NAME OF SUBJECT

SUBJECT CODE
SEMESTER
NAME OF COURSE
INCHARGE
ACADEMIC YEAR

Wireless Sensor Networks

BCO 056A
VII
Ajay Kumar
2015-2016

Name of Program : B.Tech CSE

COURSE FILE

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

JECRC UNIVERSITY

2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO

TOPICS

Course Objectives

Course Learning Outcomes ( CLOs)

Syllabus

Text Books/Reference Books and Assessment Tools

Course Plan/ Lesson Plan

List of the Program Education Objectives(PEOs)

Mapping of the CLOs with PEOs

COs and PEOs Assessment Report

Academic Calendar

10

Faculty Time-Table

11

Midterm/In Sem Question Papers

12

Assignments Sheet/ Tutorial Sheet

13

Question Bank ( Unit Wise Questions : MCQs/Short

Ans type/ Long Ans Type).

14

Previous 3 Years Question Papers

15

Evaluation Sheets

16

Notes Unit Wise

Unit-I
Unit-II
Unit-III
Unit-IV
Unit-V

17

Sample PPTs/ Animations etc.

PAGE NO.

18

Details of Video Lectures/NPTEL Tutorials etc.

19

Contents Beyond Syllabus with Notes

20

Result Analysis of Class ( In Sem/End Term)

21

Make up/Extra Classes for Weak Students ( with Time

table)

22

Important Notices for Class

Course Objectives
This course will introduce students to the diverse literature on ad-hoc/sensor networks, and
expose them to the fundamental issues in designing and analyzing ad-hoc/sensor network
systems. Students will study related technologies and standards ranging from networking, OS
support and algorithms, to security. Of primary concern will be protocol design, communication
and computational challenges posed by these systems. Students will construct ad-hoc/sensor
networks, program on the sensor hardware, and study the performance of various protocols.
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

To understand the architecture of WSN.

To identify the functionalities of layers in architecture.
To analyse the working of main protocols of all layers.

Course Learning Outcomes

This course will help students to identify the major issues associated with ad-hoc/sensor
networks. Students will explore current ad-hoc/sensor technologies by researching key areas
such as algorithms, protocols, hardware, and applications. Students will learn how to program
and communicate with embedded operating system such as TinyOS, a prominent application
development environment for sensor systems using Motes. At the end of this course students will
gain hands-on experience through real-world programming projects on ad-hoc/sensor hardware
and be able to implement or develop algorithms involved in ad-hoc/sensor systems.
Intended learning outcomes and associated assessment methods of those outcomes:
1. Students will be able to describe the unique issues in ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will be
accessed through assignments and labs.
2. Students will be able to describe current technology trends for the implementation and
deployment of wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will be assessed through assignments, and
classroom interaction.
3. Students will be able to discuss the challenges in designing MAC, routing and transport
protocols for wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will be assessed through assignments, labs,
and classroom interaction.

4. Students will be able to build and configure a testbed for a sensor network. This will be
assessed through labs.
5. Students will be able to describe and implement protocols on a sensor testbed network. This
will be assessed through assignments, labs, and classroom interaction.

BCO 056A

UNIT 1

UNIT 2

UNIT 3

UNIT 4

UNIT 5

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

4-0-0 [4]

INTRODUCTION
Challenges for wireless sensor networks,
Comparison of sensor network with ad hoc network, Single node
architecture Hardware components, energy consumption of sensor nodes,
Network architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of sources and
sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources,
design principles, Development of wireless sensor networks
PHYSICAL LAYER Introduction, wireless channel and communication
fundamentals frequency allocation, modulation and demodulation, wave
propagation effects and noise, channels models, spread spectrum
communication, packet transmission and synchronization, quality of
wireless channels and measures for improvement, physical layer and
transceiver design consideration in wireless sensor networks, Energy usage
profile, choice of modulation, Power Management.
DATA LINK LAYER MAC protocols fundamentals of wireless MAC
protocols, low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts, contention-based
protocols, Schedule-based protocols - SMAC, BMAC, Traffic-adaptive
medium access protocol (TRAMA), Link Layer protocols fundamentals
task and requirements, error control, framing, linkmanagement.
NETWORK LAYER Gossiping and agent-based uni-cast forwarding,
Energy-efficient unicast, Broadcast and multicast, geographic routing,
mobile nodes, Data-centric routing SPIN, Directed Diffusion, Energy
aware routing, Gradient-based routing COUGAR, ACQUIRE,
Hierarchical Routing LEACH, PEGASIS, Location Based Routing
GAF,
GEAR,
Data
aggregation

Various
aggregation
techniques.
CASE STUDY: Target detection tracking, Habitat monitoring,
Environmental disaster monitoring, Practical implementation issues, IEEE
802.15.4 low rate WPAN, Operating System Design Issues, Introduction to
TinyOS NesC, Interfaces, UNITs, configuration, Programming in TinyOS
using NesC, Emulator TOSSIM.

Text Books:
1.

KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli and TaiebZnati, Wireless Sensor Networks TechnologyProtocols and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2.
Feng Zhao, Leonidas Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: an information processing
approach, Else vier publication, 2004.
Referecce Books:
1. C.S.Raghavendra Krishna, M.Sivalingam and Taribznati, Wireless Sensor
Networks, Springer publication, 2004.
2. HolgerKarl , Andreas willig, Protocol and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks,
John wiley publication, Jan 2006.
3. K.Akkaya and M.Younis, A Survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,
Elsevier Adhoc Network Journal, Vol.3, no.3,pp. 325-349, 2005.
4. Philip Levis, TinyOS Programming, 2006 www.tinyos.net.
5. I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a
survey, computer networks, Elsevier, 2002, 394 - 422.
6. Jamal N. Al-karaki, Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless sensor networks:
A survey, IEEE wireless communication, December 2004, 6 28.

JECRC UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

Theory Plan

Wee
k no

Class

: B.tech 4th Yr.(Section-A )

Subject

: Wireless Sensor Networks

Lectures

: 48

Name of the Staff : AJAY KUMAR

Theory

: 50

Academic Year

: 2015-2016

Term work

: 50

Semester

: 7th

Lectur
e No

Theory (Topic to be covered)

Plan
Date

Actual
Date

Text
Book

Page
Number

UNIT I
1

Challenges For Wireless

Sensor Networks,

19082015

Comparison Of Sensor
Network With Ad Hoc
Network

20082015

10

Single Node Architecture

Hardware Components

21082015

17

Energy Consumption Of
Sensor Nodes,

22082015

36

Network Architecture
Sensor Network Scenarios,
Types Of Sources And Sinks

26082015

59

Single Hop Versus MultiHop Networks, Multiple

Sinks And Sources

27082015

60,62

Design Principles

2808-

67

Reason
for
variation

Steps for
minimizin
g variation

2015
8

Development Of Wireless
Sensor Networks

2-092015

67

3-092015

86

4-092015

86

11

Modulation And
Demodulation

09092015

88

12

Wave Propagation Effects

And Noise, ,

10092015

90

13

Channels Models, Spread

Spectrum Communication,

11092015

96

14

Packet Transmission And

Synchronization

16092015

100

15

Quality Of Wireless
Channels And Measures For
Improvement

17092015

102

16

Quality Of Wireless
Channels And Measures For
Improvement

18092015

102

17

Physical Layer And

Transceiver Design
Consideration In Wireless
Sensor Networks

19092015

103

18

Physical Layer And

Transceiver Design
Consideration In Wireless
Sensor Networks

23092015

103

Energy Usage Profile,

Choice Of Modulation,

2409-

104

ASSIGNMENT I
UNIT II

10

Introduction, Wireless
Channel And
Communication
Fundamentals
Frequency Allocation,

19

20

Power Management

2015

Energy Usage Profile,

Choice Of Modulation,
Power Management

26092015

108

ASSIGNMENT II
UNIT III

21

MAC Protocols
Fundamentals Of Wireless
MAC Protocols

30092015

112

22

Low Duty Cycle Protocols

And Wakeup Concepts

1-102015

120

23

Contention-Based
Protocols, Access Protocol

3-102015

129

24

Schedule-Based Protocols SMAC, BMAC, TrafficAdaptive Medium

(TRAMA),

7-102015

133,137

25

Schedule-Based Protocols SMAC, BMAC, TrafficAdaptive Medium

(TRAMA),

8-102015

133,137

26

Schedule-Based Protocols SMAC, BMAC, TrafficAdaptive Medium

(TRAMA),

9-102015

133,137

27

Link Layer Protocols

Fundamentals Task And
Requirements, Error Control,
Framing, Link
Management.

10102015

149,150,15
1

28

Link Layer Protocols

Fundamentals Task And
Requirements, Error Control,
Framing, Linkmanagement.

14102015

149,150,15
1

ASSIGNMENT III
UNIT IV
8

29

Gossiping And Agent-Based

Uni-Cast Forwarding

1510-

289

2015
30

Energy-Efficient Unicast,
Broadcast And Multicast

16102015

295,305

31

Geographic Routing, Mobile

Nodes

21102015

316

32

Data-centric routing SPIN,

Directed Diffusion

23102015

335

33

Energy aware routing

24102015

34

Gradient-based routing
COUGAR, ACQUIRE

28102015

35

Gradient-based routing
COUGAR, ACQUIRE

29102015

36

Hierarchical Routing
LEACH, PEGASIS,

31102015

37

Hierarchical Routing
LEACH, PEGASIS,

04112015

38

Location Based Routing

GAF, GEAR

05112015

39

Location Based Routing

GAF, GEAR

06112015

40

Data aggregation Various

aggregation
techniques.

07112015

10

ASSIGNMENT IV
UNIT V
11

41

Target Detection Tracking,

Habitat Monitoring

1811-

2015
42

Environmental Disaster
Monitoring

19112015

43

Practical Implementation
Issues

20112015

44

IEEE 802.15.4 Low

Rate WPAN

21112015

45

Operating System Design

Issues

25112015

46

Introduction To Tinyos
Nesc, Interfaces, Units,
Configuration

26112015

47

Programming In Tinyos
Using Nesc,

27112015

Emulator TOSSIM

28112015

12

48

ASSIGNMENT V

Text Books:
A. HolgerKarl , Andreas willig, Protocol and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks,
John wiley publication, Jan 2006.
B. KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli and TaiebZnati, Wireless Sensor Networks TechnologyProtocols and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2007
Web Resources
1. http://www-old.cs.uni-paderborn.de/en/research-group/research-group-computernetworks/teaching/protocols-and-architecture-for-wireless-sensor-networks.html
2. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-829-computernetworks-fall-2002/
Web Resources for Multiple Choice Questions:
1. www.mhhe.com/forouzan
Tools:
1. NS2
2. Tiny OS

3. Tossim

Subject In-charge:

H.O.D.: Dr. Naveen Hemrajani

Sign:

Sign:

Programme Educational Objectives

The Programme Educational Objectives of the under graduate programme in Computer Science
and Engineering are :
1. Preparation of under graduates to demonstrate technical competency in providing novel
engineering solutions for computing systems of different levels of complexity.
2. Preparation of under graduates to work as effective team members on multidisciplinary
projects with commanding oral and written communication skills, leadership qualities as
well as to advance in their careers and continue their professional development.
3. Preparation of under graduates to exercise best ethical practices in their profession and to
recognize the global impacts of their profession on society.
4. Preparation of under graduates with the technical skills necessary for successful careers
in the design, application, installation, manufacturing, testing, documentation,
maintenance, analysis, development and implementation of computer systems.
5. Providing opportunities for students to engage in professional societies, to pursue
research and be committed to life-long learning activities through self-reliance and
creativity.
6. Preparing students to exhibit competency in applying comprehensive knowledge
pertaining to Computer Science and Engineering to the issues of economic,
environmental and social relevance.

Programme Outcomes

The Computer Science and Engineering programme demonstrates the following Programme
Outcomes:

An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering

An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within

realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health

and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems

An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

An ability to communicate effectively

The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a

global, economic, environmental, and societal context

A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning

A knowledge of contemporary issues

An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.

JECRC UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
TIME-TABLE
AJAY KUMAR
Day/Time

08.3009.30

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar

Thursday

Mobile
Comput
ing
Mr. Ajay
Kumar
LT-29

Friday

Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar(
B)

Saturday

09.3010.30
Mobile
Comput
ing
Mr. Ajay
Kumar
LT-32
Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar(
B)

10.3011.30

11.3012.30

01:3002:25

02:253:20

Object Oriented
Analysis and
Design Lab
Mr.Ajay LAB-II, C1

Mobile
Comput
ing
Mr. Ajay
Kumar
LT-29
Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar(
B)

Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar(
A)
Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar

Object Oriented
Analysis and
Design Lab
Mr. Ajay LAB-IV,
A1

Mobile
Comput
ing
Mr. Ajay
Kumar
LT-34
Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar

Wireles
s
Sensor
Networ
ks
Mr. Ajay
Kumar(
B)

12:301:30

Object Oriented
Analysis and
Design Lab
Mr. Ajay LABIV,II, A2

Object Oriented
Analysis and
Design Lab
Mr.Ajay LAB-I, C2

Notes Unit Wise

Unit-I
INTRODUCTION
Challenges for wireless sensor networks, Comparison of sensor
networkwith ad hoc network, Single node architecture Hardware components, energy
consumption of sensor nodes, Network architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of
sources and sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources, design
principles, Development of wireless sensor networks

Challenges for wireless sensor networks

Handling such a wide range of application types will hardly be possible with
any single realization of a WSN. Nonetheless, certain common traits appear,
especially with respect to the characteristics and the required mechanisms of
such systems. Realizing these characteristics with new mechanisms is the
major challenge of the vision of wireless sensor networks.
Characteristic requirements
The following characteristics are shared among most of the application
examples discussed above:
Type of service The service type rendered by a conventional
communication network is evident it moves bits from one place to another.
For a WSN, moving bits is only a means to an end, but not the actual
purpose. Rather, a WSN is expected to provide meaningful information
and/or actions about a given task. Hence, new paradigms of using such a
network are required, along with new interfaces and new ways of thinking
about the service of a network.
Quality of Service Closely related to the type of a networks service is the
quality of that service.
Traditional quality of service requirements usually coming from multimediatype applications like bounded delay or minimum bandwidth are irrelevant
when applications are tolerant to latency or the bandwidth of the transmitted
data is very small in the first place. In some cases, only occasional delivery of a packet
can be more than enough; in other cases, very high reliability requirements exist. In yet other
cases, delay is important when actuators are to be controlled in a real-time fashion by the sensor
network. The packet delivery ratio is an insufficient metric; what is relevant is the amount and
quality of information that can be extracted at given sinks about the observed objects or area.

Fault tolerance Since nodes may run out of energy or might be damaged,
or since the wireless communication between two nodes can be permanently
interrupted, it is important that the WSN as a whole is able to tolerate such
faults. To tolerate node failure, redundant deployment is necessary, using
more nodes than would be strictly necessary if all nodes functioned correctly.
Lifetime In many scenarios, nodes will have to rely on a limited supply of
energy (using batteries).Replacing these energy sources in the field is usually
not practicable, and simultaneously,a WSN must operate at least for a given
mission time or as long as possible. Hence, the lifetime of a WSN becomes a
very important figure of merit. Evidently, an energy-efficient way of
operation of the WSN is necessary.
Scalability Since a WSN might include a large number of nodes, the
employed architectures and protocols must be able scale to these numbers.
Wide range of densities In a WSN, the number of nodes per unit area the
density of the network can vary considerably. Different applications will
have very different node densities. Even within a given application, density
can vary over time and space because nodes fail or move; the density also
does not have to homogeneous in the entire network (because of imperfect
deployment, for example) and the network should adapt to such variations.
Required mechanisms
To realize these requirements, innovative mechanisms for a communication
network have to be found, as well as new architectures, and protocol
concepts. A particular challenge here is the need to find mechanisms that
are sufficiently specific to the idiosyncrasies of a given application to support
the specific quality of service, lifetime, and maintainability requirements
Some of the mechanisms that will form typical parts of WSNs are:
Multihop wireless communication While wireless communication will be a
core technique, a direct communication between a sender and a receiver is
faced with limitations. In particular, communication over long distances is
only possible using prohibitively high transmission power. The use of
intermediate nodes as relays can reduce the total required power. Hence, for
many forms of WSNs, so-called multihop communication will be a necessary
ingredient.
Energy-efficient operation To support long lifetimes, energy-efficient
operation is a key technique. Options to look into include energy-efficient
data transport between two nodes (measured in J/bit) or, more importantly,
the energy-efficient determination of a requested information. Also, non
homogeneous energy consumption the forming of hotspots is an issue.
Auto-configuration A WSN will have to configure most of its operational
parameters autonomously, independent of external configuration the sheer
number of nodes and simplified deployment will require that capability in
most applications.
Collaboration and in-network processing In some applications, a single
sensor is not able to decide whether an event has happened but several
sensors have to collaborate to detect an event and only the joint data of
many sensors provides enough information. Information is processed in the
network itself in various forms to achieve this collaboration, as opposed to

having every node transmit all data to an external network and process it at
the edge of the network.
Comparison of sensor network with ad hoc network:

Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communication whereas ad-hoc network uses point to
point communication.
The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently.
Sensor nodes may not have global identification because of the large amount of overhead
and large number of sensors.
The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude
higher than the nodes in Ad-hoc networks.
MANETs are associated with somewhat different applications as well as different user
equipment than WSNs: in a MANET, the terminal can be fairly powerful (a laptop or a
PDA) with a comparably large battery.

Since WSNs have to interact with the environment, their traffic

characteristics can be expected to be very different from other,
human-driven forms of networks. MANETs, on
the other hand, are used to support more conventional applications
(Web, voice, and so on) with their comparably well understood traffic
characteristics.

WSNs have to scale to much larger numbers (thousands or perhaps

hundreds of thousands) of entities than current ad hoc networks,
requiring different, more scalable solutions.
In both WSNs and MANETs, energy is a scare resource. But WSNs have
tighter requirements on network lifetime, and recharging or replacing
WSN node batteries is much less an option than in MANETs. Owing to
this, the impact of energy considerations on the entire system
architecture is much deeper in WSNs than in MANETs.

Single node architecture Hardware components

A basic sensor node comprises five main components (Figure 2.1):
Controller A controller to process all the relevant data, capable of executing
arbitrary code.
Memory Some memory to store programs and intermediate data; usually,
different types of memory are used for programs and data.
Sensors and actuators The actual interface to the physical world: devices
that can observe or control physical parameters of the environment.
Communication Turning nodes into a network requires a device for sending
and receiving information over a wireless channel.

Power supply As usually no tethered power supply is available, some form

of batteries are necessary to provide energy. Sometimes, some form of
recharging by obtaining energy from the environment is available as well
(e.g. solar cells).
Sensors and actuators
Without the actual sensors and actuators, a wireless sensor network would
be beside the point entirely. But as the discussion of possible application
areas has already indicated, the possible range of sensors is vast. It is only
possible to give a rough idea on which sensors and actuators can be used in
a WSN.
Sensors
Sensors can be roughly categorized into three categories :
Passive, omni directional sensors These sensors can measure a physical
quantity at the point of the sensor node without actually manipulating the
environment by active probing in this sense, they are passive. Moreover,
some of these sensors actually are self-powered in the sense that they obtain
the energy they need from the environment energy is only needed to
amplify their analog signal. There is no notion of direction involved in these
measurements.
Typical examples for such sensors include thermometer, light sensors,
vibration, microphones, humidity, mechanical stress or tension in materials,
chemical sensors sensitive for given substances, smoke detectors, air
pressure, and so on.
Passive, narrow-beam sensors These sensors are passive as well, but
have a well-defined notion of direction of measurement. A typical example is
a camera, which can take measurements in a given direction, but has to be
rotated if need be.
Active sensors This last group of sensors actively probes the environment,
for example, a sonar or radar sensor or some types of seismic sensors, which
generate shock waves by small explosions. These are quite specific triggering an
explosion is certainly not a lightly undertaken
action and require quite special attention.

Actuators
Actuators are just about as diverse as sensors, yet for the purposes of
designing a WSN, they are a bit simpler to take account of: In principle, all
that a sensor node can do is to open or close a switch or a relay or to set a
value in some way. Whether this controls a motor, a light bulb, or some other
physical object is not really of concern to the way communication protocols
are designed
Energy Consumption of Sensor Nodes:
As the previous section has shown, energy supply for a sensor node is at a premium: batteries
have small capacity, and recharging by energy scavenging is complicated and volatile. Hence, the
energy consumption of a sensor node must be tightly controlled. The main consumers of energy
are the controller, the radio front ends, to some degree the memory, and, depending on the type,
the sensors.
One important contribution to reduce power consumption of these components comes from chiplevel and lower technologies: Designing low-power chips is the best starting point for an energyefficient sensor node. But this is only one half of the picture, as any advantages gained by such
designs can easily be squandered when the components are improperly operated.
Figure illustrates this notion based on a commonly used model (used in, e.g.
references [558, 769]). At time t1, the decision whether or not a component
(say, the microcontroller) is to be put into sleep mode should be taken to
reduce power consumption from Pactive to Psleep. If it remains active and
the next event occurs at time tevent, then a total energy of Eactive =
Pactive(tevent t1) has be spent uselessly idling. Putting the component
into sleep mode, on the other hand, requires a time down until sleep mode
has been reached; as a simplification, assume that the average power
consumption during this phase is (Pactive + Psleep)/2. Then, Psleep is
consumed until tevent. In total, down(Pactive + Psleep)/2 + (tevent t1
down)Psleep energy is required in sleep mode as opposed to (tevent
t1)Pactive when remaining active. The energy saving is thus

Network architecture
Sensor network scenarios:
A sink, on the other hand, is the entity where information is required. There are essentially three
options for a sink: it could belong to the sensor network as such and be just another
sensor/actuator node or it could be an entity outside this network. For this second case, the sink
could be an actual device, for example, a handheld or PDA used to interact with the sensor
network; it could also be merely a gateway to another larger network such as the Internet, where
the actual request for the information comes from some node far away and only indirectly
connected to such a sensor network. These main types of sinks are illustrated by Figure ,
showing sources and sinks in direct communication.
Single-hop versus multihop networks