide. There is no
equivalent in 2-conductor transmission line for geometrical
reasons. An E-H tuner can always match any load impedance.
Kartik

mmthzwl
Some comments based on feedback

1. Stub matching is only desirable for relatively low fractional
bandwidths. For wider bandwidth matching a multi-section
quarter wave transformer can be used, or a tapered line.
2. Impedance matching may be carried out using the SMITH
chart for calculations and design, and lumped components
taking the place of lengths of transmission line.
3. It is possible to make undesirable reflections by using a
"wrong" stub match, so care must be taken in applying stub
matching in high power (e.g. transmitting) applications. It is
always wise to measure the match before applying significant
input power.
4. In antenna matching situations significant mismatch can arise
from alterations to the near-field environment of the antenna
over time. Thus if a new antenna is added to an existing mast,
it is always wise to check the matching of the pre-existing
antennas.
Kartik

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4. There are practical difficulties at mm wavelengths, eg on

microstrip at above 20GHz. Here, the precision of
adjustment of the lengths of the stubs needs to be 0.01
wavelengths for good quality matching.
5. At 5mm wavelength this is a precision of 50 microns.
There are also practical difficulties at high || (reflection
coefficient magnitude). Here the purpose of the stubs is
to generate an equal and opposite reflection to cancel out
the reflection from the nearly completely mismatched
load.
6. Clearly, to get effective cancellation, the stubs must be

very precisely chosen and constructed, and the fringingfield effects become important to the point that they can
dominate the design. A standard SMITH chart calculation
as in this page is then unlikely to be very effective.
Kartik

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PROBLEM
Kartik

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Quarter Wave Transformer
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Kartik

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Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Dr. M.V. Kartikeyan

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Double Stub Tuner Matching:

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

We can use two stubs permanently attached to the

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

As before, the generator-end stub has reactance -jx'

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

The load impedance, when transformed towards the

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Triple stub tuners and E-H tuners

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Some comments based on feedback

MM/THz- Wave Laboratory,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IITR, Roorkee 247667, India

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee