1 Table Creation

Creating Table without Constraints
Create Table Student

(Roll Int,
Name Varchar(40),
DOJ date);
Constraints:
Column Level Constraints – Column and constraint definition in the same

statement.
create table emp_master

(empid integer primary key,
name varchar2(50) not null,
date_of_joining date,
mail_id char(18) unique
);
create table emp_details

(empid integer references emp_master(empid),
deptno integer,
job varchar2(30),
salary integer check ( salary >= 5000)
);
Providing name to the constraint is optional. If user does not provide name then
Oracle will give an auto name.
The names are stored in the data dictionary table User_Constraints.
select constraint_name, constraint_type, table_name from user_constraints

where table_name='EMP_MASTER';
select constraint_name,constraint_type,table_name from user_constraints

where table_name='EMP_DETAILS';
Providing names to Column Level Constraints:
create table emp_master1

(empid integer constraint pk_empid primary key,
date_of_joining date,
mail_id char(18) constraint u_mail_id unique
);
create table emp_details1

(empid integer constraint fk_empid references emp_master(empid),
deptno integer,
job varchar2(30),
salary integer constraint c_salary check ( salary >= 5000)
);
The user defined names are reflected after querying user_constraints.

where table_name='EMP_MASTER1';

where table_name='EMP_DETAILS1';
Table Level Constraints. – The constraints are defined after the columns.
Constraints have to be on table level under following cases.

1. Comparisons of two or more columns
2. For creating Composite primary, unique or foreign keys.
Any column level constraint can also be defined at the table level. Exception is
only for Not Null constraint.
create table Customers

(customer_id number,
transaction_id varchar2(10),
final_amount integer,
discount integer,
primary key (customer_id, transaction_id),
unique (name),
check (final_amount >= discount)
);
Providing names to Table Level Constraints:
create table Customers1

(customer_id number,
transaction_id varchar2(10),
final_amount integer,
discount integer,
constraint comp_pk primary key (customer_id, transaction_id),
constraint u_name unique (name),
constraint amt_dis check (final_amount >= discount)
);
Creating Foreign key Constraint on the table level.
create table emp_details2

(empid integer,
deptno integer,
job varchar2(30),
salary integer,
constraint fk_empid2 Foreign Key(empid) references emp_master(empid)
);
Duplicating a table
Duplicating a table with data
Create table New_Emp

As
Select * from emp;
Duplicating a table without data
Create table New_Emp1

As
Select * from emp
Where 1 = 2;
DML Statements
Insert statement
-- One complete record
Insert into emp
values(1111,'one','ANALYST',7902,'1-jan-1911',10000,null,10);
-- One Partial Record

Method 1
Insert into emp(empno, ename, deptno)
values(22,'two',10);
Method 2
Insert into emp
values(333,'three',null,null,null,null,null,10);
Inserting record by user interaction (prompt)

Use &
Insert into emp(empno,ename,sal) values(&empno, ‘&ename’, &sal);
Copying Rows from another table (: good)

create table t11(a number, b number);
insert into t11 values(1,2);
create table t22(a number, b number);
insert into t22

select * from t11;
Copying Partial rows

insert into t11 values(3,4);
insert into t22(a)

select a from t11
where a = 3;
Default Values:
create table sales_data

(member_id integer,
country varchar2(60) default 'Denmark',
sales_amt integer);
Insert Into sales_Data Values(1, Default, 1000);
Insert Into Sales_Data (Member_id, Sales_Amt) Values(2, 2000);
Output:
SQL> Select * from Sales_Data;

MEMBER_ID COUNTRY
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
SALES_AMT
----------
1 Denmark
1000
2 Denmark
2000
Delete statement
To delete specific records

Delete from emp
Where sal >= 3000;
To delete all records

Delete from emp;
Update statement
To update specific values

Update emp
Set sal = 4000
Where job = ‘CLERK’;
To update the entire column

Update emp
Set deptno = 100;
To make a complete column blank

Update emp
Set empno = null;
Referential Integrity
When records are present in the parent and the child tables then by
default the records from the parent tables cannot be deleted if the
dependency exists in the child tables.
CREATE TABLE STUDENT1

(ROLL INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR(40));
CREATE TABLE RESULT1

(ROLL INTEGER REFERENCES STUDENT1(ROLL),
MARKS INTEGER);
insert into student1 values(1,'a');

insert into result1 values(1,78);
delete from student1;
drop table result1;

drop table student1;
On Delete Cascade  When the parent records are deleted then

the corresponding child records will also get deleted.

NAME VARCHAR(40));

(ROLL INTEGER REFERENCES STUDENT1(ROLL) ON DELETE CASCADE,
MARKS INTEGER);

select * from result1; -- No records in the child table.
drop table result1;

drop table student1;
On Delete Set Null When the master record is deleted then the
related child table’s foreign key value becomes null.

NAME VARCHAR(40));

(ROLL INTEGER REFERENCES STUDENT1(ROLL) ON DELETE SET NULL,
MARKS INTEGER);

select * from result1; -- In the child table the rollno has become null
When relationship exists the parent table cannot get dropped.
Drop Table Student1;
Also the primary key cannot get dropped.
alter table student1

drop primary key;
But cascade clause can be added which will first drops the foreign
keys from the child table.
alter table student1

drop primary key cascade;
DDL Involving Parent Table
SQL> create table student (rollno number primary key, name varchar2(20),
cell_no number);
Table created.
SQL> create table result (rollno number references student(rollno), sem

char, marks number);
Table created.
SQL> drop table student;

drop table student
ORA-02449: unique/primary keys in table referenced by foreign keys
SQL> drop table student cascade constraints;
Table dropped.

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Creating Table without Constraints

Create Table Student

Column Level Constraints – Column and constraint definition in the same

create table emp_master

create table emp_details

The names are stored in the data dictionary table User_Constraints.

select constraint_name, constraint_type, table_name from user_constraints

select constraint_name,constraint_type,table_name from user_constraints

Providing names to Column Level Constraints:

create table emp_master1

create table emp_details1

The user defined names are reflected after querying user_constraints.

select constraint_name,constraint_type,table_name from user_constraints

select constraint_name,constraint_type,table_name from user_constraints

Constraints have to be on table level under following cases.

create table Customers

Providing names to Table Level Constraints:

create table Customers1

Creating Foreign key Constraint on the table level.

create table emp_details2

Duplicating a table with data

Create table New_Emp

Duplicating a table without data

Create table New_Emp1

-- One Partial Record

Inserting record by user interaction (prompt)

Insert into emp(empno,ename,sal) values(&empno, ‘&ename’, &sal);

Copying Rows from another table (: good)

create table t22(a number, b number);

insert into t22

Copying Partial rows

insert into t22(a)

create table sales_data

Insert Into sales_Data Values(1, Default, 1000);

Insert Into Sales_Data (Member_id, Sales_Amt) Values(2, 2000);

SQL> Select * from Sales_Data;

To delete specific records

To delete all records

To update specific values

To update the entire column

To make a complete column blank

CREATE TABLE STUDENT1

CREATE TABLE RESULT1

insert into student1 values(1,'a');

delete from student1;

drop table result1;

On Delete Cascade  When the parent records are deleted then

CREATE TABLE STUDENT1

CREATE TABLE RESULT1

insert into student1 values(1,'a');

delete from student1;

select * from result1; -- No records in the child table.

drop table result1;

CREATE TABLE STUDENT1

CREATE TABLE RESULT1

insert into student1 values(1,'a');

delete from student1;

When relationship exists the parent table cannot get dropped.

Drop Table Student1;