Evaluation of Liquefaction Susceptibility For Microzonation and Urban Planning

Geohazards - Technical, Economical and Social Risk Evaluation
18 - 21 June 2006, Lillehammer, Norway
Evaluation of Liquefaction
Susceptibility for Microzonation
and Urban Planning
Atilla Ansal and GkeTnk
Bogazii University
Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake
Research Institute
LIQUEFACTION
= = 0
FLOW LI QUEFACTI ON
CYCLI C MOBI LI TY
University of Washington, Seattle (www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/)
Niigata 1964
Adapazari 1999
1967 ADAPAZARI EARTHQUAKE HOTEL SAPANCA
Wildlife site
1987 record
Youd and Holzer, 1994
MICROZONATION
MAIN REASON:
To use the obtained variation of the selected parameters for land use and
city planning in the mitigation of damage to man-made environment.
MICROZONATION METHODOLOGY
REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
& SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO:

GROUND
LIQUEAFACTION
SHAKING
SUSCEPTIBILITY
LANDSLIDE
HAZARD
REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
Probabilistic earthquake hazard estimation

For a return period of 475 years or 10%
exceedance probability in 50 years
A grid system composed of 500 x 500m cells
Calculation of the spectral accelerations
Selection or simulation of the spectrum
compatible design basis ground motion
OUTPUT EXAMPLE
Fault Segmentation
SA (T=0.2sec) Contour Map

at NEHRP B/C Boundary
for 475 Years Return Period
INPUT MOTION: EARTHQUAKE HAZARD COMPATIBLE

0.6
1.6
375-EW
SPECTRAL ACC. (g)
ACCELERATION (g)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
Max.NEHRP
Min. NEHRP
Scaled to ave.PGA
1.2
0.8
0.4
-0.4
-0.6
10
15
20
25
30
0
0.01
35
10
0.1
10
10
1.6
0.6
0.4
SKR90
SPECTRAL ACC. (g)
ACCELERATION (g)
0.1
0.2
0
-0.2
1.2
0.8
0.4
-0.4
-0.6
10
15
20
25
30
0.01
1.6
0.4
LCN275
0.2
SPECTRAL ACC. (g)
ACCELERATION (g)
0.6
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
10
15
20
TIME (sec)
25
30
35
40
45
0.01
0.1
PERIOD (sec)
Geological and Geotechnical Evaluation
Regional geology of the area

Local geology of the region
Detailed geotechnical characterisation
Site classification with respect to
NEHRP, Turkish Earthquake Code, and
equivalent shear wave velocity
Site response analysis
SITE CHARACTERISATION
Assigning partly hypothetical boreholes at the centre of each cell
LIQUEFACTION EVALUATION
Seismic demand in terms of cyclic stress ratio, CSR
Empirical approach (Seed & Idriss, 1971)
amax v
CSR = 0.65
rd
g v
Stress Reduction Factor, rd

Youd et al., 2001
Cetin et al., 2004
Site response analysis
av
CSR =
v
Capacity of the soil layers to resist liquefaction, expressed
in terms of cyclic resistance ratio, CRR
LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILTY
Youd et al. (2001)
LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILTY
LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL INDEX, PI
Iwasaki et al (1982)
F(z) = 1- FS, For FS >1.0 F(z)=0

w(z) = 10 - 0.5z
PL>15
5
PL15
PL<5
ZONE CL
ZONE BL
ZONE AL
COMPARISON OF CSR CALCULATED BY SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES AND

SITE RESPONSE ANALYSES
CYCLIC STRESS RATIO, CSR
0.1
0
0.15
0.2
0.25

0.3
0.35
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(SM)
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
(CL)
(SC)
(GM)
(SC)
5
(SM)
(SM)
(GC)
Depth (m)
(CL)
10
10
10
(CL)
(CH, CL)
(CL)
(SM)
15
15
15
(GM)
(SC)
20
Youd et al., 2001

Site Response
etin et al., 2004
20
(CL)
20
(CH, CL)
(CH, CL)
R7 (ST51)
T8 (ST38)
25
D13 (ST2)
25
25
0
100
200
0.1
300
400
500
0.2
0.3
100
200
300
400
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2
100
200
0.3
300
400
0.4
500
0.5
FILL
FILL
FILL
(CL)
(CL)
(GC)
(CL)
(GM)
(CL)
10
10
Depth (m)
10
(SC)
SP, SM
(SC)
(SC)
15
15
15
20
20
(CL)
20
Q10 (ST4)
G11 (SKE27)
N9 (ST20)
25
25
25
0
200
400
She ar Wav e Ve locity (m/sn)
600
200
400
600
She ar Wav e Ve locity (m/sn)
800
200
400
She ar Wav e Ve locity (m/s)
600
0
0
0.5
SAFETY FACTOR, FS
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
(SM)
(SM)
(GC)
10
(SC)
(GM)
(SC)
0.5
(CL)
10
D epth (m)
0.5
(SM)
SAFETY FACTOR, FS
SAFETY FACTOR, FS
10
(CL)
(CL)
(CH, CL)
(CL)
(GM)
15
15
(SM)
15
Site response analyses

Youd et el., 2001
(SC)
20
20
20
(CL)
(CH, CL)
(CH, CL)
R7 (ST51)
T8 (ST38)
25
D13 (ST2)
25
25
0
100
200
300
Shear Wave Velocity (m/sn)
400
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
VARIATION OF SAFETY FACTOR WITH DEPTH
400
500
CONCLUSIONS
Two variables are required for the assessment of
liquefaction; seismic demand in terms of cyclic stress
ratio, CSR; and capacity of the soil layers to resist
liquefaction, in terms of cyclic resistance ratio, CRR.
The variation of the safety factors with depth were
determined using CSR based on stress reduction factor
(Youd et al., 2001 and Cetin et al., 2004) and site response
analysis and CRR based on SPT blow counts.
Assuming that site response analyses would yield more
reliable results, the procedures suggested by Youd et al.,
2001 and Cetin et al., 2004 yielded results on the unsafe
side.
Thus even though rd procedures to estimate the variation
of CSR with depth are simpler and could be applied much
faster, the calculated safety factors may not always be on
the safe side.
THE END

Evaluation of Liquefaction Susceptibility For Microzonation and Urban Planning

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Evaluation of Liquefaction Susceptibility For Microzonation and Urban Planning

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Geohazards - Technical, Economical and Social Risk Evaluation

18 - 21 June 2006, Lillehammer, Norway

University of Washington, Seattle (www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/)

1967 ADAPAZARI EARTHQUAKE HOTEL SAPANCA

Youd and Holzer, 1994

MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO:

REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

Probabilistic earthquake hazard estimation

SA (T=0.2sec) Contour Map

INPUT MOTION: EARTHQUAKE HAZARD COMPATIBLE

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

Geological and Geotechnical Evaluation

Regional geology of the area

Stress Reduction Factor, rd

Site response analysis

F(z) = 1- FS, For FS >1.0 F(z)=0

COMPARISON OF CSR CALCULATED BY SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES AND

CYCLIC STRESS RATIO, CSR

CYCLIC STRESS RATIO, CSR

Youd et al., 2001

She ar Wav e Ve locity (m/sn)

She ar Wav e Ve locity (m/sn)

Site response analyses

Shear Wave Velocity (m/sn)

Shear Wave Velocity (m/sn)

Shear Wave Velocity (m/sn)

VARIATION OF SAFETY FACTOR WITH DEPTH

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