International Journal of Electronics & Informatics

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Visible Light Communication: Opportunities, Challenges and

Channel Models
M. Saadi1*, L. Wattisuttikulkij2, Y. Zhao3, P. Sangwongngam4
Abstract

ISSN:
2186-0114
http://www.IJEI.org

Recent advancements in Solid State Lighting (SSL) have triggered

research in the domain of Visible Light Communication (VLC) which
enables us to use Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for illumination as well
as low cost, high speed, power efficient and secure data
communication. VLC technology is considered to be a green technology
which helps in the reduction of hazardous gases emission. This paper
presents a through survey on recent advancements in the domain of
VLC starting from its emergence to the channel modelling.

ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: 3 August, 2012
Revised: 21 August, 2012
Accepted: 5 September, 2012
Published online:

Keywords: light emitting diodes, visible light communication, channel

modeling, radio waves.

18 February, 2013
Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013

Center for Natural Sciences & Engineering Research (CNSER), IJEI.

All rights reserved.

wireless communication, VLC as well as Free

I. INTRODUCTION1
Optical

wireless

communication

Space Optics (FSO) and in contrast to radio

(OWC)

waves. Optical wireless indeed enjoys certain

refers to data transmission using Infrared (IR)

advantages over radio waves which is reason

Wireless Communication (IrWC), ultraviolet

for it being a popular area of research.

OWC

AUTHORS INFO

enjoys

advantages

over

Radio

Frequency (RF). Disorders in the immunity

Author 1* Muhammad Saadi

e-mail: muhammadsaadi@gmail.com
Address: Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

system,

neurological

effects

and

behavior

effects are linked with Radio Frequency (RF)

radiations [1-2]. IR is also regulated by eye

Author 2 Lunchakorn Wattisuttikulkij

e-mail: wlunchak@chula.ac.th
Address: Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

safety standards and visible light cannot be

increased above the level that is comfortable
for general lighting however these thresholds

Author 3 Yan Zhao

e-mail: yan.z@chula.ac.th
Address: International School of Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University
Author 4 Paramin Sangwongngam
e-mail: paramin.sangwongngam@nectec.or.th
Address: Optical & Quantum Communications
Lab. National Electronics and Computer
Technology Center (NECTEC), Klong Luang,
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

are

lenient as

wireless

compared

communication

to RF. Optical
signals

do

not

interfere in spite of the large bandwidth

available i.e. 380nm to 780 nm which is
virtually unlimited free spectrum unlike radio
frequency.

There

is

no

electromagnetic

interference with other devices as well [3].

*Corresponding author Muhammad Saadi

e-mail: muhammadsaadi@gmail.com
Tel:+66852420520; Fax: +6622186912

Light waves cannot pass through concrete or

1

Visible Light Communication

solid structures thus benefit from an inbuilt

available. Now the race is not to connect every

secure transmission of information in physical

human with internet but everything will be

layer. Co-channel interference is an issue in

wirelessly

radio waves and also a source of noise [4].

Requirement

Concept of co or adjacent channel interference

system, fans, AC, refrigerator, microwave oven

is inexistent in VLC. However an ambient light

etc. with the network emerged the need for the

source introduces noise in the system. From

development

the above mentioned discussion, we can say

wireless communication networks in which we

that optical wireless communication networks

will

are the need of the hour and can provide

information at any place and any time.

broadband information to fixed and mobile

be

B.

users in small indoor vicinity in addition to its

connected
for

of

able

to

the

connecting

short
to

TV,

range,

transmit

Definition

of

network.
lighting

license

free

heterogeneous

Visible

Light

Communication

deployment in outdoor environment [5].

VLC is basically a short range optical
Thinking

of

life-

while

eating

your

wireless

breakfast, you read the latest happenings in

illumination

the world on your iPad through an indoor

high lighting efficiency, specific spectrum and

washroom, an automatic handover is done

connected

to

environmental friendliness. Data transmission

another

in VLC is done by changing the light intensity

wireless link. Thus wherever you roam in your

Change in amplitude is so small for a naked

home, your handheld device will automatically

human eye that it is un-noticeable [9]. LED

connect you to the most appropriate wireless

can be modulated at higher speeds which

network which is ultimately linked with a high

make

speed external network [6]. Time left to

suitable
Right

candidate
choice

of

for

data

modulation

scheme, selection of line coding scheme, use

of equalizer at transmitter and receiver can

Requirements for Future Generation

further improve the performance of LED [10].

Networks
After

it

transmission.

achieve such a life style is no far.

A.

communication

such as Mean Time before Failure (MTBF),

cellular network. As you move towards the

now

for

advantages over conventional lighting devices

wireless sensors for body area network to

are

and

LEDs

of modern lighting system as they enjoy many

wireless links exist in your home starting from

you

using

simultaneously. [7-8]. LEDs will be the future

optical wireless link. Multiple heterogeneous

and

communication

the

deployment

of

3G

systems,

C.

researchers have observed that human needs

LEDs for Energy Saving

It has been observed that nearly 33% of the

are moving towards more and more bandwidth

total electrical energy consumed is for lighting

hungry applications. In order to fulfil the

purpose [11]. Therefore it is a must that

needs, fourth generation (4G) and beyond

efficient lighting source must be used in order

systems are being introduced realizing the fact

to reduce this proportion. Other than water,

that heterogeneous access techniques must be

electrical energy is also generated from coal,

2

M. Saadi et al.

gas, oil and nuclear products which are

automobiles, LED applications are extended

responsible for emission of CO2 and other

[17].

gases. By replacing all lighting source with

LEDs,

50%

of

the

total

global

II. VLC DATA TRANSMISSION

power
A. Optical Source

consumption for lighting will be reduced. In

United States only, 760GW can be saved over

Two methods are typically used for the

a period of 20 years using LEDs. It has been

generation of white light. Mixing specified

estimated by Ministry of International Trade of

quantities of Red, Blue and Green colour that

Japan that if half of all incandescent and

yields white light. The major reason for not

fluorescent lamps are replaced by LEDs in

using RGB LEDs in general lighting is that the

Japan then six midsized power plants will be

junctions that produce and green light are not

available for providing electricity for more

as efficient as the junction that produces blue

productive

the

light. Efficiency of blue light is about 80%

gases[12].

whereas it is only it is only about 60% and

as

30% for red and green light respectively.

reduction

purpose
of

Furthermore
technology

addition

greenhouse

LED
gas

in

it

is

classified

is

more

to

green

environmental

friendly.

Furthermore

this

technique

has

certain

packaging and electronic complexities which

make it a less favourable technique. More

D. Design Challenges for VLC system

attractive technique is known as phosphor

Indoor VLC can be categorized into two
categories i.e. Line of Sight (LOS) and Non
Line of Sight (NLOS) [13]. Both types of VLC
suffer from interference from ambient light
sources. Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) from
multipath dispersion and synchronization at

based white LED. HBLEDs that produce white

light do indeed produce a blue light. However,
the phosphor (which is predominantly yellow)
only converts part of the blue light. The
converted and non-converted parts are mixed
to obtain the desired shade of white.

the receiver is the major problems. SNR of an

optical wireless link is proportional to the
square of average receiver optical signal power
which means that transmission at higher
power

level

is

required

as

compared

to

Talking

VLC

based

communication

system focuses on investigating two basic

properties of LED i.e. luminous intensity (i.e.
energy flux per solid angle) and transmitted
optical power (i.e. total energy radiated from

electrical channel [14-15].

optical
E.

of

Applications

source).

Mathematically,

we

can

express luminous intensity I by eq. (1) [18 -

As far as LEDs based system applications

21]

are concerned, their domain is very versatile

ranging

from

commercial

purpose

and

academic and industrial research [16]. From

inner

satellite

to

military

purpose,

from

hospitals (where electromagnetic interference

must be avoided) to aircrafts, from lighting to

Where

is

the

energy

flux,

standard luminosity curve and

is
is the

Visible Light Communication

maximum visibility. For a source with Lambert

phosphors

topped

radiation characteristics and angle of incident

multipath

dispersion

which

[rad], horizontal luminance is expressed by

challenge.

Multipath

bounces

eq. (2) [21]

white

LED

results
is

in

also

PDP

with

multiple optical source is described in [25] is

given by eq. 4

Phosphor

topped

white

LEDs

radiate

wideband visible light which is spread over the

entire visible spectrum (shown in Figure2) and

B.

transmitted optical power is described by eq.

Receiver

From channel, the optical signal enters in

(3)

the last stage of communication link i.e.

optical receiver. Block diagram of a typical
optical receiver is shown in Fig. 2.

Where

and

is the sensitive curve of

PD.
1

0.5

Transmission Coefficient

Normalized Spectral Power

LED Spectrum
Blue Filter Transmission
Characteristics

Fig. 2. Block diagram of a typical optical receiver.

Function of the concentrator is to gather

0
350

400

450

500
550
Wavelength [nm]

600

650

more and more light to be fed to the next

700

receiving section. For Line of Sight (LOS) and

Fig. 1. Measured radiation spectrum of

Non Line of Sight (NLOS) channels, different

phosphorescent WLED with the transmission

concentrators are used. For LOS channel, field

characteristic of used blue filter [22].

of view (FOV) must be in such a way that it

reduces light noise. For NLOS channels,

Revolutionary built in advantages of LED

i.e.

fast

switching,

compatibility

with

low

digital

driving

compound parabolic concentrators or non-

voltage

technology

imaging hemisphere are used.

can

For an indoor VLC communication system,

evolve software controlled intelligent luminous

[23].

ambient light sources also fall in the visible

Communication system challenge exists as the

spectrum. Optical filtering is done to narrow

modulation bandwidth is limited and sluggish

down the band. Filtered signal is then fed to

response of yellow phosphors converting blue

the photo detectors which convert the optical

light to yellow [24]. However equalization,

signal into electrical signal in the form of

filtering can enhance data rate. Wide band of

photo current. Two kinds of photo detectors

and

communication

system

M. Saadi et al.

can be used. One is the photo diode (PD) and

other is the image sensor. PD are the cheap
solution

however

applications,

image

for
sensors

sophisticated
are

used.

Photocurrent is then amplified using transimpedance amplifiers and then equalization is

III.

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE DATA RATE

There

are

information

many

rate

in

ways
VLC

to

improve

system.

Optical

filtering, pre & post equalization, complex

modulation techniques and optical MIMO are
the commonly used techniques.

done for data rate improvement which will be

discussed in later section. The presence of DC
signal created by the background noise can be
removed by using high pass filters. The signal
and ambient light induced shot noise can be

Most convenient way to improve data rate is

through

optical

phosphor

filtering

component

in

of

which

visible

yellow

light

is

blocked. Equalization at transmitter (preequalization) and receiver (post equalization)

modelled as eq. 5

can certainly improve the data rate. Several

potential methods have been developed for
Where
and

is the charge on electron,

equalization.

are signal and ambient light

current in the photodetector respectively and

is the noise bandwidth factor. Optical power
received can be modelled as eq. (6) [26]

Both

analogue

and

digital

techniques can be used for equalization.

Analogue

circuit

appropriate

with

equalization
On-Off

Keying

is

more

schemes

where OFDM scheme uses equalization in

digital domain [27].Equalization using a single
LED as well as array of LEDs has been
reported [28-30]. A successful 80Mbps short
range data link has been established by [28].
Use

where A is the physical area of the detector

in

PD,

Ddis

the

distance

between

transmitter and a receiver, is the angle of

incidence, is the angle of irradiance, Ts() is
the gain of an optical filter, and g() is the
gain of an optical concentrator. C denotes
the width of the field of vision at a receiver.

of

multiple

resonant

equalizers

can

further enhance the data rate by 10 times as

proposed by [29]. 25 times more bandwidth
i.e. 50 MHz has been demonstrated in which
100 Mbps NRZ Keying schemes where OFDM
scheme uses equalization in digital domain
[30]. RC equalizer is used which a frequency
response has given by eq. 8

Where
Adaptive

equalization

can

be

used

to

overcome ISI as proposed by [31]. Optical

multi-input multi-output (MIMO) for achieving

Visible Light Communication

higher data rates is a hot area of research [32-

Total transmitted luminous flux of

34]. A single LED has a very small bandwidth

transmitter

LED

assuming

spatial

however many LEDs can create a significant

luminous intensity distribution is given by eq.

bandwidth. Challenge here is to precisely align

(9).

the detector and a mobile receiver. MIMO

provides the opportunity to do this [34].
IV.

MODULATION TECHNIQUES IN VLC

Modulation is a key issue in VLC and

resolves

many

issues

to

achieve

Where

the

distribution and

communication goals although create some

new

issues.

Varieties

of

is

ingested

modulation

the

normalized

spatial

is axial intensity. Received

luminous

flux

is

given

by

. Thus luminous path loss is given

techniques are available in the literature [35 -

by eq. (10)

39]. Table I gives a brief summary of the

advantages

and

disadvantages

of

various

modulation techniques.
For indoor VLC system using intensity
V.

CHANNEL MODELLING OF VLC

modulation and direct modulation schemes,

Channel modelling of VLC is a prime task

received optical power is given by eq. (11)

and currently is an active area of research.

Work

from

previous

research

is

where

is given by eq. (12)

being

presented in subsequent section.

A.

LOS Channel Model:

For Line of Sight (LOS)channel model [40]

have presented a channel model and their

Where

and

are the upper and lower

results give directions for the selection of LED

wavelength bounds of the optical filter at the

based on received power requirements. Their

receiver

model is based upon Fig. 3.

radiant power spectrum density.

B.

respectively,

is

the

source

VLC Channel Modelling with Line

Coding
[41] Describes a channel model which is

r
alpha

based upon transmitter and receiver model

Receiver

Transmitter

given by eq. (13) and (14).

beta
theeta

Fig. 3. LOS Channel Model.

M. Saadi et al.

Where

is

the

radiation

pattern, n is the number of mode of radiation

pattern,

DC

intensity
Rate
Adaptive

Best
when
constant SNR is
to be maintained

Complex

EPM

Canaviod ISI

N/A

is the position of impulse response

of optical intensity,

is its orientation and

is its number mode.

More information
can
be
transferred them
PPM

TABLE I: Modulation Techniques in VLC

Modulation
Technique
OOK

Advantages
Good bandwidth
requirement
in
binary
modulation
schemes

Disadvantage
s
Suppers from
multipath
dispersion

Threshold
needed
detection
BPSK

PPM and its

variants
(LPPM,
ILPPM,
SCPPM,
DPPM)

Power Efficient

High
power

average

Minimal
power
consumption

ILPPM good when

high brightness
and illumination
is required

Using

scaled

and

delayed

Dirac

delta

function, multi bounce impulse response of

LOS condition can be calculated by eq. (15)

in

Poor
bandwidth
requirement
Increased
attenuation of
multipath
frequency
response.

is the response of the light undergoing

exactly k reflections. For an indoor room size
of

5m*3m*3m

(x,y,z),

using

an

impulse

response, final received signal is obtained

mathematically

by

eq.

(16)

and

BER

performance of Z-HBT line coding is gives a 2DPPM

has
variable
bit
rate nature

3db SNR gain as compared to conventional

line coding schemes like 4B5B, HDB3 for
indoor environment.

SCPPM can be
used to reduce
low
frequency
and incandescent
light noise

Where,

is the received signal,

line coded input,

and

DPPM does not

require
symbol
synchronization

C.

is the

is the impulse response

is the additive white Gaussian noise.

VLC Model based on Reflection

Ding De-qiang [42] presents Lambert-Phong

pattern ray tracing algorithm based upon

Trellis coded PPM

is an excellent
option to combat
multipath
dispersion

reflection model. The intensity pattern of

Lambert pattern is given by (17) and incident
optical power can be expressed by eq. (18).

LPAM

Reduced
bandwidth
requirements

Increased
power penalty

LQAM

Bandwidth
requirement
is
independent
of
number of sub
carriers

1.5
db
additional
power penalty
because
of
power wasted
in combating

Where

is the Lambert exponent defining

the width of the beam,

represents the

transmitted optical beam,

is the azimuth

Visible Light Communication

angle and

is the angle between initial

performance

especially

the

bandwidth

in

direction of the beam and the direction of

addition to decrease in time spread and

maximum power.

improved power efficiency.

VI.

IEEE 802.15.7 STANDARD

IEEE calls for contribution in year 2009 for

Where

the detecting surface area of the

photodiode is,

Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication

is the distance between the

Using Visible Light. In September 2011, IEEE

emitter and the receiver, FOV is the field of

defines standards for a Physical and MAC

view and

layer

incident angle of incident light.

Lambert-Phong
identification

of

pattern
new

is

based

reflection

specular

reflection

short-range

optical

wireless

communications using visible light in optically

upon

transparent media. The standard can deliver

directions

data rates sufficient to support audio and

which can be divided into two steps. First is to

calculate

for

video multimedia services and also takes care

vector

of noise and interference from light sources.

according to incident light vector L and unit

The purpose of this standard is to provide a

normal vector N and is given by eq. (19).

global

Secondly generating a random variable

standard

for

short-range

optical

wireless communication using visible light by

which is the angle between new reflection

providing access to several hundred THz of

vector and specular reflection vector.

unlicensed band. IEEE 802.15.7 standard can

be summarized by Table II [43].
Reflection intensity distribution is defined by

TABLE II. IEEE 802.15.7 Summary

eq. (20).

Entity
MAC Supported
Topology
Addressing

Where

is the reflection light power,

the incident light power,

obstacles and

is

Collision Avoidance
Scheme

is the reflectivity of

is directionality of reflection

of the light. For calculating impulse response

Acknowledgement
Device
Classification

of VLC optical channel given by eq. (21), ray

tracing algorithm based upon Lamber-Phong

Modulation
Scheme

pattern is implemented for multi-source VLC

system.

Where

PHY Frame
Structure
Multiplexing
Data Transfer
Model
Clock Rate
Selection
Cryptographic

is the impulse response

induced by LOS signal. Simulation results

show

the

enhancement

in

the

channel
8

Characteristics
Star
P2P
Broadcast
16 bit
64 bit
Yes
Scheduled
Slotted random
access with
collision avoidance
Yes
Infrastructure
Mobile
Vehicle
OOK
VPPM
CSK
|Preamble|PHY Header|
HCS| Optional Fields|
PSDU|
FDM
03
Multiple from 200 KHz to
120 MHz
Symmetric Key

M. Saadi et al.

Mechanism
MAC Protocol
Specifications

Contention Period

Channel Scan
Synchronization
Multiple Channel
Usage
MAC Frame Format

Max. Error
Tolerance for
Multiple Optical
Source
Clear Channel
Assessment (CCA)

Cryptography
Generating and
Synchronizing
Network Beacon
Supporting VPAN
Association
Color Function
Visibility
Dimming
Visual Indication
Device Security
Mobility and
Reliable Link
Contention Access
Period
Contention Free
Period
Active
Passive
With Beacon
Without Beacon
Supported
|Frame Control| Sequence
No.| Destination VPAN
Identifier| Destination
Address| Source VPAN
Identifier| Source
Address| Auxiliary
Security Header| Frame
Payload| FCS|
Not more than 12.5% of
the clock period

VII.
From

the

above

have

also

been

presented

and

channel

characteristics have been described. No doubt,

there are many challenges which are being
faced by the researchers such as ambient
noise, ISI, improvement in SNR etc. yet VLC
presents a realistic and promising supplement
technology to radio communication.
Acknowledgments
Authors

would

like

to

thank

National

Electronics and Computer Technology Centre

(NECTEC), Thailand for funding this project.
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[2]

Federal

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http://www.fcc.gov/
[3] Muhammad Saadi, Paramin Sangwongngam, et.

Data Mode of PHY

LAN. In this paper, some VLC channel models

Mode 1: Energy
Above Threshold
Mode 2: Carrier
Sense
Mode 3: Carrier
Sense with Energy
Threshold
Single
Packed
Burst
Dimmed OOK

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Light

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