ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

APPRECIATION
Firstly, I,would like to give a big thanks to my parent for providing
everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project
work,their advice and support. Then, I want to thank my teacher, for
teaching me Additional Mathematics form 5 and guiding me throughout this
project. Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me
and sharing our ideas and knowledge. We were helping each other so we
cancomplete our project without any problems

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project work are:
Apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve
problems.
Develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way

that
increases students interest and confidence.
Develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Improve thinking skills and creativity.
Promote efficiency of mathematical communication.
Provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective
learning

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
A real-valued function f defined on a domain X has
a global (or absolute) maximum point at x if f(x) f(x) for all x in X.
Similarly, the function has a global (or absolute) minimum point at x if f(x)
f(x) for allx in X. The value of the function at a maximum point is called
the maximum value of the function and the value of the function at a
minimum point is called the minimum value of the function.
If the domain X is a metric space then f is said to have
a local (or relative) maximum point at the point x if there exists some > 0
such that f(x) f(x) for all x in X within distance of x. Similarly, the
function has a local minimum point at x if f(x) f(x) for all x in X within
distance of x. A similar definition can be used when X is a topological
space, since the definition just given can be rephrased in terms of
neighbourhoods. Note that a global maximum point is always a local
maximum point, and similarly for minimum points.
In both the global and local cases, the concept of a strict extremum can be
defined. For example, x is a strict global maximum point if, for
all x in X with x x, we have f(x) > f(x), and x is a strict local maximum
point if there exists some > 0 such that, for all x in X within
distance of x with x x, we have f(x) > f(x). Note that a point is a strict
global maximum point if and only if it is the unique global maximum point,
and similarly for minimum points.
A continuous real-valued function with a compact domain always has a
maximum point and a minimum point. An important example is a function
whose domain is a closed (and bounded) interval of real numbers.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

FINDING FUNCTIONAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Finding global maxima and minima is the goal of mathematical optimization.
If a function is continuous on a closed interval, then by the extreme value
theorem global maxima and minima exist. Furthermore, a global maximum
(or minimum) either must be a local maximum (or minimum) in the interior
of the domain, or must lie on the boundary of the domain. So a method of
finding a global maximum (or minimum) is to look at all the local maxima (or
minima) in the interior, and also look at the maxima (or minima) of the
points on the boundary, and take the largest (or smallest) one.
Local extrema of differentiable functions can be found by Fermat's theorem,
which states that they must occur at critical points. One can distinguish
whether a critical point is a local maximum or local minimum by using
the first derivative test, second derivative test, or higher-order derivative
test, given sufficient differentiability.
For any function that is defined piecewise, one finds a maximum (or
minimum) by finding the maximum (or minimum) of each piece separately,
and then seeing which one is largest (or smallest).

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

EXAMPLES

The function x2 has a unique global minimum at x = 0.

The function x3 has no global minima or maxima. Although the first
derivative (3x2) is 0 at x = 0, this is an inflection point.
The function

has a unique global maximum at x = e.

The function x-x has a unique global maximum over the positive real
numbers at x = 1/e.

The function x3/3 x has first derivative x2 1 and second

derivative 2x. Setting the first derivative to 0 and solving for x gives
stationary points at 1 and +1. From the sign of the second derivative we
can see that 1 is a local maximum and +1 is a local minimum. Note that
this function has no global maximum or minimum.

The function |x| has a global minimum at x = 0 that cannot be found

by taking derivatives, because the derivative does not exist at x = 0.

The function cos(x) has infinitely many global maxima at 0, 2, 4

and infinitely many global minima at , 3

The function 2 cos(x) x has infinitely many local maxima and

minima, but no global maximum or minimum.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

The function cos(3x)/x with 0.1 x 1.1 has a global maximum

at x = 0.1 (a boundary), a global minimum near x = 0.3, a local maximum
near x = 0.6, and a local minimum near x = 1.0. (See figure at top of
page.)

The function x3 + 3x2 2x + 1 defined over the closed interval

(segment) [4,2] has a local maximum at x = 1153, a local minimum
at x = 1+153, a global maximum at x= 2 and a global minimum at x =
4.

FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE

For functions of more than one variable, similar conditions apply. For
example, in the (enlargeable) figure at the right, the necessary conditions for
a local maximum are similar to those of a function with only one variable.
The first partial derivatives as to z (the variable to be maximized) are zero at
the maximum (the glowing dot on top in the figure). The second partial
derivatives are negative. These are only necessary, not sufficient, conditions
for a local maximum because of the possibility of a saddle point. For use of
these conditions to solve for a maximum, the function z must also
be differentiable throughout. The second partial derivative test can help
classify the point as a relative maximum or relative minimum. In contrast,
there are substantial differences between functions of one variable and
functions of more than one variable in the identification of global extrema.
For example, if a bounded differentiable function f defined on a closed
interval in the real line has a single critical point, which is a local minimum,
then it is also a global minimum (use the intermediate value
theorem and Rolle's theorem to prove this by reduction ad absurdum). In two
and more dimensions, this argument fails, as the functionshows. Its only
critical point is at (0,0), which is a local minimum with (0,0) = 0. However, it
cannot be a global one, because (2,3) = 5.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

-The global maximum is the point at the top

- Counterexample

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

MAXIMA OR MINIMA OF A FUNCTIONAL
If the domain of a function for which an extremum is to be found consists
itself of functions, i.e. if an extremum is to be found of a functional, the
extremum is found using the calculus of variations.

IN RELATION TO SETS
Maxima and minima can also be defined for sets. In general, if an ordered
set S has a greatest element m, m is a maximal element. Furthermore, if S is
a subset of an ordered set T and m is the greatest element ofS with respect
to order induced by T, m is a least upper bound of S in T. The similar result
holds for least element, minimal element and greatest lower bound.
In the case of a general partial order, the least element (smaller than all
other) should not be confused with a minimal element (nothing is smaller).
Likewise, a greatest element of a partially ordered set (poset) is an upper
bound of the set which is contained within the set, whereas a maximal
element m of a poset A is an element of A such that if m b (for any b in A)
then m = b. Any least element or greatest element of a poset is unique, but
a poset can have several minimal or maximal elements. If a poset has more
than one maximal element, then these elements will not be mutually
comparable.
In a totally ordered set, or chain, all elements are mutually comparable, so
such a set can have at most one minimal element and at most one maximal
element. Then, due to mutual comparability, the minimal element will also
be the least element and the maximal element will also be the greatest
element. Thus in a totally ordered set we can simply use the
terms minimum and maximum. If a chain is finite then it will always have a
maximum and a minimum. If a chain is infinite then it need not have a
maximum or a minimum. For example, the set of natural numbers has no
maximum, though it has a minimum. If an infinite chainS is bounded, then
the closure Cl(S) of the set occasionally has a minimum and a maximum, in
such case they are called the greatest lower bound and the least upper
bound of the set S, respectively.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

PART 1
(a)
I.

Mathematicaloptiminization deals with the problem of finding

numerically minimums (or maximums or zeros) of a function. In this
context, the function is called cost function or objective function or
energy.

II.

In mathematicalanalysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of

maximum and minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema
(the pluralof extremum), are the largest and smallest value of the
function within the entire domain of a function (the global or absolutely
extrema). We say that
at

III.

x=c if f ( x) f (c )

f (x)

has an absolutely (or global) maximum

for every x in domain we are working on.

In mathematical amalysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of

maximum and minimum0 of a function, known collectively as extrema
(the plural of extremum) are the largest and smallest value of the
function within a given range (the local or relative extrema).
We say that f ( x) has a relative (or local) maximum at x=c if
f ( x) f (c )

We say that

for every x in some open interval around.

f ( x)

has a relative (or local) minimum at

x=c if

f ( x) f c) for every x in some open internal around.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK

(b)

y = ax22+ bx + c
Decide whether you are going to find the
maximum value or minimum value.It Is either
one or the other, you're not going to find
both.The maximum or minimum value of a
quadratic function occurs at its vertex.
For y = ax22+ bx + c,
(c - b22/4a)gives the y-value (or the value of the
function) at its vertex.

The maximum
or minimum
value of the
quadratic
function
y = ax^2 + bx + c
Differentiate y with
respect to x.dy/dx = 2ax
+b
Determine the
differentiation point
values in terms of
dy/dx.It can be found by
setting these values
equal to 0 and find the
corresponding values.
dy/dx = 0. 2ax+b = 0, x
= -b/2a

y = a(x-h)22+ k
For y = a(x-h)22+ k,
kis the value of the
function at its
vertex.kgives us the
maximum or minimum
value of the quadratic
accordingly asais
negative or positive
respectively.

10

PART 2
(a)

Let height be

and width be

y .

Total amount of fencing required

x+ x + x + x + y + y
4 x +2 y=200

Area of pen xy
A=xy

y=1002 x
A=x (100 2 x )

A=100 x2 x 2
dA
=1004 x
dx
1004 x=0

(length width)

200cm fences

4 (25x )=0
25x =0

x=25

When

x=25

y=1002(25)
y=50

The dimension

25 m

25 m

25 m

5m

max area
1250 m2

50 m25 m

25 m

(b)

30 cm302 h
h

302 h

302 h cm

Let the side of the square to be cut off be

h cm .

The volume of open box is

h
302

V =h
V =h (900120 h+ 4 h2)
domain of
2

V =900h120 h +4 h

V =0< x<15

To find the maximum value

dV
2
=900240 h+ 12h
dh
12 ( 7520 h+h 2)
12 ( h150 ) ( h5 )
h15=0

h5=0

h=15 h=5
x=15
is rejected, not belong to domain of V

h
302

V =h
2

V =900 ( 5 )120 (5 ) + 4 ( 5 )
V =2000 c m3

PART 3
(i) Based on the equation , a table has been constructed where t represent
the number of hours and P represent the number of people.
T
P(t)

0
0

1.5
527

3
1800

4.5
3073

6
3600

7.5
3073

9
1800

10.5
527

12
0

(ii) The mall reaches its peak hours 6 hours after opening at 9.30 a.m which
is at 3.30 p.m. the number of people is 3600.
(iii) The number of people in the mall at 7.30 p.m is about 940.
(iv) Based on the graph, assuming that the malls open during business
hours, the mall reaches 2570 peoples at

t=3.8 , 8.1 . It is 1.18 p.m and 5.36

p.m when the number of people reaches 2570.

*graph

FURTHER EXPLORATION
Cabinet X

Cabinet Y

Cost(RM)

100

200

2
Space (m )

0.6

0.8

3
Volume ( m )

0.8

1.2

(i)(b)

x : y 2:3
3 x2 y

x 2

y 3
1

0.6 x+ 0.8 y 7.2( 10)

2 y 3 x
Let

6 x+ 8 y 72 ( 2 )

2 y=3 x

3 x +4 y 36

When

x=0, y=0

so

(0, 0)

When

x=6, y=9

so

(6, 9)

Let

3 x+ 4 y 36

100 x+200 y 1400

x +2 y 14

2
Let x+ 2 y 14
When

x=0, y=7 so (0,

When

y=0, x=14 so(14,0

The 3 inequalities which statisfy all the constraints.

2 y3x

x+ 2 y 14

3 x+ 4 y 36

*graph

(ii)
METHOD 1
0.8 x+1.2 y

Volume

Maximum point (8,

3)

The equation is 0.8 x+1.2 y=1.92

0.8 1.2 2=1.92

x=0,

When

0.8 ( 0 ) +1.2 y=1.92

1.2 y =1.92

y=

1,92
1.2

y=1.6 so (0, 1.6)

y=0

When

0.8 x+1.2(0)=1.92
0.8 x=1.92
x=2.4 so (2.4, 0)

From the graph, the maximum storage value

3

10 m

8 ( 8.0 ) +3 ( 1.2 )

METHOD 2
Cabinet x

Point

Cabinet

Total Volume
0.8 x+1.2 y

(4, 5)

0.8 ( 4 ) +1.2 ( 5 )=9.2

(5, 4)

0.8 ( 5 ) +1.2 ( 4 )=8.8

(6, 4)

0.8 ( 6 ) +1.2 ( 4 )=9.6

(7,3)

0.8 ( 7 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=9.2

(8, 3)

0.8 ( 8 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=10

(9, 2)

0.8 ( 9 ) +1.2 ( 2 )=9.6

(10,1)

10

0.8 ( 10 ) +1.2 ( 1 ) =9.2

From the table above,the maximum storage volume is

0.8 ( 8 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=10 m 3 #

(iii)

Cabinet
x

Cabinet
y

Total Cost (RM)

4
5
6
7
8
9

6
5
4
3
3
2

1600
1500
1400
1300
1400
1300

(iv) If I was Aaron, I will choose 6 units combination of cabinet x and 2 units
combination of cabinet y because its cost is below allocation which is RM1400.

REFLECTION
Many years ago I say, maths was just so fun,
fun to do, easy to learn, and always useful in life
Now after years of learning it, after PMR was done,
addmaths came into my life and "cut" me like a knife.

It's interesting oh yes it is, this cannot be denied,

But it's just too hard and complicated and annoys that brain of mine,
The answers and working are just too long, though yes, it is its pride,
Sometimes, no choice, I have to give up, and tell myself I've tried.

Addmaths, I have a question to ask, should I love you or should i hate you?
Cause when I believe I understand I realise I'm still a jerk,
But sometimes no matter how much I try, I never get a clue,
Therefore I choose to close my book, look at it and then just smirk.

And then again, it pops in my mind, there's SPM ahead,

No choice, no choice, not a choice at all, I can't laze around anymore,
Ok friends and everyone, now that I have said.
I'll just do my Addmaths homework now, and see what my brain will store.

REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima
3. https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/maxima-minima.html
4. Addmaths Textbook