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Kazakhstan

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Kazakhstan

For the Kazakh television station of the same name, see velop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon
Kazakhstan (channel).
industry.[9] Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhstan
heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and
[11]
and other human rights organizations regi
Kazakhstan ( /kazkstan/; Kazakh: , religion.
ularly describe Kazakhstans human rights situation as
Qazaqstan), ocially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a
country in Central Asia, with a minor part west of the Ural poor.
River and thus in Europe.[3] Kazakhstan is the worlds
largest landlocked country by land area and the ninth
largest country in the world. Its territory of 2,724,900
square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi) is larger than all
of Western Europe.[3][8] In 2006, Kazakhstan had become the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the regions GDP, primarily
through its oil/gas industry. The country has vast mineral resources.[9]

Kazakhstan is populated by 131 ethnicities, including


Kazakhs (who make up 63 percent of the population),
Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and
Uyghurs.[12] Islam is the religion of about 70% of the
population, with Christianity practiced by 26%;[13] Kazakhstan ocially allows freedom of religion but religious
leaders who oppose the government are suppressed. The
Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has
equal ocial status for all levels of administrative and into the long history of Russian
It has borders with (clockwise from the north) Russia, stitutional purposes, related
[3][14]
dominance
in
the
region.
China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and
also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The
terrain of Kazakhstan includes atlands, steppe, taiga,
rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and
deserts. With an estimated 18 million people as of
2014[10] Kazakhstan is the 61st most populous country in 1 Etymology
the world. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square
While the word Kazakh is generally used to refer to
kilometre (15 people per sq. mi.). The capital is Astana,
people of ethnic Kazakh descent, including those living
where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty.
in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighborThe territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhab- ing countries, within the country in the 21st century, the
ited by nomadic tribes. This changed in the 13th century, term Kazakh is being used to describe all citizens of
when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.[15] The ethnonym
Mongolian Empire. Following internal struggles among Kazakh is derived from an ancient Turkic word meanthe conquerors, power eventually reverted to the nomads. ing independent; a free spirit, reecting the Kazakhs
By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct nomadic horseback culture. The Persian sux "-stan"
group, divided into three jz (ancestor branches occupy- (see Indo-Iranian languages) means land or place of,
ing specic territories). The Russians began advancing so Kazakhstan means land of the Kazakhs.
into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century and, by the
mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan
as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war, the territory of
Kazakhstan was reorganized several times. In 1936 it was 2 History
made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, considered
an integral part of the Soviet Union.
Main article: History of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age:
Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, the regions climate and terrain are best suited for noand is characterized as authoritarian, with a govern- mads practicing pastoralism. Archaeologists believe that
ment history of human rights abuses and suppression humans rst domesticated the horse in the regions vast
of political opposition.[9] Kazakhstan has worked to de- steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the
Scythians.[16]
1

2.1

2 HISTORY

Kazakh Khanate

steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes, a process which
Main article: Kazakh Khanate
was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the apThe Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kaza- pearance of the Kazakh language, culture, and economy.
The region was a center of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring
Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height the
Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control the
land previously known as Cumania. The Kazakh nomads
raided the Russian territory to capture slaves until Kazakhstand was subordinated as part of Russian Empire.
From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century,
the most powerful nomadic peoples were the Kazakh and
the Oirats.[17]
By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the eects of tribal rivalries, which had efArtistic depiction of medieval Taraz situated along the Silk Road fectively divided the population into the Great, Middle
and Little (or Small) hordes (jz). Political disunion,
tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the
Kazakh Khanate. Khiva Khanate used this opportunity
and annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula. Uzbek rule there
lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

Inside a Kazakh yurt

Ablai Khan served as khan of the Middle jz from 1771 to 1781

khstan around the early 11th century, where they later


joined with the Kipchak and established the vast CumanKipchak confederation. While ancient cities Taraz
(Aulie-Ata) and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as
important way-stations along the Silk Road connecting
Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only
with the Mongol invasion of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire, the largest in world history, administrative districts were established. These eventually
came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate
(Kazakhstan).
Throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and
a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the

During the 17th century, Kazakhs fought Oirats, a federation of western Mongol tribes, including the Dzungar.[18]
The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of
the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde
participated in the 17231730 war against the Dzungar,
following their Great Disaster invasion of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan, the
Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in
1729.[19] Ablai Khan participated in the most signicant
battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s,
for which he was declared a "batyr" (hero) by the people. The Kazakh suered from the frequent raids against
them by the Volga Kalmyk. The Kokand Khanate used
the weakness of Kazakh jzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk
raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan,
including Almaty, the formal capital in the rst quarter
of the 19th century. Also, the Emirate of Bukhara ruled
Shymkent before the Russians took dominance.

2.3

2.2

Soviet Union

Russian Empire

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand


its inuence into Central Asia. The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately
1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. The
tsars eectively ruled over most of the territory belonging
to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Russian settlers near Petropavlovsk

against colonial rule during the nal years of Tsarist Russia. The most serious uprising, the Central Asian ReTraditional Kazakh wedding dress
volt, occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked Russian and
The Russian Empire introduced a system of administra- Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt retion and built military garrisons and barracks in its ef- sulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres com[21]
fort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so- mitted by both sides. Both sides resisted the commucalled Great Game for dominance in the area against nist government until late 1919.
the British Empire, which was extending its inuence
from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built
its rst outpost, Orsk, in 1735. Russia introduced the 2.3 Soviet Union
Russian language in all schools and governmental organizations. Russian eorts to impose its system aroused Main article: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
the resentment by the Kazakh people, and, by the 1860s,
some Kazakh resisted Russias rule. It had disrupted the Although there was a brief period of autonomy (Alash
traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based econ- Autonomy) during the tumultuous period following the
omy, and people were suering from hunger and star- collapse of the Russian Empire, the Kazakhs eventually
vation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The
succumbed to Soviet rule. In 1920, the area of presentKazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th day Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic within
century, sought to preserve the native language and identhe Soviet Union.
tity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to
Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced
assimilate and stie them.
collectivization in the late 1920s1930s, brought famine
From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers and high fatalities, leading to unrest. (see also: Famine
from the Russian Empire began colonizing the territory in Kazakhstan of 193233).[22][23] The Kazakh populaof present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of tion declined by 38%[24] due to starvation and mass emSemirechye. The number of settlers rose still further once igration. Estimates today suggest that the population of
the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was Kazakhstan would be closer to 2835 million if there had
completed in 1906. A specially created Migration De- been no starvation or emigration of the Kazakh.[25] Durpartment ( ) in St. Peters- ing the 1930s, many renowned Kazakh writers, thinkers,
burg oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand poets, politicians and historians were killed on Stalins
Russian inuence in the area. During the 19th century orders, both as part of the Great Purge and as a meabout 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and thodical pattern of suppressing Kazakh identity and culabout one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others im- ture. Soviet rule took hold, and a Communist apparatus
migrated to the region during the rst third of the 20th steadily worked to fully integrate Kazakhstan into the Socentury.[20] Vasile Balabanov was the administrator re- viet system. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a Soviet repubsponsible for the resettlement during much of this time. lic. Millions of political prisoners and undesired ethnic
The competition for land and water that ensued between groups were internally exiled to Kazakhstan from other
the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment parts of the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s;

4
many of the deportation victims were deported to Siberia
or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs. For example, after the German invasion in June
1941, the Soviets swept the area and transported approximately 400,000 Volga Germans from Western Russia to
Kazakhstan.

2 HISTORY
and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system escalated.
In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic
Kazakhs, later called the Jeltoqsan riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the First Secretary of
the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhamed
Konayev with Gennady Kolbin from the Russian SFSR.
Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In
the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to
grow and found expression under Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev's policy of glasnost.

2.4 Independence
On 16 December 1991, Kazakhstan became the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Its communist-era
leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev, became the countrys rst
President, a position he has since retained.
Young Pioneers at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR

Deportees were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labor camps of the system, including ALZHIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered enemies of the people.[26] (see also Population
transfer in the Soviet Union aOthers were forced into
involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union). The Kazakh
Soviet Socialist Republic contributed ve national divisions to the Soviet Unions World War II eort. In 1947,
two years after the end of the war, the USSR founded
its Semipalatinsk Test Site, the main national nuclear
weapon test site, near the city of Semey.
World War II led to an increase in industrialisation and
mineral extraction in support of the war eort. At
the time of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's death, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agriculturally based economy. In 1953, Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev initiated the ambitious "Virgin Lands" program to turn the traditional pasture lands of Kazakhstan
into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union.
The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernizations under Soviet leader
Leonid Brezhnev, it accelerated the development of the
agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstans population.
Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the Kazakh were a minority in the country,
making up 30% of the population. Ethnic Russians accounted for 43%.[27]
Finally in the late 20th century, growing tensions within
Soviet society led to a demand for political and economic
reforms, which came to a head in the 1980s. A factor that
contributed strongly to this was Lavrentii Beria's decision
to test a nuclear bomb on the territory of Kazakh SSR
in Semey in 1949. This had catastrophic ecological and
biological consequences that were felt generations later,

Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty

Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty as a republic within


the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in October 1990.
Following the August 1991 aborted coup attempt in
Moscow and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet
Union, Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991. Nazarbayev has ruled in an authoritarian manner, which many believed needed in the rst years of independence. Emphasis was on converting to a market
economy. Political reforms have lagged behind achievements in the economy. By 2006 Kazakhstan generated
60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its

3.3

Elections

oil industry.[9]

Semipalatinsk nuclear-weapon test site. By April 1995,


The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan had returned the warheads to Russia and, by
the nuclear testing infrastrucestablished under the Soviet Union and now Kazakhstans July 2000, had destroyed
[29]
ture
at
Semipalatinsk.
largest city, to Astana.

Politics

Main articles: Government of Kazakhstan and Politics of


Kazakhstan

On 2 December 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Kimoon and the Republic of Kazakhstan designated 29 August as International Day against Nuclear Tests, the anniversary of the date that Kazakhstan closed the Semipalatinsk test site in 1991.[30][31]

3.3 Elections

Parliament of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan 2030, billboard promoting the presidents economic
plan. 2008 photo in Almaty.

3.1

Political system
Main article: Elections in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a unitary republic. Its rst and, to date


(2015), only President is Nursultan Nazarbayev. The
President may veto legislation that has been passed by
the Parliament and is also the commander in chief of the
armed forces. The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet
of Ministers and serves as Kazakhstans head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen
ministers in the Cabinet.

Elections to the Majilis in September 2004, yielded


a lower house dominated by the pro-government Otan
Party, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including
the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the Asar Party,
founded by President Nazarbayevs daughter, won most
of the remaining seats. Opposition parties, which were
Kazakhstan has a bicameral Parliament composed of the ocially registered and competed in the elections, won a
Majilis (the lower house) and Senate (the upper house).[28] single seat during elections. The Organization for SecuSingle-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the rity and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the elecMajilis; there also are ten members elected by party-list tion, which it said fell short of international standards.
vote. The Senate has 47 members. Two senators are In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the
selected by each of the elected assemblies (Maslikhats) Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. The oof Kazakhstans sixteen principal administrative divisions cial response of the Assembly was that Kazakhstan could
(fourteen regions plus the cities of Astana and Almaty). apply for full membership, because it is partially located
The President appoints the remaining seven senators. in Europe, but that they would not be granted any staMajilis deputies and the government both have the right tus whatsoever at the Council until their democracy and
of legislative initiative, though the government proposes human rights records improved.
most legislation considered by the Parliament.
On 4 December 2005, Nursultan Nazarbayev was reelected in an apparent landslide victory. The electoral
commission announced that he had won over 90% of the
3.2 Nuclear weapons non-proliferation
vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in
When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet inKazakhstan inherited 1,410 nuclear warheads and the ternational standards despite some improvements in the

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND POLICIES

administration of the election.[32]

and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia,


[40]
On 17 August 2007, elections to the lower house of par- economic prosperity, and universal values.
liament were held and a coalition led by the ruling Nur- In April 2011, President Obama called President
Otan Party, which included the Asar Party, the Civil Party Nazarbayev and discussed many cooperative eorts reof Kazakhstan, and the Agrarian Party, won every seat garding nuclear security, including securing nuclear mawith 88% of the vote. None of the opposition parties has terial from the BN-350 reactor. They reviewed progress
reached the benchmark 7% level of the seats. Opposition on meeting goals that the two presidents established durparties made accusations of serious irregularities in the ing their bilateral meeting at the Nuclear Security Summit
election.[33][34] Daan Everts, OSCE mission chief at the in 2010.[41]
time, said: 'It has not been a competitive race.'[35]
Kazakhstan is also a member of the Commonwealth of
Independent States, the Economic Cooperation Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The
nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and
Tajikistan established the Eurasian Economic Community in 2000, to revive earlier eorts to harmonize trade
taris and to create a free trade zone under a customs
union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that
Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe for the year
2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the UN HuCouncil for the rst time on 12 November
On 26 April 2015, the 5th presidential election was held man Rights
[42]
2012.
in Kazakhstan.[38] Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected
with 97.7% of votes.[39]
In 2010, President Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in oce until 2020. He insisted on presidential elections for a veyear term. In a vote held on 3 April 2011, President
Nazarbayev received 95.54% of the vote with 89.9%
of registered voters participating.[36] In March 2011,
Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan.[37] As of 2010, Kazakhstan was reported on the Democracy Index by The Economist as an
authoritarian regime.

Foreign relations and policies

Main article: Foreign relations of Kazakhstan


Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations,

President Nazarbayev attends the Caspian Sea Summit in


Astrakhan, Russia, 29 September 2014

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued


what is known as the multivector foreign policy
(Kazakh: ), seeking equally
good relations with its two large neighbors, Russia and
China as well as with the United States and the rest of
the Western world.[43][44] Russia currently leases approxPresident Nazarbayev with U.S. Barack Obama and Russian
imately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of terriDmitry Medvedev in 2012
tory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome space launch
site in south central Kazakhstan, where the rst man was
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle Buran
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Organisation and the well-known space station Mir.
of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It is an active participant
in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Partnership for
Peace program.
4.1 Kazakhstan and United Nations
On 11 April 2010, Presidents Nazarbayev and Obama
met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C.,
and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to
intensify bilateral cooperation to promote nuclear safety

On 24 October 2014, the Kazakhstans Ministry of Foreign Aairs held a roundtable The United Nations
and Kazakhstan: 2015 and Beyond, dedicated to two
decades of Kazakhstan UN cooperation.[45] Deputy

7
Foreign Minister Yerzhan Ashikbayev noted that the
Kazakh government was bidding for a non-permanent
member seat on the UN Security Council for 20172018.
That election is to be held in November 2016 at the General Assembly in New York.[45]

Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six


land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th airlanding brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments and a large amount of equipment which had been
withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Since
the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused
on expanding the number of its armored units. Since
1990, armored units have expanded from 500 to 1,613
in 2005.

Kazakhstan actively supports UN peacekeeping missions


in Haiti, the Western Sahara, and Cte d'Ivoire.[46] In
March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakh
military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to
colonel, had to go through a specialized UN training; they The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era
had to be uent English and skilled in using specialized planes, including 41 MiG-29s, 44 MiG-31s, 37 Su-24s
military vehicles.[46]
and 60 Su-27s. A small naval force is maintained on the
Caspian Sea.

4.2

Ukraine conict

In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conict with Russian-backed rebels. In October
2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International
Committee of the Red Crosss humanitarian eort in
Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to Ukraines southeastern regions.[47] President Nazarbayev said of the war
in Ukraine, The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop
the war there, strengthen Ukraines independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine.[48] Experts believe
that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstans relations with the European Union will remain
normal.[49] It is believed that Nazarbayevs mediation is
positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.[49]

Kazakhstan sent 49 military engineers to Iraq to assist


the US post-invasion mission in Iraq. During the second
Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines
and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more
than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and puried
718 cubic metres (25,356 cu ft) of water.[51]
Kazakhstans National Security Committee (UQK) was
established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service
of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered as the most important part of KNB. Its director is Nurtai Abykayev.

Since 2002 the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise


Steppe Eagle has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. Steppe Eagle focuses on building coalitions
and gives participating nations the opportunity to work
together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the KazKazakhstans Ministry of Foreign Aairs released a state- bat peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinament on 26 January 2015: We are rmly convinced that tional force under a unied command within multidisthere is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to ciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the
resolve the crisis in the south-eastern Ukraine.[50]
U.S. Military.[52]

4.3

Military

Main article: Military of Kazakhstan


Most of Kazakhstans military was inherited from the

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send


ocers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in
Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.[53]

5 Government
In August 2014, President Nazarbayev reorganized the
Government by consolidating ministries, agencies and
committees.[54] The reorganisation decreased the number
of ministries by ve, to 12 total. The number of committees settled at 30, down from 54.[54]

5.1 Ministry of Investments and Development


Kazakhstan Republican Guard

During the reorganization of the Government, a new


Soviet Armed Forces' Turkestan Military District. These Ministry was created: the Ministry of Investments and
units became the core of Kazakhstans new military. It Development.[55] The newly formed Ministry is responacquired all the units of the 40th Army (the former 32nd sible for industrial, scientic and technological develop-

8
ment of Kazakhstan. The head of the Ministry is Asset
Issekeshev. This took over the functions of the abolished
Ministry of Industry and New Technologies, Ministry
of Transport and Communications, Agency for Communication and Information, and National Space Agency
(Kazcosmos).[55]

GEOGRAPHY

sidered the dividing line with the European continent,


Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in
the world that has territory in two continents (the other is
Azerbaijan).

With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000


sq mi) equivalent in size to Western Europe Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked
country in the world. While it was part of the Soviet
6 Geography
Union, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to Chinas
Xinjiang autonomous region and some to Uzbekistans
Main articles: Geography of Kazakhstan and List of cities Karakalpakstan autonomous republic.
in Kazakhstan
It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with
As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, con- Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with Uzbekistan,
1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres
(653 mi) with Kyrgyzstan, and 379 kilometres (235 mi)
with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty,
Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau and Oskemen. It lies between latitudes 40 and 56 N, and longitudes 46 and
88 E. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion
of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern
Europe.[56]

Map of Kazakhstan

Karaganda Region

Markakol reserve in the Altai Mountains, eastern Kazakhstan

Akmola Region in the Kazakhstan steppes

Charyn Canyon in northern Tian Shan

Kazakhstans terrain extends west to east from the


Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south
from the plains of Western Siberia to the oases and

9
viet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.
A clickable map of Kazakhstan exhibiting its 14 regions.v
de

7 Economy
Syr Darya river, one of the major rivers of Central Asia that ows
through Kazakhstan

Main article: Economy of Kazakhstan


Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing

deserts of Central Asia. The Kazakh Steppe (plain), with


an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq
mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the worlds
largest dry steppe region. The steppe is characterized by
large areas of grasslands and sandy regions. Major seas,
lakes and rivers include the Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash and
Lake Zaysan, the Charyn River and gorge and the Ili,
Irtysh, Ishim, Ural and Syr Darya rivers.
The climate is continental, with warm summers and
colder winters. Precipitation varies between arid and
semi-arid conditions.
The Charyn Canyon is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long,
cutting through a red sandstone plateau and stretching
along the Charyn River gorge in northern Tian Shan
(Heavenly Mountains, 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at 43211.16N 79449.28E / 43.3503222N
79.0803556E. The steep canyon slopes, columns and
arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres.
The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven
for a rare ash tree Fraxinus sogdiana that survived the Ice
Age and is now also grown in some other areas. Bigach
crater, at 4830N 8200E / 48.500N 82.000E, is a
Pliocene or Miocene asteroid impact crater, 8 km (5 mi)
in diameter and estimated to be 53-million years old.

6.1

Administrative divisions

Baikonur Cosmodrome is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility.

Main articles: Regions of Kazakhstan and Districts of economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil outKazakhstan
put and prices, Kazakhstans economy grew at an average
of 8% per year until 2013, before suering a slowdown
Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen regions (Kazakh: in 2014 and 2015[57] Kazakhstan was the rst former So, oblstar). The regions are subdivided into viet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International
districts (Kazakh: , awdandar).
Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.[58]
The cities of Almaty and Astana have status state importance and do not belong to any region. The city of
Baikonur has a special status because it is being leased
until 2050 to Russia for the Baikonur cosmodrome.[3]

Buoyed by high world crude oil prices, GDP growth gures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007
before decreasing to 13% in 2008 and 2009, and then
rising again from 2010.[59] Other major exports of Kazalivestock. Kazakhstan
Each region is headed by an akim (regional governor) ap- khstan include wheat, textiles, and
[60][61]
is
a
leading
exporter
of
uranium.
pointed by the president. Municipal akims [akimi?] are
appointed by region akims. Kazakhstans government re- Kazakhstans economy grew by 4.6% in 2014.[62] The
located its capital from Almaty, established under the So- country experienced a slowdown in economic growth

10

7 ECONOMY

from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the eects of 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP
the Ukrainian crisis[63] The country devalued its currency in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new tax code in
by 19% in February 2014.[64] Another 22% devaluation an eort to consolidate these gains.
occurred in August 2015.[65]
Kazakhstans scal situation is stable. The government
has continued to follow a conservative scal policy by
controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue
savings in its Oil Fund Samruk-Kazyna. The global
nancial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public
borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased
to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall
scal surplus of 4.5 per cent.[66]
Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inows of foreign currency without sparking ination. Ination has not been under strict control, however, regisKazakhstans capital, Astana
tering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.
In March 2002, the U.S. Department of Commerce
granted Kazakhstan market economy status under U.S.
trade law. This change in status recognized substantive
market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign
investment, and government control over the means of
production and allocation of resources.

7.1

Economic stewardship during


Global Financial Crisis

On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code


which reduced tax rates was adopted. The value added
tax fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, from 21% to
20%, and the personal income tax, from 30% to 20%. On
7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even
further to a at rate of 5% for personal income in the
form of dividends and 10% for other personal income.
Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land
code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April
the 2003.

Kazakhstan weathered the global nancial crisis well, by


combining scal relaxation with monetary stabilization.
In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support
measures such as the recapitalization of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well
as for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $21 billion, or 20 per cent of the countrys GDP, with $4 billion going to stabilize the nancial sector.[67] During the
global economic crisis, Kazakhstans economy contracted
by 1.2% in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012,
respectively.[57]

Energy is the leading economic sector. Production of


crude oil and natural gas condensate from the oil and gas
basins of Kazakhstan amounted to 79.2 million tons in
2012 up from 51.2 million tons in 2003. Kazakhstan
raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons
in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in
Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic meters (491 billion cu. ft), up 22.7% compared to 2002,
including natural gas production of 7.3 billion cubic meters (258 billion cu. ft). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion
tons of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic
kilometers (480 cu mi) of gas. According to industry analysts, expansion of oil production and the development
of new elds will enable the country to produce as much
as 3 million barrels (480,000 m3 ) per day by 2015, and
Kazakhstan would be among the top 10 oil-producing
nations in the world. Kazakhstans oil exports in 2003,
were valued at more than $7 billion, representing 65% of
overall exports and 24% of the GDP. Major oil and gas
elds and recoverable oil reserves are Tengiz with 7 billion barrels (1.1109 m3 ); Karachaganak with 8 billion
barrels (1.3109 m3 ) and 1,350 km of natural gas; and
Kashagan with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4109 m3 ).

In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the rst country


in the CIS to receive an investment grade credit rating
from a major international credit rating agency. As of
late December 2003, Kazakhstans gross foreign debt was
about $22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $4.2
billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the
ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt
to GDP in 2000, was 21.7%; in 2001, it was 17.5%, and
in 2002, it was 15.4%.
Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious pension reform proEconomic growth, combined with earlier tax and nan- gram in 1998. As of 1 January 2012, the pension ascial sector reforms, has dramatically improved govern- sets were about $17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are
ment nance from the 1999 budget decit level of 3.5% 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accuof GDP to a decit of 1.2% of GDP in 2003. Gov- mulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was
ernment revenues grew from 19.8% of GDP in 1999 to privatized in 2006. The countrys unied nancial reg-

7.2

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Aktau is Kazakhstans only seaport on the Caspian Sea

11

Pavlodar Region a large industrial centre of Kazakhstan

7.2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development


ulatory agency oversees and regulates the pension funds.
The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt
securities market. Pension fund capital is being invested
almost exclusively in corporate and government bonds,
including government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The
government of Kazakhstan is studying a project to create a unied national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.[68]
The banking system of Kazakhstan is developing rapidly
and the systems capitalization now exceeds $1 billion.
The National Bank has introduced deposit insurance in its
campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Due to troubling and non-performing bad assets the bank sector yet is
at risk to lose stability. Several major foreign banks have
branches in Kazakhstan, including RBS, Citibank, and
HSBC. Kookmin and UniCredit have both recently entered the Kazakhstans nancial services market through
acquisitions and stake-building.

Kazakh Prime Minister Karim Massimov and Secretary General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Angel Gurria signed
a Memorandum of Understanding on 23 January at the
World Economic Forum in Davos. The MoU between
Kazakhstan and the OECD focused on implementing
the Country Program of Cooperation for 20152016.[74]
Kazakhstan is one of four countries that have developed
joint programs of cooperation with the OECD.[74]

7.3 Macroeconomic trends


Kazakhstans economy grew at an average of 8% per
year over the past decade on the back of hydrocarbon
exports.[57] Despite the lingering uncertainty of the global
economy, Kazakhstans economy has been stable. GDP
growth in JanuarySeptember 2013 was 5.7%, according
to preliminary calculations of the Ministry Economy and
Budget Planning.[75]

According to the 201011 World Economic Forum in


Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked
72nd in the world in economic competitiveness.[69] One
year later, the Global Competitiveness Report ranked
Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.[70]

From January to September 2014 Kazakhstans GDP


grew at 4%.[76] According to the results from the rst
half of the year, the current account surplus is $6.6 billion, a gure two times higher than that of the rst half
of 2013.[76] According to the Chairman of the National
In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $14 billion of foreign di- Bank of Kazakhstan, Kairat Kelimbetov, the increase was
rect investment inows into the country at a 7% growth caused by a trade surplus of 17.4 percent, or approxi[76]
rate making it the most attractive place to invest out of mately USD 22.6 billion. The overall ination rate for
2014 is forecasted at 7.4 percent.[76]
CIS nations.[71]
During the rst half of 2013, Kazakhstans xed investment increased 7.1% compared to the same pe- 7.4 Agriculture
riod in 2012 totaling 2.8 trillion tenge ($18 billion US
dollars).[72]
Main article: Agriculture in Kazakhstan
In 2013, Aftenposten quoted the human-rights activist and Agriculture accounts for approximately 5% of Kazalawyer Denis Jivaga as saying that there is an "oil fund khstans GDP.[3] Grain, potatoes, vegetables, melons
in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is and livestock are the most important agricultural comspent.[73]
modities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000

12

7 ECONOMY

Kazakh shepherd: His and his dogs primary job is to guard the
sheep from predators.

square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 square kilometres (79,000
sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 square kilometres
(236,000 sq mi) of pasture and hay land. Over 80% of
the countrys total area is classied as agricultural land,
including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable
land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5
hectares).[77]
Chief livestock products are dairy products, leather,
meat, and wool. The countrys major crops include
wheat, barley, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major
source of hard currency, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstans export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross,
2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakh agriculture still
has many environmental problems from mismanagement
during its years in the Soviet Union. Some Kazakh wine
is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.
Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the
apple originated, particularly the wild ancestor of Malus
domestica, Malus sieversii.[78] It has no common name in
English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as alma.
The region where it is thought to originate is called Almaty: rich with apple.[79] This tree is still found wild in
the mountains of Central Asia, in southern Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Xinjiang in China.

7.5

Natural resources

See also: Energy policy of Kazakhstan


Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum,
natural gas, and mineral extractions, has attracted most of
the over $40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan
since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nations industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic
product). According to some estimates,[80] Kazakhstan
has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc
reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fth

Headquarters of KazMunayGaz, Kazakhstans national oil and


gas company

largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal,
iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps
most signicant for economic development, Kazakhstan
also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both
petroleum and natural gas.[81]
In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tons
of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the Caspian shore are only a small part of a much
larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tons of oil and 2.5
trillion cubic meters of gas could be found in that area.
Overall the estimate of Kazakhstans oil deposits is 6.1
billion tons. However, there are only 3 reneries within
the country, situated in Atyrau, Pavlodar, and Shymkent.
These are not capable of processing the total crude output
so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the U.S.
Energy Information Administration Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m3 ) of
oil per day in 2009.[82]
Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin
with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit
of Aktyubinsk/Aqtobe phosphorite basin located in north
western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500800 million
tonnes of 9% ore.[83][84]
On 17 October 2013, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as EITI
Compliant, meaning that the country has a basic and
functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.[85]

7.6 Transport
Main article: Transport in Kazakhstan
Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains
go from Almaty (the southernmost city) to Petropavl (the
northernmost city) in about 18 hours.

7.9

Foreign direct investment

13

7.9 Foreign direct investment


As of 30 September 2012, foreign investors had placed
a total of $177.7 billion in Kazakhstan.[88] According to
the US State Department, Kazakhstan is widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region.[88]
In 2002 the country became the rst sovereign in the former Soviet Union to receive an investment-grade credit
rating from an international credit rating agency. Foreign
direct investment (FDI) plays a more signicant role in
the national economy than in most other former Soviet
republics.[89]
President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to
promote foreign direct investment which include a 10Turkestan-Siberia Railway line connects Central Asia with Rus- year exemption from corporation tax, an 8-year exempsian Siberia
tion from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other
taxes.[90] Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility
7.7 Banking
is in operation.[90]
The banking industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan experienced a pronounced boom and bust cycle over 2000s
decade. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several
large banking groups, including BTA Bank J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon after. Since then, the industry has shrunk and been restructured, with system-wide
loans dropping to 39% of GDP in 2011 from 59% in
2007. Although the Russian and Kazakh banking systems
share several common features, there are also some fundamental dierences. Banks in Kazakhstan have experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic
growth. Together with a rational approach to banking and
nance policy, this has helped push Kazakhstans banking
system to a higher level of development. Banking technology and personnel qualications alike are stronger in
Kazakhstan than in Russia. On the negative side, past stability in Kazakhstan arose from the concentration of virtually all political power in the hands of a single individual
the key factor in any assessment of system or country
risk. The potential is there for serious disturbances if and
when authority passes into new hands.[86]

7.8

Green economy

Sir Suma Chakrabarti, the President of the European


Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), cochaired the Kazakhstan Foreign Investors Council with
President Nursultan Nazarbayev.[91] In May 2014, the
EBRD and government of Kazakhstan created the Partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international nancial institutions to
channel US$2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstans economy.[92]
The partnership will boost investment and drive forward
reforms in the country.[92]
As of May 2014, Kazakhstan attracted $190 billion in
gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991
and it leads the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted
per capita.[93] One of the factors that attract foreign direct
investments is countrys political stability. According to
the World Banks report, Kazakhstan is among the top
40% of countries in the world that are considered the most
politically stable and free of violence.[94]
Kazakhstan also received high ratings in a survey conducted by Ernst & Young in 2014. According to EYs
2014 Kazakhstan Attractiveness Survey, Investor condence in Kazakhstans potential is also at an all-time high
with 47.3% of respondents expecting Kazakhstan to become increasingly attractive over the next three years.[95]
The high level of economic, political and social stability
and Kazakhstans competitive corporate tax rate were the
primary reasons mentioned for its attractiveness.[95]

The government has set the goals that a transition to the


Green Economy in Kazakhstan occur by 2050. The green
economy is projected to increase GDP by 3% and create
7.10
more than 500 thousand new jobs.
The government of Kazakhstan has set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1
kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants
was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12). The price for 1 kilowatthour produced by small hydro-power plants is 16.71 tenge
($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenge ($0.18).[87]

Bond market

In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its rst overseas dollar bonds in 14 years.[96] Kazakhstan issued $2.5
billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in
what was the nations rst dollar-denominated overseas
sale since 2000.[96] Kazakhstan sold $1.5 billion of 10year dollar bonds to yield 1.5 percentage points above

14

9 DEMOGRAPHICS

midswaps and $1 billion of 30-year debt at 2 percentage in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will
points over midswaps.[96] The country drew bids for $11 be used from Kazakhstans National Fund.[99]
billion.[96]
In May 2015, Helen Clark, former Prime Minister of
New Zealand and Administrator of the United Nations
Development Programme, spoke at an event: Nurly Zhol
7.11 Economic competitiveness
New Opportunities for Women on the sidelines of the
Astana Economic Forum.[100]
Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most
competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 20142015 World Economic Forum Global 7.14 World Trade Organization
Competitiveness Report that was published at the beginning of September 2014.[97] Kazakhstan is ahead of Kazakhstan was formally accepted as a WTO member on
other states in the CIS in almost all of the reports pil- 27 July 2015.[101]
lars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and
training, goods market eciency, labour market develop- 7.15 Corruption
ment, nancial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, In 2005, the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruplagging behind only in the category of health and primary tion hotspot, on a par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, Libya
education.[97] The Global Competitiveness Index gives a and Pakistan.[102] In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an
score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan index of the least corrupt countries[103] and the World
Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem
earned an overall score of 4.4.[97]
in doing business in the country.[103] The Federal Bureau
of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency
signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February
7.12 Housing market
2015.[104]
The housing market of Kazakhstan grows progressively
since 2010.[98] In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to 336.1 million square meters.[98] The 8 Infrastructure
housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million squares,
which is nearly 11% increase.[98] Between 2012 and Kazakhstan is the highest ranked CIS country in the
2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from 19.6 to World Economic Forums Network Readiness Index
20.9 square meters.[98] The urban areas concentrate 62.5 (NRI) an indicator for determining the development
percent of the countrys housing stock.[98] The UNs rec- level of a countrys information and communication
ommended standard for housing stands at 30 square me- technologies.[105] Kazakhstan ranked number 38 overall
ters per person.[98] Kazakhstan will be able to reach the in the NRI ranking in 2014, up from 43 in 2013.[106]
UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term
the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent.[98]

9 Demographics
7.13 Nurly Zhol economic policy
Main article: Demographics of Kazakhstan
The US Census Bureau International Database lists the
On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev delivered an unexpected state-ofthe-nation address in Astana at an extended session of
the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing
a Nurly Zhol (Bright Path), a new economic policy that
implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the
next several years.[99] The Nurly Zhol policy is accepted
as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy
towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern
global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the
25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc.[99] The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including
nances, industry and social welfare, but especially esemphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works.[99] Given recent decreases Population pyramid, 2014

9.1

Language

15

Major Ethnic Groups in Central Asia


Novosibirsk

Kazakhstan
Percent

Ufa
Voronezh

Chelyabinsk

Other 7.1
Tatar 2.0
Uzbek 2.1
German 4.7

Omsk

Russia

Petropavl

Barnaul
2

1,6

Samara
Saratov

Kksheta

Qostanay

Kazakh 41.9

Russian 37.0

1,6

Pavlodar
2

Oral

Orenburg
1,3

Mong.

Semey
(Semipalatinsk)

Population: 16.9 million

Kyrgyzstan

Aqmola

Percent

Other 8.3
German 2.4
Ukrainian 2.5

Aqtbe
Qaraghandy

Kirghiz 52.4

Uzbek 12.9

Russian 21.5

Atira
Astrakhan

Population: 4.6 million

Kazakhstan

Lake
Balkhash

Tajikistan
Percent

rmqi

Taldyqorghan

Aral
Aqta

Georgia

T'bilisi

Armenia

Yining
Qyzylorda

Ile

Almaty

Caspian
Sea

5,6

6,10

Zhambyl

Urgench

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan
Percent

Tashkent

Other 5.9
Kazakh 2.0
Uzbek 9.0

Osh

Khudzhand

Tu r k m e n i s t a n

4,6

Bukhoro

Uzbek 25.0

Population: 5.7 million

Ky r g y z s t a n

6,8

Azerbaijan

China

Bishkek

Nukus

Yerevan
Baku

Tajik 64.9

Other 6.6
Russian 3.5

Sea

Turkmen 73.3

Kashi

Russian 9.8

Samarqand
4,7

Ta j i k i s t a n

Chardzhou

Dushanbe

Ashgabat

Population: 4.3 million

Slavic

8
8

Tehrn

Iran

Masshad

Hert
0
0

300 Kilometers
300 Miles

Russian

Ukrainian

Indo-European

Afghanistan

Boundary representation is

1
4,10

Mazr-e
Sharf

Pakistan
Cease-Fire
Line

not necessarily authoritative.

Kabul
Islmbd

48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

Ukrainian 5.2

3
4

German
Tajik
Others

Turkic

Uzbekistan
Percent

Karakalpak

Other 7.0
Karakalpak 2.1

Kazakh
Kirghiz

Tatar 2.4
Kazakh 4.1

Turkmen

Uighur

10

Uzbek

Uzbek 71.4

Tajik 4.7
Russian 8.3

Sparsely populated areas are shown in white.


Population: 21.6 million

Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992

The ethnic Kazakhs represent 63.1% of the population and ethnic Russians 23.7%,[12] with a rich array
of other groups represented, including Tatars (1.3%),
Ukrainians (2.1%), Uzbeks (2.8%), Belarusians, Uyghurs
(1.4%), Azerbaijanis, Poles,[108] and Lithuanians. Some
minorities such as Germans (1.1%), Ukrainians, Koreans, Chechens,[109] Meskhetian Turks, and Russian political opponents of the regime had been deported to
Kazakhstan in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin; some of
the bigger Soviet labour camps (Gulag) existed in the
country.[110]
Signicant Russian immigration also connected with
Virgin Lands Campaign and Soviet space program during
the Khrushchev era.[111] In 1989, ethnic Russians were
37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in
only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there
were about 1 million Germans in Kazakhstan, mostly descendants of the Volga Germans deported to Kazakhstan
during World War II. After the breakup of the Soviet
Union, most of them emigrated to Germany.[112] Most
members of the smaller Pontian Greek minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of Koreans
in the Soviet Union were deported to Central Asia. These
people are now known as Koryo-saram.

Kazakhstanis on a Lake Jasybay beach, Pavlodar Region

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of


the countrys Russians and Volga Germans, a process that
began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs
the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakh population are higher birthrates and
immigration of ethnic Kazakhs from China, Mongolia,
and Russia.

9.1 Language
Main article: Languages of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is ocially a bilingual country: Kazakh, a

Kazakh man on a horse with golden eagle. (Photo taken c. 1911


14.)

current population of Kazakhstan as 15,460,484, while


United Nations sources such as the UN Population Division give an estimate of 15,753,460. Ocial estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 16.455 million as of February 2011, of which 46% is rural and
54% is urban.[2] In 2013, Kazakhstans population rose
to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year
Kazakh language (1902)
according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.[107]
The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the
population reported in the last census from January 1999.
The decline in population that began after 1989 has been
arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up

Turkic language spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of state language, whereas Russian,
which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an ofcial language, and is used routinely in business, govern-

16

9 DEMOGRAPHICS

ment, and inter-ethnic communication, although Kazakh


is slowly replacing it. The Minister of Culture and Sports
announced in January 2015 that the Latin alphabet will
replace Cyrillic as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.[117] Other minority languages spoken in
Kazakhstan include Uzbek, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Kyrgyz,
and Tatar. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the
Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted
in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.[118]

9.2

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Kazakhstan, Islam in Kazakhstan, Christianity in Kazakhstan, Judaism in Kazakhstan, Hinduism in Kazakhstan and Bah' Faith in
Kazakhstan
According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population

Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest religion in Kazakhstan.

to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques,


churches, and other religious structures were built in the
span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.[119]

The front of the Nur-Astana Mosque in Astana during the morning hours. Islam is the major religion of Kazakhstan and NurAstana the countrys largest mosque.

is Muslim, 26% Christian, 0.1% Buddhists, 0.2% others


(mostly Jews), and 3% Irreligious, while 0.5% chose not
to answer.[13] According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan
is a secular state.
Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstans Constitution. Article 39 states: Human rights
and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way. Article 14 prohibits discrimination on religious basis and
Article 19 ensures that everyone has the right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party
and religious aliation. The Constitutional Council recently armed these rights by ruling that a proposed law
limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their
religion was declared unconstitutional.

Some gures show that non-denominational Muslims[120]


form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are Sunnis following the Hana
school. These include ethnic Kazakhs, who constitute
about 60% of the population, as well as ethnic Uzbeks,
Uighurs, and Tatars.[121] Less than 1% are part of the
Sunni Sha`i school (primarily Chechens). There are also
some Ahmadi Muslims.[122] There are a total of 2,300
mosques,[119] all of them are aliated with the Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan, headed
by a supreme mufti.[123] Unaliated mosques are forcefully closed.[124] Eid al-Adha is recognized as a national
holiday.[119]

One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and
Belorussians.[125] Other Christian groups include
Roman Catholics and Protestants.[121] There are a total
of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches, and
over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The
Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognized as a national
[119]
Other religious groups
Islam is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by holiday in Kazakhstan.
include
Judaism,
the
Bah'
Faith,
Hinduism, Buddhism,
Orthodox Christianity. After decades of religious supThe
Church
of
Jesus
Christ
of
Latter-day Saints.[121]
and
pression by the Soviet Union, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, According to the 2009 Census data, there are very
partly through religion. The free practice of religious be- few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic
liefs and the establishment of full freedom of religion led groups:[126]

17

10

Education

Main article: Education in Kazakhstan


Education is universal and mandatory through to the

Graduation day of a Bolashak scholar

L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Astana is one of


Kazakhstans top universities.

secondary level and the adult literacy rate is 99.5%.[127]


Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 14), basic general education (forms 59) and
senior level education (forms 1011 or 12) divided into
continued general education and vocational education.
Vocational Education usually lasts 3 or 4 years.[128] (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution
or in dierent ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary
school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialized schools, magnet schools, gymnasiums, lyceums and
linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded.
Secondary professional education is oered in special
professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and
vocational schools.[127]
At present, there are universities, academies and
institutes, conservatories, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen eld
of study and leads to the award of the Bachelors degree; specialized higher education after which students
are awarded the Specialists Diploma; and scienticpedagogical higher education which leads to the Masters
Degree. Postgraduate education leads to the Kandidat
Nauk (Candidate of Sciences) and the Doctor of Sciences (Ph.D.). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been
established and several private institutions have been licensed.
Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totaling about $9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and
Kyzylorda.[129]

of Executive Directors approved a $100 million loan for


the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.[130] The project
aims to provide relevant training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need
of training.[130]

11 Human rights and media


Main articles: Human rights in Kazakhstan and Media
of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstans human rights situation is uniformly described as poor by independent observers. Human Rights
Watch says that Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom
of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities
closed newspapers, jailed or ned dozens of people after
peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and ned or detained
worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls.
Government critics, including opposition leader Vladimir
Kozlov, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and
a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places
of detention.[11]
Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the
World Press Freedom Index, compiled by Reporters
Without Borders.[131] A mid-March 2002 court order,
with the government as a plainti, stated that Respublika
were to stop printing for three months.[132] The order was
evaded by printing under other titles, such as Not That
Respublika.[132] In early 2014, a court also issued a cease
publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times
newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group.
Human Rights Watch said: this absurd case displays the
lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to
bully critical media into silence.[133]

The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organizations.
For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks Group With support from the U.S. Department of States Bureau

18

13

CULTURE

for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the


American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened
a media support center in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.[134]

Kazakhstans Supreme Court has taken recent steps to


modernize and to increase transparency and oversight
over the countrys legal system. With funding from the
US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule
The European Union (EU) and the United Nations Chil- of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to
and accountability of Kazadrens Fund (UNICEF) have signed an agreement to help strengthen the independence
[140]
khstans
judiciary.
the Kazakh government develop child protection systems
and laws that meet international standards. This agreement will support the existing Kazakh program called
The Improvement of the Justice for Children and Child 13 Culture
Rights Protection System that focuses on the rights of
child victims, children who are witnesses of crime and Main articles: Culture of Kazakhstan, Kazakh clothing,
children in conict with the law.[135]
Kazakh cuisine, Music of Kazakhstan, Sport in Kazakhstan and Kazakh wedding ceremony
Before the Russian colonization, the Kazakhs had a

12

Rule of law

According to a US government report released in 2014,


in Kazakhstan:
The law does not require police to inform detainees that
they have the right to an attorney, and police did not do so.
Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement ofcials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a
detainees attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence. [...][136]
The law does not adequately provide for an independent
judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial
independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role
and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process.
Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors
alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other ocials solicited bribes in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.[136]

Riders in traditional dress demonstrate Kazakhstans equestrian


culture by playing a kissing game, Kyz kuu (Chase the Girl),
one of a number of traditional games played on horseback[141]

highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. Islam was introduced into the region
with the arrival of the Arabs in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of Turkestan and
spread northward.[142] The Samanids helped the religion
Kazakhstans global rank in the World Justice Project's
take root through zealous missionary work. The Golden
2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country
Horde further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the
scored well on Order and Security (global rank 32/102),
region during the 14th century.[143]
and poorly on Constraints on Government Powers
(global rank 93/102), Open Government (85/102) and Because livestock was central to the Kazakhs traditional
Fundamental Rights (84/102, with a downward trend lifestyle, most of their nomadic practices and customs relate in some way to livestock. Kazakhs have historically
marking a deterioration in conditions).[137]
been very passionate about horse-riding.
Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:
Abay Qunanbayuli, Mukhtar Auezov, Gabit Musirepov,
The ABA Rule of Law Initiative (ABA ROLI) opened its Kanysh Satpayev, Mukhtar Shakhanov, Saken Seyfullin,
rst Kazakhstan oce in the city of Almaty in 1993 and Jambyl Jabayev, among many others.
is currently based in Astana. Since then, ABA ROLI has Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and
had oces in Shymkent and Oskemen. ABA ROLI has it is joining the international tourism networking. In
also had a separate media support center in Almaty.[138] 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI)

12.1

ABA Rule of Law Initiative

The Rule of Law Initiative of the American Bar Associ- which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related oration has programs to train justice sector professionals in ganisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three
Kazakhstan.[139]
regions: South Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

13.2

Sport

19
which consists of fermented mares milk.

13.2 Sport
Main article: Sport in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has developed itself as a formidable

Abai Qunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet, composer and philosopher

Alexander Vinokourov, Astana rider

Jochi Mausoleum, Karagandy Region, Kazakhstan

Armenia, Bangladesh, India, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Russia, Sri Lanka,
Turkey and Ukraine are now Partners and Kazakhstan
is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European and
Central Asian countries in tourism market.

13.1

Cuisine

In the national cuisine, livestock meat can be cooked in


a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments often include black tea and traditional milk-derived drinks
such as ayran, shubat and kymyz. A traditional Kazakh
dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as pilaf
and beshbarmak. They also drink their national beverage,

sports-force on the world arena in the following elds:


bandy, boxing, chess, kickboxing, skiing, gymnastics,
water polo, cycling, martial arts, heavy athletics, horseriding, triathlon, track hurdles, sambo, Greco-Roman
wrestling and billiards. The following are all well-known
Kazakhstani athletes and world-championship medalists: Bekzat Sattarkhanov, Vassiliy Jirov, Alexander Vinokourov, Bulat Jumadilov, Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov,
Olga Shishigina, Andrey Kashechkin, Aliya Yussupova,
Dmitriy Karpov, Darmen Sadvakasov, Yeldos Ikhsangaliyev, Askhat Zhitkeyev, Maxim Rakov, Aidar Kabimollayev, Yermakhan Ibraimov, Vladimir Smirnov, Ilya
Ilin, Denis Ten.
In December 2014, the outgoing head of Kazakhstans
soccer federation, Adilbek Zhaksybekov, said Kazakhstan was planning bidding to host 2026 FIFA World
Cup.[144]
2011 Asian Winter Games Hosted by Kazakhstan.

20

13

CULTURE

Nik Antropov, a professional ice hockey player from Kazakhstan

Denis Ten in 2012

country. Kazakhstans most famous cyclist is


Alexander Vinokourov.

Astana Arena, a national stadium Kazakhstan

Figure skating Denis Ten won bronze at the 2014


Winter Olympics, and a silver and bronze medal
at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships
and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships
respectively.[145]

Boxing Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstans boxers have won many medals, quickly moving up the
all-time Olympic boxing medal table from last to a
current 11th place. Three Kazakh boxers, Bakhtiyar
Artayev, Vassiliy Jirov and Serik Sapiyev, have won
the Val Barker Trophy, leaving Kazakhstan second
(after the United States) in total number of victories.
World IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight champion
Vladimir Klitschko was born in Kazakhstan in 1976.
Additionally, undefeated middleweight Gennady
Golovkin holds the WBA and IBO titles, as well
as the WBC interim title. He is also currently on
a streak of 20 consecutive knockout victories.

Football The most popular sport in Kazakhstan.


The Football Federation of Kazakhstan (FFK;
Kazakh: ) is
the sports national governing body. The FFK organises the mens, womens and Futsal national teams. Bandy The Kazakhstan national bandy team is among
the best in the world and has won the bronze medal
at the Bandy World Championship many times, inIce hockey The Kazakhstani national ice hockey team
cluding the last time in 2015. In the 2011 Bandy
has competed in ice hockey in the 1998 and 2006
World Championship, the team reached extra time
Winter Olympics as well as in the 2006 Mens World
in the seminal before their defeat by Sweden.
Ice Hockey Championships.
The 2012 Championship was hosted by Kazakhstan.
Again there was a dramatic seminal against SweCycling Cycling is a popular activity throughout the
den, as Kazakhstan was leading 53 with a few min-

13.4

Broadcasting

21
Astana Action Film Festival and the Eurasian Film Festival held annually. Hollywood director Timur Bekmambetov is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan lm industry.
Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for
his documentary Sold Souls about Kazakhstans contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013
Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.[148][149]
Serik Aprymovs Little Brother (Bauyr) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival goEast from the
German Federal Foreign Oce.[150]

Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, minutes before Kazakhstan winning the title

utes remaining and nally losing in a penalty shootout. At the 2011 Asian Winter Games, the team won
the gold medal. Bandy is being developed in 10 of
the countrys 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14
regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside
of but are not part of regions).[146] Akzhaiyk from
Oral, however, is the only professional club. At the
2017 Winter Universiade in Almaty, bandy will feature as a demonstration sport for the rst time.[147]

13.4 Broadcasting
Main article: National Association of Broadcasters of
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan.

13.5 UNESCO World Heritage sites

Kazakhstan has three cultural and natural heritages on


the UNESCO World Heritage list: the Mausoleum of
Khoja Ahmed Yassaui, Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly, and the Korgalzhyn and
Judo Askhat Zhitkeyev won silver at the 2008 Olympics Nauryzumsky reserves.[151]
and Yeldos Smetov won the 2010 Junior World
Championships in the 55 kg (121 lb) category.

13.6 Public holidays


Olympic weightlifting Zulya Chinshanlo won a gold
medal at the 2012 London Olympics.
Source:
a

13.3

[152] [153]

Eid al-Adha, the Islamic Feast of the Sacrice.

Film

Main article: Cinema of Kazakhstan


Kazakhstans lm industry is run through the state-owned

14 Membership of international
organizations
Kazakhstans membership of international organizations
includes:
United Nations
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

International Astana Action Film Festival

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

Kazakhlm studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award winning movies such as Myn Bala, Harmony
Lessons, and Shal. Kazakhstan is host of the International

Individual Partnership Action Plan, with NATO,


Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova,
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.

22

16

REFERENCES

Turkic Council and the TRKSOY community.


(The national language, Kazakh, is related to the
other Turkic languages, with which it shares cultural
and historical ties.)

[10] Census2010. Stat.kz. Retrieved 1 June 2010.

UNESCO, where Kazakhstan is a member of its


World Heritage Committee.[154]

[12] " 2009


. . (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary)" (in Russian). Republic of
Kazakhstan Statistical Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December
2010.

15

See also

Outline of Kazakhstan
Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
Demography of Central Asia
History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union
Internet in Kazakhstan
Kazpost, the national postal service
Kazakhstan in popular culture
LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
Railway stations in Kazakhstan
Samruk-Kazyna, the states sovereign wealth fund.
Telecommunications in Kazakhstan
Eurasia

16

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Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
October 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
[126] " .rar. Retrieved 24 July 2011.

[150] Kazakhstans Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Oce


award at goEast. TengriNews.

[127] Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities. CollegeAtlas.


[151] Kazakhstan. UNESCO.
Retrieved 3 June 2014.
[128] UNESCO-UNEVOC (August 2012). Vocational Educa- [152] Kazakhstan Public Holidays. Worldtravelguide.net. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
tion in Kazakhstan. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
[129] More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan [153] Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Egov.kz. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
News Feed Bnews.kz: breaking news. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
[154] Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee. UNESCO.
[130] World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in
Kazakhstan. nchannel.com.
[131] World Press Freedom Index 2014. Reporters Without
Borders. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
[132] Wines, Michael (13 July 2002). Wines 2012. The New
York Times.
[133] Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech.
Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 31 August 2014.

17 Further reading
Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the PostSoviet Era, 19921997. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press. ISBN 0-313-30965-5.

26

18

Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley


(2004). Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-296-7.
Cummings, Sally (2002). Kazakhstan: Power and
the Elite. London: Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-854-1.

EXTERNAL LINKS

Portals to the World from the United States Library


of Congress.
Kazakhstan at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Ministry of Foreign Aairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Demko, George (1997). The Russian Colonization


of Kazakhstan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 07007-0380-2.

World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan

Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. London: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-61-5.

Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The


Economist, Dec 17th 2011

George, Alexandra (2001). Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime.
Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 07618-1964-9.
Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and Custom in the
Steppe. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.

Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia

Blowing the lid o Unrest in Kazakhstan, The


Economist, Dec 20th 2011
The Region Initiative (TRI)
Kazakhstan at DMOZ
Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan

Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). Epicenter of Peace.


Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. ISBN 1-884186-13-0.

Geographic data
OpenStreetMap

Nazpary, Joma (2002). Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence


and Dispossession in Kazakhstan. London: Pluto
Press. ISBN 0-7453-1503-8.

Country Facts from Kazakhstan Discovery

Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). Kazakhstan: Unfullled Promise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003-189-9.

related

to

Kazakhstan

at

2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights
and Labor
Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan from
International Futures.

Rall, Ted (2006). Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia


the New Middle East?. New York: NBM. ISBN 118.2
56163-454-9.

Government

Robbins, Christopher (2007). In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared. London: Prole Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.

Ministry of Foreign Aairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Rosten, Keith (2005). Once in Kazakhstan: The


Snow Leopard Emerges. New York: iUniverse.
ISBN 0-595-32782-6.

Government of Kazakhstan

E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Chief of State and Cabinet Members

Thubron, Colin (1994). The Lost Heart of Asia.


New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018226-1.
18.3

18

External links

Trade

World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan


Coordinates: 48N 68E / 48N 68E

18.1

General

Caspian Pipeline Controversy from the Dean Peter


Krogh Foreign Aairs Digital Archives
Country Prole from BBC News.
Kazakhstan entry at The World Factbook
Kazakhstan information from the United States Department of State

27

19
19.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Kazakhstan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan?oldid=693832888 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Mav, Wesley, Koyaanis


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Banshee1013, Shruheister, Rajfar, Argnur, HamburgerRadio, Farrellbj.drl, Citation bot 1, Eiaa0810, ZoleX, DrilBot, FixerKZ, Woweee
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of England, Noel Streateld, Deviloper, FormerIP, Midnight Comet, Dubok2004, Sancho130495, Monkeyman248, Footwarrior, Barras, Becbec111, Steve2011, Dukurs, White Shadows, Orenburg1, FoxBot, Aizhol, Double sharp, Tgv8925, TobeBot, Scythre, Zexial,
Johnheatro, McBagginsReprasent, Paradiseparadise, Yertul, J-Scythian, MattDelicate, Markcarrera, Poongoblin, Lotje, Aligherio, RoadTrain, Sangjinhwa, Vrenator, Antoine854, Clarkcj12, Extra999, CypSA, Annettelucy, Jomgb, Anti-Nationalist, Feng277394, Occlasty,
Jigglydders, Danielmcg182, FreeSite, Shakrlax215, Dontbesogullible, Fatpow, Diannaa, Alexander Rudik, Suusion of Yellow, The
Gay Account, IRISZOOM, Ryan.sum, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, Mongolophile, Whisky drinker, Itain'tsobad, Mean as custard, Kateisabeast, Between My Ken, Ckeivn 90, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Alph Bot, Wiki id2, Int.dev, Venustas 12, Peaceworld111, Beyond My Ken, Tomandadam, ThisguyYEAH, KaptainIgloo, Kalchahal, LcawteHuggle, Ilgar Khankishiyev, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Tonyborth, Kunayev, Era7, Sophie, Ajraddatz, Balmenjoa, Dewritech, GoingBatty, YELKENN, Mesgul82, RenamedUser01302013, FinnishDriver, Solarra, Htahpoahf, KazaD, Maturion, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Sakesin, K6ka, Djembayz, D soup, AsceticRose, Sexybest222, 11potterb, Minstaa, Lamb99, Theurgist, Thecheesykid, Helsinkicommission, AvicBot, Richard

19.2

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asr, ZroBot, F, Amethyst140288, Alcea setosa, Iwanttoeditthissh, Soundtracz, Congo2000, Resolution Factory, Mhryan7, Nathan991,
Cowheadmoony, Deeds1, Iwillruinthissite94949494, Pabloqp, Exvlogiiczzv, SporkBot, Scimi74, XxxDylanisXXX, NGPriest, Wayne
Slam, HammerFilmFan, StasMalyga, Sahimrobot, KazekageTR, WhiteMountainView, Alua Konarova, L Kensington, Whitestorm17,
Elbravodelsolar, Simsala111, Alborzagros, Shrigley, Donner60, Dice804, ElockidAlternate, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, GermanJoe,
Stonepillar, Stanstanstanstanstan, HandsomeFella, Ace of Raves, Neil P. Quinn, KarlsenBot, TYelliot, KBCCKBF, George Makepeace,
Lord Gorbachev, Khestwol, XNBDx MENTALZ, Pelleboske, Coreydoig, ClueBot NG, Krizpo, Jack Greenmaven, Jamesmacike, MelbourneStar, This lousy T-shirt, Oooompalooompa, Gilderien, Satellizer, Smartur, Movses-bot, Christle2212, Mrmcgreedy, 570ad, Frietjes, Elvonudinium, TAG-A-b10, Spel-Punc-Gram, Widr, WillGoss2, Qwertyuiopxxx222, Sexyanders, Bone1234, Seair21, Jamesman97,
Jk2q3jrklse, North Atlanticist Usonian, Aibek Yegemberdin, Helpful Pixie Bot, CCAF, Ismet11, Sirob51, Smart Nomad, Strike Eagle, DrJames47, Calabe1992, Almazonly, Voldemort175, Dubbs89z28, BG19bot, Island Monkey, Jumblethedog, Lolopolo~enwiki, Dima
Kraunfels, Hunt4blood, Karesu12340, Ymblanter, Perevozshik, Sematz, Northamerica1000, Lowercase Sigma, AstanaKaz, WfJg3s2ZVE,
Tbaseler14, Benginger, PhnomPencil, Monopolitano, Danbanov, MusikAnimal, Dambler, AvocatoBot, Philpm930, Dan653, Mark Arsten, Andrey Dara, Compfreak7, Atither, Ninney, Atomician, Cadiomals, Altar, Warsilver, Aranea Mortem, Pacedm, Zhu Haifeng, Hillcrest98, The Almightey Drill, Theregioninitiative, Elgun.babayev, Kanatbek09, Atyrau-mosquito, Kamal44, Parkercdp, Smc13, Erlik.khan,
InTheRevolution2, Iryna Harpy, Winter Gaze, Jediknightelectro1997, John Daker, Shredder2012, BattyBot, Jeremy112233, Prof. Squirrel, Akin12255, Hattie9510, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, Adnan bogi, Righteous Wrath, Arystanbek, Ekren, BosleyTree, Ducknish, Dexbot,
Polycopy, Edgarpo01, Wyken Seagrave, Majilis, Alburzador, Sminthopsis84, Charles Essie, Samak, Farder22, Mogism, MOJayhawk99,
Zecksity, Jackninja5, MMalczyk, SiBr4, Plaxist, Cerabot~enwiki, Borat12122, Tre79, Hastingsj6, Ssbbplayer, Rahulsinght, City303, Encyclopedia Of The Universe, Lugia2453, Texasinstruments43432, Hitstitlehitstitle, Matthewrobertolson, Inspirebaccio, Sturmgewehr88,
WMartin74, Zyma, Djexij, ShaunisUnitedforever, Teacher83, Parronax, BigPip61, Hillbillyholiday, Wardy99999, 1a2e3i4o5u, Loup
Solitaire 81, Dogmanstu, Suarezliver, Aftabbanoori, Tryneal, Dag13, The Jack Pateld, CsDix, Teeg345, Billyblake10, I am One of
Many, Kannie Dood, Magnolia677, FrigidNinja, Lionlinekz, Zmavius, Eyesnore, Checking the checkers, Gizatulla, KirubelKirubel, The
Anonybot, JamesMoose, CALIFORNIAREPUBLIC, Eskater, Androdin, ChelseaFunNumberOne, Cosains, EvergreenFir, Unknownpeople1, Twototwo, Redrocket696969, Backendgaming, Cjc6547, B14709, Ruslan Geygera, Whitefeather710, DavidLeighEllis, Dylanka126,
N. Tuyushembekov, Amir.Temur, Comp.arch, James timberly, Jpv123456, Normash, Gmen4, Kdm852, 1, Minsk699, Jdecamil14,
Mexican369, Con Twohig, NottNott, Nestor 8998, Ginsuloft, Kazed, Jack Molter, Karak1lc1k, , Heyjoesoap,
Buckeyes678, Blondeguynative, Luxure, UY Scuti, Sabatoj, Timur Bk, DudeWithAFeud, Goodfaith17, Snowsuit Wearer, Andreas11213,
Presschalayan, Brown shoe yuptidoo, Itatch, JaconaFrere, Katastrof1967, FrantzFanon2000, Theparties, Thecreator666, Bointy, Spiritclaymore, Usakilla360, DRAGUIAN123, Hayek79, KhassenY, Alparica, Hurdles, Permafrost46, Esmost, Monkbot, Itsmemaxamillion,
AKS.9955, Filedelinkerbot, Vieque, SantiLak, TheBoulderite, Ryopus, Bandy boy, Sanjar Salawat, Knisfo, Septate, Monopoly31121993,
Johnshopkinsclass2015, Rainbowed-Sunned-Spirit, Lolcats6671, Curlymanjaro, Ghiutun, Mecado200, Mooseman83, Valfontissucks, Divelepke, Kiraaaa, Diazkz, SaltySeas, Thompsonshep, Kaiserpnemonia, Willwalters11, Cyntiamaspian, Glorytob, SnoutBaron, KH-1, National Names 2000, Zidane-Materazzi, Peterthlee, Shabbababbajabba, John R Harding Jr, Shonaghm, Rodgertwo, Krzyhorse22, Tardispilot1kyle, BenjaminShai, Sarquisthethird, Thereball777, Daft old ratbag, XanaduZepp2112, Oranges Juicy, Oleaster, Last edited by:, Donkeykongsshlong, JSPadron, Squinge, Turtle1212, MontyPythoner123,
, Aveklich7, Jens2015, Keeker123, Feitreim, SwegBEFMN,
SM2468, Gizma1122, Vesuvius Dogg, LiXuanze, User1860, KasparBot, Kylep96, Akresben, Dominator1453, , NewHikaru07,
JJMC89, Ingafube, Only1515, Kontsevich, Crispybacon123, MyWiki1212, Elias011302, Maad.2017, ProprioMe OW, Asimova, Malik.223, RaiderOfTheEast, July2015, Orelbon, Destroyer2001, Filesharer, Humanproxy, Abay m, Kaleighilona, RussianRoutes, Brachney
and Anonymous: 2167

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exposition_3.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Edgarpo01
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License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was BernardTom at en.wikipedia
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projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
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interior%29.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ChelseaFunNumberOne
File:Bandy_in_Medeu_Kazakhstan.JPG
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Kazakhstan.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: A.Burgermeister

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DF-SD-03-06249.JPG Original artist: SSGT JEREMY T. LOCK
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Asian_Games_participating_countries.PNG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FilRB
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2.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Central Downtown Astana, Kazakhstan Original artist: Ken and Nyetta
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File:Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:Flag_of_Khakassia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fibonacci
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File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
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File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can
be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
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File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg License:
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Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
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File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public
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