Math 141 Exam Summary Sheet

Math 141 Equation Sheet
MATH 141 EQUATION SHEET
SIMPLE INTEGRATION FORMULAS
Kdx = Kx + C ( K and C are constants)
x n+1
=
+C (n
x
dx
n +1
x dx = ln x + C
1 )
cosines (or sines) and solve using

substitution.
If both m and n are even we use the
formulas
1 cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x and
sin 2 x =
cos 2 x =
2
2
Second case:
dx = e x + C
SUBSTITUTION
f (u ( x)) u ( x)dx = f (u ( x)) + C

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
udv = uv vdu
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART I
u ( x)
d
f (t )dt = f (u ( x)) u ( x)
dx a
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART II
tan
x sec n xdx
2
If n is even we isolate sec x we then

change the remainder of the secants to
tangents using the formula
sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x and use substitution
( u = tan x )
If both n and m are odd we isolate
sec x tan x then change the
remainder of the tangents into secants
using the formula tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1
and use substitution ( u = sec x )
Note that in the second case the case where

n is odd and m even is not covered, this case
is dealt with case by case.
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS
For x 2 a 2 we use the substitution
For x 2 + a 2 we use the substitution
f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

where F ( x ) is an antiderivative of
f (x )
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
An integral
f ( x)dx
is an improper integral if it
satisfies at least one of the two following

conditions:
a or b are or
f is undefined for any point in the interval [a,

b]
In the case of an improper integral we replace a
or b (or the point in between, or both) with a
letter, evaluate the integral then take the
appropriate limit. If we get a finite answer the
integral is called convergent otherwise its a
divergent integral.
tan
x sec n xdx .
First case:
sin
x cos n xdx
If m or n is odd we isolate
cos x
or
x = a tan
For
a2 x2
x = a sin
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The area between two curves is given by a
definite integral. Say the area in question is
between
to:
we use the substitution
x = b . Its value is equal
" higher curve" " lower curve" dx
A
+ ...
( x a)
For each factor of ( x 2 + a ) we put
Ax + B
+ ...
( x 2 + a)
For each factor
VOLUMES
The main formula for finding the volume
generated by the revolution of an area over an
b
axis is:
R2 r 2d ?
a
If the axis is parallel to the x-axis then its a dx, if

the axis is parallel to the y-axis its a dy.
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION OVER AN

INTERVAL
interval
[ a, b ]
is given by 1
f (x )
b a a
f ( x)dx
over the
.
LENGTH OF A CURVE
be a function continuous on [a, b]
differentiable on (a, b). The arc length of the

curve from x = a to x = b is given by
Once we have the denominator factored (and

of course the degree of the numerator is less
than the degree of the denominator AND
substitution failed) we do the following:
For each factor of ( x a ) we put
and
By higher curve I mean the one more positive.
Let
x=a
The average value of a function
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
In this part we turn out attention to integrals of
two forms sin m x cos n xdx and
x = a sec
Once we have the partial fractions we proceed to

the common denominator, then to finding the
values of the constants and finally we compute
the integral of each of the partial fractions we
found.
(L) n
we put a partial
fraction for every power going from 1 to

n
Ex: For ( x 2 +3) 3 we put the partial fractions
Ax + B
Cx + D
Ex + F
+
+
( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) 2 ( x 2 + 3) 3
L = 1 + ( f ( x)) 2 dx
a
If the roles of x and y are reversed we use the

formula L =
1 + ( g ( y )) 2 dy
AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

Let
be a function continuous on [a, b]
differentiable on (a, b) such that f ( x ) 0 on

[a, b]. The surface area S of the surface of
revolution generated by revolving the graph of f
on [a, b] about the x-axis is given by
b
S = 2 f ( x) 1 + ( f ( x)) 2 dx
a
sin x , we change the remaining of the
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(If the function g ( y ) on [c, d] is revolving about

the y-axis then the surface area S of the surface
of revolution is given
by
S = 2
g ( y)
1 + ( g ( y )) dy
2
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
Given a series
The Integral test
the series
a
n =1
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
FIRST DERIVATIVE
1.
and the improper integral
SECOND DERIVATIVE
The Comparison Test
convergent.
If
an
is given by L =
t2
t1
dx dy
+
dt dt
and
bn
n is
x = r cos , y = r sin
The Root Test
1.
n is divergent.
, If
lim n a n < 1 , the series is absolutely

n
convergent.
and
2.
lim n a n > 1 , the series is divergent.
3.
lim n a n = 1 , the test is inconclusive
n
n
The Alternating Series Test
series of the form
y
r = x 2 + y 2 , = tan 1
x
AREA OF THE REGION BETWEEN THE ORIGIN AND
THE CURVE
(1)
1
A = r 2 d
2
(1)
n =1
an .
a n is convergent if:
1.
lim a n = 0 and,
2.
a n +1 < a n
for all n. (The series is
decreasing)
Absolute and Conditional

Convergence
Given a series
n it is either
LENGTH OF CURVE
1.
absolutely convergent if
If r = f ( ) has a continuous first derivative for

and if the point P (r , )
2.
convergent
conditionally convergent if
a
a
is
n is convergent but
traces the curve exactly once as runs from
to then the length of the curve is given by
a n+1
= 1 , the test is inconclusive.
n a
n
lim
Given a series
bn is
both converge or both diverge
n =1
From rectangular to polar coordinates:
3.
We apply this test to alternating series i.e.
From polar to rectangular coordinates:
r = f ( ),
If lim a n = c > 0 then
3.
POLAR COORDINATES
divergent then
The length or the arc of the curve between two
t2
convergent then
points corresponding to parameter values t1 and
a n+1
< 1 , the series is absolutely
n a
n
lim
a n+1
We apply this test to series of positive terms.

The comparison test can be applied in 3
forms:
1.
If
an bn and bn is
ARC LENGTH OF A PARAMETRIC CURVE
, If
2.
lim
> 1 , the series is divergent.
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a
2.
convergent.
f ( x)dx both converge or both diverge.
dy
dy
= dt
dx dx
dt
d dy

d 2 y dt dx
=
2
dx
dx
dt
3.
dr
r2 +
d
d
n is divergent
divergent if
n is divergent.
RATIO TEST
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Math 141 Equation Sheet

MATH 141 EQUATION SHEET

SIMPLE INTEGRATION FORMULAS

Kdx = Kx + C ( K and C are constants)

cosines (or sines) and solve using

f (u ( x)) u ( x)dx = f (u ( x)) + C

If n is even we isolate sec x we then

Note that in the second case the case where

For x 2 a 2 we use the substitution

For x 2 + a 2 we use the substitution

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

satisfies at least one of the two following

f is undefined for any point in the interval [a,

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

we use the substitution

x = b . Its value is equal

" higher curve" " lower curve" dx

If the axis is parallel to the x-axis then its a dx, if

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION OVER AN

be a function continuous on [a, b]

differentiable on (a, b). The arc length of the

Once we have the denominator factored (and

For each factor of ( x a ) we put

By higher curve I mean the one more positive.

The average value of a function

Once we have the partial fractions we proceed to

fraction for every power going from 1 to

If the roles of x and y are reversed we use the

AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

be a function continuous on [a, b]

differentiable on (a, b) such that f ( x ) 0 on

sin x , we change the remaining of the

Need help for exams?

(If the function g ( y ) on [c, d] is revolving about

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

The Integral test

and the improper integral

The Comparison Test

The Root Test

lim n a n < 1 , the series is absolutely

lim n a n > 1 , the series is divergent.

lim n a n = 1 , the test is inconclusive

The Alternating Series Test

series of the form

for all n. (The series is

Absolute and Conditional

If r = f ( ) has a continuous first derivative for

traces the curve exactly once as runs from

to then the length of the curve is given by

both converge or both diverge

From rectangular to polar coordinates:

We apply this test to alternating series i.e.

From polar to rectangular coordinates:

If lim a n = c > 0 then

The length or the arc of the curve between two

points corresponding to parameter values t1 and

We apply this test to series of positive terms.

ARC LENGTH OF A PARAMETRIC CURVE

f ( x)dx both converge or both diverge.