Midterm Sample

1) Following is the probability distribution of in how mechanical failure during a
particular production process

Number of Days
Probability
0.1
0.26
0.42
0.16
0.06
a) Find the mean and standard deviation of the number of mechanical failures during a
production process.
b) If it cost the company $1500 in terms of the lost output, what is the mean and standard
deviation of the cost due to the mechanical failures?
a. = 1.82 breakdowns
Breakdowns
0
1
2
3
4
P(x)
0.1
0.26
0.42
0.16
0.06
1.00
Mean
0
0.26
0.84
0.48
0.24
1.82
S.D.
2 = 1.0276
Variance
0.33124
0.174824
0.013608
0.222784
0.285144
1.0276
1.013706
= 1.0137 breakdowns
Cost
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
P(x)
0.1
0.26
0.42
0.16
0.06
1.00
Mean Variance
0 745290
390 393354
1260
30618
720 501264
360 641574
2730 2312100
S.D.
1520.559
b. Cost: C = 1500X
E(C) = 1500(1.82) = = $2,730
= |1500|(1.0137) = $1,520.559
2) You stop in at a local Internet caf. The manager tells you that there are four computers in the
cafe, and that the probability for one of them being available at any one time is 0.4. Assume
that this probability is the same for each computer and the probability of one computer being
occupied is statistically independent of any of the other computers.
What is the probability that all four computers are occupied?
Answer: P(All computers are occupied) = (0.6)4 = 0.1296
a) What is the probability that at least one computer is available?

Answer: P(All computers are occupied) = (0.6)4 = 0.1296
P(at least one computer is available ) = 1 - P(all computers are occupied)
= 1 - 0.1296 = 0.8704
3) In a survey of top executives, it was found that 17% had traveled internationally
on business. The probability of one of these executives fluently speaking a foreign language was
found to be 10%. The probability that one of these executives neither spoke a foreign language nor had
traveled internationally was 0.81. What is the probability that an executive who speaks a foreign
language has traveled internationally?
Answer: T =Traveled internationally
S = Speaks a foreign language
S
0.08
0.09
Total
0.17
Total
0.02
0.10
0.81
0.90
0.83
1.00
P(T/S) =
= 0.80
4)The probability that a person has an Internet connection at home is 34%. The probability that
they have access to the Internet at work is 40%. The probability that a person who has access
to the Internet at work also has access at home is 55%. What is the probability that a person
with an Internet connection at home also has one at work?
Answer: H = Internet at home
W = Internet at work
P(H) = 0.34, P(W) = 0.40, P(H/W) = 0.55.
Hence, P(H W)=P(H/W) P(W) = (0.55)(0.40) = 0.22 and P(W/H) = P(W H)/P(H) = 0.22/0.34 = 0.647.
5) In a recent survey about capital punishment, 64% of the respondents said that they support
capital punishment. Females comprised 48% of the sample, and of the females, 46% supported
capital punishment.
What is the probability that a randomly selected person is a female and capital punishment supporter?
Answer: S = Capital punishment supporter
F = Female
P(S F) = P(S | F) P(F) = (0.46)(0.48) = 0.2208
6) Suppose we select a capital punishment supporter so that we can ask some follow up questions.
What is the probability that the person we select is female?
F = Female
P(S F) = P(S | F) P(F) = (0.46)(0.48) = 0.2208
P(F | S) = P(F S) / P(S) = 0.2208 / 0.64 = 0.345
What is the probability that a randomly selected person is a male and does support capital
punishment?
F = Female
M = Male
P(S F) = P(S | F) P(F) = (0.46)(0.48) = 0.2208
Since P(S) = P(S F) + P(S M) 0.64 = 0.2208 + P(S M), then, P(S M) = 0.4192
7) Consider a sample space defined by events A1, A2, B1, B2. Let P(A1) = 0.40 , P(B1 A1) = 0.60
and P(B1 A2) = 0.70
What is P(A1 B1)?
Answer: P(B1 A1) = (0.60) = P(B1 A1)/P(A1) P(B1 A1) = P(A1 B1) = (0.60)(0.40) = 0.24
P(A1) = P(A1 B1) + P(A1 B2) P(A1 B2) = 0.40 - 0.24 = 0.16
P(B1 A2) = 0.70 = P(B1 A2)/P(A2) P(B1 A2) = P(A2 B1) = (0.70)(0.60) = 0.42
P(B1) = P(A1 B1) + P(A2 B1) = 0.24 + 0.42 = 0.66
P(A1 B1) = P(A1 B1)/ P(B1) = 0.24 / 0.66 = 0.3636
8) A table of joint probabilities is shown below, regarding the instructors at the University of
Michigan, where the events Ai(i = 1, 2, 3) and Bj (j = 1, 2) are defined as follows: A1 = Full
professor, A2 = Associate professor, A3 = Assistant professor, B1 = Male instructor, and B2 =
Female instructor.
A1
A2
A3
B1
0.15
0.25
0.20
B2
0.10
0.15
0.15
Calculate P(A1 B1).

Answer: P(A1 B1) = P(A1 B1) / P(B1) = 0.15 / 0.60 = 0.25
Show that P(A1 B1) + P(A2 B1) + P(A3 B1) = 1
Answer: Since P(A1 B1) + P(A2 B1) + P(A3 B1) = P(B1); then
P(A1 B1) + P(A2 B1) + P(A3 B1) = P(B1) / P(B1) = 1
Are the events A and B independent? Explain.
Answer: P(A2 B1) = P(A2 B1) / P(B1) = 0.25 / 0.60 = 0.4167
P(A2 B1) = 0.4167, and P(A2) = 0.40. Since P(A2 B1) P(A2), we conclude that the two events are
dependent.
9) Three airlines serve a small town in Indiana. Airline A has 60% of all the scheduled flights,
airline B has 30%, and airline C has the remaining 10%. Their on-time rates are 80%, 60%, and
49% respectively. Define event D as an airline arrives on time.
Calculate P(A and D).
Answer: P(A D) = P(D|A)P(A) = (0.80)(0.60) = 0.48
Calculate P(B D).
Answer: P(B D) = P(D|B) P(B) = (0.60)(0.30) = 0.18
Calculate the probability that a plane leaves on time.

Answer: P(D) = P(A D) + P(B D) + P(C D) = 0.48 + 0.18 + 0.049 = 0.709
If a plane has just left on time, what is the probability that it was airline A?
Answer: P(A | D) = P(A D) / P(D) = 0.48 / 0.709 = 0.677
If a plane has just left 40 minutes late, what is the probability that it was airline A?
Answer: P(A | ) = P(A ) / P( ) = (0.60)(0.20) / 0.291 = 0.412
10) A general contractor has submitted two bids for two projects; A and B. The probability of
getting project A is 0.60. The probability of getting project B is 0.75. The probability of getting
at least one of the projects is 0.85.
What is the probability that the contractor will get both projects?
Answer: P(A) = 0.60, P(B) = 0.75, and P(A B) = 0.85
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) implies that 0.85 = 0.60 + 0.75 - P(A B)
Hence, P(A B) = 0.50
If the contractor gets project A, what is the probability that he will get project B?
Answer: P(B | A) = P(A B)/P(A) = 0.50/0.60 = 0.833
9_
A set of data is mounded (Bell Shaped with large number of observations), with a mean of 500
and a variance of 576.
Approximately what proportion of the observations is greater than 476?
Answer: The value 476 is one standard deviation below the mean; hence the empirical rule implies
that the area between 476 and the mean is approximately 0.68 / 2 = 0.34. Therefore the proportion of
the observations greater than 476 is approximately 0.84.
Approximately what proportion of the observations is less than 548?
Answer: The value 548 is two standard deviations above the mean; hence the Empirical Rule implies
that the area between the mean and 548 is approximately 0.95 / 2 = 0.475. Therefore the proportion of
the observations less than 548 is approximately 0.975.
10) A researcher interested in determining the average monthly expenditures of college students on
DVDs finds that for a sample of 25 students, the mean expenditure was $24.40, and the median
expenditure was $21.76. Specify the shape of the histogram for this data. Does this shape make sense?
Why?
Answer: The distribution is skewed to the right, implying that there are a few students (outliers) who
spend a lot of money on DVDs, raising the average above the typical or median student.
11)
Given the following frequency distribution:

Average # Stock Trades
1 but < 4
4 but < 7
7 but < 10
Frequency
5
0
2
10 but < 13
Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

Answer:
Relative Frequency
Percent
1 but < 4
0.5
50
4 but < 7
0.0
0
7 but < 10
0.2
20
10 but < 13
0.3
30
Construct a cumulative relative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.
Answer:
Cumulative
Cumulative
Relative Frequency
Percent
<4
0.5
50
<7
0.5
50
< 10
0.7
70
< 13
1.0
100
12)
Data were collected on the number of people entering an electronics store each hour. The data
are presented below.
23
46
35
37
42
25
28
49
29
37
17
25
38
28
21
13
49
29
52
43
Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the data.

Answer:
Consider following set of data:

2
10
a) Find mean median and mode for the above data;

b) Find Inter-quartile range;
12
13
16
20

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What is the probability that all four computers are occupied in the Internet cafe?

What is the probability that an executive who speaks a foreign language has traveled internationally?

1) Following is the probability distribution of in how mechanical failure during a

particular production process

a) What is the probability that at least one computer is available?

Calculate P(A1 B1).

Calculate the probability that a plane leaves on time.

Given the following frequency distribution:

Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the data.

Consider following set of data:

a) Find mean median and mode for the above data;

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