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Circuit Symmetry-Method To Solve Problems

The document discusses circuit symmetry and its importance in circuit analysis. It defines symmetry using group theory as developed by Évariste Galois. An equilateral triangle is used as an example of a highly symmetric object with D3 symmetry. Circuit examples are given that exhibit different types of symmetry, including D1, D2, and D4. Circuit symmetry simplifies the analysis by reducing the number of independent matrix elements needed to describe the circuit. The scattering matrices of matched, lossless, reciprocal 4-port circuits are related to their inherent symmetries.

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sanits591
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
215 views

Circuit Symmetry-Method To Solve Problems

The document discusses circuit symmetry and its importance in circuit analysis. It defines symmetry using group theory as developed by Évariste Galois. An equilateral triangle is used as an example of a highly symmetric object with D3 symmetry. Circuit examples are given that exhibit different types of symmetry, including D1, D2, and D4. Circuit symmetry simplifies the analysis by reducing the number of independent matrix elements needed to describe the circuit. The scattering matrices of matched, lossless, reciprocal 4-port circuits are related to their inherent symmetries.

Uploaded by

sanits591
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

1/14

Circuit Symmetry
One of the most powerful
concepts in for evaluating circuits
is that of symmetry. Normal
humans have a conceptual
understanding of symmetry, based
on an esthetic perception of
structures and figures.

variste Galois

On the other hand, mathematicians (as they


are wont to do) have defined symmetry in a
very precise and unambiguous way. Using a
branch of mathematics called Group
Theory, first developed by the young genius
variste Galois (1811-1832), symmetry is
defined by a set of operations (a group)
that leaves an object unchanged.

Initially, the symmetric objects under consideration by


Galois were polynomial functions, but group theory can
likewise be applied to evaluate the symmetry of structures.
For example, consider an ordinary
equilateral triangle; we find that it is a
highly symmetric object!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

2/14

Q: Obviously this is true. We dont need a mathematician to

tell us that!

A: Yes, but how symmetric is it? How does the symmetry of


an equilateral triangle compare to that of an isosceles
triangle, a rectangle, or a square?

To determine its level of symmetry, lets first label each


corner as corner 1, corner 2, and corner 3.
2

First, we note that the triangle exhibits a plane of reflection


symmetry:
2

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

3/14

Thus, if we reflect the triangle across this plane we get:

Note that although corners 1 and 3 have changed places, the


triangle itself remains unchangedthat is, it has the same
shape, same size, and same orientation after reflecting across
the symmetric plane!
Mathematicians say that these two triangles are congruent.
Note that we can write this reflection operation as a
permutation (an exchange of position) of the corners, defined
as:
13
22
31

Q: But wait! Isnt there is more than just one plane of

reflection symmetry?

A: Definitely! There are two more:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

4/14

1
12
21

33

3
1 1
23

32

In addition, an equilateral triangle exhibits rotation


symmetry!
Rotating the triangle 120D clockwise also results in a
congruent triangle:
2

12
23

31

Likewise, rotating the triangle 120D counter-clockwise results


in a congruent triangle:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

5/14

13

21
32

Additionally, there is one more operation that will result in a


congruent triangledo nothing!
2

1 1
22

33

This seemingly trivial operation is known as the identity


operation, and is an element of every symmetry group.
These 6 operations form the dihedral symmetry group D3
which has order six (i.e., it consists of six operations). An
object that remains congruent when operated on by any and
all of these six operations is said to have D3 symmetry.
An equilateral triangle has D3 symmetry!
By applying a similar analysis to a isosceles triangle, rectangle,
and square, we find that:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

D1

6/14

An isosceles trapezoid has D1 symmetry, a


dihedral group of order 2.

D2

A rectangle has D2 symmetry, a dihedral group


of order 4.

D4

A square has D4 symmetry, a dihedral group of


order 8.

Thus, a square is the most symmetric object of the four we


have discussed; the isosceles trapezoid is the least.
Q: Well thats all just fascinatingbut just what the heck

does this have to do with microwave circuits!?!

A: Plenty! Useful circuits often display high levels of


symmetry.
For example consider these D1 symmetric multi-port circuits:

12

Port 1

200

21
34

Port 2

50
200

100

4 3

Port 4

Port 3

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

13

Circuit Symmetry

Port 1

100

24

Port 2

50

31

7/14

200

50

4 2

Port 4

Port 3

Or this circuit with D2 symmetry:


Port 1

200

50

Port 2

200

50
Port 4

Port 3

which is congruent under these permutations:

Jim Stiles

13

12

14

24

21

23

31

34

32

4 2

4 3

4 1

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

8/14

Or this circuit with D4 symmetry:


50

Port 1

Port 2

50

50
50
Port 4

Port 3

which is congruent under these permutations:


13

12

14

14

1 1

24

21

23

22

23

31

34

32

33

32

4 2

4 3

4 1

4 1

44

The importance of this can be seen when considering the


scattering matrix, impedance matrix, or admittance matrix of
these networks.
For example, consider again this symmetric circuit:
Port 1

Port 2

50
200

200
100
Port 4

Port 3

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

9/14

This four-port network has a single plane of reflection


symmetry (i.e., D1 symmetry), and thus is congruent under the
permutation:
12
21
34
4 3

So, since (for example) 1 2 , we find that for this circuit:

S11 = S22

Z 11 = Z 22

Y11 = Y22

must be true!
Or, since 1 2 and 3 4 we find:

S13 = S24

Z 13 = Z 24

Y13 = Y24

S31 = S42

Z 31 = Z 42

Y31 = Y42

Continuing for all elements of the permutation, we find that


for this symmetric circuit, the scattering matrix must have
this form:
S11 S21 S13 S14
S
S11 S14 S13
21

S=
S
S
S
S
31
33
41
43
S

S
S
S
31
33
41
43

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

10/14

and the impedance and admittance matrices would likewise


have this same form.
Note there are just 8 independent elements in this matrix. If
we also consider reciprocity (a constraint independent of
symmetry) we find that S31 = S13 and S41 = S14 , and the matrix
reduces further to one with just 6 independent elements:
S11 S21 S31 S41
S
S11 S41 S31
21

S=
S31 S41 S33 S43
S

41 S31 S43 S33

Or, for circuits with this D1 symmetry:


Port 1

13

100

24

Port 2

200

50

31
4 2

50

Port 4

Port 3

S11 S21 S31 S41


S
S22 S41 S31
21

S=
S
S
S
S
31
11
21
41
S

S
S
S
31
21
2
2
4
1

Q: Interesting. But why do we care?

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

11/14

A: This will greatly simplify the analysis of this symmetric


circuit, as we need to determine only six matrix elements!
For a circuit with D2 symmetry:

Port 1

200

50

200

Port 2

50
Port 4

Port 3

we find that the impedance (or scattering, or admittance)


matrix has the form:
Z 11
Z
Z = 21
Z 31

Z 41

Z 21 Z 31 Z 41
Z 11 Z 41 Z 31

Z 41 Z 11 Z 21
Z 31 Z 21 Z 11

Note here that there are just four independent values!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

12/14

For a circuit with D4 symmetry:

50

Port 1

50

Port 2

50
50
Port 4

Port 3

we find that the admittance (or scattering, or impedance)


matrix has the form:
Y11
Y
21
Y=
Y21

Y41

Y21
Y11
Y41
Y21

Y21
Y41
Y11
Y21

Y41
Y21

Y21
Y11

Note here that there are just three independent values!


One more interesting thing (yet another one!); recall that we
earlier found that a matched, lossless, reciprocal 4-port
device must have a scattering matrix with one of two forms:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

S=
j

Circuit Symmetry

0
0
S=
0

0
j

13/14

The symmetric solution

0
0

0
0

The anti-symmetric solution

Compare these to the matrix forms above. The symmetric


solution has the same form as the scattering matrix of a
circuit with D2 symmetry!
0

S=
j

0
0

0
j

Q: Does this mean that a matched, lossless, reciprocal four-

port device with the symmetric scattering matrix must


exhibit D2 symmetry?

A: Thats exactly what it means!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/4/2009

Circuit Symmetry

14/14

Not only can we determine from the form of the scattering


matrix whether a particular design is possible (e.g., a matched,
lossless, reciprocal 3-port device is impossible), we can also
determine the general structure of a possible solutions (e.g.
the circuit must have D2 symmetry).
Likewise, the anti-symmetric matched, lossless, reciprocal
four-port network must exhibit D1 symmetry!
0
0
S=
0

0
0

0
0

Well see just what these symmetric, matched, lossless,


reciprocal four-port circuits actually are later in the course!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

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