Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration: Standard Test Method For
Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration: Standard Test Method For
Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration: Standard Test Method For
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is intended as a general guide for the
application of the volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration for
determining free water and water of hydration in most solid or
liquid organic and inorganic compounds. This test method is
designed for use with automatic titration systems capable of
determining the KF titration end point potentiometrically;
however, a manual titration method for determining the end
point visually is included as Appendix X1. Samples that are
gaseous at room temperature are not covered (see Appendix
X4). This test method covers the use of both pyridine and
pyridine-free KF reagents for determining water by the volumetric titration. Determination of water using KF coulometric
titration is not discussed. By proper choice of the sample size,
KF reagent concentration and apparatus, this test method is
suitable for measurement of water over a wide concentration
range, that is, parts per million to pure water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings
are given in 3.1 and 7.3.3.
1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid
procedures, and safety precautions for chemicals used in this
test procedure.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 A list of existing ASTM Karl Fischer methods, their
applications to various products, and the sponsoring committees is given in Appendix X3.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E15 on
Industrial and Specialty Chemicalsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E15.01 on General Standards.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
approved in 1962 as E203 62 T. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as
E203 01. DOI: 10.1520/E0203-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
1
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
D5530 Test Method for Total Moisture of Hazardous Waste
Fuel by Karl Fischer Titrimetry
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)3
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The sample, containing a maximum of 100 mg of water,
is dissolved or dispersed in a suitable liquid and titrated with
KF reagent, which consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, organic
base, and a solvent (typically an alcohol, such as methanol,
ethylene glycol, or 2-methoxyethanol). The titration end point
is determined potentiometrically with a platinum electrode
which senses a sharp change in cell resistance when the iodine
is reduced by sulfur dioxide in the presence of water.
(WarningKF reagent contains four toxic compounds,
namely, iodine, sulfur dioxide, pyridine or other organic bases,
and methanol or glycol ether. The reagent should be dispensed
in a well-ventilated area. Care must be exercised to avoid
inhalation of the reagent or direct contact of the reagent with
the skin.)
3.2 The general equation to this reaction is as follows:
H 2 O1I 2 1SO2 1R8OH13 RN. ~ RNH! SO4 R812 ~ RNH! I
(1)
where:
RN
= an organic base such as pyridine, and
R8OH = alcohol.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the
most widely used for the determination of water.
4.2 Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low
levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF
titrations (see Test Method E1064) are more accurate for
routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general
rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500
mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.
4.3 Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1)
organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be
determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot
be determined directly, but in which interferences may be
eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of
the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included
in Section 5 and Appendix X2.
4.4 Water can be determined directly in the presence of the
following types of compounds:
Acetals
Acids (Note 1)
Acyl halides
Alcohols
Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)
Amides
Organic Compounds
Ethers
Halides
Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)
Ketones, stable (Note 4)
Nitriles
Orthoesters
NOTE 1Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly
esterified. For high accuracy with pyridine-based reagents, use 30 to 50 %
pyridine in methanol as the solvent. When using pyridine-free reagents,
commercially available buffer solutions4 can be added to the sample prior
to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free
solvents and titrants (1).5
NOTE 2Examples of stable aldehydes are formaldehyde, sugars,
chloral, etc. Formaldehyde polymers contain water as methylol groups.
This combined water is not titrated. Addition of an excess of NaOCH3 in
methanol permits release and titration of this combined water, after
approximate neutralization of excess base with acetic acid (see Note 9).
NOTE 3Weak amines are considered to be those with Kb value
<2.4 105.
NOTE 4Examples of stable ketones are diisopropyl ketone, camphor,
benzophenone, benzil, dibenzolacetone, etc.
NOTE 5Sulfuric acid up to a concentration of 92 % may be titrated
directly; for higher concentrations see Note 13.
NOTE 6Compounds subject to oxidation-reduction reactions in an
iodine-iodide system interfere.
5. Interferences
5.1 Condensation and oxidation-reduction reactions cause
interference in this titrimetric method. Also, a number of
substances and classes of compounds interfere in the determination of water by this method. Complete descriptions may be
found in the literature(2).
5.2 Interferences of many classes of compounds can be
eliminated by chemical reactions to form inert compounds
prior to titration. The following are in this category:
Aldehydes and ketones, active (Note 7)
Amines, strong (Note 8)
Ammonia (Note 9)
Ferric salts (Note 10)
Hydrazine derivatives (Note 9)
Hydroxylamine salts (Note 11)
Mercaptans (Note 12)
Sodium methylate (Note 9)
Sulfuric acid (Note 13)
Thioacids (Note 12)
Thiourea (Note 12)
4
Cresent Chemicals, 1324 Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, NY, 11788, Hydranal
buffer has been found satisfactory.
5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this test method.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
2
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
NOTE 10Ferric fluoride does not interfere. Reaction with
8-hydroxyquinoline is reported to eliminate this interference (3).
NOTE 11With pyridine-based reagent, add 1 mol/L SO2 in 1 + 1
pyridine-methanol or spent KF reagent. With pyridine-free reagents, the
two component reagent methods should be used and 1 mL of sulfuric acid
is added to the solvent prior to titration (Note 15).
NOTE 12Olefin addition reaction eliminates interferences (2). Oxidation with neutral iodine solution eliminates the interference of mercaptans
(4).
NOTE 13Sulfuric acid, above 92 %. Add the sample (10 g) to a large
excess of pyridine (35 mL), swirl to dissolve precipitate, and titrate.
Addition of 8 mL of 1 + 1 pyridine-dioxane/1 g of sample also is
satisfactory, maintaining a homogeneous solution throughout the titration.
6
Automatic volumetric titrators specifically designed for KF determinations are
manufactured by many different companies. Models are available from EM Science,
Metrohm, Mettler, Photovolt, Mitsubishi, and others.
7
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
8
Pyridine-free KF reagents can be purchased from Cresent Chemical, JT Baker,
EM Science, GFS Chemicals, and others.
9
Fisher Scientific Co., Catalog No. SK 3-500 has been found satisfactory for this
purpose.
10
Mallinckrodt Catalog No. 5651 has been found satisfactory for this purpose.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
3
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
Desired Strength, mg H2O/mL
3
2
1
0.5
11
Fisher Scientific Co., Catalog No. SW2 and Hartman-Leddon Co., Catalog No.
1849 have been found satisfactory for this purpose.
12
Other acceptable grades are Mallinckrodt Catalog No. 3017, max 0.02 %
water, or Fisher Scientific Co., Catalog No. A412, max 0.1 % water.
1 mg H2O/mL
Titrant
2 mg H2O/mL
Titrant
5 mg H2O/mL
Titrant
100 %
10 %
1%
0.1 %
100 ppm
25 ppm
...
25 to 50 mg
0.1 to 0.5 g
1 to 5 g
5 to 10 g
>20 g
...
25 to 100 mg
0.2 to 11 g
2 to 10 g
10 to 20 g
...
25 to 50 mg
50 to 250 mg
0.5 to 2.5 g
5 to 20 g
...
...
13
Linde Type 4A Molecular Sieve has been found satisfactory for this purpose.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
4
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
NOTE 15The range of water indicated is for macro titrations.
Considerably smaller amounts of water can be determined precisely on a
micro scale. For example, less than 300 g of water were titrated in 1-mL
samples of benzene by a micro amperometric technique (6).
~ A 2 B ! 3 F 3 0.001 3 100
W
(2)
where:
A
= millilitres of reagent required for titration of the
sample,
B
= millilitres of reagent required to titrate solvent blank,
F
= water equivalent, in milligrams of water per millilitre
of KF reagent, and
W = grams of sample.
11. Standardization of Karl Fischer Reagent
11.1 Standardize the KF reagent daily or as necessary using
the amounts of water, sodium tartrate dihydrate, or water-inmethanol shown below:
Water
Equivalent F,
mg/mL
0.5
1
2
5
Water, mg
2.510
520
1040
25100
Sodium Tartrate
Dihydrate, g
0.0150.060
0.300.12
0.060.24
0.150.6
Water-in-Methanol,
Standard, mL
2.510
520
1040
...
F 5 156.6 3
C
A
(5)
where:
G = grams of water used,
C = grams of sodium tartrate dihydrate used,
A = millilitres of reagent required for titration of the
standard,
D = millilitres of water-in-methanol standard required, and
E
G
A
(3)
Water-in-Methanol as Standard:
E
F5D3
A
(4)
water, weight % 5
~ A 2 B ! 3 F 3 0.001 3 100
W
(6)
where:
A
= millilitres of reagent required to titrate the sample
mixture,
B
= millilitres of reagent required to titrate the solvent
blank,
F
= water equivalent, in milligrams of water per millilitre
of KF reagent, and
W = grams of sample.
12.4 Alternatively, add 50 to 100 mL of the solvent to the
sample in a volumetric flask, stopper, and extract as before.
Make up to the mark with solvent, mix, and allow to stand until
clear. Transfer a suitable aliquot of the supernatant liquid to a
titration cell, and titrate with KF reagent as described in 11.2.
Also titrate the same volume of the solvent, as a blank.
12.5 CalculationCalculate the water content of the sample
as follows:
water, weight % 5
~ A 2 B ! 3 F 3 0.001 3 100 3 R
W
(7)
where:
A
= millilitres of reagent required to titrate the sample,
B
= millilitres of reagent required to titrate the solvent
blank,
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
5
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
F
W
R
13. Report
13.1 Report the percentage of water to the nearest 0.001 %.
14. Precision and Bias
14.1 Sensitivity, precision, and bias depend on several
factors, for example, concentration of the KF reagent, titration
technique, apparatus, quantity of water titrated, and nature of
material being analyzed.
14.2 When using pyridine-based reagents, sensitivity is less
than 0.02 mg of water when measurements are made using the
amperometric endpoint.
14.3 The following (see Note 18) is an example of the
precision attained at an interlaboratory study for determining
water with pyridine-based reagents on two samples of acetone
containing 0.1 % and 0.4 % water and two samples of methyl
ethyl ketone containing 0.05 % and 0.17 % water.
14.3.1 Repeatability (Single Analyst)The 95 % for the
difference between two runs is 0.008 %.
14.3.2 Laboratory Precision (Within-Laboratory, BetweenDays, Variability)The 95 % limit for the difference between
two averages of duplicates by the same analyst obtained on
different days is 0.015 %.
14.3.3 Reproducibility (Multiple Laboratory)The 95 %
limit for the difference between two results (each the average
of duplicates) obtained by analysts in different laboratories is
0.027 % absolute.
NOTE 18The interlaboratory study was carried out by ASTM Committee D01 on Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products, Subcommittee D01.35 on Solvents, Plasticizers, and Chemical Intermediates.
Seven laboratories participated, with a single analyst performing duplicate
determinations on each of two days, using two methods on the four
samples described above. Test Method D1364 was the subject of the test
program being compared with each laboratorys own version of a KF
method. As neither the means nor the variances of the two sets of data
proved significantly different, all of the results were pooled to give
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SUGGESTED APPARATUS FOR KARL FISCHER METHOD
X1.1 ScopeDescribed in this Appendix is a manual procedure for the KF method using a visual means of detecting the
titration end point.
X1.2 Titration Assembly:
X1.2.1 The storage and dispensing assembly shall consist of
the following parts (see Fig. X1.1):
X1.2.1.1 Buret, automatic, with TFE-fluorocarbon resin
plug and automatic zero, reservoir bottle, and connecting
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
6
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
X1.6 End Point Detection:
X1.6.1 Color End PointThe titration to a visual end point
is not as accurate or precise as the electrometric end point, and
cannot be used for highly colored samples. It may be adequate,
however, for routine determinations of water above 0.1 to
0.2 %, in a relatively colorless system. The end point is taken
during titration when the color changes from yellow to
orange-red and persists for at least 30 s. The sensitivity of this
titration is about 0.1 mg of water.
X1.7 Standardization of Karl Fischer Reagent:
X1.7.1 Standardize the KF reagent daily or as necessary
using the amounts of water, sodium tartrate dihydrate, or
water-in-methanol shown below:
Water Equivalent
F, mg/mL
0.5
1
3
6
A. H. Thomas Co., Catalog No. 9682-K-40 titration cell has been found
satisfactory for this purpose.
18
Davol Rubber Co., Catalog No. 270 or E. H. Sargent Co., Catalog No.
S-73185, 4 to 5 in., have been found satisfactory for this purpose.
19
Indicating-type Drierite has been found satisfactory for this purpose.
Water, g
0.01
0.03
0.09
0.18
to
to
to
to
0.02
0.05
0.15
0.30
Sodium Tartrate
Dihydrase, g
0.1 to 0.15
0.2 to 0.3
0.6 to 0.9
1.1 to 1.9
Water-in-Methanol
Standard, mL
10 to 20
30 to 50
...
...
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
7
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
X2. INTERFERING COMPOUNDS THAT REACT STOICHIOMETRICALLY WITH KF REAGENT, THEREBY ENABLING
FREE WATER TO BE CALCULATED AFTER APPLYING CORRECTION
Methylolurea
Peroxides, diacyl21
Peracids21
Quinone
Arsenious oxide
Chromates
20
Dichromates
Iron oxide
Nickel oxide
Sodium peroxide
Sodium sulfide
Ascorbic acid
Hydrazine derivatives
Mercaptans
Silanols, R3SiOH
R2Si(OH)2
Arsenate, RAsO4
Arsenite, RAsO2
Boric acid, H3BO3
HBO2
Boric oxide, B2O3
Bicarbonates
Carbonates
Cupric salts
Ferric salts
Metal hydroxides, MOH
M(OH)2
Metal oxides, CaO, MgO, ZnO,
Ag2O, HgO, Cu2O, MnO2,
PbOA , PbO2A
Pb3O4
Pyrosulfites
Sodium nitriteB
Sulfites
Stannous salts
Tetraborate
Thiosulfate
Moles of
Apparent H2O
per Mole
Compound
1
1
0.5
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
0.5
0.5
1
2
1
3
1
0.5
1
1
7
0.5
Do Not React
hydrazine sulfate
calcium carbonate
ferric fluoride
aluminum, cupric,
barium oxides
pyrosulfate
hyposulfite
A
The lead oxides react only partially when dispersed in methanol, probably
because of insolubility. In acetic acid solution, however, these oxides react
quantitatively.
B
Reaction is fairly slow. Apparently free water can be determined in presence of
NaNO2 by rapid titration with KF reagent.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
8
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
X3. OTHER ASTM KARL FISCHER REAGENT WATER METHODS
Designation
D789
D803
D890
D1123
D1348
D1364
D1533
D1568
D1631
D2072
D2575
D3277
D3401
D4017
D4377
D4672
D4928
D5460
D5530
D6304
E1064
Sponsoring Committee
D20
D01
D01
D15
D01
D01
D27
D12
D16
D01
D01
D27
D26
D01
D02
D20
D02
D11
D34
D02
E15
Title of Method
Test Methods for Determination of Solution Viscosities of Polyamide (PA)
Test Methods for Testing Tall Oil
Test Method for Water in Liquid Naval Stores
Test Method for Water in Engine Coolant Concentrate by the Karl Fischer Reagent Method
Test Methods for Moisture in Cellulose
Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids (Karl Fischer)
Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
Test Method for Water in Phenol and Related Materials by the Iodine Reagent Method
Test Method for Water in Fatty Nitrogen Compounds
Methods of Testing Polymerized Fatty Acids
Test Methods for Moisture Content of Oil-Impregnated Cellulosic Insulation
Test Method for Water in Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
Test Method for Water and Paint Materials by Karl Fischer Method
Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration
Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Water Content of Polyols
Test Methods for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
Test Method for Rubber Compounding Materials Water in Rubber Additives
Test Method for Total Moisture of Hazardous Waste Fuel by Karl Fischer Titrimetry
Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
REFERENCES
(1) Riedel-deHaen, HydranalWater Reagent According to Eugen
Scholz for Karl Fischer Titration, 3rd Ed., p. 30, available from
Cresent Chemical Co., Inc., 1324 Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, NY,
11788.
(2) Mitchell, J., Jr., and Smith, D. M., Aquametry, a Treatise on Methods
for the Determination of Water, Part III, The Karl Fischer Reagent,
2nd Ed., J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1980.
(3) Laurene, A. H., Determination of Water by Karl Fischer Titration in
the Presence of Ferric Salts, Analytical Chemistry, ANCHA, Vol 24,
1952, p. 1496.
(4) Brickell, W. F., Determination of Water Vapor in Natural Gas by
Direct Chemical Method, Petroleum Engineer, PENGA, Vol 24,
1952, p. 58.
(5) MacLeod, S. K., Moisture Determination Using Karl Fischer
Titrations, Analytical Chemistry, Vol 63, 1991, p. 557A.
(6) Bastin, E. L., Siegel, H., and Bullock, A. B., Microdetermination of
Water by Titration With Fischer Reagent, Analytical Chemistry,
ANCHA, Vol 31, 1959, p. 467.
(7) Beasley, T. H., Ziegler, H. W., Charles, R. L., and King, P., Critical
Evaluation of the Karl Fischer Water Method, Analytical Chemistry,
ANCHA, Vol 44, 1972, p. 1833.
(8) Gard, L. N., and Butler, R. C., Determination of Moisture in Sodium
BicarbonateKarl Fischer Method, Analytical Chemistry, ANCHA,
Vol 26, 1954, p. 1367.
(9) Jones, A. G., A Review of Some Developments in the Use of the Karl
Fischer Reagent, Analyst, Vol 76, 1951, p. 5.
(10) Mitchell, J., Jr., Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part II, Vol 1,
Interscience Publishers, Inc., 1961, p. 69.
(11) Morton, J. D., and Fuchs, L. K., Determination of Moisture in
Fluorocarbons, presented at a meeting of the American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, June 1315,
1960.
(12) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Freon Technical Bulletin B-23,
Moisture Determination in 8Freon Fluorocarbons by Karl Fischer
Titration, June 1961.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
9
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E203 08
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee E15.01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(E203-01) that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) Updated units of measure to comply with the International
System of Units (SI).
(2) Added numbered paragraph in Scope stating that the SI
units are to be considered standard.
(3) Changed term amperometrically to potentiometrically
in Scope and Summary of Test Method.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/
COPYRIGHT/).
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 13 00:24:48 EDT 2015
10
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Industrial de Santander (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.