Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
For the Kazakh television station of the same name, see velop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon
Kazakhstan (channel).
industry.[9] Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhstan
heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and
[11]
and other human rights organizations regi
Kazakhstan ( /kazkstan/; Kazakh: , religion.
ularly describe Kazakhstans human rights situation as
Qazaqstan), ocially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a
country in Central Asia, with a minor part west of the Ural poor.
River and thus in Europe.[3] Kazakhstan is the worlds
largest landlocked country by land area and the ninth
largest country in the world. Its territory of 2,724,900
square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi) is larger than all
of Western Europe.[3][8] In 2006, Kazakhstan had become the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the regions GDP, primarily
through its oil/gas industry. The country has vast mineral resources.[9]
2.1
2 HISTORY
Kazakh Khanate
steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes, a process which
Main article: Kazakh Khanate
was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the apThe Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kaza- pearance of the Kazakh language, culture, and economy.
The region was a center of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring
Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height the
Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control the
land previously known as Cumania. The Kazakh nomads
raided the Russian territory to capture slaves until Kazakhstand was subordinated as part of Russian Empire.
From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century,
the most powerful nomadic peoples were the Kazakh and
the Oirats.[17]
By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the eects of tribal rivalries, which had efArtistic depiction of medieval Taraz situated along the Silk Road fectively divided the population into the Great, Middle
and Little (or Small) hordes (jz). Political disunion,
tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the
Kazakh Khanate. Khiva Khanate used this opportunity
and annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula. Uzbek rule there
lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.
During the 17th century, Kazakhs fought Oirats, a federation of western Mongol tribes, including the Dzungar.[18]
The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of
the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde
participated in the 17231730 war against the Dzungar,
following their Great Disaster invasion of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan, the
Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in
1729.[19] Ablai Khan participated in the most signicant
battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s,
for which he was declared a "batyr" (hero) by the people. The Kazakh suered from the frequent raids against
them by the Volga Kalmyk. The Kokand Khanate used
the weakness of Kazakh jzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk
raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan,
including Almaty, the formal capital in the rst quarter
of the 19th century. Also, the Emirate of Bukhara ruled
Shymkent before the Russians took dominance.
2.3
2.2
Soviet Union
Russian Empire
against colonial rule during the nal years of Tsarist Russia. The most serious uprising, the Central Asian ReTraditional Kazakh wedding dress
volt, occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked Russian and
The Russian Empire introduced a system of administra- Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt retion and built military garrisons and barracks in its ef- sulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres com[21]
fort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so- mitted by both sides. Both sides resisted the commucalled Great Game for dominance in the area against nist government until late 1919.
the British Empire, which was extending its inuence
from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built
its rst outpost, Orsk, in 1735. Russia introduced the 2.3 Soviet Union
Russian language in all schools and governmental organizations. Russian eorts to impose its system aroused Main article: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
the resentment by the Kazakh people, and, by the 1860s,
some Kazakh resisted Russias rule. It had disrupted the Although there was a brief period of autonomy (Alash
traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based econ- Autonomy) during the tumultuous period following the
omy, and people were suering from hunger and star- collapse of the Russian Empire, the Kazakhs eventually
vation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The
succumbed to Soviet rule. In 1920, the area of presentKazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th day Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic within
century, sought to preserve the native language and identhe Soviet Union.
tity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to
Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced
assimilate and stie them.
collectivization in the late 1920s1930s, brought famine
From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers and high fatalities, leading to unrest. (see also: Famine
from the Russian Empire began colonizing the territory in Kazakhstan of 193233).[22][23] The Kazakh populaof present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of tion declined by 38%[24] due to starvation and mass emSemirechye. The number of settlers rose still further once igration. Estimates today suggest that the population of
the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was Kazakhstan would be closer to 2835 million if there had
completed in 1906. A specially created Migration De- been no starvation or emigration of the Kazakh.[25] Durpartment ( ) in St. Peters- ing the 1930s, many renowned Kazakh writers, thinkers,
burg oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand poets, politicians and historians were killed on Stalins
Russian inuence in the area. During the 19th century orders, both as part of the Great Purge and as a meabout 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and thodical pattern of suppressing Kazakh identity and culabout one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others im- ture. Soviet rule took hold, and a Communist apparatus
migrated to the region during the rst third of the 20th steadily worked to fully integrate Kazakhstan into the Socentury.[20] Vasile Balabanov was the administrator re- viet system. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a Soviet repubsponsible for the resettlement during much of this time. lic. Millions of political prisoners and undesired ethnic
The competition for land and water that ensued between groups were internally exiled to Kazakhstan from other
the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment parts of the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s;
4
many of the deportation victims were deported to Siberia
or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs. For example, after the German invasion in June
1941, the Soviets swept the area and transported approximately 400,000 Volga Germans from Western Russia to
Kazakhstan.
2 HISTORY
and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system escalated.
In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic
Kazakhs, later called the Jeltoqsan riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the First Secretary of
the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhamed
Konayev with Gennady Kolbin from the Russian SFSR.
Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In
the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to
grow and found expression under Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev's policy of glasnost.
2.4 Independence
On 16 December 1991, Kazakhstan became the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Its communist-era
leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev, became the countrys rst
President, a position he has since retained.
Young Pioneers at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR
Deportees were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labor camps of the system, including ALZHIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered enemies of the people.[26] (see also Population
transfer in the Soviet Union aOthers were forced into
involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union). The Kazakh
Soviet Socialist Republic contributed ve national divisions to the Soviet Unions World War II eort. In 1947,
two years after the end of the war, the USSR founded
its Semipalatinsk Test Site, the main national nuclear
weapon test site, near the city of Semey.
World War II led to an increase in industrialisation and
mineral extraction in support of the war eort. At
the time of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's death, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agriculturally based economy. In 1953, Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev initiated the ambitious "Virgin Lands" program to turn the traditional pasture lands of Kazakhstan
into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union.
The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernizations under Soviet leader
Leonid Brezhnev, it accelerated the development of the
agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstans population.
Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the Kazakh were a minority in the country,
making up 30% of the population. Ethnic Russians accounted for 43%.[27]
Finally in the late 20th century, growing tensions within
Soviet society led to a demand for political and economic
reforms, which came to a head in the 1980s. A factor that
contributed strongly to this was Lavrentii Beria's decision
to test a nuclear bomb on the territory of Kazakh SSR
in Semey in 1949. This had catastrophic ecological and
biological consequences that were felt generations later,
3.3
Elections
oil industry.[9]
Politics
On 2 December 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Kimoon and the Republic of Kazakhstan designated 29 August as International Day against Nuclear Tests, the anniversary of the date that Kazakhstan closed the Semipalatinsk test site in 1991.[30][31]
3.3 Elections
Parliament of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan 2030, billboard promoting the presidents economic
plan. 2008 photo in Almaty.
3.1
Political system
Main article: Elections in Kazakhstan
On 24 October 2014, the Kazakhstans Ministry of Foreign Aairs held a roundtable The United Nations
and Kazakhstan: 2015 and Beyond, dedicated to two
decades of Kazakhstan UN cooperation.[45] Deputy
7
Foreign Minister Yerzhan Ashikbayev noted that the
Kazakh government was bidding for a non-permanent
member seat on the UN Security Council for 20172018.
That election is to be held in November 2016 at the General Assembly in New York.[45]
4.2
Ukraine conict
In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conict with Russian-backed rebels. In October
2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International
Committee of the Red Crosss humanitarian eort in
Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to Ukraines southeastern regions.[47] President Nazarbayev said of the war
in Ukraine, The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop
the war there, strengthen Ukraines independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine.[48] Experts believe
that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstans relations with the European Union will remain
normal.[49] It is believed that Nazarbayevs mediation is
positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.[49]
4.3
Military
5 Government
In August 2014, President Nazarbayev reorganized the
Government by consolidating ministries, agencies and
committees.[54] The reorganisation decreased the number
of ministries by ve, to 12 total. The number of committees settled at 30, down from 54.[54]
8
ment of Kazakhstan. The head of the Ministry is Asset
Issekeshev. This took over the functions of the abolished
Ministry of Industry and New Technologies, Ministry
of Transport and Communications, Agency for Communication and Information, and National Space Agency
(Kazcosmos).[55]
GEOGRAPHY
Map of Kazakhstan
Karaganda Region
9
viet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.
A clickable map of Kazakhstan exhibiting its 14 regions.v
de
7 Economy
Syr Darya river, one of the major rivers of Central Asia that ows
through Kazakhstan
6.1
Administrative divisions
Baikonur Cosmodrome is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility.
Main articles: Regions of Kazakhstan and Districts of economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil outKazakhstan
put and prices, Kazakhstans economy grew at an average
of 8% per year until 2013, before suering a slowdown
Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen regions (Kazakh: in 2014 and 2015[57] Kazakhstan was the rst former So, oblstar). The regions are subdivided into viet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International
districts (Kazakh: , awdandar).
Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.[58]
The cities of Almaty and Astana have status state importance and do not belong to any region. The city of
Baikonur has a special status because it is being leased
until 2050 to Russia for the Baikonur cosmodrome.[3]
Buoyed by high world crude oil prices, GDP growth gures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007
before decreasing to 13% in 2008 and 2009, and then
rising again from 2010.[59] Other major exports of Kazalivestock. Kazakhstan
Each region is headed by an akim (regional governor) ap- khstan include wheat, textiles, and
[60][61]
is
a
leading
exporter
of
uranium.
pointed by the president. Municipal akims [akimi?] are
appointed by region akims. Kazakhstans government re- Kazakhstans economy grew by 4.6% in 2014.[62] The
located its capital from Almaty, established under the So- country experienced a slowdown in economic growth
10
7 ECONOMY
from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the eects of 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP
the Ukrainian crisis[63] The country devalued its currency in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new tax code in
by 19% in February 2014.[64] Another 22% devaluation an eort to consolidate these gains.
occurred in August 2015.[65]
Kazakhstans scal situation is stable. The government
has continued to follow a conservative scal policy by
controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue
savings in its Oil Fund Samruk-Kazyna. The global
nancial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public
borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased
to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall
scal surplus of 4.5 per cent.[66]
Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inows of foreign currency without sparking ination. Ination has not been under strict control, however, regisKazakhstans capital, Astana
tering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.
In March 2002, the U.S. Department of Commerce
granted Kazakhstan market economy status under U.S.
trade law. This change in status recognized substantive
market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign
investment, and government control over the means of
production and allocation of resources.
7.1
7.2
11
Kazakh Prime Minister Karim Massimov and Secretary General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Angel Gurria signed
a Memorandum of Understanding on 23 January at the
World Economic Forum in Davos. The MoU between
Kazakhstan and the OECD focused on implementing
the Country Program of Cooperation for 20152016.[74]
Kazakhstan is one of four countries that have developed
joint programs of cooperation with the OECD.[74]
12
7 ECONOMY
Kazakh shepherd: His and his dogs primary job is to guard the
sheep from predators.
square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 square kilometres (79,000
sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 square kilometres
(236,000 sq mi) of pasture and hay land. Over 80% of
the countrys total area is classied as agricultural land,
including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable
land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5
hectares).[77]
Chief livestock products are dairy products, leather,
meat, and wool. The countrys major crops include
wheat, barley, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major
source of hard currency, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstans export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross,
2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakh agriculture still
has many environmental problems from mismanagement
during its years in the Soviet Union. Some Kazakh wine
is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.
Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the
apple originated, particularly the wild ancestor of Malus
domestica, Malus sieversii.[78] It has no common name in
English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as alma.
The region where it is thought to originate is called Almaty: rich with apple.[79] This tree is still found wild in
the mountains of Central Asia, in southern Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Xinjiang in China.
7.5
Natural resources
largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal,
iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps
most signicant for economic development, Kazakhstan
also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both
petroleum and natural gas.[81]
In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tons
of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the Caspian shore are only a small part of a much
larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tons of oil and 2.5
trillion cubic meters of gas could be found in that area.
Overall the estimate of Kazakhstans oil deposits is 6.1
billion tons. However, there are only 3 reneries within
the country, situated in Atyrau, Pavlodar, and Shymkent.
These are not capable of processing the total crude output
so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the U.S.
Energy Information Administration Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m3 ) of
oil per day in 2009.[82]
Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin
with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit
of Aktyubinsk/Aqtobe phosphorite basin located in north
western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500800 million
tonnes of 9% ore.[83][84]
On 17 October 2013, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as EITI
Compliant, meaning that the country has a basic and
functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.[85]
7.6 Transport
Main article: Transport in Kazakhstan
Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains
go from Almaty (the southernmost city) to Petropavl (the
northernmost city) in about 18 hours.
7.9
13
7.8
Green economy
Bond market
In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its rst overseas dollar bonds in 14 years.[96] Kazakhstan issued $2.5
billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in
what was the nations rst dollar-denominated overseas
sale since 2000.[96] Kazakhstan sold $1.5 billion of 10year dollar bonds to yield 1.5 percentage points above
14
9 DEMOGRAPHICS
midswaps and $1 billion of 30-year debt at 2 percentage in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will
points over midswaps.[96] The country drew bids for $11 be used from Kazakhstans National Fund.[99]
billion.[96]
In May 2015, Helen Clark, former Prime Minister of
New Zealand and Administrator of the United Nations
Development Programme, spoke at an event: Nurly Zhol
7.11 Economic competitiveness
New Opportunities for Women on the sidelines of the
Astana Economic Forum.[100]
Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most
competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 20142015 World Economic Forum Global 7.14 World Trade Organization
Competitiveness Report that was published at the beginning of September 2014.[97] Kazakhstan is ahead of Kazakhstan was formally accepted as a WTO member on
other states in the CIS in almost all of the reports pil- 27 July 2015.[101]
lars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and
training, goods market eciency, labour market develop- 7.15 Corruption
ment, nancial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, In 2005, the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruplagging behind only in the category of health and primary tion hotspot, on a par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, Libya
education.[97] The Global Competitiveness Index gives a and Pakistan.[102] In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an
score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan index of the least corrupt countries[103] and the World
Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem
earned an overall score of 4.4.[97]
in doing business in the country.[103] The Federal Bureau
of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency
signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February
7.12 Housing market
2015.[104]
The housing market of Kazakhstan grows progressively
since 2010.[98] In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to 336.1 million square meters.[98] The 8 Infrastructure
housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million squares,
which is nearly 11% increase.[98] Between 2012 and Kazakhstan is the highest ranked CIS country in the
2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from 19.6 to World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index
20.9 square meters.[98] The urban areas concentrate 62.5 (NRI) an indicator for determining the development
percent of the countrys housing stock.[98] The UNs rec- level of a countrys information and communication
ommended standard for housing stands at 30 square me- technologies.[105] Kazakhstan ranked number 38 overall
ters per person.[98] Kazakhstan will be able to reach the in the NRI ranking in 2014, up from 43 in 2013.[106]
UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term
the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent.[98]
9 Demographics
7.13 Nurly Zhol economic policy
Main article: Demographics of Kazakhstan
The US Census Bureau International Database lists the
On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev delivered an unexpected state-ofthe-nation address in Astana at an extended session of
the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing
a Nurly Zhol (Bright Path), a new economic policy that
implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the
next several years.[99] The Nurly Zhol policy is accepted
as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy
towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern
global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the
25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc.[99] The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including
nances, industry and social welfare, but especially esemphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works.[99] Given recent decreases Population pyramid, 2014
9.1
Language
15
Kazakhstan
Percent
Ufa
Voronezh
Chelyabinsk
Other 7.1
Tatar 2.0
Uzbek 2.1
German 4.7
Omsk
Russia
Petropavl
Barnaul
2
1,6
Samara
Saratov
Kksheta
Qostanay
Kazakh 41.9
Russian 37.0
1,6
Pavlodar
2
Oral
Orenburg
1,3
Mong.
Semey
(Semipalatinsk)
Kyrgyzstan
Aqmola
Percent
Other 8.3
German 2.4
Ukrainian 2.5
Aqtbe
Qaraghandy
Kirghiz 52.4
Uzbek 12.9
Russian 21.5
Atira
Astrakhan
Kazakhstan
Lake
Balkhash
Tajikistan
Percent
rmqi
Taldyqorghan
Aral
Aqta
Georgia
T'bilisi
Armenia
Yining
Qyzylorda
Ile
Almaty
Caspian
Sea
5,6
6,10
Zhambyl
Urgench
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Percent
Tashkent
Other 5.9
Kazakh 2.0
Uzbek 9.0
Osh
Khudzhand
Tu r k m e n i s t a n
4,6
Bukhoro
Uzbek 25.0
Ky r g y z s t a n
6,8
Azerbaijan
China
Bishkek
Nukus
Yerevan
Baku
Tajik 64.9
Other 6.6
Russian 3.5
Sea
Turkmen 73.3
Kashi
Russian 9.8
Samarqand
4,7
Ta j i k i s t a n
Chardzhou
Dushanbe
Ashgabat
Slavic
8
8
Tehrn
Iran
Masshad
Hert
0
0
300 Kilometers
300 Miles
Russian
Ukrainian
Indo-European
Afghanistan
Boundary representation is
1
4,10
Mazr-e
Sharf
Pakistan
Cease-Fire
Line
Kabul
Islmbd
Ukrainian 5.2
3
4
German
Tajik
Others
Turkic
Uzbekistan
Percent
Karakalpak
Other 7.0
Karakalpak 2.1
Kazakh
Kirghiz
Tatar 2.4
Kazakh 4.1
Turkmen
Uighur
10
Uzbek
Uzbek 71.4
Tajik 4.7
Russian 8.3
The ethnic Kazakhs represent 63.1% of the population and ethnic Russians 23.7%,[12] with a rich array
of other groups represented, including Tatars (1.3%),
Ukrainians (2.1%), Uzbeks (2.8%), Belarusians, Uyghurs
(1.4%), Azerbaijanis, Poles,[108] and Lithuanians. Some
minorities such as Germans (1.1%), Ukrainians, Koreans, Chechens,[109] Meskhetian Turks, and Russian political opponents of the regime had been deported to
Kazakhstan in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin; some of
the bigger Soviet labour camps (Gulag) existed in the
country.[110]
Signicant Russian immigration also connected with
Virgin Lands Campaign and Soviet space program during
the Khrushchev era.[111] In 1989, ethnic Russians were
37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in
only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there
were about 1 million Germans in Kazakhstan, mostly descendants of the Volga Germans deported to Kazakhstan
during World War II. After the breakup of the Soviet
Union, most of them emigrated to Germany.[112] Most
members of the smaller Pontian Greek minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of Koreans
in the Soviet Union were deported to Central Asia. These
people are now known as Koryo-saram.
9.1 Language
Main article: Languages of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is ocially a bilingual country: Kazakh, a
Turkic language spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of state language, whereas Russian,
which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an ofcial language, and is used routinely in business, govern-
16
9 DEMOGRAPHICS
9.2
Religion
Main articles: Religion in Kazakhstan, Islam in Kazakhstan, Christianity in Kazakhstan, Judaism in Kazakhstan, Hinduism in Kazakhstan and Bah' Faith in
Kazakhstan
According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population
The front of the Nur-Astana Mosque in Astana during the morning hours. Islam is the major religion of Kazakhstan and NurAstana the countrys largest mosque.
One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and
Belorussians.[125] Other Christian groups include
Roman Catholics and Protestants.[121] There are a total
of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches, and
over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The
Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognized as a national
[119]
Other religious groups
Islam is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by holiday in Kazakhstan.
include
Judaism,
the
Bah'
Faith,
Hinduism, Buddhism,
Orthodox Christianity. After decades of religious supThe
Church
of
Jesus
Christ
of
Latter-day Saints.[121]
and
pression by the Soviet Union, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, According to the 2009 Census data, there are very
partly through religion. The free practice of religious be- few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic
liefs and the establishment of full freedom of religion led groups:[126]
17
10
Education
The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organizations.
For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks Group With support from the U.S. Department of States Bureau
18
13
CULTURE
12
Rule of law
highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. Islam was introduced into the region
with the arrival of the Arabs in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of Turkestan and
spread northward.[142] The Samanids helped the religion
Kazakhstans global rank in the World Justice Project's
take root through zealous missionary work. The Golden
2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country
Horde further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the
scored well on Order and Security (global rank 32/102),
region during the 14th century.[143]
and poorly on Constraints on Government Powers
(global rank 93/102), Open Government (85/102) and Because livestock was central to the Kazakhs traditional
Fundamental Rights (84/102, with a downward trend lifestyle, most of their nomadic practices and customs relate in some way to livestock. Kazakhs have historically
marking a deterioration in conditions).[137]
been very passionate about horse-riding.
Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:
Abay Qunanbayuli, Mukhtar Auezov, Gabit Musirepov,
The ABA Rule of Law Initiative (ABA ROLI) opened its Kanysh Satpayev, Mukhtar Shakhanov, Saken Seyfullin,
rst Kazakhstan oce in the city of Almaty in 1993 and Jambyl Jabayev, among many others.
is currently based in Astana. Since then, ABA ROLI has Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and
had oces in Shymkent and Oskemen. ABA ROLI has it is joining the international tourism networking. In
also had a separate media support center in Almaty.[138] 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI)
12.1
The Rule of Law Initiative of the American Bar Associ- which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related oration has programs to train justice sector professionals in ganisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three
Kazakhstan.[139]
regions: South Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
13.2
Sport
19
which consists of fermented mares milk.
13.2 Sport
Main article: Sport in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has developed itself as a formidable
Armenia, Bangladesh, India, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Russia, Sri Lanka,
Turkey and Ukraine are now Partners and Kazakhstan
is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European and
Central Asian countries in tourism market.
13.1
Cuisine
20
13
CULTURE
Boxing Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstans boxers have won many medals, quickly moving up the
all-time Olympic boxing medal table from last to a
current 11th place. Three Kazakh boxers, Bakhtiyar
Artayev, Vassiliy Jirov and Serik Sapiyev, have won
the Val Barker Trophy, leaving Kazakhstan second
(after the United States) in total number of victories.
World IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight champion
Vladimir Klitschko was born in Kazakhstan in 1976.
Additionally, undefeated middleweight Gennady
Golovkin holds the WBA and IBO titles, as well
as the WBC interim title. He is also currently on
a streak of 20 consecutive knockout victories.
13.4
Broadcasting
21
Astana Action Film Festival and the Eurasian Film Festival held annually. Hollywood director Timur Bekmambetov is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan lm industry.
Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for
his documentary Sold Souls about Kazakhstans contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013
Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.[148][149]
Serik Aprymovs Little Brother (Bauyr) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival goEast from the
German Federal Foreign Oce.[150]
Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, minutes before Kazakhstan winning the title
utes remaining and nally losing in a penalty shootout. At the 2011 Asian Winter Games, the team won
the gold medal. Bandy is being developed in 10 of
the countrys 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14
regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside
of but are not part of regions).[146] Akzhaiyk from
Oral, however, is the only professional club. At the
2017 Winter Universiade in Almaty, bandy will feature as a demonstration sport for the rst time.[147]
13.4 Broadcasting
Main article: National Association of Broadcasters of
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan.
13.3
[152] [153]
Film
14 Membership of international
organizations
Kazakhstans membership of international organizations
includes:
United Nations
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Kazakhlm studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award winning movies such as Myn Bala, Harmony
Lessons, and Shal. Kazakhstan is host of the International
22
16
REFERENCES
15
See also
Outline of Kazakhstan
Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
Demography of Central Asia
History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union
Internet in Kazakhstan
Kazpost, the national postal service
Kazakhstan in popular culture
LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
Railway stations in Kazakhstan
Samruk-Kazyna, the states sovereign wealth fund.
Telecommunications in Kazakhstan
Eurasia
16
References
[25] , and , .
. dalaruh.kz
23
[28] Ocial site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan. Akorda.kz. Archived from the
original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
[49] Nazarbayev as Mediator. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center.
[50] Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements. The Astana Times.
[51] Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of
scenarios. Central Asia Newswire.
[52] Steppe Eagle 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June. The Astana Times.
[37] Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). OP Ed: Kazakhstans steady progress toward democracy, Washington
Post
[38] Nearly 10 mn voters to head to polls to elect Kazakh president. latino.foxnews.com. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 5
December 2015.
[61] Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan. worldnuclear.org. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
[62] Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity. BRIC
Plus.
[63] Kazakhs battle to stave o chill blowing in from Russian
steppe, Financial Times, 21 May 2014
[64] Tenge Fever, The Economist, 22 February 2014
[65] Kazakhstans currency plunges, New York Times, 21 August 2015
[66] Kazakhstan Prole. The World Bank.
[67] Kazakhstan unveils $21bn rescue package. Financial
Times.
[68] Unied Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan.
The Gazette of Central Asia (Satrapia). 23 January 2013.
24
16
REFERENCES
EBRD.
[98] " . -
2014. ranking.kz.
[99] In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments. Astana
Times.
[79] The ocial site of Almaty city: History. Almaty.kz. 12 [101] WTO formally accepts Kazakhstan as new member.
January 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
AFP.
[80] Mineral Wealth. homestead.com
[81] International Crisis Group. (May 2007). Central Asias
Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133.
The National
25
[112] Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans, IRIN [134] Access to Justice and Human Rights. American Bar AsAsia, 1 February 2005
sociation.
[113] " 1926 ". demo- [135] European Union and UNICEF launch joint programme
scope.ru.
for enhancing Justice for Children in Kazakhstan.
UNICEF.
[114] " 1970 ". demoscope.ru.
[136] Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013:
Kazakhstan, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Hu[115] " 1989 ". demoman Rights and Labor. Retrieved on November 1, 2015
scope.ru.
[137] Rule of Law Index 2015. World Justice Project.
[116] Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan. ide.go.jp
[138] Kazakhstan Background. American Bar Association.
[117] Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet MCS
RK. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 2015-09- [139] Rule of Law in Kazakhstan. American Bar Association.
28.
[140] Judicial Reform. American Bar Association.
[118] Kazakhstan in 2013. Ministry of National Economy of
the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics. 2014. [141] Wagenhauser, Betsy. The Customs and Traditions of the
Kazakh. Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
p. 33. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015.
[119] Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan Congress of [142] Atabaki, Touraj. Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora, pg. 24
World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
[120] Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Re- [143] Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396
ligious Aliation. Retrieved 29 October 2013 9 August
[144] Kazakhstan plans bidding to host 2026 FIFA World
2012.
Cup. Press TV. 13 December 2014.
[121] Kazakhstan International Religious Freedom Report
2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September [145] Men. ISU Results. ISU. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
2009.
[146] Press conference for the Head Coaches of teams Finland
and Kazakhstan. Bandyvm2015.ru (4 April 2015). Re[122] KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed,
trieved on 28 September 2015.
Protestants ned 100 times minimum monthly wage. Forum 18. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
[147] 2017 Almaty Winter Universiade: Dates conrmed.
Fisu.net (10 February 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-28.
[123] Islam in Kazakhstan. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
[124] KAZAKHSTAN: Mosques cannot be independent"". [148] CCS Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media &
TV Award 2013. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). ReForum 18. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
trieved 8 March 2014.
[125] Kazakhstan. United States Commission on International
Religious Freedom. United States Department of State. 26 [149] Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013.
Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
October 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
[126] " .rar. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
17 Further reading
Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the PostSoviet Era, 19921997. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press. ISBN 0-313-30965-5.
26
18
EXTERNAL LINKS
Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. London: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-61-5.
George, Alexandra (2001). Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime.
Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 07618-1964-9.
Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and Custom in the
Steppe. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.
Geographic data
OpenStreetMap
Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). Kazakhstan: Unfullled Promise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003-189-9.
related
to
Kazakhstan
at
2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights
and Labor
Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan from
International Futures.
Government
Robbins, Christopher (2007). In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared. London: Prole Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.
Government of Kazakhstan
18
External links
Trade
18.1
General
27
19
19.1
28
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