Ip Next Generation Ip Next Generation (Ipv6) (Ipv6)
Ip Next Generation Ip Next Generation (Ipv6) (Ipv6)
Ip Next Generation Ip Next Generation (Ipv6) (Ipv6)
(IPv6)
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis677-98/
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Overview
Limitations of current Internet Protocol (IP)
How many addresses do we need?
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 header format
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IP Addresses
Example: 164.107.134.5
= 1010 0100 : 0110 1011 : 1000 0110 : 0000 0101
= A4:6B:86:05 (32 bits)
Maximum number of address = 232 = 4 Billion
Class A Networks: 15 Million nodes
Class B Networks: 64,000 nodes or less
Class C Networks: 254 nodes or less
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IP Address Format
Three all-zero network numbers are reserved
127 Class A + 16,381 Class B + 2,097,151 Class C
networks = 2,113,659 networks total
Class B is most popular.
20% of Class B were assigned by 7/90 and
doubling every 14 months Will exhaust by 3/94
Question: Estimate how big will you become?
Answer: More than 256!
Class C is too small. Class B is just right.
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Goldilock Theory
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Toasternet
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Address Size
H Ratio = log10(number of objects)/available bits
2n objects with n bits: H-Ratio = log102 = 0.30103
French telephone moved from 8 to 9 digits at 107
households H = 0.26 (assuming 3.3 bits/digit)
US telephone expanded area codes with 108
subscribers H = 0.24
SITA expanded 7-character address at 64k nodes
H = 0.14 (assuming 5 bits/char)
Physics/space science net stopped at 15000 nodes
using 16-bit addresses H = 0.26
3 Million Internet hosts currently using 32-bit
addresses H = 0.20 A few more years to go
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IPv6 Addresses
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Colon-Hex Notation
Dot-Decimal: 127.23.45.88
Colon-Hex:
FEDC:0000:0000:0000:3243:0000:0000:ABCD
Can skip leading zeros of each word
Can skip one sequence of zero words, e.g.,
FEDC::3243:0000:0000:ABCD
::3243:0000:0000:ABCD
Can leave the last 32 bits in dot-decimal, e.g.,
::127.23.45.88
Can specify a prefix by /length, e.g.,
2345:BA23:7::/40
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Allocation
Reserved
Unassigned
NSAP
PX
Unassigned
Unassigned
Unassigned
Unassigned
Provider-based
Unassigned
Geographic
Prefix
Allocation
0000 0000 Unassigned
0000 0001 Unassigned
0000 001 Unassigned
0000 010 Unassigned
0000 011 Unassigned
0000 1
Unassigned
0001
Unassigned
001
Unassigned
010
Link-Local
011
Site-Local
100
Multicast
Prefix
101
110
1110
1111 0
1111 10
1111 110
1111 1110
1111 1110 0
1111 1110 10
1111 1110 11
1111 1111
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Local-Use Addresses
Link Local: Not forwarded outside the link,
FE:80::xxx
10 bits
n bits
118-n
1111 1110 10
0
Interface ID
Site Local: Not forwarded outside the site,
FE:C0::xxx
10 bits
n bits m bits 118-n-m bits
1111 1110 11 0
Subnet ID Interface ID
Provides plug and play
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Multicast Addresses
8 bits
1111 1111
4 bits
Flags
000T
4 bits
Scope
112 bits
Group ID
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Header
IPv6:
Version Priority
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
IPv4:
Version IHL Type of Service
Total Length
Identification
Flags Fragment Offset
Time to Live Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
Padding
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Keyword
HBH
ICMP
IGMP
ICMP
GGP
IP
ST
TCP
UDP
ISO-TP4
RH
FS
IDRP
AH
ESP
Null
ISO-IP
IGRP
OSPF
Header Type
Hop-by-hop (IPv6)
Internet Control Message (IPv4)
Internet Group Management (IPv4)
Internet Control Message (IPv6)
Gateway-to-Gateway
IP in IP (IPv4 Encaptulation)
Stream
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IPv6 vs IPv4
1995 vs 1975
IPv6 only twice the size of IPv4 header
Only version number has the same position and
meaning as in IPv4
Removed: header length, type of service,
identification, flags, fragment offset, header
checksum
Datagram length replaced by payload length
Protocol type replaced by next header
Time to live replaced by hop limit
Added: Priority and flow label
All fixed size fields.
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Extension Headers
Base Extension
Extension
Data
Header Header 1
Header n
Most extension headers are examined only at
destination
Routing: Loose or tight source routing
Fragmentation: All IPv6 routers can carry 536 Byte
payload
Authentication
Security Encaptulation: Confidentiality
Hop-by-Hop Option
Destination Options:
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Base Header
Next = TCP
TCP
Segment
TCP
Segment
TCP
Segment
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Routing Header
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Provider Selection
Possible using routing extension header
Source specified intermediate systems
No preference: H1, H2
P1 Preferred: H1, P1, H2
H1 becomes Mobile: H1, PR, P1, H2
P1
H1
H1
PR
H2
H2
P2
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Summary
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Homework
Read Section 16.5 of Stallings
Submit answer to Exercise 16.19
Due Date: Next Class
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