Project
Project
INDEX
TITLE
1.
P.NO.
INTRODUCTION
2.
FAULT ANALYSIS
3.
RELAYS
10
3.5. Grading
10
10
3.5.2.Discrimination by Time
10
3.5.3.Discrimination by Current
10
11
3.5.5.Grading Margin
11
11
12
13
3.8.1.Overcurrent Relays
13
14
3.8.3.Differential Relays
14
3.8.4.CTMM Relay
14
14
16
17
17
4.
FAULT CALCULATION
19
25
26
28
31
39
47
55
56
5.2. HTMCC
56
5.2.1.Drive Protection
57
60
61
64
66
67
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
73
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
1. Protection System of BFP
2. 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
3. 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
4. EE Nomenclature
5. XLPE Cable Resistance & Reactance
6. List of Device no.
7. IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relay for 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
8. IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relay for 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
load center called HTMCC. After analyzing the fault coordination and grading
features in protection systems and schemes are studied. In addition to this, the
effect of upcoming generator TG5 on the above mentioned systems have been
analyzed.
LBSS-V
LBSS I
LBSS II
LBSS III
LBSS IV
Station designation
Areas covered
LBSS-1 (220/11/6.6KV)
RMHP,CO&CCP,SINTURPLANT,BF
LBSS-2 (220/11/6.6KV)
BF,SMS,ASP,CRMP,COMP.HOUSE-1
(220/33KV)
LBSS-3(220/11/11KV)
LBSS-4(220/11/11KV)
LBSS-5(220/11&220/11/11KV)
MRS(220/33KV)
The estimated power requirements for VSP as 280MW at 3.0 MT stage the
peak load being 292MW essential load being 219MW. The installed in plant
generation capacity is 219MW, comprising of 180MW from captive thermal
power plant, 24MW from gas expansion turbines utilizing blast furnace high top
pressure & 15MW from back pressure turbines utilizing waste heat of coke dry
cooling plants. The generation from BF and coke oven will be fluctuating in
nature the balance is supplied by APSEB. The purchased power requirements at
3MT stage is around 250MVA. Apart from meeting part of the power
requirements, the power plant & blower house supply cold blast air to BF &
steam at 13KSCA & 21KSCA to the plant.
TYPE
PROBABILITY OF FAILURE
70 %
15 %
10 %
5%
Such faults cause heavy currents called short circuit currents to flow in the
system. The determination of such currents enables us to make proper selection
of circuit breakers; protective relays and also helps to ensure that the associated
apparatus like bus bars, current transformers the forces which arise due to fault
currents.
Since single phase to ground faults are the most common where three
phase faults are the most severe faults and also the most amenable to
calculations since these involve symmetrical conditions only.
Now, in TPP of VSP we are assuming the 3 short circuit & line to ground
fault at the drive i.e. on load side at voltage level of 6.6KV.
We have two types of types of faults.
Symmetrical faults & Unsymmetrical faults
The current in the neutral is three times the zero sequence line current. If the
neutral connection severed,
Iao= 1/3In=0
i.e. in the absence of a neutral connection the zero sequence line current is
always zero.
1
= 1/3 .
Ia
1 2
1 1
IR0=IR1=IR2= 1/3IR
Then fault current is , IR=3IR1=3ER/(Z1+Z2+Z0)+3Zf
2.2.2. Line To Line Fault (LL fault) :
Here shows a line to line fault at F in a power system on phases Y&B
through the fault impedance Zf .
The currents & voltages at the fault are,
IR=0
IY= IY
IB=-IY
VY-VB= IY.Zf
symmetrical components of currents are:
2
IY
IR1
IR2
1
= 1/3
IR0
-IY
IR1= Ea/Z1+Z2+Zf .
2.2.3. Double Line To Ground Fault (LLG fault) :
This shows a double line to ground fault at F in a power system & the fault
may have an impedance of Zf .
The currents & voltages at the fault are,
IR =0
IR1+IR2+IR0 =0
VY=VB=Zf (IY+IB)=3Zf IR0 .
These are different kinds of faults occurred in power system. These faults can
take one of the following forms.
Relays are the devices which senses the fault and cause the circuit breaker
trip circuits to be energized and the breakers to open their contacts.
- Torque
I,V
- Operating quantities
K1,K2,K3 & K4
The connections are divided into 3 main circuits. First is the primary
winding of C.T. which is connected in series with the main circuit to be
protected second circuit consists of secondary winding & the third circuit is the
tripping circuit which may be either ac or dc.
3.3. Basic Requirements of Protective Relaying :
A well designed &efficient protective relaying should have,
Speed , Selectivity , Sensitivity , Reliability , Simplicity , Economy
Speed :
The fault at any point in the system must be detected and isolated in the
shortest possible time. This time is of the order of 30-100ms , depending upon
the fault level of the system involved.
Selectivity :
Ability of the protective systems to determine the point at which the fault
occurs and select the nearest of circuit breaker tripping of which will lead to
clearing of fault with minimum or no damage to the system.
Sensitivity :
The capability of the relaying to operate reliably under the actual
conditions that produce the least operating tendency.
Reliability :
The protective relaying must be ready to function reliable &correct in
operation at all times under any kind of fault & abnormal conditions of the
power system for which it has been designed.
Simplicity :
The simple the protective scheme and the lesser the no.of relays,
circuits and contacts it contains the greater will be its reliability.
Economy :
Too much of protection is as bad as to little and the relay engineer must
strike a sensible with due regard to practical situation considered.
3.5. Grading :
3.5.1. Principles of time or current grading :
Among the various possible methods used to achieve the correct relay
coordination are those using either time or over current or a combination of both
time and over current. The common aim of all three methods is to give correct
discrimination i.e. each one must select and isolate only the faulty section
of the power system network leaving the rest of the system undisturbed.
3.5.2. Discrimination by Time :
In this method an approximate time interval is given by each of the
relays controlling the circuit breakers in a power system to ensure that the
breaker nearest to the fault opens first.
The main disadvantage of this method of discrimination is that the
longest fault clearance time occurs for faults in the section closest to the power
source, where the fault ( MVA ) is highest.
3.5.3. Discrimination by Current :
Discrimination by current relies on the fact that the fault current
varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in impedance
values between the source & the fault. Hence the relays controlling the various
circuit breakers are set to operate at suitably tapered values such that only the
relay nearest to the fault trips its breaker.
3.5.4. Discrimination by both Time & Current :
In case of discrimination by time alone, the disadvantage is due to the
fact that the more severe faults are cleared in the longest operating time.
Discrimination by current can be applied only where there is an appreciable
impedance between the two breakers concerned. It is because of the limitations
concerned by the independent use of either time or current co-ordination that the
inverse time over current relay characteristics has evolved with this
characteristic the time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current
level and the actual characteristic is a function of both 'time' and 'current'
settings.
3.5.5. Grading margin :
The time interval between the operation of two adjacent relays
depends upon number of factors :
Errors.
Static Relays.
Electrodynamic Relays.
Electromechanical relays are older simpler and more widely used where
as solid state relays are more versatile more reliable and faster. An
electromechanical relay after it picks up continuous to travel for some time even
though the current through it reduces below the pickup value.
For our analysis we are using electromechanical relays.
A one line diagram of a power system involved showing the type and
rating of the protective device and their associated current transformers.
The maximum & minimum values of short circuit currents that are
expected to flow through each protective device.
The starting current requirements of motor and the starting and stalling
times of induction motors.
Decrement curves showing the rate of decay of the fault current supplied
by the generators.
time at maximum fault levels and then checked to see if operation will also be
satisfactory at the minimum fault current expected.
The basic rules for correct relay coordination can generally be stated as follows:
Whenever possible use relays with the same operating characteristic in series
K1.I2 K4 > 0
I > (K4/K1) = Ip
at current
setting
at current
setting
Continuously adjustable.
50 200%
100400%
Operating Time : The operating time is less than 30 milliseconds at 5 times the
current setting with maximum asymmetrical current applied and with primary
circuit X/R ratio upto 30:1.
Resetting Current : The relay will reset at a current not less than 80% of the
current setting.
Resetting Time : The relay will reset within 30 milliseconds when resetting to
no current.
Burdens : 1.2VA at setting current on lowest setting.
1.0VA at setting current on highest setting.
Thermal Rating : The relay will withstand maximum setting current
continuously and 20 times maximum setting current for 3 sec on any setting.
3.8.7. Instantaneous High Stability circulating Current Relay :
Features :
simple and robust construction.
High stability on external faults.
Sensitive high speed protection on internal faults.
Applications :
Differential protection of A.C. machines, reactors, sub-transformers
and bus bars.
Balanced and restricted earth fault protection of generator and
transformer windings.
Transverse differential protection of generators and parallel feeders.
Current Rating And Settings : The relay can be supplied suitable for operation
from 1A Or 5A . C.T. secondaries and the following standard setting ranges are
available.
20 - 80% adjustable in seven equal steps of 10%
10 - 40% adjustable in seven equal steps of 5%.
Burdens : 0.9 VA at current setting on lowest tap.
1.0 VA at current setting on highest tap.
Thermal Rating: The relay can withstand 20 times the current setting for 3sec
3.8.8. High Speed Biased Differential Relay : ( DTH31 )
Features :
High speed.
Low burden.
Compact in size.
Applications :
The DTH31 relay is triple pole high speed biased differential relay
designed to protect large three phase power transformers, auto transformers &
large generator transformers against internal faults. An instantaneous highest
circuit overrides the biased differential circuit to clear heavy initial faults. The
DTH31 relay is applicable for two winding transformers.
Current Rating
: 1A or 5A at 50Hz
Settings
Operate : The relay operates when differential current exceeds 15% relay rated
current (fixed) .
Bias : The bias setting is adjustable to 15% , 30% or 45%by plug board taps
Thermal Rating : The relay will withstand twice rated current continuously,
40 times rated current for 3sec, 100 times rated current for 1sec.
Operating time : The relay operating time for differential circuits in excess of
twice rated current is typically about 45ms.
Burdens :
ON AN 50000
ON AF 63000
Rated Voltage
HV 220000
at noload
LV 110000
Rated current
ON AN
HV LV
ON AF
131.2 2624.6
165.3
Frequency
50 Hz
Vector group
yNd11
3307.0
(-)
21.58%
(*)
16.79%
Phase = 3
Maximum ambient temp = 50C
Top Oil temp rise ( over ambient ) = 50C
Winding temp rise ( over ambient ) = 55C
Symmetrical short circuit current=4.96*lnA
Maximum S.C duration = 3 sec
HV HVN LV
Insulation
KV RMS
395
KVP
950
38
28
75
ON AF ON AN
Rating HV ( MVA )
20
16
Rating LV ( MVA )
20
16
11
69
1050
1750
( at 6.6 KV )
Line current L.V ( amps )
1673.5
( at 6.9 KV )
Temp rise oil = 50C
Temp rise winding = 50C
Phase = 3
Frequency = 50 Hz
Connection symbole = Dyn11
Impedance voltage
Insulation level
%HVLV -
HV 75 KV peak, 28 KV RMS
LV 60 KV peak, 22 KV RMS
IV
18350 Kg
wt. of oil
7690 Kg
Total wt.
37670 Kg
Oil quantity
8840 lt
Transport wt.
30280 Kg
Untanking wt.
18350 Kg
High Voltage
N.L.Voltage Rated
Switch
Leads
N.L.
Rated
Imp.
(KV)
position
connected
Voltage
line
Voltage
(KV)
current
(%)
9.74
line
current
11.550
(A)
999.7
1(MAX)
4-5
(A)
-
11.275
1024.1
5-3
11.000
1049.7
3(NT)
3-6
6.9
1673.5
9.88
10.725
1076.6
6-2
6.6
1750
10.450
1105.0
5(MIN)
2-7
9.972
FDTMC - 20XF - 80
Rated voltage
12 KV
1.5
7.2 KV
Frequency
50 Hz
Normal current
630 A
3 sec
28 KV
Impulse
60 KVP
220DC V
220DC V
O.C. coil
E.F. coil
Specification 1S-2516/1EC56
40 KA
Duration
3 sec
Normal current
2500 A
7.2 KV
Making capacity
102 KAP
Impulse
60 KVP
Type
VM3AF
BHEL - MOCB.
Low Oil content circuit breaker (11kv breaker) :
Voltage
12 KV
Normal current
2000 A
26.3 KA at 11 KV
5 cycles
Opening time
0.055 sec
Closing time
0.1 sec
Insulation level
75 KV
3.4 A
Component
MVA
Voltage
Rating
Rating(KV)
% Reactance
p.u.value
1.
Generator(TG1,2,3)
75
11
18.8%
j.2506
2.
Generator (TG4)
90
11
18.8%
j.1288
3.
Generator (TG5)
90
11
18.8%
j.1288
4.
Yard T/F(Tr1,3)
50
11/220
16.79%
j.3358
5.
Transformer(Tr#4)
50
11/220
R12 = .175
j.005
R13 = .23
j.345
R23 = .4
j.445
6.
Transformer(Tr#5)
90
11/220
11.6%
j.208
7.
T/F(auxiliary)
20
11/6.6
9.75%
j.4875
8.
ExternalEarthingT/F
11/6.6
j16.07
9.
BPTG1,2
9.375
11
15.23%
j1.625
10.
GETG 1,2
15
11
11.4%
j.76
11.
Reactor
11
0 .2
j.165
12.
GRID
7500
275
100%
j.132
( per Km )
13.
Line 1
275
j.0052
14.
Line 2
275
j.0053
15.
Line 3
275
4.77
j.0063
Fault calculations are carried out for 3phase symmetrical fault and
unsymmetrical (LG) fault in 3 different cases i.e. for Existing system with Grid,
Existing system in Island condition and Existing system with future expansion
of TG#5 in Island condition .i.e. seperation of VSP network from Grid in
abnormal conditions.
Expansion of TG#5 in to the system with grid has not been studied
because the impact on fault of TG#5 with large capacity Grid is almost
negligible.
.175
.23
.4
For 100MVA,
X12 = 0.175 * 100/50 = 0.35
X23 = 0.4 * 100 / 50 = 0.8
X13 = 0.23 * 100 / 50 = 0.46
Z1 = 1/2[Z12 + Z13 Z23]
R1 = 1/2[0.35+0.460.8] = 0.05
R2 = 1/2[0.35+0.80.46] = 0.345
R3= 1/2[ 0.46+0.80.35] = 0.455
By reducing the reduction diagram, pu value of BPTG & GETS is j.4622
GRID :
Impedance of VSS2 MRS2
I1
V2
I2
Z original
=
Vn
In
Zb
Ip
Vp
0 0
- - - 0
Z1k
I1
V2
Z2k
I2
Z original
=
Vn
Zn
In
Vp
Zk1 Zk2
- -
Zkn
Zkk+Zb
Ip
Original matrix.
Z(n+1)x(n+1)
New bus.
V2
V3
Zbus .
V4
-Vf
-If
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.0515
j.3358
.0515
.0515
.0515
.5137
.0463
.0463
.0463
.3831
.0407
.0407
.0407
.3765
.0407
.0407
.0407
.0407
.3765
.3765
.0407
.3765
.6271
last row and column are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .0407 (.0407*.0407/.6271) = .0381
Z12 = .0407 (.0407*.3765/.6271) = .0163 = Z21
Z22 = .3765 (.3765*.3765/.6271) = .1504
Zbus = j
.0381
.0163
.0163
.1504
Step 6 : Impedance Zb =.165 adding between Existing Bus 2 and Bus 3.( related
to Reactor )
Zbus =
.0381
.0163
.0163
j .0163
.1504
.1504
.0163
.1504
.3154
.0381
.0163
.0163
.0163
.0163
.1504
.1504
.1504
.0163
.1504
.3154
.3154
.0163
.1504
.3154
.556
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
Step 8 : Impedance Zb = .165 adding between Existing Bus 3 and New Bus 4 .
( relating to Reactor 2 )
Zbus =
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
.1365
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015
Zbus =
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0651
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
.1365
.1365
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015
.3015
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015
.5521
Last row and column are to eliminated to get the required Zbus.
Z11 = .0376 (.0071*.0071/.5521) = .0375
Z12 = .0119 (.0071*.0651/.5521) = .0111 = Z21
Z13 = .0071 (.0071*.1365/.5521) = .0053 = Z31
Z14 = .0071 (.0071*.3015/.5521) = .0032 = Z41
Z22 = .1097 (.0651*.0651/.5521) = .1020
Z23 = .0651 (.0651*.1365/.5521) = .0490 = Z32
Z24 = .0651 (.0651*.3015/.5521) = .0295 = Z42
Z33 = .1365 (.1365*.1365/.5521) = .1027
Z34 = .1365 (.1365*.3015/.5521) = .0619 = Z43
Z44 = .3015 (.3015*.3015/.5521) = .1368
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0032
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0295
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0619
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.1368
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.7896
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0032
.0343
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0295
-.0184
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0619
-.0116
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.1368
-.1336
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.7896
-.1336
.0343
-.0184
-.0116
-.1336
-.1336
.5037
Zbus = j
.0352
.0123
.0347
.0123
.0123
.0123
.1013
.0546
.0246
.0246
.0061
.0486
.1046
.0588
.0588
.0123
.0246
.0566
.1013
.1014
.0123
.0246
.0566
.1014
.7542
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP
Since there is no other impedance in the network,
Zero sequence impedance = j.4875
+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7542
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2 =j.7542
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.3358
.3368
.3368
.3368
.799
.1948
.3358
.3358
.5306
.1948
.3358
.3358
.3358
.5306
.5306
.3358
.5306
.7812
last row and coulomn are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .1948 (.3358*.3358/.7812) = .0504
Z12 = .3358 (.3358*.5306/.7812) = .1077 = Z21
Z22 = .5306 (.5306*.5306/.7812) = .1702
Zbus = j
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1702
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1702
.1702
.1077
.1702
.3352
Zbus =
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1702
.1702
.1702
.1077
.1702
.3352
.3352
.1077
.1702
.3352
.5858
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
Step 7 :Impedance Zb = .165 adding between Existing Bus 3 and New Bus 4 .
( relating to Reactor 2 )
Zbus =
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
.1434
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084
Zbus =
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0461
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0728
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
.1434
.1434
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084
.3084
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084
.559
Last row and column are to eliminated to get the required Zbus.
Z11 = .0306 (.0461*.0461/.559) = .0268
Z12 = .0764 (.0461*.0728/.559) = .0704 = Z21
Z13 = .0461 (.0461*.1434/.559) = .0343 = Z31
Z14 = .0461 (.0461*.3084/.559) = .0207 = Z41
Z22 = .1207 (.0728*.0728/.559) = .1112
Z23 = .0728 (.0728*.1434/.559) = .0541 = Z32
Z24 = .0728 (.0728*.0728/.559) = .0633 = Z42
Z33 = .1434 (.1434*.1434/.559) = .1066
Z34 = .1434 (.1434*.3084/.559) = .0643 = Z43
Z44 = .3084 (.3084*.3084/.559) = .1383
Zbus =
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.0633
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0643
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.1383
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.7911
.0633
.0207
.0633
Zbus =
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0207
.0061
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0633
.0633
.0071
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0643
-.03
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.1383
-.1176
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.7911
-.1176
.0061
.0071
-.03
-.1176
-.1176
.0267
.0703
.0347
.0223
.0223
.0703
.1111
.0546
.0651
.0651
.0347
.0546
.1046
.0566
.0566
.0223
.0651
.0566
.1082
.1082
.0223
.0651
.0566
.1082
.7607
.4595
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP
+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7607
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2 =j.7607
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.0515
j.3358
.3368
.3368
.3368
.6736
.1684
.1684
.1684
.6306
.1234
.1234
.1234
.4592
.1234
.1234
.1234
.4592
.4592
.1234
.4592
.7098
.1234
last row and coulomn are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .1234 (.1234*.1234/.7098) = .1019
Z12 = .1234 (.1234*.4592/.7098) = .0435 = Z21
Z22 = .1234 (.4592*.4592/.7098) = .1621
Zbus = j
.1019
.0435
.0435
.1621
Step 6 : Impedance Zb =.165 adding between Existing Bus 2 and Bus 3.( related
to Reactor )
Zbus =
.1019
.0435
.0435
j .0435
.1621
.1621
.0435
.1621
.3271
.1019
.0435
.0435
.0435
j .0435
.1621
.1621
.1621
.0435
.1621
.3271
.3271
.0435
.1621
.3271
.5777
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
Step 8 : Impedance Zb = .165 adding between Existing Bus 3 and New Bus 4 .
( relating to Reactor 2 )
Zbus =
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
.1419
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0189
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0703
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
.1419
.1419
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069
.3069
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069
.5575
Last row and column are to eliminated to get the required Zbus.
Z11 = .0986 (.0189*.0189/.5575) = .0979
Z12 = .0313 (.0189*.0703/.5575) = .0289 = Z21
Z13 = .0189 (.0189*.1419/.5575) = .0141 = Z31
Z14 = .0189 (.0189*.3069/.5575) = .0085 = Z41
Z22 = .1166 (.0703*.0703/.5575) = .1077
Z23 = .0703 (.0703*.1419/.5575) = .0524 = Z32
Z24 = .0703 (.0703*.0703/.5575) = .0316 = Z42
Z33 = .1419 (.1419*.1419/.5575) = .1059
Z34 = .1419 (.1419*.3069/.5575) = .0638 = Z43
Z44 = .3069 (.3069*.3069/.5575) = .1379
Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0085
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0316
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.1638
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.1379
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.7907
Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0085
.0894
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0316
-.0027
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.1638
-.0497
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.1379
-.1294
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.7907
-.1294
.0894
-.0027
-.0497 -.1294
-.1294
1.2071
Zbus =
.0913
.0291
.0178
.0181
.0181
.0291
.1077
.0523
.0313
.0313
.178
.0523
.1037
.0585
.0585
.0181
.0313
.0585
.124
.124
.0181
.0313
.0585
.124
.7765
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP
Since there is no other impedance in the network,
Zero sequence impedance = j.4875
+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7765
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2=j.7765
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35
Circuit
Breakers
BFP
HTMCC
S.C.Rating
Time
(KA)
(sec)
VCB
31.5
300/1 A
MOCB
40
not
I/C
VCB
O/G
MOCB
05HVLC1
GSB-1
Short
Current Level
Circuit
(A)
630
(KV)
7.2
MVA
392.83
2500
7.2
98.83
40
1000/1 A
2500
7.2.
498.83
40
2000/1 A
2500
7.2
498.83
26.3
1250/1 A
2500
7.2
546.63
26.3
4500/1 A
2500
7.2
546.63
MOCB
GSB-1
O/G
Normal Voltage
applicable
05HVLC1
I/C
CT Ratio
SF6
BUSBAS
PROTECTION
Short Circuit
Current(KA)
Short Circuit
MVA
HTMCC BUS
6.6
30.6
349.8
05HVLC-1 BUS
6.6
30.6
349.8
GSB-1 BUS
11
78.8
1501.34
5.2. HTMCC :
HTMCC incomer is not protected at HTMCC level with current protection.
This is to avoid repetition of similar protection systems at two places (upstream
and downstream) and to minimize cost and it is protected with only under
voltage protection.
Bus details
1250A, 6.6KV, 30.6KVA for 3sec. Such HTMCCs are 5 in number
dedicated each one to one particular boiler drives with two sections with a bus
coupler with incoming sources are from different sections of 05HVLC1 in a
way to cause minimum interruption to the boiler system in case one source fails.
Various drives connected to this load center are IDfans(900KW) ,
PAfans(450KW), FDfans(325KW), coal mills(200KW) and BFP(2.4MW)
Types of breakers used in boiler HTMCC are MOCBs and VCBs.
Among all the drives described above we selected the highest capacity motor
that is BFP for our fault calculation analysis.
Rated o/p :
2400 KW
Speed :
1485 rpm
Voltage :
6.6 KV
Current :
253 A
Cooling water :
cooled by water
Requirement :
48 m3/hr
This motor is connected to 2 pumps. Booster pump and Main pump with the
capacity of 375 cubic m/hr supplies the water to the boiler drum .
Relays used are Differential Relay and CTMM Relay .
Motor Protection Relay : (99 relay)
I1(t)
Stalling Current
In
I2
I0
Ith
Thermal Current
Vx
I1(t)
I2(t)
I0(t)
0.3
1.2
2.4_______
16
0.4
1.6
3.2__________
0.5
1.0 t = 0.06 +
2.0
4.0
10
20 Io = k(10 + )mA
40
80__________
In
1A
t=2x
0.5
1.0 t = 0.06 +
2.0
4.0
50Hz
Vx
Rext = 2*650
220V
Rstab = 500
Permt
I1(t)
K=1
Io
Mode
Contd
K=5
( here K = 5 )
CT Ratio = 300/1 A
I1 = 6
Ith = 0.9
Curve --- 3
Stalling Current I1(t) :
Since , CT Ratio = 300/1A
I1(t) = (1.5 + ) In
= 0.3 , In = 1A
I1(t) = ( 1.5 + 0.3 ) = 1.8 A
For
1.8 A
300*1.8 = 540 A
t = 2* , =2 & 4
t = 2*(2+4) =12 sec
86 Trip Relay
In 12 sec
540 A flows
t = 0.06 + , = 1
t = 0.06 + 1 = 1.06 sec
Earth Fault Current I0 :
I0 = K(10 + ) mA
K = 5 , =10
I0 = 5*(10+10) =100mA = 0.1A
Primary Current = 300 * 0.1 = 30A.
t = 0.06 +
Here = 0.5
t =0.06+0.5 = 0.56 sec.
Ith = 0.9A
Primary current = 300/0.9 = 270A
I1 = 6A
Primary current =6*300 = 1800A
Differential set value, PSM = 0.2A
TMS = 0.025sec
CT Ratio = 300/1A
1
300
0.2
300*0.2 = 60A
t = 0.025sec.
is triple ended
substation connected to three 11/6.6kv transformers rated 20MVA each and the
bus is divided in to 4 sections. The transformers in turn get incoming supply
from corresponding sections of GSB-1. The 4 bus sections are coupled with 2
bus couplers between sec-1 & sec-2 and sec-3 & sec-4. This load center
supplies the loads of total TPP HTMCCs concerned to boilers and hence it is
treated as a critical load center substation
with the bus rating of 2000A , 6.6KV and short time rating of 30.6KA for 3sec.
Breakers used for out going feeders are Vaccum Circuit Breakers(VCB) and for
incomers Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCB).
Connection diagrams for 05HVLC1 outgoing & Incoming feeders are shown in
Appendex - 2&3 respectively .
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.5
PSM : 1.5
TMS :
1.5
1.5
0.3
0.1
TMS :
0.3
1.3
10
2.5
1.6
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
9 10 12 14
1.4
1.2
16 18 20
1.0
CDG 31EG9103A(M)
PS
1.75
TMS :
1.0
CT Ratio :
1000/1A
1.3
2.5
9 10 12 14
16 18 20
10
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
PS :
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
( CDG 11AF9110A )
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.5
CT Ratio : 1000/1A
Single phase to ground fault current = 522.5A
If 1000A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
Fault current in multiples of PSM value = 522.5/100 = 5.225A
According to graph, it takes 0.85sec , If the fault current flowing in single phase
to ground fault is 200A. Then the relay starts sensing the fault &
according to
the fault current it follows the IDMT features for the TMS of 0.5sec and gives
the trip command to 0.85sec.
Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay :
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3
CT Ratio : 1000/1A
Multiplication factor = 1
If 1000A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
According to PS , current flows in secondary = 0.1*1*1000 = 100A
The present setting of 1PSM = 100A
If the fault current of 100A flows in single phase to ground fault of 100a flows
in single phase to ground fault and it sustains for 0.3sec. This relay gives the
trip command.
PSM : 0.1
TMS :
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
TMS :
Differential Relay :
Biasing = 15%
IDMT Over Current Relay :
PSM :
1
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
3.5
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
CDG 31EG9003A(M)
PSM :
TMS :
0.6
9 10
CT Ratio : 2000/1A
Three phase to short circuit current , Isc = 11.593KA
12
2.8
14
2.6
16 18 20
2.4
2.2
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
9 10
3.5
12
2.8
14
2.6
16 18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
CDG 11AF9010A(M)
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.1
CT Ratio : 2000/1A
Single phase to ground fault cuurent = 522.5A
If 2000A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
According to PS, current flowing in secondary = 0.1*2000 = 200A.
The fault current in multiples of PSM = 522.5/200 = 2.6125
According to graph , it takes 0.6sec
If the fault current flowing in single phase to ground fault is 200A ,the relay
starts sensing the fault and according to the fault current it follows the IDMT
features for the TMS of 1sec and gives the trip command in 0.38sec.
???????????????????????????????????????????
****************************************************************
Restricted Earth Fault Relay :
PSM : 0.1
TMS :
According to PSM set , if fault current of 200A flows it gives the trip
command instantly. ( Irrespective of timing , it gives the trip command.
Differential Biasing :
Biasing = 15 %
If the difference between the secondary currents of two boundaries of a
transformer is more than 15% ,it gives the trip command .
0.65
0.1
TMS
0.2
PSM
11
11
11
TMS
0.1
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
4
6
6
4
8
3.5
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
PSM :
TMS :
0.6
CT Ratio = 1250/1A
1.5
1.75
2.0
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
1.3
30 20
2.5
15 10
0.1
0.15
4
6
8
3.5
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.2
CT Ratio : 1250/1A
If 1250A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 0.1*1250 = 125A
In 6.6KV each fault current reflects as over currents on 11KV side . So, these
currents are very less when compared with the set value of over current relay .
So this relay will not sense the fault current .
5.4.2. GSB-1 Busbar Protection:(Partial Differential Protection)
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
IDMT Over Current Relay :
PSM :
TMS :
0.45
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3
1.3
2.5
30 20 15
10 8
0.5
0.75
PSM :
TMS :
0.45
4
6
3.5
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
1.3
2.5
10
12
16
18 20
30
PS :
20 15 10
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
3.5
0.35
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0.4
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
6.6KV Earth fault current reflects as over currents on 11KV side. So these
currents are very less when compared with the set values of over current relays.
So this relay will sense the earth fault currents on 6.6KV.
Instantaneous Over Current Relay :
PSM :
2.6
TMS :
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
Three phase short circuit current = 11.593KA
If 4500A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 2.6*4500 = 11700A
The fault current in multiples of PSM = 11593/11700 = 0.99
Set value is greater than the fault current , this relay will not sense the fault.
Current
Time
Primary
Quantity
Set(A)
(sec)
current(A)
I1
0.06
1800
I2
1.5
1.06
450
I0
0.1
0.56
30
Ith
0.9
curve-3
270
I1(t)
1.8
12
540
Differential
0.2
0.025
60
IDMT O/C IDMT E/F Inst O/C Inst E/F REF Differential
HTMCC I/C
_
_
_
_
_
_
05HVLC1 O/G
1.55
0.85
0.3
0.3
_
_
05HVLC1 I/C
2.5
0.6
_
_
_
_
GSB 1 O/G
2.6
_
_
_
_
_
GSB 1 Busbar
3.2
_
_
_
_
_
Protection
These values are compared with standard graphs shown at
Appendex 4 & 5 .
Differential :
Relay time = 0.025 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.025+0.015+0.06
= 0.1 sec
5.6.2. Fault Clearance Time For 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder :
IDMT Over Current Relay :
Relay time = 2.5 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 2.5+0.015+0.06
= 2.575 sec
IDMT Earth Fault Relay :
Relay time = 0.625 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.625+0.015+0.06
= 0.925 sec
Instantaneous Over Current Relay :
Relay time = 0.3 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.3+0.015+0.06
= 0.375 sec
Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay :
Relay time = 0.3 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.3+0.015+0.06
= 0.375 sec
5.6.3. Fault Clearance Time For 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder :
IDMT Over Current Relay :
Relay time = 2.5 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 2.5+0.015+0.06
= 2.575 sec
IDMT Earth Fault Relay :
Relay time = 0.38 sec.
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.38+0.015+0.06
= 0.81 sec
5.6.4. Fault Clearance Time For GSB - 1 Outgoing Feeder :
IDMT Over Current Relay :
Relay time = 2.6 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 2.6+0.015+0.06
= 2.675 sec
5.6.5. Fault Clearance Time For GSB - 1 Busbar Protection :
IDMT Over Current Relay :
Relay time =3.2 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 3.2+0.015+0.06
= 3.275 sec
5.7. Tabularform :
BFP
I1
I2
I0
Ith
I1(t)
Differential
0.135
1.135
0.635
0.975
12.075
0.1
IDMT O/C IDMT E/F Inst O/C Inst E/F REF Differential
05HVLC1 O/G
1.625
0.925
0.375
0.375
05HVLC1 I/C
2.5
0.81
GSB 1 O/G
2.675
GSB 1 Busbar
3.275
0.025
_
0.025
Protection
x represents that the relay will not sense .
Conclusion :
The very purpose of protection system is to monitor the unwanted
conditions and when such conditions arise, to remove the fault in the shortest
time possible, leaving unaffected are operational.
In huge industrial system like VSP, we have considered a fault at the
bottom level i.e. 6.6KV and carried out the effects of this fault at different levels
of power system with various protections involved in it. As per the tripping
times calculated of various circuit breakers are observed mismatch with IDMT
earth fault relays time settings of incomer breaker of 05HVLCI when compared
Bibliography :
ENGLISH ELECTRIC Relay Manuals.
BHEL Switch gear manuals.
THE ART & SCIENCE OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING
- C.Russell Mason.
POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
- I J Nagrath & D P kothari.
POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
- Stevenson.
APPENDEX - 4
EE Nomenclature :
This explains the designation of relay type-CAG,CDG CTMM etc.
First letter
Operating quantity
Balanced currents
Current(amperes)
Differential
Direction
Frequency
Directional Current
Manual
Oil Pressure
Polyphase VA
Reactive VA
Slip frequency
Temperature
Potential volts
Watts
Resistance
Admittance
Second letter
Impedance
Movement
Attracted armature
Buchhotz
Induction cup
Induction disc
Galvanometer
Transactor
Mixed type
Magnet(polarized)
Plug
Rectifier
Synchronous motor
Transistor
Weight(gravity)
Third Letter
Applications
Auxiliary
Testing
Carrier or counting
Directional
Earth(ground)
General or Generator
Harmonic restains
Interlock or Industrial
Tripping
JE
Tripping(elec-reset)
JH
Tripping(hand set)
JS
Tripping(self-reset)
JC
Control
Check alarm
Lead limiting
Semaphore or Motor
Negative sequence
Out of step
Potential failure
Alarm
Reclosing
Synchronizing
Timer or transformer
Definite time
Voltage restraint
Pilot wire
WA
Interporing
WJ
Intertripping
Supervisory
Special application
ZS
Zero sequency
Fourth Letter
M
Special Variations
APPENDEX 5
XLPE Cable Resistance & Reactance :
Conductor
6.6 KV
Size(mm2)
%R
%X
16
335
32.4
25
213
30.1
35
153
28.0
50
113
26.6
70
78.5
25.3
95
56.5
23.9
120
45.0
23.0
150
36.5
22.3
185
29.2
21.6
240
22.5
20.7
300
18.2
20.0
400
14.2
22.5
500
11.6
21.8
630
9.4
20.7
APPENDEX - 6
List of device numbers :
2
Master contactor
21
Distance relay
25
27
30
Annunciator relay
32
Directional relay
37
40
46
49
50
51
52
A.C.circuit breaker
52a
52b
55
56
59
60
64
67
68
Blocking relay
75
Alarm relay
76
78
or
81
Frequency relay
83
85
86
87