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ET ISO 25537 (2008) (English): Glass in
building -- Silvered, flat-glass mirror

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STANDARD

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Glass in building Silvered, flat-glass

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Foreword

This Ethiopian Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for 
(TC ) and published by the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA).

The standard is identical with ISO '^ published by /
 ^tandards (/^K).

For the purpose of this Ethiopian Standard , the adopted text shall be modified as follows.
The phrase International Standard shall be read as Ethiopian Standard; and
A full stop (.) shall substitute comma (,) as decimal marker.

(7+,23,$1 STANDARD(6,SO 25537:20(E)

Glass in building Silvered, flat-glass mirror

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this International
Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of
regulatory requirements prior to use.

Scope

This International Standard specifies the minimum quality requirements (regarding optical, visual and edge
faults) and durability tests for silvered float glass for internal use in buildings.
This International Standard applies only to mirrors from silvered glass manufactured from flat, annealed clear
or tinted float glass, from 2 mm to 6 mm thick, and supplied in stock/standard sizes and as-cut finished sizes
to which no further processing (such as edgework or other fabrication) has been done.
NOTE
Upon consultation with the mirror manufacturer, it is possible to apply this International Standard to float glass
having a thickness less than 2 mm or greater than 6 mm.

This specification covers the quality requirements of silvered, annealed, monolithic, clear and tinted flat glass
mirrors.
Mirrors covered in this specification are not intended for use in environments, e.g. horse-riding halls,
swimming pools, medical baths, saunas, swimming pool areas, chemical laboratories and other corrosive
environments, where high humidity or airborne corrosion promoters, or both, are consistently present. This
International Standard is not applicable to reflective glass for external glazing applications.

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2409:2007, Paints and varnishes Cross-cut test
ISO 9227:2006, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres Salt spray tests
ISO 9050, Glass in building Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar
energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance, and related glazing factors

Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
fault
blemish US
imperfection in the body or on the surface of the mirror

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3.2
linear fault
scratch, hairline scratch, rub, dig, extended spot fault and other similar imperfections
3.3
spot fault
halo, colour spot, dirt, pinhole, stone, gaseous inclusion (seed or bubble), tin particle, deposit and other similar
imperfection
3.4
centre zone
central part of a mirror defined by 80 % of the length and 80 % of the width dimensions
3.5
chip
imperfection on the edge of a mirror due to breakage of a small fragment out of an otherwise-regular surface
3.6
cloud
frosted appearance in the reflected image from a silvered mirror
3.7
cluster
group of not fewer than three spot faults separated by not more than 50 mm
3.8
colour spot
alteration of the reflective coating in the form of a small, generally coloured spot
3.9
dig
deep, short scratch in the glass surface
3.10
dirt
small particle of foreign material imbedded in the glass surface
3.11
edge corrosion
change in the colour or level of reflectance along the mirror edge as a result of degradation of the silver
coating from external sources
3.12
edge fault
fault that affects the as-cut edge of the silvered glass
NOTE
Edge faults can include entrant/emergent faults, shelling, corners on/off, vents (small cracks), chips, shell
chips, and flare.

3.13
edgework
fabrication of the mirror edge beyond the original clean-cut condition
3.14
flare
protrusion on the edge of a piece of mirror

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3.15
gaseous inclusion
seed
bubble
round or elongated bubble at the surface (open) or within the body thickness leaving a cavity in the mirror
3.16
hairline scratch
very fine, circular scratch that can barely be seen that is associated with glass-cleaning techniques
3.17
halo
distortion zone around a spot fault
3.18
silvered mirror
flat, annealed, clear or tinted float glass, the rear surface of which has been coated with a protected reflective
silver layer
3.19
mirror cut size
mirror cut to a stock/standard size that is intended for final use in the size ordered (i.e. mirror not intended for
re-cutting)
NOTE

These mirrors can be subject to further processing, e.g. edge working, drilling, face decoration, etc.

3.20
mirror stock size
mirror intended for architectural use supplied with as-cut edges, where trimming is required
3.21
optical fault
fault directly associated with the distortion of the reflected image
3.22
protective coating(s) fault
pinhole, burst bubble, scratches or loss of adhesion of the protective coating(s) and other types of faults in the
protective coating(s) where the metallic layer is exposed
3.23
reflective silver-coating fault
fault in the reflective silver layer, altering the appearance of the silvered glass, e.g. scratches, colour spots
and edge deterioration and corrosion
3.24
rub
abrasion of the mirror surface producing a frosted appearance
3.25
scratch
damage on the glass surface in the form of a line caused by the movement of an object in contact with the
glass surface relative to the surface
3.26
shell chip
circular indentation in the mirror edge due to breakage of a small fragment

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3.27
silver coating
metallic silver layer in a silvered mirror product
3.28
stain
alteration of the reflective coating characterized by a more or less brownish, yellowish or greyish colouration of
zones
NOTE

Stains can sometimes cover the whole reflective surface.

3.29
stone
crystalline inclusion in the mirror

4
4.1

Materials
Glass products

Silvered, flat-glass mirror shall be manufactured from monolithic float glass. In the absence of an appropriate
International Standard for float glass products, and until such an International Standard is published, the float
glass used shall conform to the appropriate national standards.

4.2

Reflective coating

The mirror shall be manufactured with a reflective coating made of silver.

4.3

Protective coating(s)

The reflective coating described in 4.2 shall be protected by one or more layers and/or protective coatings e.g.
paint, lacquer, etc.

Dimensions

The dimensional tolerances for thickness, length, width and squareness of the mirrors shall be those
applicable to float glass.

Reflectance of clear glass mirrors

Measurement of reflectance shall be undertaken in accordance with ISO 9050 with an angle of incidence of
the light within 8 of normal. For the calculation of the reflectance, illuminant D65 and a 2 observer shall be
used.
When measured in accordance with ISO 9050, the minimum visible-light reflectance of silvered mirrors made
of clear glass shall be at least 83 %.
The reflectance of mirrors made from tinted glass, when measured in accordance with ISO 9050, may be
below 83 %.

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Quality requirements

7.1

Quality assessment and inspection methods for silvered mirrors

7.1.1

Glass, reflective coating, edge and protective coating quality

7.1.1.1

Inspection method

The silvered mirror shall be observed in a vertical position, with the naked eye and under normal diffused
daylight conditions, (between 100 lx and 1 000 lx at the silvered mirror), from a distance of 1 000 mm. The
direction of observation shall be normal, i.e. at right angles, to the silvered mirror. The use of an additional
lighting source, e.g. spotlight, shall not be allowed.
7.1.1.2

Glass faults

Glass faults shall be assessed in accordance with the method described in 7.1.1.1. The dimensions and
number of spot faults and linear faults that cause disturbance to the image shall be noted.
7.1.1.3

Reflective silver coating faults

Reflective silver-coating faults shall be assessed in accordance with the method described in 7.1.1.1. The
dimensions and number of spot faults and linear faults that cause disturbance to the image shall be noted.
7.1.1.4

Protective coating(s) faults

The presence of protective coating(s) faults shall be assessed in accordance with the method described in
7.1.1.1 looking at the protective-coated side (backside) of the mirror.
7.1.1.5

Edge faults

The presence of edge faults shall be assessed in accordance with the method described in 7.1.1.1. The
dimensions of the chips, shell chips and flares shall be measured. The depth shall be the measured distance
of a fault from the face of the mirror into the thickness. The length shall be the distance, parallel to the edge of
the mirror, from one edge of a fault to the other. The width shall be the perpendicular distance from the edge
of the mirror to the inner edge of the fault.
7.1.1.6

Cloud and stain

The presence of cloud and stain shall be assessed in accordance with the method described in 7.1.1.1.
7.1.2

Qualitative visual inspection method of the optical quality

A silvered mirror shall be examined in areas of 500 mm 500 mm at a time. The observer shall be located at
a distance of 2 000 mm in front of and normal to the area being examined. Behind the observer shall be an
irregular background. The reflected image shall not be optically disturbed, e.g. by another reflective surface,
window, etc.

7.2
7.2.1

Acceptance levels
Glass faults

Acceptance level for glass faults shall be as given in Table 1.

7.2.2

Reflective silver-coating faults

Acceptance level for reflective silver-coating faults shall be as given in Table 1.

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7.2.3

Protective coating(s) faults

Acceptance level for protective coating(s) faults shall be as given in Table 1.

Table 1 Acceptance levels for glass faults, reflective silver-coating faults
and protective coating(s) faults
Fault
Type

Number of faults per square metre

Size

Stock size a

mm

Spot

7.2.4

Centre zone

Edge zone

< 0,3

Unrestricted

Unrestricted

Unrestricted

W 0,3 to < 0,5

Unrestricted

9,0 but clusters

are not allowed

9,0

W 0,5 to < 0,8

2,6

None

9,0

W 0,8 to < 1,2

0,6

None

1,0

W 1,2 to < 1,5

0,3

None

None

W 1,5

0,3

None

None

u 75

0,6

None

> 75

None

None

Linear
a

Cut size a

The number of faults is rounded to the first decimal using the standard rule.

Edge faults

Acceptance level for edge faults shall be as given in Table 2.

Table 2 Requirements for edge faults
Edge faults
(viewed from front)

Stock size

Cut size

mm

mm

Type

Location

Chips, shell chips

length

u 10

3,2

width

u 10

1,6

depth

u6

1,5

length

u 10

3,2

width

u 10

1,6

depth

u6

1,5

Unrestricted

Allowed if less
than 25 % of
glass thickness

Flare

Corners on/off

Key

chips

shell chips

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7.2.5

Stain and cloud

When inspected in accordance with 7.1.1.1, the mirror shall not exhibit any stain or cloud.
7.2.6

Optical faults

When inspected in accordance with 7.1.2, the mirror shall not exhibit any disturbing optical distortion of the
image.

Testing of silvered mirror

8.1

Durability

8.1.1

General

The durability of silvered mirror shall be determined by a number of tests in accordance with the following
specifications.

Resistance to neutral salt: test specimen shall be tested using either the neutral salt-spray test (NSS) in
accordance with ISO 9227:2006, 5.2, or the dip test in accordance with Annex B.

Resistance to acid salt: test specimen shall be tested using the copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray
test (CASS) in accordance with ISO 9227:2006, 5.4.

Condensation water test at constant atmosphere: test specimen shall be tested in accordance with
Annex A.

8.1.2

Test specimens

Silvered mirrors being tested shall be stored under suitable conditions and for a sufficient period to allow
backing materials to cure. As the curing is dependant on the type of paint used, the mirror manufacturer shall
request information from the paint manufacturer on the required curing conditions and time. Just prior to
testing, the silvered mirror shall be cut to the specimen size. The dimensions of the specimen shall be
mutually agreed upon between interested parties but the specimen shall have a minimum area of 10 000 mm2,
e.g. 100 mm 100 mm, 70 mm 150 mm, 150 mm 150 mm.
8.1.3

Position of specimens

The specimens shall be placed in the testing cabinets with the protective coating (painted) side up at an angle
as defined by the appropriate International Standard.
8.1.4

Evaluation

The specimens shall be examined in diffused daylight (minimum 300 lx and maximum 1 000 lx at the mirror)
against a black background. A magnifying glass (7x) shall be used to measure the maximum edge corrosion
and spot fault diameter(s). The determination of edge corrosion shall be carried out on two vertical edges for
all tests.
8.1.5

Acceptance criteria

The acceptance criteria for silvered mirror when tested in accordance with 8.1.1 to 8.1.4 shall be as are given
in Table 3.

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Table 3 Durability acceptance criteria for silvered mirror

Test method and reference

Requirements

NSS (ISO 9227:2006, 5.2)

120 h

Dip test (Annex B)

24 h

coloured or diffused areas within reflective coating

none

bubbles in protective coatings

none

edge corrosion
maximum number of defects

u 1,5 mm
2 of 0,5 mm < u 3 mm
5 of 0,2 mm < u 0,5 mm
u 0,2 mm accepted if not forming a coloured or diffused
area by concentration

CASS (ISO 9227:2006, 5.4)

120 h

coloured or diffused areas within reflective coating

none

bubbles in protective coatings

none

edge corrosion
maximum number of spots

u 2,5 mm
2 of 0,5 mm < u 3 mm
5 of 0,2 mm < u 0,5 mm
u 0,2 mm accepted if not forming a coloured or diffused
area by concentration

Condensation test (Annex A)

120 h

coloured or diffused areas within reflective coating

none

bubbles in protective coatings

none

edge corrosion
maximum number of spots

u 0,2 mm
1 of 0,2 mm < u 0,5 mm
u 0,2 mm accepted if not forming a coloured or diffused
area by concentration

8.2

Protective coating(s) adhesion

The adhesion of the protective coating(s), excluding the metallic layer, shall be assessed by means of the
cross cut test in accordance with ISO 2409. The test shall be carried out manually or automatically with 6-cut
spacing of 1 mm using single or 6-bladed cutter.
The detached particulates shall be removed by using the soft brush only (see ISO 2409:2007, 6.2.5) without
removing the tape as directed in ISO 2409:2007, 6.2.6. The results shall conform to class 3 in accordance
with ISO 2409:2007, Table 1.

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Annex A
(normative)
Condensation-water test in a constant atmosphere

A.1 Principle
This test method describes the general conditions that shall be observed when submitting specimens to
condensation-water constant atmospheres, in order to ensure that the results of tests carried out in different
laboratories are reproducible. The tests are designed to determine the behaviour of the specimens in humid
ambient atmospheres, and to pinpoint any defects of the protection of the specimens against corrosion. The
behaviour of the specimens in these test atmospheres does not, however, enable any direct assertions to be
made with respect of the service-life expectation of the components tested under real conditions of use. The
shape and the preparation of the specimens, the duration of the test, the evaluation of the test and the
assessment of the test results do not form part of the subject matter of this test method.

A.2 Test conditions

The constant atmospheric temperature in the test cabinet during the condensation process of the
condensation water test atmospheres of this International Standard shall be (50 3) C.
NOTE 1
Condensation-water test atmospheres promote the condensation of atmospheric humidity on the surfaces of
specimens, the temperatures of which are lower than the temperature of the saturated air in the test cabinet, due to
radiation onto the cabinet walls or to the cooling of the specimen.
NOTE 2
The quantity of condensation water formed on the surface of the specimen can also have an important
influence on the action of the condensation water; this quantity is affected by the ambient temperature in the installation
room or by the cooling of the specimen. The condensate that drips off the specimen consists of condensation water and
also, in some instances, of solid and liquid constituents of the specimens dissolved in or mixed into the condensation
water. Reproducible results can be expected only on condition that the test atmosphere is the same and that the test
procedure is the same.

A.3 Climatic testing device

A.3.1 Climatic chamber
A vapour-tight climatic chamber is essential for testing with a warm and humid atmosphere. The material of
the inner walls shall be corrosion-resistant and shall not affect the specimens. The climatic chamber shall be
equipped with a floor trough that acts as the receptacle for the quantity of water prescribed in A.4.1 or other
means of forming condensation water. The test cabinet conditions shall be achieved by heating the water in
the floor trough. If the quantity of heat introduced via the water is insufficient to heat up the air in the test
cabinet to the required temperature, then this air shall be heated up additionally.
The water temperature shall not exceed 60 C.
NOTE
The heating-up time depends on the nature and quantity of the specimens, and also on the ratio of the area of
the water surface of the floor trough to the area of the wall of the test cabinet and on the water temperature. The
dimensions of the climatic chamber and the arrangement of its temperature-measuring and control equipment can be
modified, provided that the test conditions in accordance with A.2 and A.4.3 are observed and that the temperature of the
test atmosphere in the useful space is measured.

The climatic chamber shall be provided with a suitable door or other aperture capable of being closed, which
allows the charging with specimens and the ventilation of the test room.

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Climatic testing devices not equipped with water-filled floor troughs shall be designed in such a way that an
adequate formation of condensation water on the specimens is achieved.

A.3.2 Installation of the climatic chamber

The climatic chamber shall be installed in a room with an ambient atmosphere not containing any corrosive
constituents (e.g. it shall not be installed in a chemical laboratory), at a room temperature of (23 5) C and at
a relative atmospheric humidity not exceeding 75 % relative humidity, in such a way that it shall be protected
against draughts and solar radiation. In the case of comparison tests, the ambient temperature in the
installation room shall be (23 2) C.
NOTE

A decrease in the ambient temperature results in an increase in the quantity of condensation water.

A.3.3 Device (specimen holder) for the accommodation of the specimens

The device for the accommodation of the specimens shall consist of a corrosion-resistant material and shall
not promote the corrosion of the specimens. It shall allow the specimens to be arranged in accordance with
the requirements of A.4.3.

A.4 Procedure
A.4.1 Filling the floor trough
Where a floor trough is used, it shall be filled with pure water (distilled water or de-ionized water) in such a
way that the water shall be at least 10 mm deep at all times during operation.

A.4.2 Specimens
Only specimens that are not capable of mutually influencing one another shall be tested together at any one
time. If the amount of condensation water formed is likely to additionally affect the specimens, then the
quantity of condensation water shall be ascertained over a 24 h period, with the aid of a suitable device, for
the purpose of describing the test conditions (see A.4.4).

A.4.3 Arrangement of the specimens

The specimens shall be arranged in the test cabinet in such a way that they are not in close contact with each
other and that they are able to radiate heat adequately. The following minimum spacing shall be observed:

distance from the walls: not less than 100 mm;

distance of the bottom edge of the specimens from the surface of the water: not less than 200 mm;

spacing between adjoining specimens: not less than 20 mm.

Steps shall be taken to ensure that condensation water is not allowed to drip onto the specimens from the
walls of the test cabinet or from other specimens arranged overhead when the specimens are positioned.

A.4.4 Procedure for the determination of a comparison quantity of condensation water

A comparison quantity of condensation water can be determined in the following manner.
a)

Use an 18 mm 180 mm glass test tube filled with water as the standard specimen.

b)

Place this tube (suspended from a thread of polyamide, for example) with its bottom situated 50 mm
above the rim of a glass funnel having a diameter of 55 mm placed in a graduated cylinder with a nominal
capacity of 10 ml.

10

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c)

Arrange this device in the test cabinet amongst the other specimens in the same way as described in
A.4.3 for the arrangement of the specimens.

d)

Collect the condensate dripping from the test tube in the graduated cylinder via the glass funnel.

NOTE
Any other type of equipment can be used, provided it is able to maintain a temperature of (50 3) C and a
humidity > 95 %, and that the same result can be achieved.

A.4.5 Test sequence

A.4.5.1

Start-up

After the specimens have been positioned and after the climatic chamber has been closed, the heating for the
floor trough water or for the climatic testing device shall be switched on, and the test cabinet shall be heated
up to the atmospheric temperature of (50 3) C. This temperature shall be attained within 1,5 h.
Condensation water shall be formed on the specimens.
A.4.5.2

Condensation water constant atmosphere

The temperature prescribed in Clause A.2, and, therefore, the condensation process, shall be maintained in
the test cabinet for the entire prescribed duration of the test.

A.4.6 End of test

The test shall be terminated after 120 h.

A.4.7 Interruption
Any interruptions of the test shall be recorded accurately in the test report.

A.4.8 Test report

The following information shall be provided in the test report quoting this International Standard as reference:
a)

exact description of the specimens, including their pre-treatment if applicable;

b)

duration of test;

c)

reason and duration of possible test interruptions (e.g. power failure);

d)

comparison quantity of condensation water in ml/(24 h), if required in accordance with A.4.2;

e)

handling of the specimens between the end of the test and the beginning of the assessment;

f)

observations made on the test specimens after test.

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Annex B
(normative)
Dip test

The following dip test may be used as an alternative to the NSS test in accordance with ISO 9227 in order to
assess the resistance of the mirror to neutral salt.
After dipping about one half of the specimen in a 3 % NaCl solution at room temperature of (23 5) C for
24 h, the specimen shall be examined for the presence of corroded or coloured or diffused areas within
reflective coating and bubbles in protective coatings.

12

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Organization and Objectives

The Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is the national standards body of Ethiopia
established in 2010 based on regulation No. 193/2010.ESA is established due to the
restructuring of Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE) which was
established in 1970.

AF

Develop Ethiopian standards and establish a system that enable to

check weather goods and services are in compliance with the
required standards,
Facilitate the countrys technology transfer through the use of
standards,
Develop national standards for local products and services so as to
make them competitive in the international market.

Ethiopian Standards

ESA has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be
reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of ESA.
International Involvement
ESA, representing Ethiopia, is a member of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX). It also
maintains close working relations with the international Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).It is a
founding member of the African Regional Organization for standardization
(ARSO).

The Ethiopian Standards are developed by national technical committees which are
composed of different stakeholders consisting of educational Institutions, research
institutes, government organizations, certification, inspection, and testing
organizations, regulatory bodies, consumer association etc. The requirements and/
or recommendations contained in Ethiopian Standards are consensus based that
reflects the interest of the TC representatives and also of comments received from
the public and other sources. Ethiopian Standards are approved by the National
Standardization Council and are kept under continuous review after publication and
updated regularly to take account of latest scientific and technological changes.
Orders for all Ethiopian Standards, International Standard and ASTM standards,
including electronic versions, should be addressed to the Documentation and
Publication Team at the Head office and Branch (Liaisons) offices. A catalogue of
Ethiopian Standards is also available freely and can be accessed in from our
website.


Ethiopian Standards Agency

ESAs objectives are:-

More Information?

Contact us at the following address.

The Head Office of ESA is at Addis Ababa.

 011- 646 06 85, 011- 646 05 65

 011-646 08 80
2310 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
E-mail: info@ethiostandards.org,
Website: www.ethiostandards.org

Standard Mark