Colonial

Settlement
15871770

hy It Matters

As you study Unit 2, you will learn

that in the 1600s and 1700s the English established colonies in the Americassome for profit and others by
religious groups seeking freedom. In
time, a distinctly new American society
emerged.

Pewter pitcher,
Plymouth plantation

Primary Sources Library

See pages 594595 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 2.
Use the American History
Primary Source Document Library
CD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about the European colonies.

Signing the
Mayflower Compact by
Edward Percy Moran
66

CHAPTER XX

Chapter Title

The Indians brought

us great store both
of Corne and bread
ready made. . . .
John Smith, 1608

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Page 68

Colonial
America

15871770

Why It Matters
The early North American colonies were a meeting place of cultures. The Europeans who
settled these colonies included Protestants, Catholics, and Jews.

The Impact Today

The colonies influenced values and beliefs many Americans cherish today. For example:
Many people still come to the Americas in search of economic opportunity and religious
freedom.
Representative government remains an important part of the American political system.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 3 video, The Lost
Colony, examines the colony of Roanoke and how conditions were much harsher
than settlers were led to believe.

1607
English establish first
permanent settlement
at Jamestown

1550

CHAPTER 3

1630
Puritans begin settling
Massachusetts Bay

1600

1588
England defeats
Spanish Armada

68

1620
Pilgrims land
at Plymouth Rock

Colonial America

c. 1605
Shakespeare
writes King Lear

1650

1660
King Charles II is
restored to the
English throne

Comparison Study Foldable When you

group facts into categories, it is easier to make
comparisons. Make this foldable to compare
and contrast the 13 colonies and their regions.
Step 1 Collect 7 sheets of paper and place
them about 12 inch apart.
Keep the
edges straight.

Step 2 Fold up the bottom edges of the paper

to form 14 tabs.

This makes
all tabs the
same size.

Step 3 When all the tabs are the same size,

crease the paper to hold the tabs in place and
staple the sheets together. Label each tab with
the name of a colony and color-code each region.
The Thirteen Colonies

1718
French establish port
of New Orleans

1675
King Philips
War begins

Staple
together along
the fold.

Southern

Pilgrims Going to Church by George Boughton George Boughton painted

many scenes about American colonial life.

Northern Middle

Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

Reading and Writing As you read, write what

you learn about each of the 13 colonies under
each tab and compare the colonies.

1769
Mission of San
Diego founded

1763
British tighten enforcement
of Navigation Acts

HISTORY
Chapter Overview

1700

1670
Alafin Ajagbo founds
Oyo Empire in Nigeria

Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 3
Chapter Overviews to preview chapter information.

1750

1702
England and
France go to war

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

69

Early English
Settlements
Guide to Reading
Main Idea

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

Jamestown became the first successfully established English colony in

North America.

Organizing Information As you read

Section 1, re-create the diagram
below and describe the economy and
government of Jamestown.

what crop saved the people of

Jamestown.
how the colonists received political
rights.

Key Terms
charter, joint-stock company,
burgesses

Jamestown

Description

Economic Factors Many settlers journeyed to America with the hope of

making a fortune.

Economy
Government

Preview of Events
1580

1590

1600

1583
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
claims Newfoundland
for Queen Elizabeth

c. 1590
Settlers of Roanoke
Island vanish

English soldiers
helmet, Jamestown

Section Theme

1610
1607
Colonists settle
at Jamestown

1620
1619
House of Burgesses
meets in Jamestown

In the summer of 1588, Spanish warships sailed toward the coast of England. King
Philip II of Spain had sent the armada, or war fleet, of 132 ships to invade England.
With 30,000 troops and 2,400 guns, the Spanish Armada was the mightiest naval force
the world had ever seen. Yet the smaller, swifter English ships won the battle. The
Spanish Armada fled north to Scotland, where violent storms destroyed and scattered
the fleet. Only about one-half of the Spanish ships straggled home.

England in America
England and Spain had been heading toward war for years. Trading rivalry
and religious differences divided the two countries. King Philip II, who ruled
Spain from 1556 to 1598, was a powerful monarch and a strong defender of the
Catholic faith. He wanted to put a Catholic ruler on the throne of England and
bring the country back to the Catholic Church. King Philip did not consider
Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, the rightful ruler of England.
70

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

Attacks on Spanish ships and ports by such

English adventurers as Sir Francis Drake
angered Philip. He thought that Queen Elizabeth should punish Drake for his raids. Instead,
she honored Drake with a knighthood. Philip
sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England
but it failed completely.
Although war between England and Spain
continued until 1604, the defeat of the armada
marked the end of Spanish control of the seas.
Now the way was clear for England and other
nations to start colonies in North America.

The Lost Colony of Roanoke

The English had made several attempts to
establish a base on the other side of the Atlantic
before their victory over Spain. In 1583 Sir
Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for
Queen Elizabeth. Then he sailed south along the
coast looking for a place to establish a colony.
Before finding a site, he died at sea.
The following year, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir
Walter Raleigh the right to claim land in North
America. Raleigh sent an expedition to look for a
good place to settle. His scouts returned with an
enthusiastic report of Roanoke Island, off the
coast of present-day North Carolina.
In 1585 Raleigh sent about 100 men to settle
on Roanoke Island. After a difficult winter on
the island, the unhappy colonists decided to
return to England. In 1587 Raleigh tried again,
sending 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children to
Roanoke. John White, a mapmaker and artist,
led the group. Shortly after arriving on the
island, Whites daughter gave birth. This baby,
named Virginia Dare, was the first English child
born in North America. White explored the area
and drew pictures of what he saw. He and other
explorers described the towns of the Native
Americans who lived in the area:
Their towns are small and few . . . a village

may contain but ten or twelve housessome

perhaps as many as twenty. . . .

The new settlers began building a colony.

They needed many supplies, however, and
White sailed to England for the supplies and to

recruit more settlers. Although he had hoped to

be back within a few months, the war with Spain
delayed his return for nearly three years.
When White finally returned to Roanoke, he
found it deserted. The only clue to the fate of
the settlers was the word Croatoan carved on a
gatepost. White thought the colonists must
have gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles
to the south. Bad weather kept White from
investigating. The Roanoke colonists were
never seen again.
Describing Why did Raleigh choose
Roanoke as the site for the colony?

Jamestown Settlement
Roanoke was Sir Walter Raleighs last attempt
to establish a colony. For a time his failure discouraged others from planning English colonies
in North America. However, the idea emerged
again in 1606. Several groups of merchants
sought charters, the right to organize settlements in an area, from King James I.

The Virginia Company

One group of merchants, the Virginia Company of London, received a charter to make
habitation . . . into that part of America, commonly called Virginia. The Virginia Company
was a joint-stock company. Investors bought
stock, or part ownership, in the company in
return for a share of its future profits.
The company acted quickly. In December
1606, it sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to build a new
colony in North America. The settlers were supposed to look for gold and attempt to establish
trade in fish and furs. Forty of them died during
the voyage.
In April 1607, the ships entered Chesapeake
Bay and then sailed up a river flowing into the
bay. The colonists named the river the James and
their new settlement Jamestown to honor their
king. The settlers built Jamestown on a peninsula so they could defend it from attack. The site
had major drawbacks, however. The swampy
land swarmed with mosquitoes that carried disease. Jamestown also lacked good farmland.
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

71

The First English Settlements

80W

Plymouth, 1620

20
16

Hudson Rw.are R .
a

MASSACHUSETTS

IN
TA
UN
MO

AN
AL

AC

HI

100 miles

40N

Children 30%

Atlantic
Ocean
Nanticoke

VIRGINIA
Powhatan

APP
0

Wampanoag
Narraganset

De
l

Susquehanna
Leni-Lenape

tomac
Po
R

James R .

Jamestown
Roa

Adults 70%

Cape
Cod

Plymouth

noke

Adults 96%

Chesapeake
Bay
16 0 7
1585

, 158

R.

Tuscarora

100 kilometers
0
Lambert Equal-Area
projection

Jamestown, 1607

W
S

70W

The colonists faced more hardships over the

next several months. Many of them were not
accustomed to hard labor. Because the London
investors expected a quick profit from their
colony, the settlers searched for gold and silver
when they should have been growing food. In
addition, disease and hunger took a huge toll
on the colonists. By spring 1608, when ships
arrived with supplies and more settlers, only
38 of the Jamestown colonists remained alive.

Captain John Smith

Governing Jamestown was perhaps the
biggest obstacle the colonists faced. The colony
survived its first two years because of 27-yearold Captain John Smith, an experienced soldier
and explorer. Smith forced the settlers to work,
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

Although the Virginia colonists

did not find any gold or silver, they
did discover another way to make
money for the investors. One
colonist, John Rolfe, learned to
grow a type of tobacco using seeds
from the West Indies. The first crop
was sold in England in 1614. Soon planters all
along the James River were raising tobacco, and
the colony of Virginia began to prosper and
grow. Relations with the Native Americans also
improved after Rolfe married Pocahontas, the
daughter of Chief Powhatan.
In 1614 some of the colonists were allowed to
rent plots of land. Most of what they grew on
their plots was their own. This move toward
private ownership encouraged the colonists to
grow food crops to selland work harder. One
of the colonists explained that the colonists often
avoided work when

Children 4%

Many Native American groups lived near the first English settlements in the late 1500s and early 1600s.
1. Location Which colony was located farthest north?
2. Location Which Native American groups lived nearest to
the Jamestown colonists?

72

$ Economics

Farming the Land

Roanoke
Island

explored the area, and managed to

get corn from the local Native
Americans led by Chief Powhatan.
In August 1609, 400 new settlers
arrived. Two months later, John
Smith returned to England. Without
strong leadership, the colony could
not feed so many people. The winter
of 16091610 became known as the
starving time. Fighting broke out
with the Native Americans. When
more settlers arrived in the spring
they found only 60 survivors.

our people were fed

out of the common store,

and labored jointly
together.

Now that the colonists

could farm their own
land and operate for profit
in a competitive system,
they made greater efforts
to succeed.

Pocahontas

068-72_76-095 C03SE-860983 10/14/03 7:46 PM Page 73

Private land ownership was expanded in

1618. All the colonists who had paid their own
way to America were granted 100 acres of land.
In order to attract more colonists, the company
gave a land grant called a headright of 50 acres
to those who paid their own way. A settler also
received 50 acres for each family member over
15 years of age and for each servant brought to
Virginia. This system convinced thousands of
people to move to Virginia.

Citizenship

Representative Government
At first nearly all of Jamestowns settlers were
men. They worked for the Virginia Company
and lived under strict rules. As the colony grew,
the settlers complained about taking orders
from the Virginia Company in London. In 1619
the company agreed to let the colonists have
some say in their government. Ten towns in
the colony each sent two representatives called
burgesses to an assembly. The assembly had the
right to make local laws for the colony. On July
30, 1619, the House of Burgesses met for the
first time in a church in Jamestown.

New Arrivals in Jamestown

In 1619 the Virginia Company sent 90 women
to Jamestown. As a company report noted: The
plantation can never flourish till families be

Checking for Understanding

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph
in which you use the following key
terms: charter, burgesses, jointstock company.
2. Reviewing Facts Why did the Virginia Company establish settlements
in North America?
Reviewing Themes
3. Economic Factors What economic
activity helped save the Jamestown
settlement?

planted, and the respect of wives and children

fix the people on the soil. Colonists who
wanted to marry one of the women had to pay a
fee of 120 pounds of tobacco. Men still outnumbered women in the colony, but marriage and
children became a part of life in Virginia.
A Dutch ship brought another group of newcomers to Jamestown in 1619twenty Africans
who were sold to Virginia planters to labor in
the tobacco fields. These first Africans may have
come as servantsengaged to work for a set
period of timerather than as slaves.
Until about 1640 some African laborers in
Jamestown were free and even owned property.
William Tucker, the first African American born
in the American colonies, was a free man. In the
years to follow, however, many more shiploads
of Africans would arrive in North America, and
those unwilling passengers would be sold as
slaves. Slavery was first recognized in Virginia
law in the 1660s.
In the early 1620s, the Virginia Company faced
financial troubles. The company had poured all
its money into Jamestown, but little profit was
returned. The colony also suffered an attack by the
Native Americans. In 1624 King James canceled
the companys charter and made Jamestown the
first royal colony for England in America.
Analyzing Why was the House of
Burgesses important?

Critical Thinking
4. Making Inferences Why do you
think the king of England was willing
to let a group of merchants try to
establish a colony in North America?
5. Determining Cause and Effect
Re-create the diagram below and list
two effects of Jamestowns growth.
Growth of Jamestown

Analyzing Visuals
6. Geography Skills Study the map
and graphs on page 72. What percentage of settlers in Plymouth were
children?

Geography Create a poster that

might have attracted early colonists
to the area where you live. Focus
on the location as well as natural
features in your area such as good
farmland, forests, waterways, and
mineral resources.

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

73

&

GEOGRAPHY

HISTORY

FOOTHOLD IN THE
NEW WORLD
JAMESTOWN: THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH
COLONY In the spring of 1607, three ships carrying more
than a hundred English settlers sailed into the Chesapeake
Bay to establish a colony and find gold. The settlers built a
fort on a marshy island in the James River and named it in
honor of King James I.

Jamestown
Native American settlement
Powhatan's territory

Expeditions
May 1607
December 1607
January 1608
January July 1608
July September 1608
0
0

25 miles
25 kilometers

THE EXPEDITIONS

In December 1607 Smith and a small band of settlers

set out looking for gold and food along the Chickahominy
River. According to Smith, he was captured and about to be
clubbed to death by Powhatans followers when Pocahontas
(the chief s daughter) saved him.

ia

Shortly after arriving, he and Captain Christopher Newport

sailed up the James River to search for gold. Powhatans
followers made them turn back at the falls.

Captain John Smith emerged as a leader of the group.

An avid explorer, he led four expeditions in the area:

In 1608 Smith headed up two voyages to explore the northern reaches of Chesapeake Bay. He searched futilely for
gold and an outlet to the Pacific Ocean.

THE SETTLEMENT
The colonists endured many terrible hardships. Bad
water, disease, starvation, and conflict with the Native
Americans took a heavy toll. By early 1608 only 38 hardy
souls remained alive.
Settlers learned to grow crops in the new land. When
tobacco from the West Indies was introduced, it became
a commercial success and guaranteed Jamestowns future.
L E A R N I N G from G E O G R A P H Y
1. Compare the dwellings of the colonists and the
Native Americans.
2. How did the introduction of tobacco affect
the development of the colony?

74

The Native Americans

taught the settlers to
cultivate native crops
such as corn, beans,
and squash. Corn
quickly became the
staple food.

la

Sasquesahannock

Tockwough
D
el

un

ta

ay
eB

in

ar

aw

Powhatan
May 1607

A
E

Wighcocomoco

Ch

ick

ah

om

in

Arrohatoc

Ri

ve

Werowocomo

Chickahominy
December 1607

May 1607

Ja

Accomac

Jamestown

N
E

B a y

Waenoc

ve

Ri

Toppahannock

ke

un

p e a k e
s a
h e

ac

iv

Pa

Potom

The Native Americans

lived in houses made of
bent branches covered
with woven reed mats.

e
s
R

iv
er

Nansemond
September 1608

England

NORTH
AMERICA
Area
enlarged

Jamestown
May 1607

The first English settlers constructed simple timber-frame

houses with mud walls and
thatched roofs.

December 1606

Atlantic
Ocean

EUROPE

Canary
Islands

AFRICA

arle Sound
Alberm
0
0

1000 miles
1000 kilometers

75

New England
Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

Settlers begin to form the New England Colonies.

Classifying Information As you read

Section 2, re-create the diagram
below and explain why different
colonies in New England were settled.

why the Pilgrims and the Puritans

came to America.
how the Connecticut, Rhode Island,
and New Hampshire colonies began.

Key Terms
dissent, persecute, Puritan,
Separatist, Pilgrim, Mayflower
Compact, toleration

Colony

Reasons the colony

was settled

Massachusetts
Connecticut

Section Theme
Civic Rights and Responsibilities
Puritan and Pilgrim colonists settled in
America in search of religious freedom.

Rhode Island

Preview of Events
1620

1630

1620
Pilgrims land at
Plymouth

1630
Puritans settle the
Massachusetts Bay Colony

Shoes, Plymouth Colony

1640
1636
Thomas Hooker
founds Hartford

1638
Anne Hutchinson
founds Portsmouth

The young man looked around at the other passengers aboard the Mayflower. He
and the other passengers sailed to the new world not knowing what they would find.
They had muskets but knew little about shooting. They planned to fish but knew nothing about fishing. They had hoped to settle in Virginia but instead landed in New England without enough supplies to last the winter. The only thing these people had plenty
of was courage. They would need it.

Religious Freedom
Unlike the Jamestown settlers, the next wave of colonists would arrive in
search of religious freedom. England had been a Protestant country since 1534,
when King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formed
the Anglican Church. Not everyone in England was happy with the new church,
however. Many people dissentedthey disagreed with the beliefs or practices of
the Anglicans. English Catholics, for example, still considered the pope the head
of the church, and they were often persecuted, or treated harshly, for that reason.
76

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

The New England

Colonies
MAINE
(part of Mass.)

Area claimed
by New York
and New
Hampshire

ctic

ut R

44N

Conne

At the same time, some Protestants wanted to

changeor reformthe Anglican Church, while
others wanted to break away from it altogether.
The Protestants who wanted to reform the Anglican Church were called Puritans. Those who
wanted to leave and set up their own churches
were known as Separatists.
The Separatists were persecuted in England,
and some fled to the Netherlands. Though they
found religious freedom there, the Separatists
had difficulty finding work. They also worried
that their children were losing their religious
values and their English way of life.

NEW
HAMPSHIRE

The Pilgrims Journey

Some Separatists in the Netherlands made an
arrangement with the Virginia Company. The
Separatists could settle in Virginia and practice
their religion freely. In return they would give
the company a share of any profits they made.
The Separatists considered themselves
Pilgrims because their journey had a religious
purpose. Only 35 of the 102 passengers who
boarded the Mayflower in September 1620 were
Pilgrims. The others were called strangers.
They were common peopleservants, craftspeople, and poor farmerswho hoped to find a
better life in America. Because Pilgrim beliefs
shaped life in the Plymouth colony, however, all
the early settlers are usually called Pilgrims.

The Mayflower Compact

The Mayflowers passengers planned to settle
in the Virginia colony. The first land they sighted
was Cape Cod, well north of their target.
Because it was November and winter was fast
approaching, the colonists decided to drop
anchor in Cape Cod Bay. They went ashore on a
cold, bleak day in December at a place called
Plymouth. William Bradford, their leader and
historian, reported that all things stared upon
them with a weather-beaten face.
Plymouth was outside the territory of the Virginia Company and its laws. Before going ashore,
the Pilgrims drew up a formal document called
the Mayflower Compact. The compact pledged
their loyalty to England and declared their intention of forming a civil body politic, for our better

W
S

Portsmouth
Salem
Boston
Plymouth

MASSACHUSETTS

Atlantic
Ocean

CONNECTICUT

Newport
New
Haven

RHODE
ISLAND

100 miles

100 kilometers
0
Lambert Equal-Area projection

40N

Products
Grain

Fish

Ships

Cattle

Whales

Iron

Lumber

Furs

Rum

68W

The Atlantic waters and thick forests proved valuable for

fishing and shipbuilding in New England.
1. Region What were the four New England Colonies?
2. Analyzing Information What did Connecticut
produce?
ordering and preservation. The signers also
promised to obey the laws passed for the
general good of the colony. The Mayflower
Compact was a necessary step in the development of representative government in America.
; (See page 612 of the Appendix for the entire text of the Mayflower
Compact.)

Help From the Native Americans

Their first winter in America, almost half
the Pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

77

The First
Thanksgiving
In the autumn of 1621 the Pilgrims invited the
Native Americans to celebrate the peace between
them. After the struggle through the first winter, the
Pilgrims also felt relieved to be raising food. During
the feast the Pilgrims thanked God for the harvest
and for their survival.
First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe

Who took part? About 50 men, women, and children colonists and 90 Wampanoag Native Americans
took part in the three-day feast.

What did they do? Dancing, singing, and playing

games were part of the celebration. The Wampanoag
demonstrated their skills with the bow and arrow.

When was it held? Exactly when the festival took

place is uncertain, but it is believed the celebration
occurred sometime between September 21 and
November 9.

What did they eat? They most likely ate wild fowl,
duck, and turkey shot by the colonists and deer provided by the Wampanoag.

cold. In the spring a few Native Americans

approached the settlement. Two of them,
Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists.
Squanto was a Pawtuxet who had been kidnapped to Europe and had learned English.
Squanto and Samoset showed the Pilgrims
how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and
where to hunt and fish. Without their help the
Pilgrims might not have survived. Squanto
and Samoset also helped the Pilgrims make a
treaty with the Wampanoag people who lived
in the area. Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader,
signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in March 1621,
and the two groups lived in harmony.
Summarizing Why was the
Mayflower Compact an important step toward representative government?
78

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

New Settlements
In 1625 the English throne passed to Charles I.
Charles objected to the Puritans calls for reform
in the Anglican Church, and persecution of Puritans increased again. Some Puritans looked for a
way to leave England.
In 1629 a group of Puritans formed the
Massachusetts Bay Company and received a
royal charter to establish a colony north of
Plymouth. This was the Puritans chance to create a new society in Americaa society based
on the Bible.
The company chose a well-educated Puritan
named John Winthrop to be the colonys governor. In 1630 Winthrop led about 900 men,
women, and children to Massachusetts Bay.
Most of them settled in a place they called Boston.

Citizenship

Growth and Government

During the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans
journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious
persecution and economic hard times in England. This movement of people became known
as the Great Migration.
At first, John Winthrop and his assistants
made the colonys laws. They were chosen by the
General Court, which was made up of the
colonys stockholders. In 1634, settlers demanded
a larger role in the government. The General
Court became an elected assembly. Adult male
church members were allowed to vote for the
governor and for their towns representatives to
the General Court. In later years, they also had to
own property to vote.
The Puritans came to America to put their
religious beliefs into practice. The Puritans had
little tolerationthey criticized or persecuted
people who held other religious views. This lack
of toleration led to the creation of new colonies.

Connecticut and Rhode Island

The fertile Connecticut River valley, south of
Massachusetts, was much better for farming

Anne Hutchinson came

to Massachusetts with
her husband in 1634.
She began questioning
the religious authority of
the colonys ministers.
As Hutchinson gained
followers, she was seen
as a danger to the

than was the stony soil around Boston. In the

1630s colonists began to settle in this area.
A minister named Thomas Hooker became
dissatisfied with Massachusetts. He did not like
the way that Winthrop and the other Puritan
leaders ran the colony. In 1636 Hooker led his
congregation through the wilderness to Connecticut, where he founded the town of Hartford. Three years later Hartford and two other
towns, Windsor and Wethersfield, agreed to
form a colony. They adopted a plan of government called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This was the first written constitution
in America, and it described the organization of
representative government in detail.
Good land drew colonists to Connecticut, but
Rhode Island was settled by colonists who were
forced out of Massachusetts. The first of these was
Roger Williams, a minister. Williams felt that people should not be persecuted for their religious
practices. In his view the government should not
force people to worship in a certain way. Williams
also believed it was wrong for settlers to take land
away from the Native Americans.
The ideas of Roger Williams caused Massachusetts leaders to banish him in 1635. He took
refuge with the Narraganset people, who later

colonys stability. In 1637

the Massachusetts leaders put her on trial for
speaking false ideas.
Hutchinson defended
herself well, but she
claimed God spoke to her
directly. This disagreed
with Puritan beliefs that

CHAPTER 3

God spoke only through

the Bible. Her accusers
found her guilty and
ordered her to leave the
colony. With her family
and some followers,
Hutchinson moved to
Rhode Island.

Colonial America

79

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Page 80

sold Williams land where he founded the town of

Providence. Williams received a charter in 1644
for a colony east of Connecticut called Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations. With its policy of religious toleration, Rhode Island became a
safe place for dissenters. It was the first place in
America where people of all faithsincluding
Jewscould worship freely.
Others followed Williamss example, forming
colonies where they could worship as they
pleased. In 1638 John Wheelwright led a group of
dissidents from Massachusetts to the north. They
founded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire.
The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hampton. The colony of New Hampshire became fully
independent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Conflict With Native Americans

Native Americans traded with the settlers,
exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots,
blankets, and guns. In Virginia the colonists had
frequent encounters with the many tribes of the
Powhatan confederacy. In New England the settlers met the Wampanoags, Narragansets, and
other groups.
Conflicts arose, however. Usually settlers
moved onto Native American lands without
permission or payment. Throughout the colonial period, English settlers and Native Americans competed fiercely for control of the land.

In 1636 war broke out

HISTORY
between the settlers and
the Pequot people. After
Student Web Activity
Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com
two traders were killed
and click on Chapter 3
in Pequot territory,
Student Web Activities
Massachusetts
sent
for an activity on King
troops to punish the
Philips War.
Pequot. The Pequot
then attacked a town in
Connecticut killing nine people. In May 1637,
troops from Connecticut attacked the main Pequot
fort with the help of the Narraganset people. They
burned the fort, killing hundreds.
In 1675 New England went to war against the
Wampanoag people and their allies. Metacomet,
the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers as
King Philip. He wanted to stop the settlers from
moving onto Native American lands. The war
began after settlers executed three Wampanoags
for murder. Metacomets forces attacked towns
across the region, killing hundreds of people.
The settlers and their Native American allies
fought back. King Philips War, as the conflict
was called, ended in defeat for the Wampanoag
and their allies. The war destroyed the power of
the Native Americans in New England, leaving
the colonists free to expand their settlements.
Evaluating Describe the significance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

Checking for Understanding

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph
in which you use the following terms:
dissent, persecute, Puritan,
Separatist, Pilgrim, Mayflower
Compact, toleration.
2. Reviewing Facts Identify the reasons why the Separatists left Europe
for the Americas.

Critical Thinking
4. Comparing What did the Mayflower
Compact and the Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut have in
common?
5. Determining Cause and Effect
Re-create the diagram below and
describe the effects as colonists interacted with Native Americans.

Reviewing Themes
3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities
What freedom did Rhode Island offer
that other colonies did not?

The colonists interact

with the Native Americans

80

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

Analyzing Maps
6. Geography Skills Study the map
on page 77. What products came
from New Hampshire?

Government Research and write

a one-page paper about the life of
Roger Williams. Explain why he
left Massachusetts to found a new
colony. Describe how his religious
ideals contributed to the growth of
the representative government in
Rhode Island.

Social Studies

Reading a Bar Graph

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700
60
55

Population (in thousands)

50
45
40
35

Total
Population

African American
Population

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Massachusetts Connecticut

New York

Pennsylvania

Maryland

Virginia

Colonies
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Why Learn This Skill?

Practicing the Skill

A bar graph presents numerical information in a

visual way. Bars of various lengths stand for different
quantities. A bar graph lets you see a lot of information in an organized way. Bars may be drawn verticallyup and downor horizontallyleft to right.
Labels along the left axis and the bottom axis explain
what the bars represent.

Study the bar graph on this page and answer the

following questions.
1 Which colony had the largest total population
in 1700? The smallest?

Learning the Skill

To read a bar graph:
Read the title to learn the subject of the graph.
Look at the horizontal and vertical axes to find
out what information the graph presents.
Compare the lengths of the bars on the graph.

2 Did Virginia or Maryland have a larger African

American population?

Applying the Skill

Reading a Bar Graph Create a bar graph to
represent the number of students in each American history class in your school.
Glencoes Skillbuilder Interactive
Workbook CD-ROM, Level 1, provides
instruction and practice in key social
studies skills.
CHAPTER XX

Chapter Title

81

Middle Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

People from many different countries

settled in the Middle Colonies for a
variety of reasons, including religious
freedom.

Classifying Information As you read

the section, re-create the diagram
below and describe how the Middle
Colonies were founded.

Key Terms

Colony

why the Middle Colonies had the

most diverse populations in colonial America.
who was Americas first town
planner.

patroon, proprietary colony,

pacifist

New York

Section Theme

New Jersey

Individual Action Leaders such as

Peter Stuyvesant and William Penn
helped the Middle Colonies grow.

Founder Why settlers came

Pennsylvania

Preview of Events
1600

1650

1626
Manhattan Island
purchased from the
Manhates people

English royal plate

1664
New Amsterdam
becomes New York

1700
1681
William Penn founds
Pennsylvania

1702
New Jersey becomes
a royal colony

In 1649, 17-year-old Philip Henry stood near the back of the crowd gathered around
a public platform near Whitehall Palace in London. There he watched Charles I, the
king of England, prepare to die. The king made a short speech, prayed silently, and
then knelt with his head on the block.
With just one blow, the executioner severed the kings head from his body. At that
moment, the crowd uttered such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may
never hear again, Henry wrote in his diary.

England and the Colonies

In England the Puritans who controlled Parliament were engaged in a struggle for power against King Charles I. In 1642 a civil war began. Led by Oliver
Cromwell, a Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated the king. Charles I was
beheaded in 1649 after a parliamentary court declared him guilty of treason.
A new government was established with Cromwell as Protector. During these
years of unrest, many Puritans left New England and returned to England to
fight with Parliaments forces. After the war ended, English men and women
loyal to the king went to royal colonies like Virginia.
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After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliament

brought back the monarchy, but placed new limits on the rulers powers. Charles II, son of
Charles I, became king in 1660. His reign is
called the Restoration because the monarchy had
been restored.
In 1660 England had two clusters of colonies
in what is now the United StatesMassachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island in the north and Maryland and Virginia
in the south. Between the two groups of English
colonies were lands that the Dutch controlled.
In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants had
formed the Dutch West India Company to trade
in the Americas. Their posts along the Hudson
River grew into the colony of New Netherland.
The main settlement of the colony was New
Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island. In
1626 the company bought Manhattan from the
Manhates people for small quantities of beads
and other goods. Blessed with a good seaport,
the city of New Amsterdam soon became a center of shipping to and from the Americas.
To increase the number of permanent settlers
in its colony, the Dutch West India Company sent
over families from the Netherlands, Germany,
Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a large
estate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlers
to work the land. The wealthy landowners who
acquired these riverfront estates were called
patroons. The patroons ruled like kings. They
had their own courts and laws. Settlers owed the
patroon labor and a share of their crops.

England Takes Over

New Netherland boasted an excellent harbor
and thriving river trade. The English wanted to
acquire the valuable Dutch colony that lay
between Englands New England and Southern
Colonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet to
attack New Amsterdam.
At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor of
the colony. His strict rule and heavy taxes
turned many of the people in New Netherland
against him. When the English ships sailed into
New Amsterdams harbor, the governor was
unprepared for a battle and surrendered the
colony to the English forces.

The Middle Colonies

Area claimed
by New York
and New
Hampshire

Albany
NEW YORK

New York City

Perth Amboy

PENNSYLVANIA

72W

40N

Philadelphia

Wilmington

NEW
JERSEY

Atlantic
Ocean
DELAWARE
Dover

100 miles

100 kilometers
0
Lambert Equal-Area projection

76W

Grain
Cattle

Products
Fish
Lumber

Rum
Iron
36N

The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many different

countries and ethnic backgrounds.
1. Region What were the four Middle Colonies and what
were their main products?
2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic features
made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,

the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.
New York was a proprietary colony, a colony in
which the owner, or proprietor, owned all the
land and controlled the government. It differed
from the New England Colonies, where voters
elected the governor and an assembly.
Most of New Yorks settlers lived in the Hudson River valley. The Duke of York promised the
diverse colonists freedom of religion. In 1654, 23
Brazilian Jews had settled in New Amsterdam.
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

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History Through Art

Penns Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Penn

made his first treaty with the Delaware people. Why did
Penn see Pennsylvania as a holy experiment?

They were the first Jews to settle in North America. In 1664 New York had about 8,000 inhabitants. Most were Dutch, but Germans, Swedes,
Native Americans, and Puritans from New England lived there as well. The population also
included at least 300 enslaved Africans. New
Amsterdam, which was later called New York
City, was one of the fastest-growing locations in
the colony.
By 1683 the colonys population had swelled
to about 12,000 people. A governor and council
appointed by the Duke of York directed the
colonys affairs. The colonists demanded a representative government like the governments of
the other English colonies. The duke resisted
the idea, but the people of New York would not
give up. Finally, in 1691, the English government allowed New York to elect a legislature.

To attract settlers, the proprietors offered

large tracts of land and generous terms. They
also promised freedom of religion, trial by jury,
and a representative assembly. The assembly
would make local laws and set tax rates.
Like New York, New Jersey was a place of
ethnic and religious diversity. Because New Jersey had no natural harbors, however, it did not
develop a major port or city like New York.
The proprietors of New Jersey did not make
the profits they had expected. Berkeley sold his
share, West Jersey, in 1674. Carterets share, East
Jersey, was sold in 1682.
By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into the
hands of the king, becoming a royal colony. The
colonists still continued to make local laws.
Explaining Why did no major port
develop in New Jersey?

New Jersey
The Duke of York gave the southern part of
his colony, between the Hudson and Delaware
Rivers, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret. The proprietors named their colony
New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the English Channel, where Carteret was born.
84

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

Pennsylvania
In 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gentleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Penns
father had once lent the king a great deal of
money. Penn had inherited the kings promise to

repay the loan. Instead of money, however, Penn

asked for land in America. Pleased to get rid
of his debt so easily, the king gave Penn a tract
of land stretching inland from the Delaware
River. The new colony, named Pennsylvania,
was nearly as large as England.
William Penn belonged to a Protestant group
of dissenters called the Society of Friends, or
Quakers. The Quakers believed that every individual had an inner light that could guide him
or her to salvation. Each person could experience
religious truth directly, which meant that church
services and officials were unnecessary. Everyone was equal in Gods sight. Though firm in
their beliefs, the Quakers were tolerant of the
views of others.
Many people in England found the Quakers
ideas a threat to established traditions. Quakers
would not bow or take off their hats to lords and
ladies because of their belief that everyone was
equal. In addition they were pacifists, people
who refuse to use force or to fight in wars.
Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executed
for their beliefs.
William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a holy
experiment, a chance to put the Quaker ideals
of toleration and equality into practice. In 1682
he sailed to America to supervise the building of
Philadelphia, the city of brotherly love. Penn
believed that

Checking for Understanding

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph
in which you use the following key
terms: patroon, proprietary colony,
pacifist
2. Reviewing Facts What did the Charter of Liberties grant to Pennsylvania
colonists?
Reviewing Themes
3. Individual Action How did William
Penn earn the respect of Native
Americans?

any government is free to the people under

it . . . where the laws rule, and the people are a

party to those laws.

Penn had designed the city himself, making

him Americas first town planner. Penn also
wrote Pennsylvanias first constitution.
Penn believed that the land belonged to the
Native Americans and that settlers should pay
for it. In 1682 he negotiated the first of several
treaties with local Native Americans.
To encourage European settlers to come to
Pennsylvania, Penn advertised the colony
throughout Europe with pamphlets in several
languages. By 1683 more than 3,000 English,
Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers had
arrived. In 1701, in the Charter of Liberties, Penn
granted the colonists the right to elect representatives to the legislative assembly.
The southernmost part of Pennsylvania was
called the Three Lower Counties. Settled by
Swedes in 1638, the area had been taken over by
the Dutch and the English before becoming part of
Pennsylvania. The Charter of Privileges allowed
the lower counties to form their own legislature,
which they did in 1704. Thereafter the counties
functioned as a separate colony known as
Delaware, supervised by Pennsylvanias governor.
Summarizing How did William
Penn encourage self-government?

Critical Thinking
4. Compare and Contrast How was
the Quaker religion different from
that of the Puritans?
5. Organizing Information Re-create
the diagram below and describe how
each of the Middle Colonies was
governed.
Colony
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania

Type of government

Analyzing Visuals
6. Geography Skills Review the map
on page 83. What is the title of the
map? What items are shown in the
key? What products were important
to Pennsylvania?

Art Design a flag for one of the

Middle Colonies. Decide what symbols and colors would be appropriate to represent that colony.
Display your flags in class.
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

85

Southern Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

The Southern Colonies relied on cash

crops to survive, while the French and
Spanish tried to establish their own
settlements.

Classifying Information As you read

the section, re-create the diagram
below and identify the main crops of
three of the Southern Colonies.

how the Southern Colonies were

established.
how French and Spanish colonies
differed from the English colonies.

Key Terms

Colony

indentured servant, constitution,

debtor, tenant farmer, mission

Maryland

Main crop

North Carolina
South Carolina

Section Theme
Groups and Institutions Spanish and
French settlements developed in different ways from English settlements.

Preview of Events

1600

1650
c. 1610
Spanish establish
Santa Fe

Slave drum,
Virginia

1700
1676
Bacons Rebellion
occurs

1718
French establish city
of New Orleans

1750
1733
First settlers
arrive in Georgia

How did it feel to be enslaved on the plantations of the South? In the 1930s, interviewers put this question to African Americans once under slavery. Many of them
were approaching 100 years old, and some still carried deep scars on their backs from
whippings. To be a slave meant to have no human rights. Elderly Roberta Mason
remembered, Once they whipped my father cause he looked at a slave they killed,
and cried.

Coming to America
By 1660, while tobacco prices fell, large plantations continued to prosper
because they were better able to maintain high profits than were small farms.
Along with the growth of plantations, there was an increasing need for workers in the newly settled Southern Colonies.
Establishing colonies in North America involved a great deal of work. The settlers had to clear the land, construct homes and churches, plant crops, and tend
the fields. As the colonies expanded, the demand for capable workers grew.
86

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

Not all people came to work in the colonies of

their own free will. English criminals and Scottish
and Irish prisoners of war were also shipped to
the colonies. They could earn their release by
working for a period of timeoften seven years.
Some colonists complained that their settlements
were dumping grounds for His Majestys sevenyear passengers. African rulers took prisoners
during wars and raids. They enslaved the captives and sold them to European slave traders
who took them to the colonies. Many people
came to the colonies as indentured servants. To
pay for their passage to America, they agreed to
work without pay for a certain period of time.

their workers. Baltimore, founded in 1729, was

Marylands port. Before long Baltimore became
the colonys largest settlement.

Aristocrats and Farmers

Lord Baltimore gave large estates to his relatives and other English aristocrats. By doing so
he created a wealthy and powerful class of
landowners in Maryland.
The colony needed people to work in the plantation fields. To bring settlers to the colony, Lord
Baltimore promised land100 acres to each

The Southern Colonies

Po
t

om

VIRGINIA

R.

Baltimore
AR

YL

AN

St. Marys

Williamsburg

Norfolk

36N

LA

NORTH
CAROLINA

M
ac

IA
N

Wilmington

SOUTH
CAROLINA

v
Sa
an

ah

Maryland arose from the dream of Sir

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic.
Calvert wanted to establish a safe place for his
fellow Catholics, who were being persecuted in
England. He also hoped that a colony would
bring him a fortune.
Calverts dream came true in 1632 when King
Charles I gave him a proprietary colony north of
Virginia. Calvert died before receiving the grant.
His son Cecilius Calvert inherited the colony. It
was named Maryland either after the English
queen, Henrietta Maria, or after the Virgin Mary.
The younger Calvertthe new Lord Baltimorenever lived in Maryland. Instead, he
sent two of his brothers to run the colony. They
reached America in 1634 with two ships and
more than 200 settlers. Entering the Chesapeake Bay, they sailed up the Potomac River
through fertile countryside. A priest in the
party described the Potomac as the sweetest
and greatest river I have ever seen. The
colonists chose a site for their settlement, which
they called St. Marys.
Knowing that tobacco had saved the Virginia
colony, the Maryland colonists turned first to
tobacco farming. To keep the colony from
becoming too dependent on one crop, however,
a Maryland law declared that every person
planting tobacco shall plant and tend two acres
of corn. In addition to corn, most Maryland
tobacco farmers produced wheat, fruit, vegetables, and livestock to feed their families and

MO
UN
TAI
N S

Establishing Maryland

Atlantic
Ocean

R.

GEORGIA

Charles Town

Savannah
A l t a maha R.

100 miles

32N
76W

100 kilometers
0
Lambert Equal-Area projection

Products
Rice

Grain

Lumber

Indigo

Tobacco

Iron

Cattle

Fish

Rum

80W

84W

28N

The climate in the Southern Colonies allowed colonists to grow

rice and tobacco.
1. Region What were the five Southern Colonies?
2. Analyzing Information What rivers acted as colonial
borders in the Southern Colonies?
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

87

c.
Born in England, Margaret Brent moved to
Maryland in 1638. She
quickly accumulated several thousand acres of
land and became one of
the largest landowners.
According to colonial
records, she was also the
first woman to own land
in her own name.
Brave and forceful,
Brent helped to put down

male settler, another 100 for his wife, 100 for each
servant, and 50 for each of his children. As the
number of plantations increased and additional
workers were needed, the colony imported
indentured servants and enslaved Africans.

The Mason-Dixon Line

For years the Calvert family and the Penn
family argued over the boundary between
Maryland and Pennsylvania. In the 1760s they
hired two British astronomers, Charles Mason
and Jeremiah Dixon, to map the line dividing
the colonies. It took the two scientists many
years to lay out the boundary stones. Each stone
had the crest of the Penn family on one side and
the crest of the Calverts on the other.
Another conflict was even harder to resolve.
The Calverts had welcomed Protestants as well
as Catholics in Maryland. Protestant settlers
outnumbered Catholics from the start.

Act of Toleration
To protect the Catholics from any attempt to
make Maryland a Protestant colony, Baltimore
passed a law called the Act of Toleration in
1649. The act granted Protestants and Catholics
the right to worship freely but tensions contin88

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

a rebellion from neighboring Virginia, and she took

charge of paying Marylands troops. Refusing to
follow the restricted life
of most colonial women,
she later served as attorney for Lord Baltimore,
Marylands proprietor.
In January 1648 Brent
came into conflict with
the colonial government
when she appeared before

the assembly. She

demanded two votes,
one for herself as a
landowner and one as
Lord Baltimores legal
representative. After the
government denied her
claim, she moved to a
large plantation in Virginia. There, Americas
first woman lawyer lived
the rest of her life.

ued between Protestants and Catholics. In 1692,

with the support of the English government, the
Protestant-controlled assembly made the Anglican Church the official church in Maryland, and
imposed the same restrictions on Catholics that
existed in England.
Explaining Why did George Calvert
establish the colony of Maryland?

Virginia Expands
While other colonies were being founded, Virginia continued to grow. Wealthy tobacco
planters held the best land near the coast, so
new settlers pushed inland. As the settlers
moved west, they found the lands inhabited by
Native Americans. In the 1640s, to avoid conflicts,
Virginias governor William Berkeley worked out
an arrangement with the Native Americans. In
exchange for a large piece of land, he agreed to
keep settlers from pushing farther into their lands.

Bacons Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy young planter,
was a leader in the western part of Virginia. He
and other westerners opposed the colonial

king. The name later became

government because it was domiCharleston.
nated by easterners. Many of the
John Locke, an English politiwesterners resented Governor
cal philosopher, wrote a constituBerkeleys pledge to stay out of
tion for the Carolina colony. This
Native American territory. Some
constitution, or plan of governof them settled in the forbidden
ment, covered such subjects as
lands and then blamed the govland distribution and social
ernment in Jamestown for not
ranking. Locke was concerned
protecting them from Native
with principles and rights. He
American raids.
argued that
In 1676 Bacon led the angry
westerners in attacks on Native
every man has a property in his
American villages. Governor
own person. This nobody has any
Berkeley declared Bacon the
right to but himself. The labour of his
greatest rebel that ever was in
Virginia. Bacons army marched
body, and the work of his hands, we
to Jamestown, set fire to the capimay say, are properly his. . . .
tal, and drove Berkeley into exile.
Carolina, however, did not
Only Bacons sudden illness and
develop according to plan. The
death kept him from taking
people of northern and southern
charge of Virginia. England then
Carolina soon went their separecalled Berkeley and sent troops
rate ways, creating two colonies.
to restore order.
Nathaniel Bacon
Bacons Rebellion had shown
that the settlers were not willing
$ Economics
to be restricted to the coast. The colonial government created a militia force to control the
Northern and Southern Carolina
Native Americans and opened up more land
The northern part of Carolina was settled
to settlement.
mostly by farmers from Virginias backcountry.
They grew tobacco and sold forest products
Analyzing Why did Bacon oppose
such as timber and tar. Because the northern
the colonial government?
Carolina coast did not have a good harbor, the
farmers relied on Virginias ports and merchants
to conduct their trade.
The southern part of the Carolinas was more
In 1663 King Charles II created a large propriprosperous, thanks to fertile farmland and a
etary colony south of Virginia. The colony was
good harbor at Charles Town. Settlements
called Carolina, which means Charless land
spread, and the trade in deerskin, lumber, and
in Latin. The king gave the colony to a group of
beef flourished. In the 1680s planters discovered
eight prominent members of his court who had
that rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands.
helped him regain his throne.
Rice soon became the colonys leading crop.
The Carolina proprietors carved out large
In the 1740s a young Englishwoman named
estates for themselves and hoped to make
Eliza Lucas developed another important Carmoney by selling and renting land. The propriolina cropindigo. Indigo, a blue flowering
etors provided money to bring colonists over
plant, was used to dye textiles. After experifrom England. Settlers began arriving in Carmenting with seeds from the West Indies, Lucas
olina in 1670. By 1680 they had founded a city,
succeeded in growing and processing indigo,
which they called Charles Town after the
the blue gold of Carolina.

Settling the Carolinas

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

89

Slave Labor in the Carolinas

Most of the settlers in southern Carolina came
from another English colonythe island of Barbados in the West Indies. In Barbados the colonists
used enslaved Africans to produce sugar. The
colonists brought these workers with them.
Many enslaved Africans who arrived in the
Carolinas worked in the rice fields. Some of
them knew a great deal about rice cultivation
because they had come from the rice-growing
areas of West Africa. Growing rice required
much labor, so the demand for slaves increased.
By 1708 more than half the people living in
southern Carolina were enslaved Africans.
By the early 1700s, Carolinas settlers were
angry at the proprietors. They wanted a greater
role in the colonys government. In 1719 the settlers in southern Carolina seized control from its
proprietors. In 1729 Carolina became two royal
coloniesNorth and South Carolina.
Explaining Who was John Locke?
What did he do for Carolina?

History

A rice plantation included the owners large house

surrounded by the small dwellings of enslaved Africans.
Why did rice cultivation increase the demand for
enslaved labor?

Georgia
Georgia, the last of the British colonies in
America to be established, was founded in 1733.
A group led by General James Oglethorpe
received a charter to create a colony where English debtors and poor people could make a fresh
start. In Great Britain, debtorsthose who are
unable to repay their debtswere generally
thrown into prison.
The British government had another reason
for creating Georgia. This colony could protect
the other British colonies from Spanish attack.
Great Britain and Spain had been at war in the
early 1700s, and new conflicts over territory in
North America were always breaking out.
Located between Spanish Florida and South Carolina, Georgia could serve as a military barrier.

Oglethorpes Town
Oglethorpe led the first group of sober,
industrial, and moral persons to Georgia in
1733. They built a town called Savannah, as well
as forts to defend themselves from the Spanish.
Oglethorpe wanted the people of Georgia to
be hardworking, independent, and Protestant.
He kept the size of farms small and banned slavery, Catholics, and rum.

Founding the Thirteen Colonies

Colony

1st Permanent
Settlement

Reasons Founded

Founders or Leaders

New England Colonies

Massachusetts
Plymouth
Mass. Bay Colony

1620
1630

Religious freedom
Religious freedom

John Carver, William Bradford,

John Winthrop

New Hampshire

c. 1620

Profit from trade and fishing

Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason

Rhode Island

1636

Religious freedom

Roger Williams

Connecticut

1635

Profit from fur trade, farming;

religious and political freedom

Thomas Hooker

New York

1624

Expand trade

Dutch settlers

Delaware

1638

Expand trade

Swedish settlers

New Jersey

1638

Profit from selling land

John Berkeley, George Carteret

Pennsylvania

1682

Profit from selling land;

religious freedom

William Penn

Virginia

1607

Expand trade

John Smith

Maryland

1634

To sell land; religious freedom

Cecil Calvert

North Carolina

c. 1660s

Profit from trade and selling land

Group of eight aristocrats

South Carolina

1670

Profit from trade and selling land

Group of eight aristocrats

Georgia

1733

Religious freedom; protection

against Spanish Florida; safe
home for debtors

James Oglethorpe

Middle Colonies

Southern Colonies

The thirteen colonies

colonies were
were founded
founded over
over aa
span of 125
125 years.
years.

Although Georgia had been planned as a

debtors colony, it actually received few debtors.
Hundreds of poor people came from Great
Britain. Religious refugees from Germany and
Switzerland and a small group of Jews also settled there. Georgia soon had a higher percentage
of non-British settlers than any other British
colony in the Americas.

The Colony Changes

Many settlers complained about the limits on
the size of landholdings and the law banning
slave labor. They also objected to the many rules
Oglethorpe made regulating their lives. The
colonists referred to Oglethorpe as our perpetual dictator.

Sequencing What colony was the first

first to
to be
be
settled? Which was
was the
the last?
last?

Oglethorpe grew frustrated by the colonists

demands and the colonys slow growth. He
agreed to let people have larger landholdings
and lifted the bans against slavery and rum. In
1751 he gave up altogether and turned the
colony back over to the king.
By that time British settlers had been in what
is now the eastern United States for almost a
century and a half. They had lined the Atlantic
coast with colonies.
Explaining How did Georgia serve
as protection for the English colonies?
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Colonial America

91

New France
The British were not the only Europeans who
were colonizing North America, however. Elsewhere on the continent, the Spanish and the
French had built settlements of their own.
The French had founded Quebec in 1608. At
first they had little interest in large-scale settlement in North America. They were mainly concerned with fishing and trapping animals for
their fur. French trappers and missionaries went
far into the interior of North America. French fur
companies built forts and trading posts to protect their profitable trade.
In 1663 New France became a royal colony.
King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the fur
companies. He appointed a royal governor who
strongly supported new explorations.

Down the Mississippi River

In the 1670s two Frenchmena fur trader,
Louis Joliet, and a priest, Jacques Marquette
explored the Mississippi River by canoe. Joliet
and Marquette hoped to find gold, silver, or
other precious metals. They were also looking
for a water passage to the Pacific Ocean. The
two explorers reached as far south as the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers.
When they realized that the Mississippi flowed
south into the Gulf of Mexico rather than west
into the Pacific, they turned around and headed
back upriver.
A few years later, Ren-Robert Cavelier, Sieur
de La Salle, followed the Mississippi River all the
way to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the
region around the river for France. He called this
territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.
In 1718 the French governor founded the port of
New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi
River. Later French explorers, traders, and missionaries traveled west to the Rocky Mountains
and southwest to the Rio Grande.

Growth of New France

French settlement in North America
advanced very slowly. Settlement in New
France consisted of a system of estates along
the St. Lawrence River. The estate holders
received land in exchange for bringing settlers
92

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

to the colony. Known as tenant farmers, the

settlers paid their lord an annual rent and
worked for him for a fixed number of days
each year.
The French had better relations with the
Native Americans than did other Europeans.
French trappers and missionaries traveled deep
into Indian lands. They lived among the Native
American peoples, learned their languages, and
respected their ways.
Although the missionaries had come to convert
Native Americans to Catholicism, they did not try
to change the Indians customs. Most important,
the French colony grew so slowly that Native
Americans were not pushed off their lands.
Describing What region did
La Salle explore?

New Spain
In the early 1600s, England, France, and the
Netherlands began their colonization of North
America. The Spanish, however, still controlled
most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and
South America. They also expanded into the
western and southern parts of what would one
day be the United States.
Spain was determined to keep the other European powers from threatening its empire in
America. To protect their claims, the Spanish
sent soldiers, missionaries, and settlers north
into present-day New Mexico.
In late 1609 or early 1610, Spanish missionaries, soldiers, and settlers founded Santa Fe.
Another group of missionaries and settlers went
to what is now Arizona in the late 1600s. When
France began exploring and laying claim to
lands around the Mississippi River, the Spanish
moved into what is now Texas. Spain wanted to
control the area between the French territory
and their own colony in Mexico. In the early
1700s, Spain established San Antonio and seven
other military posts in Texas.

Missions in California
Spanish priests built a string of missions
along the Pacific coast. Missions are religious
settlements established to convert people to a

particular faith. The missions enabled the Spanish to lay claim to California.
The Spanish did more than convert Native
Americans to Christianity. Spanish missionaries
and soldiers also brought them to the missionsoften by forceto serve as laborers in
fields and workshops.
In 1769 Junpero Serra, a Franciscan monk,
founded a mission at San Diego. Over the next
15 years, Father Serra set up eight more missions in California along a route called El
Camino Real (The Royal Highway)missions
that would grow into such cities as Los Angeles
and Monterey.
The distance from one mission to the next
was usually a days walk, and Serra traveled on
foot to visit each one and advise the missionaries. Serra also championed the rights of the
Native Americans. He worked to prevent Spanish army commanders in the region from mistreating them.

European Conflicts in North America

The rivalries between European nations carried over into the Americas. Britain and France
fought several wars in the 1700s. When the two
countries were at war in Europe, fighting often
broke out between British colonists in America
and French colonists in New France.

Checking for Understanding

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph
in which you use all of the following
terms: indentured servant, constitution, debtor, tenant farmer, mission.
2. Reviewing Facts Explain why French
settlement in North America was
slower than in the English colonies.
Reviewing Themes
3. Groups and Institutions What role
did Margaret Brent play in the government and economy of Maryland?

[The natives] treated

us with much
confidence
and goodwill.
Junpero Serra, 1769

France and Great Britain were the principal

rivals of the colonial period. Both nations were
expanding their settlements in North America.
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars in Europe
between the British and the French would shape
events across the Atlantic even more decisively.
Explaining Why did Spain establish
missions in California?

Critical Thinking
4. Analyzing Information Do you
think uprisings such as Bacons
Rebellion were a sign of more unrest
to come? Explain your answer.
5. Organizing Information Re-create
the diagram below and describe the
regions that these countries controlled in North America.
Country
Spain
France

Region

Analyzing Visuals
6. Geography Skills Review the map
on page 87. Which of the Southern
Colonies included the city of Norfolk?
What were the main products in
Georgia? What was the major city in
South Carolina?

Art Work with a group to create a

bulletin board display titled The
Southern Colonies. Include slogans and pictures to show the
colonies origins, climate, natural
resources, and products.
CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

93

Reviewing Key Terms

Colonial America
15871650

English settle Roanoke Island, 1587

First permanent English colony at

Jamestown, 1607
Champlain founds Quebec, 1608
Spanish settlers found Santa Fe,
c. 1610

House of Burgesses meets, 1619

First Africans arrive at Jamestown, 1619
Mayflower Compact

signed, 1620
Puritans settle Massachusetts Bay Colony,
1630
Thomas Hooker founds
Hartford, 1636
Anne Hutchinson
founds Portsmouth,
1638
Maryland passes religious
Toleration Act, 1649

16501700

Marquette and Joliet explore

Mississippi River, 1673

King Philips War, 1675
Bacons Rebellion, 1676
William Penn receives charter
for Pennsylvania, 1681

17001769

French found city of New

94

Orleans, 1718
Carolina is divided into separate colonies, 1729
Georgia settled, last of 13
English colonies, 1733
Father Serra establishes mission at San Diego, 1769

Examine the pairs of words below. Then write a sentence

explaining what each of the pairs have in common.
1. charter, joint-stock company
2. dissent, persecute
3. patroon, proprietary colony
4. indentured servant, debtor
5. Pilgrim, Mayflower Compact

Reviewing Key Facts

6. Why did settlers choose a peninsula on which to build
Jamestown?
7. Why did the Virginia Company create the House of
Burgesses?
8. How did the Puritans and the Pilgrims view of the
Anglican Church differ?
9. How did the Native Americans help the Pilgrims?
10. What is important about the year 1607?
11. Name two things that colonial leaders offered to
attract settlers.
12. What were Sir George Calverts two main reasons for
establishing Maryland?
13. Why was there a high demand for slave labor in the
Carolinas?
14. Describe the relationship between the French and the
Native Americans.
15. Why did Spain send missionaries to the Pacific coast
and the Southwest?

Critical Thinking
16. Comparing How did the economic activities of the
French differ from those of the English in North
America?
17. Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibilities What role did religious freedom play in the
founding of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania?
18. Synthesizing Information Re-create the diagram
below. List three religious groups that left England and
describe their beliefs.
Religious groups

068-72_76-095 C03SE-860983

11/1/03

2:17 PM

Page 95

HISTORY
Self-Check Quiz
Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 3
Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

Citizenship Cooperative Activity

Settlement of the
British Colonies
MAINE
(Part of MASS.)
NEW
YORK

N.H.

DEL.

VIRGINIA

MASS. Boston
Providence
Hartford
R.I.
CONN.
PENNSYLVANIA
New York City
Philadelphia N.J.
MD.

Economics Activity
40N

ATLaNTIC
OCEaN

Jamestown
0

NORTH
CAROLINA

200 miles

200 kilometers
0
Lambert Equal-Area projection

SOUTH
CAROLINA
GEORGIA

Charles
Town
Savannah
80W

24. When you become 18 years old, you can begin to exercise one of your most important rightsthe right to vote.
First, however, you must register. Work with a partner to
find out where you can obtain a voter registration card.
Make a list of the information you will need for the card.
Share your information with the class.

25. Most societies use a medium of exchangesomething

accepted in return for goods and services. Money is one
medium of exchange. In the colonies, however, the people never had a form of money that had the same value
everywhere and was accepted by everyone. Since using
money presented problems, colonists often traded goods
without the use of money. This is called barter. Research
to find out more about barter. Then answer: What are the
advantages of barter?

Alternative Assessment
Before 1660
Between 1660 and 1700
Between 1700 and 1760
70W
Town or city

19. Location Which colonies had the largest areas of settlement before 1660?
20. Place During what time period was Boston settled?

Practicing Skills
Reading a Bar Graph Study the bar graph on page 81; then
answer these questions:
21. Which colonies had passed 35,000 in population by 1700?
22. Which colony had the largest African American population?

26. Portfolio Writing Activity Examine the painting on page

84. What ideas is the artist presenting? Write a paragraph
that answers the question.

Standardized
Test Practice
Directions: Choose the best
answer to the following question.
Which colony was founded to put Quaker ideas
into practice?
A Plymouth
B Virginia

C Georgia
D Pennsylvania

Test-Taking Tip:
Technology Activity
23. Using the Internet Search the Internet for information
about the Canadian cities of Quebec and Montreal. Find
historical sites that show the French presence in these
cities. Then, create a travel brochure.

As you read the stem of each multiple-choice

question, try to anticipate the answer before you look
at the choices. If your answer is one of the
choices, it is probably correct.

CHAPTER 3

Colonial America

95

Navigate or Get Lost!

Sailing techniques were mastered long before sailors
knew the earth was round. Chinese sailors probably first
developed and used the compassan instrument that
shows north, south, east, and westin the early 1000s or
1100s to guide their ships. The Arabs then used this technology and passed it on to the Europeans. The Europeans
improved the magnetic compass, and during the Age of
Exploration, European sailors used it to navigate their way
across the unknown seas.

In the late 1800s, some shipbuilders

built ships with iron and steel.
However, these metals interfered with
the magnetic compasses sailors used.
Eventually navigators learned to make

Analyzing the Issue

the necessary adjustments to the

Imagine standing on board your ship. You are the captain

and are in charge of the lives of about 150 crewmembers.
Now your ship is in the middle of the ocean, and you have
to navigate. All you can see is waterwater everywhere.
How in the world will you know where to find land? You
are facing the same navigation problem that Christopher
Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and other explorers faced. What
is the solution? One way to navigate would be to use a com-

compass so it would work

properly.

pass to find direction. Are there other ways?

Landing of Columbus
Compasses

96

After you have organized into groups of six,

follow the directions to explore different methods
of navigation. You will need one compass per
group. Each team will write three methods of getting across the classroom and then challenge
classmates to follow and evaluate those methods.
1

Each group of students should pick 3 destinations

across the classroom.

Within the group, one pair of students will write

directions to one of the destinations using compass directions. These directions must include
direction and distance, such as go north four
steps, then west three steps, and so on until the
destination is reached.

Another pair of students will write directions to a

second destination using landmarks for direction.
Use large objects in your classroom as landmarks,
such as go to the brown bookshelf and turn left,
and so on.

Another pair of students will write directions using

direction words such as left, right, and straight
and number of steps. An example might be go
straight for 3 steps and turn left, and so on.

Next, exchange directions with another group and

navigate the room using them.

World map, 1507

Presentation
6

Once all of the teams have finished, each group

should discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of each navigation method. Then have one person
per group give a report to the class of what they
decided was the best method and why. Keep track
on the board which of the three methods got the
best results.

Navigational tools as they developed

made sailing a ship easier, but they were
not foolproof. Even the explorer
Christopher Columbus made some questionable navigational conclusions. His
flawed measurements put China roughly where the city of San Diego,
California, is now. Research information
about different navigational tools that
have been used. Create a chart describing the various tools, including the astrolabe, sextant, and gyrocompass. Add
illustrations and present your chart to
the class.

97