DAT

Study online at quizlet.com/_13aejk

1.

1. # electrons in SUB SHELL

4l + 2

2.

2. # electrons per shell

2n2

3.

3. # orbitals per shell

n2

4.

4. 1amu

1amu=1g/mol

19.

20. a nucleotide is different from a

nucleoside. What two components make
up a nucleoside? give an example of a
nucleoside?

sugar and a
base. ATP is
a nucleoside.
Where as a
nucleotide is
made up from
base,
phosphate
and sugar.

21. a pH gradient is seen during which

cellular respiration process?

ETC

22. A planaria is a flatworm and contains

both male and female?

reproductive
structures

23. a process in which embryonic tissues

influence adjacent tissues to
differentiate is called?

embryonic
induction 24.
a protein of
210 amino
acids is made
from how
many DNA
nucleotides?:
630

25. a repressor which binds to the

operator region in a operon can be
deactivated by what?

inducer
which binds
to the
binding site
of the
repressor. by
doing so it
acts as an
allosteric
effector
altering the
shape.

26. a series of mitotic cell divisions that

follow fertilization is called?

cleavage.

27. A single gene sometimes affects many

traits in an organism. A single gene may
exert effects on several different
phenotypic characteristics

pleitrophy

28. a sperm cell comes in contact with the

jelly coat surrounding an egg cell known
as the?

zona
pellucida

29. a sperm cell is unable to fertilize

oocytes upon immediate ejaculation,
which process must occur first? This
process is a functional maturation of the
spermatozoa. The physiological changes
that occur in the spermatozoa. These
changes include changes in sperm
intracellular ion [ ], motility, and
metabolism.

capacitation

Carbon weighs
12 g/mole= 12
amu
5.

5. 2 Chambered Hearts

Fish

6.

6. 2^n

how many
stereoisomers
can a molecule
have with n
chiral centers

7.

7. 3Chambered Heart

Frogs and
amphibians

8.

8. 4 Chambered Heart

Mammals and
bird

9.

9. 5 classes of immunoglobins

IgD,A,M,E,G
antibodies

10. a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is

characteristic of what generation of a
dihybrid cross?:

F2 generation
11. A band:
covers the entire
thick filament

12. A change in the gene pool due to

chance is termed?

genetic drift.

13. a circus lion learns to stand up on a

chair and jump through a hoop to
receive a tasty treat. this is an example
of?

operant
conditioning

14. a complex behavioral response to a

specific cue or releaser, which is
exhibited by all members of the species
as a stereotyped response to the same
stimulus is known as a?

fixed action
pattern

15. a fertilized egg is called ? which is

haploid.

zygote

16. a form of asexual reproduction

found in females, where growth and
development of embryos occurs
without fertilization by a male?

parthenogenesis

16.

17. a genetic map involves using?

crossover
frequencies.

17.

18. a hollow ball of cells is called a ?

blastula

19. a multicelled organism that

contains tentacles with specialized
stinging cells called nematocysts.

hydra

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

18.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

30. a suitable
vector for
recombinant
DNA cloning
can be?

bacteriophage and plasmids 31. a surgical

bone repair is termed?: osteoplasty

32. a technique
used to clone
animals is
called?

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

33. A the degree

of unsaturation
of a cell
membrane
increases, what
happens to it
fluidity?

the fluidity increases with the degree of

unsaturation

34. a virus that

infects a
bacteria is
called?

bacteriophage.

35. ABO blood

types

erythrocytes have characteristic cell

surface proteins that can be considered
antigens; blood type A has antigen A so it
produces anti-B antibodies; blood type B
has antigen B so it produces anti-A
antibodies; blood type O has no antigens
so produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies
(universal donor); blood type AB has both
antigens and is the universal recipient

37. absolute
configuration

describes the exact spatial arrangement of

groups of atoms independent of other
molecules. 38. acetaldehyde: name for
ethanal

35.

39. Acetylene

Common name for ethyne

36.

40. achiral

three different substitutents often have

plane of symmetry. and rotation of 180
will allow molecule to be superimposed on
mirror image

41.
Achondroplasia

dwarfism, shortness

42. acid
hydrolases are
contained in
which cellular
organelle?

lysosome

43. Acromegaly

overproduction of GH in adults; results in

a disproportionate overgrowth of bone,
localized especially in the skull, jaw, feet,
hands

37.

38.

39.

45.
acromegaly

overproduction of Growth Hormone in anterior

pituitary--causes disproportionate growth in
bone, esp skull, jaw, feet, hands 46. Acrosome:
membrane bounded structure of the sperm that
contains hydrolytic enzymes that breaks open
the egg.

42.

47. ACTH

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone; stimulates

adrenal cortex to syntesize and secrete
glucocorticoids; regulated by releasing
hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)

43.

48. ACTH

adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreted by

anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates production
of glucocorticoids and sex steroids.

49. Action
potential

speed and amplitude remains constant during

action potential - instenisty increase will
increase AP as well.

50.
Activating
Substituents

Activating substituents are electron-donating

substituents already attached to the aromatic
ring. They increase the ring's potential to react
with other species. Activating species are
ortho/para directing.

51. Active
Immunity

production of antibodies during an immune

response; con be stimulated by a vaccination,
could require weeks to build up

52. Active
muscle has
higher

Lactate in muscle than resting muscles

53. actively
contracting
muscle has
a high rate
of ?
formation?

lactic acid formation (lactate) 54. Adaptive

radiation: many species emerge from a Single
ancestor

55.
Adenylate
Cyclase

ATP c-AMP

44.

45.

inhibitor of plant growth hormones

34.

overproduction of growth hormone in adults

41.

36. Abscisic
acid

33.

44.
acromegaly

40.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

56. adenylyl
cyclase is the
enzyme
catalyzes
ATP--->cyclic
AMP. Which
hormone
activates
adeynylyl
cyclase by
binding with
it? think
about it your
breaking
down ATP
and
producing
HIGH energy

epinephrine.

57. ADH/
Vasopressin

aka Antidiuretic hormone; synthesized by

neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus;
transported via axons; stored and released by
posterior pituitary; increases permeability of
nephron's collecting duct to water which
promotes water reabsorption; which
increases blood volume; it is released when
plasma osmolarity increases or blood volume
decreases

58. Adiabatic

- NO heat exchange q=0

E= - W

53.

54.

55.

59. Adibiatic
Free
Expansion of
a Gas

For an adiabatic free expansion process, the

gas is contained in an insulated container
and a vacuum. The gas is then let to expand
in the vacuum. The work done by or on the
system is zero, because the volume of the
container does not change. The First Law of
Thermodynamics then implies that the net
internal energy change of the system is zero.
For an ideal gas, the temperature remains
constant because the internal energy only
depends on temperature in that case. Since at
constant temperature, the entropy is
proportional to the volume, the entropy
increases in this case, therefore this process
is irreversible.

60. adjacent
cells are held
together in
cardiac
muscle by ?

intercalated disks.

61. Adrenal
Cortex

anterior pituitary produces ACTH which

stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize
and secrete steroid hormones
("corticosteroids")

56.

62. adrenal cortex

in times of stress, ACTH( AP gland)

secretes corticosteriods.

57.

63. adrenal cortex

ATCH stimulates adrenal cortex to

synthesize and secrete steroid
hormones (corticosteroids) 64.
Adrenal Glands: sit on top of kidneys;
consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal
medulla

58.

65. adrenal glands

situated on top of kidneys, consist of

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

59.

66. Adrenal Medulla

makes epinephrine and

norepinephrine

60.

67. Adrenal Medulla

produces epinephrine (adrenaline)

and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

61.

68. Adrenal medulla

produces epinephrine (adrenaline)

and norepinephrine (noradenaline),
which both belong to
Catecholamines (amino acid derived
cmpds

69.
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (ACTH)

Made in anterior pituitary-Stimulates

adrenal cortex to make and secrete
glucocorticoids, regulated the
releasing hormone
CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE
FACTOR (CRF)

63.

70. Adrental Cortex

secretes 3 hormones -Glucocorticoid:

cortisol (increase glucose levels)

64.

-Mineralocorticoids

secretes aldosterone (reabsorption of

NA+ and water in the nephronkidney and K+ secretion in kidney
collection duct) -Aldosterone can
cause hypertension - high blood
pressure and blood volume (if has too
much of it)

-Cortical sex
hormones

androgens

71. Afferent neurons

sensory neurons

62.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73. After an organism's

sense organs receive a
stimulus from the
environment, this type
of neurons send that
information back to
the central nervous
system. Also called
afferent neurons?

sensory neurons

74. after death skeletal

muscles, cross-bridges
remain locked in
place. which term
regarding muscles best
describes whats going
on?

Rigor mortis. due to the lack of

ATP the actin and myosin
filaments remain bonded together
until muscles begin decomposing.

75. After fertilization,

when do the 1st,
2nd,and 3rd cleavages
occur

1st- 32 hours after fertilization;

2nd - 60 hours; 3rd - 72 hours
(after third cleavage, the 8-celled
embryo reaches the uterus)

76. after ovulation has

occurred, the ovarian
follicle becomes the ?

corpus luteum

77. after the ovulation

when the ovarian
follicle becomes the
corpus luteum the
corpus luteum will
produce ? and ? which
will help blood vessel
growth?

progesterone and estrogen

78. Agarose Gel

Electrophoresis

Type of Chromatography, used to

separate nucleic acids based on
size/length of chain. The media
serves as the stationary phase and
the nucleic acid as the mobile
phase. Negatively charged nucleic
acids travel toward the anode
(positive end). Smaller strands
travel faster than larger chains.

83. Alcohol
Fermentation

occurs only in yeast and some

bacteria, Pyruvate converted to
ethanol thus regenerating NAD+
so glycolysis can continue

84. alcohol
fermentation(ethanol)

only occurs in yeast

78.

85. Aldehyde

Compound with a HC=O as a

terminal group. These are named
by replacing the -e in the
corresponding alkane with -al.
(Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde,
Propionaldehyde).

79.

86. aldehyde

carbonyl located at the end of the

chain named by replacing al with
e. e.g. butanal

80.

87. Aldose

Sugar containing an aldehyde

group -CH=O

81.

88. aldosterone

example of meneralocorticoids.
regulate blood plasma levels of
sodium and potassium. active
reabsorption of Na and passive
reabsorption of water in the
nephron.

82.

89. Alkali Metals

- Group I elements - Very reactive

- Forms oxides with oxygen
- Forms hydroxides with water-->
releases H+
- Reacts with acids to form salts--> releases H+

90. Alkaline Earth

Metals

- Group II - Wants to lose both

valence e's
- Forms oxides with oxygen and
hydroxides with water - Reacts
with acids and forms salts-->
releases H+

91. Alkane

Chain of carbons connected by

single bonds with hydrogen atoms
attached.

92. Alkane
nomenclature

Use the Greek root for the number

of carbons followed by the ending,
-ane

86.

93. Alkanes

Compounds with only carbon and

hydrogen atoms with sigma bonds
(single bonds). As chain length
increases, boiling point, melting
point, and density increase.
However, chain branching
decreases boiling point and
density.

87.

94. Alkene

contain carbon carbon double

bonds. Use same root of alkane but
end with "ene"

76.

77.

83.

84.

85.
73.

74.

75.

79. Agonistic behavior

"fighting" when they fight over

food or mates

80. albumin synthesis

occurs?

liver

81. Alcohol

A compound containing an -OH

group. Compound is named by
replacing the -e in the
corresponding alkane with -ol. 82.
alcohol: what is produced when o3
with lialh4 or nabh4

88.

95. Alkenes

Compounds containing carbon-carbon

double bonds. Named by replacing the ane in the corresponding alkane with ene. 96. Alkyne: carbon carbon triple
bonds. Suffix-yne.

89.

97. alkyne

hydrocarbon with one or more carbon

carbon triple bond

98. Alkynes

Compounds containing carbon-carbon

triple bonds. The compound is named
by replacing the -ane in the
corresponding alkane with -yne.

99. all 3 of these

species Algae,
euglena, and
paramecium
belong to this
group?

protist

100. all of these are

eukaryotic
heterotrophs and
secrete digestive
enzymes and then
absorb the soluble
products of
digestion

fungi

101. all species use

A, C, G, T as their
DNA bases, but
what differs is?

their sequence.

94.

102. Allantois

only found in reptiles, birds, and

mammals
- combines with the chorion to form the
mammalian placenta -collect liquid
waste from the embryo, as well as to
exchange gases

95.

103. Allantois

saclike structure; involved in

respiration and excretion; has many
blood vessels to be able to transport 02,
C02, H2O, salt, nitrogenous wastes

96.

104. Allele

one of a number of different forms of a

gene

105. Allopatic
speciation

formation of new species due to

geographic isolation

106. Allosteric
effect

The binding of a ligand to one site on a

protein molecule in such a way that the
properties of another site on the same
protein are affected. Some enzymes are
allosteric proteins, and their activity is
regulated through the binding of an
effector to an allosteric site.

90.

91.

92.

93.

99.

107. Allosteric interactions

molecules bind will

have a conformation
change and the
primary binding will
no longer bind to the
original substrate

100.

108. allyl

propylenes attached
to a backbone at the
C-3 position.
Meaning the double
bond at end of the
chain and single
bonded carbon at rest
109. Alpha Carbon:
The first carbon atom
adjacent to the
carbon attached to
the targeted
functional group.

110. alpha helix is held together by

this type of bond?

hydrogen bonds

111. also called the seed leaf. This

term will store food for the
germinating seedling.

cotyledon

112. Although this phylum does

have a hollow space inside, they
do not have a digestive gut like
other animals. Water flows into
the central space through the
many pores in the sponge's outer
surface and flows out through the
large opening at the top of this
phylum. The flow of water brings
food and oxygen and carries away
waste and carbon dioxide.

porifera (sponges)

113. Amide

A compound that has

a carbonyl group
(C=O) bonded to
nitrogen. They are
named by dropping
the -oic in the
corresponding acid
and adding -amide.
Substituents attached
to the nitrogen are
listed following N-.

101.

102.

103.

104.

97.

98.

105.

106.

114. Amine

115. amines

A compound in which a carbon is

bonded to a nitrogen with a
single bond. They are named by
replacing the -e in the
corresponding alkane with amine. Substituent groups
attached to the nitrogen can be
named using the prefix N-.
nitrogen containing compound,
longest chain attached to
nitrogen used in backbone. use e
and replace with AMINE. if more
complex molecule present, use
prefix amino. IF additional group
added, use N-

107.

116. amino peptidase

polypeptide digestion(small
intestine)

108.

117. Amnion

membrane that encloses

amniotic fluid; amniotic fluid
provides an aqueous environment
that protects the developing
embryo from shock

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.
116.

118. Amnion

a vascular fetal membrane ( fluid

filled sac for protects from shock)
-in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
(frogs don't have it) 119.
amoebas, sporozoa, and ciliates
all types of species that fall under
the kingdom?: protozoa

120. Amount of blood

in human body

5.5 liters or 5.5 quarts

121. amphibians and

reptiles have a ?
chambered heart?

122. Amphibians have

what type of
circulatory system?

have closed circulatory system

123. Amphioxus: small marine
animals - invertebrates- doesn't
lose notochord

124. amylase

carbohydrate digestion(from
pancreas)

125. amylases are

secreted by?

pancreas and salivary glands.

126. an amphioxus is a

interverbrates

127. an animal-like
protist that uses
pseudopodia to move
and feed is an ? which
is a eukaryotic and
sometime during their
life has either a
flagellum or cilia.

amoeba

128. an egg cell will

contain?

23 chromosomes, 23
chromatids

129. an excited neuron

releases what into the
synaptic cleft?

acetylcholine.

130. an increase in the

blood on either one of
these two ? will cause an
increase in breathing rate

H+ and or CO2 131. an

individual with down
syndrome is also prone to
these two other diseases?:
alzheimer's and leukemia

132. an organism that

cannot grow in the
presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

121.

133. Anaphase

shortest and briefest stage of

all, centromeres split and
daughter chromosomes begin
to separate getting g all 46
chromosome each.

122.

134. Anatomy of a Sperm

head= almost all nucleus;

tail= flagellum, propels
sperm; body/neck= contains
mitochondria which provides
energy for movement

123.

135. Androgens

male sex hormones

136. androgens
(androstenedione and
dehydroepiandrosterone)

secreted by cortical sex

hormones 137. Anesthesia:
Block Na+ voltage gate
channels

125.

138. aneuploidy

condition, extra or missing

copies of individual
chromosomes

126.

139. Angiosperms

: "double fertilization" - fruits,

flowering plants, maple, oaks,
and grass

127.

- Monocots

has leaves with parallel veins,

narrow plants like grass,
vascular bundles are scattered
- Dicots: have leaves with
netlike veins, broad plants
like shrubs

128.

140. angiotensin II

Made from reaction with

renin and angiotensinogen,
stimulates adrenal cortex to
secrete aldosterone

129.

141. angle strain

when bond angles deviate

from ideal values

130.

142. Annalida Respiration

secrete mucus creating a moist

surface for gas exchange by
diffusion; then the circulatory
system brings 02 to cells

117.

118.

119.

120.

124.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

143. annelida

primitive central nervous system

consisting of a defined ventral nerve cord..
ie clusters of nerve cell bodies.

144. Annelida
Nervous
System

Have a primitive central nervous system;

have defined ventral nerve cord and
anterior "brain" (fused ganglia); have
defined nerve pathways from receptors to
effectors

145. Anomers

Cyclic stereoisomers differing in

configuration at the hemiacetal carbon
(C1). In a 6-membered ring, if the hydroxy
group attached to C1 and the substituent
attached to C5 are trans, the molecule is
referred to as the anomer. If both groups
are cis, the molecule is reffered to as
anomer. C1 and C5 are carbons adjacent to
the oxygen in the ring.

146. Anterior
Pituitary

releases both direct and trophic hormones;

is regulated by hypothalamic secretions
("releasing/inhibiting hormones or
factors); FLAT PIG = FSH;LH; ACTH;
Prolactin; (I)gnore; GH

147. Anterior
Pituitary

synthesizes direct hormones and tropic

hormones. Regulated by hypothalamic
secretions called releasing/inhibiting
factors

148. Anterior
Pituitary Gland

secretes FAGTL prolactin FSH, ACTH,

GH, TSH, LH (cause ovulation), and
prolactin

149. Anthropda
Respiration

consists of many trachea whose branches

reach almost every cell; spiracles = where
the trachea reach the surface for
exchange; uses diffusion, no carrier of
oxygen needed therefore efficient and
insects have a relatively effortless open
circulatory system

150.
Anthropoda
Nervous
System

Similar to annalida nervous system but

have more specialized sense organs
(compound or simple eyes; tympanum for
sound)

151. anti
conformation

most favorable of staggared conformations

152. Anticholinesterases

inhibits the activity of

acetylcholinesterases enzyme. no muslce
contraction can take place 153. antibiotics
do not work on viruses why is that?:
because viruses do not have organelles.

154. Antibodies

are linked by disulfide bonds (S-S bonds

also in hair and insulin for protein folding
)

155. antibodies are

produced by B cells
and can bind to?

antigens

156.
Anticholinesterases

inhibits activity of
acetylcholinesterase enzyme that
degrades acetylcholine in synapse, so
acetylcholine keeps affecting
postsynaptic cell and no coordinated
muscle contractions can take place

157. Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH,
vasopressin)

Increases permeability of nephron's

collecting duct to water, promotes
water reabsorption and increased
blood volume. Secreted when plasma
osmolarity increases, as sensed by
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, or
when blood volume decreases, as
sensed by baroreceptors in the
circulatory system.

158. Antigens

"nonself" entities, body can detect

and remember these

159. any gene that

has the potential to
induce cancerous
transformations is
called?

oncogene

160. Aplasia

almost complete failure of

development

161. Appeasement
behavior

inhibit others from attacking each

other, state of peace

162. appendicular
skeleton

appendages, pectoral and pelvic

girdles.

150.

163. Aprocrine

sweat gland that responds to stress

151.

164. aprotic solvent

not solvated

165. Aqueous
humor

formed/produced by eye; exits

through ducts to join venous blood;
glaucoma happens when outflow of
this is blocked 166. aqueous humor:
exits through ducts to join the venous
blood.

167. Arachnida

scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites

168. are birds warm

or cold blooded?

warm blooded

169. are both

monocots and
dicots vascular
plants?

yes.

170. are lysosomes

found in both
plants and animal
cells?

yes

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

152.

153.
154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

171. Aromatic Compound

172. Arrhenius Equation

Cyclic, fully conjugated

planar compound with
4n+2 electrons. Each
atom in the compound must
possess a p orbital in order
to allow for maximum
conjugation.
k= Ae ^ (-Ea/ RT) A is a
constant

168.

169.

170.

Low Ea means High T-->

large K and FASTER rxn!
171.

e to a neg number means a

decimal

172.

183. At rest is the [K+]

greater inside or
outside the neuron?

the [K+] is greater inside the cell.

184. at some point of

development all
chordates have

pharyngeal pouches, a
notochord, and a dorsal tubular
nerve cord.

185. at the end of long

bones, are regions of
cartilaginous cells
where growth occurs,
this is called the?

epiphyseal plate

186. Atomic energy

levels

...

187. Atomic radius

- Decreases left to right Increases top to bottom

e to a larger number gives a

larger number
159.

173. Arterioles

provide greatest resistance

to blood flow in the
circulation

160.

174. Arthropoda

Spiders and crustaceans

161.

175. Arthropods

more specialized than

annelids. has sense organs
such as compound or
simple eye, tympanum for
detecting sound.

162.

163.

164.

176. as a person ages, the

cartilage that covers the
bone ends of freely movable
joints begins to wear away,
this is called?

osteoarthritis.

177. as cells normally divide,

their chromosomes get
shorter. At the end of
chromosomes, DNA
sequences called ? decrease
in length every time DNA is
copied.

telomere. A decrease in
telomere length is believed
to define the aging process.

178. as CO2 levels increase,

the ? sends impulses to the
diaphragm and chest
muscles, whcih will
increase breathing rate.

medulla

179. as the diameter of a

nerve fiber increases, the
speed?

increases as well. thick

nerve fibers allow for fast
impulses. 180. Ascending
Loop: impermeable to water

- Influenced by Zeff and

electrostatic attraction between
nucleus and electrons - Higher
Zeff means more attraction and
atom becomes more compact
- Peaks= single electron in
valence ( Li, Na, K)
- Troughs= Noble gases (totally
filled shell)
188. ATP

exergonic, negatively charged

even at pH=7 -releases energy
that will drive endergonic
reactions

189. ATP synthase is

associated with what
organelles?

mitochondria and chloroplast

175.

190. ATP_> cAMP

catalyzed by membrane bound

enzyme denylate cyclase. cAMP
acts as second messenger

176.

191. Atrophy

decrease in cell size

177.

192. Aufbau Principle

Shells/ sub shells of lowest

energy get filled first

193. AUG and f-met-tRNA

Protein synthesis initiation on

the mRNA at the proper site on
the ribosome for Prokaryotes 194.
Auricle: external ear

195. Autolysis

cell commits suicide by rupturing

the lysosome membrane and
releasing its hydrolytic enzymes

196. Autonomic
Nervous System

involuntary movement;
innervates cardiac and smooth
muscle; 2 divisions: sympathetic
and parasympathetic

197. Autosomal
Dominant

male and female are affected if

one parent is the carrier

173.

174.

178.

179.
165.

166.

181. Astigmatism

irregularly shaped cornea

167.

182. astigmatism

irregularly shaped cornea

180.

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

198.
Autosomal
recessive

male and female are affected if one parent is

the carrier but SKIPS generations.

199.
Autosomal
Recessive
Inheritance

female and males are affected equally, skips

generations, heterozygote do not have the
trait. Ex: sickle cell anemia, PKU,
galactosemia

200.
Autotroph

organism that can capture energy from

sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its
own food from inorganic compounds; the first
used photosynthetic pathways to synthesize
carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O -- this
added molecular O2 to the environment, thus
changing it from a reducing to an oxidizing
environment

201.
Autotrophic
Aerobes

make own food, require O2 (include green

plants and photoplankton)

202.
Autotrophic
Anaerobes

make own food, do not require O2 (include

chemosynthetic bacteria)

203. Auxins

promotes plant growth and inhibits root

elongation. enhances the production of new
xylem cells 204. AV node: atrioventricular
node that coordinates heart rate

205.
Average KE
of a Gas

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

199.

190.

191.

192.

binary fission

212. Bacteria
electron
transport
chain

uses multiple electron transport chains to

produce ATP

213. Bacteria
illustrate an ?
selected
population

R-selected population

214. bacteria
utilize multiple
of these to
produce ATP?

ETC

215. Bacterial
DNA

found in chromosomes and plasmids

216. Bacterial
Replication

bacterial replication begins at a point on

their circular DNA and proceeds in both
directions

217.
Bacteriophage

virus that infects bacterium; attaches to it,

bores a hole through bacterial cell wall,
injects its DNA; bacteriophage then enters
either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle

218. balance
and muscle
coordination
is the function
of?

cerebellum

219. balance is
associated
with the semicircular canals
located?

within the inner ear

220. Basic
Structure of
cilia/flagella of
all eukaryotic
cells

cylindrical stalk with 11 microtubles ( 9

paired microtubles in a circle and 2 in
center)

221. basicity

more likely it is to attract positively

charged proton. nucleophilic strength
decreses: RO->HO>RCO2>ROH>H2O
222. Basilar Membrane: where the hair
cells are in the inner ear

223. Batesian
mimicry

harmless species has evolved to imitate the

warning signals of a harmful species

224. Benzyl

The term used to describe toluene

substituted at the methyl position when it
is used as a substituent.

KE= 3/2 RT
R= 8.314

200.

Depends only on TEMP (not mass)

189.

211. bacteria
are
prokaryotes
that reproduce
by?

206.
Avogadro's
Law

Equal volume of 2 gases will contains equal #

of moles of each gas 207. axial skeleton:
vertebral column, skull and rib cage

208. B cells
are
lymphocytes
that mature
where?

in the bone marrow.

209. Boxidation of
fatty acids
occur in the
matrix of
the ?

mitochondria

210.
bacteria are
? which
belong to the
kingdom of
monera

prokaryotes

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

211.

225. beta oxidation

secondary process which the

body uses for a source of energy.
each round of beta oxidation
produces 1NADH and 1FADH2
and uses 2ATP

226. Beta-Oxidation of
fatty acids

occurs inside the matrix of

mitochondria

227. Bile

not an enzyme. Secreted by liver

and stored in gall bladder,
breakdown fats and contains
sodium bicarbonate to neutralize
the stomach acid

228. bile

secreted by the gall bladder.

contains NO ENZYME and
emulsifies fat.

229. bile production

occurs in the ? but
stored in the ?

liver and stored in the

gallbladder 230. Binding energy:
...

231. Biome

a geographic region inhabited by

a distinct community

219.

220.

221.

222.

223.

224.

-Tundra- moss, lichen, lowgrowing shrubs, cold winters,

and short growing season.
-Taiga - moss, lichen, lowgrowing shrubs, cold winters,
and short growing season.
-Savanna
-Deserts
-Grasslands
-Temperate deciduous forest
232. birds are most
likely decendents of?

reptiles

213.

234. Blastopore

usually form mouth before anus

but not in all organisms

214.

235. Blastula

hollow sphere of single layer of

cells

215.

236. Blastulation

begins when morula develops a

fluid filled cavity called
"blastocoel"

216.

237. Blind Spot

Point where optic nerve exits the

eye, (no photoreceptors there)

238. blood clotting

involves a series of
chain reactions in
which fibrinogen is
converted into what?

fibrin 239. blood travels slowest

in ?: capillaries

240. blood vessels and

nerves pass through
the?

Haversian Canals

212.

217.

218.

225.

226.

227.

228.

229.

241. Blue-green
algae
(cyanobacteria)

prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera -has

cell walls

242. Boiling
Point Affected
By.....

What bonds are in molecule? Covalent>

Ionic> H bond> Dipole-dipole> LDF

243. Boiling
Point Elevation

Tb= Kb(i)m
m= molality

244. Bomb
calorimeter or
constant volume
cal

q rxn + qcal=0

245. Bond
Dissociation
Energy as
related to Heats
of Formation

- TAKES energy to BREAK bonds

(positive and endo) - RELEASES energy
when bonds are formed ( negative and
eco)
- Bond dissociation energy= POS
- Enthalpy of formation= NEG
H= Bonds broken - Bonds formed ALL
ELEMENTS must be in gas phase!

246. Bond
Stength Factors

Tucci
Ionic/ Dipole-Dipole/ LDF :
Ionic:Look at CHARGE (larger ion
charge means stronger force)
Dipole-Dipole: Look at how POLAR
molecules are (greater difference means
stronger bond) LDF: Look at molecular
mass! Larger atoms have more LDF!

247. bone
resorption

osteoclasts break down bone, releasing

minerals such as Ca+2 from bone fluid to
blood

248. Botulism
toxin

prevents release of acetylcholine from

presynaptic cell causing paralysis

249. botulism
toxin

prevents the release of acetylcholine from

the presynaptic membrane and also
results in paralysis.

250. Boyle's Law

and Curve

At constant T---> PV=PV (curve on

sheet)

251. Brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla

230.

231.

232.

252.
Bronsted/Arhennius/Lewis
acids and bases

Bronsted: Acid is proton

donor/ Base is proton
acceptor Arennius: Acid
gives up H+/ Base releases
OH-

Lewis

Acid is e- pair acceptor/

Base is e- pair donor
All Bronsted Bases are
Lewis Bases but not the
other way around!

253. Brownian movement

part of intracellular
circulation; the movement of
particles due to kinetic
energy spreads small,
suspended
particles throughout the
cytoplasm of the cell

233.

254. Bryo means

moss, liverwort

234.

255. Bryophytes

moss, liverworts, and

hornworts, -nonvascular
land plants

235.

256. Budding

kind of asexual
reproduction; replication of
DNA followed by unequal
cytokinesis; new, smaller
cell could separate from the
parent cell immediately or
stick around for a while as
an outgrowth and separate
at a later stage

236.

237.

257. Buffers

258. Buffers in Titrations

- buffer RESISTS change in

pH (watch out for this in
problems) can be a TRICK
(Examkracker ex:) - Is a mix
of a weak acid and the salt
of its conjugate base
- Or mix of weak base and
salt of its conjugate acid
- Buffering zone is where the
curve is flat and there is a
near equal amount of acid or
base and its conjugate
(Around HALF equivalence
point)
- Buffering capacity is MAX
when pH is equal to pKa

259. c-AMP

cyclic-AMP, "second messenger" -activates

enzymes, imitates protein synthesis, alter
membrane permeability. (activates protein
Kinase)
-to degrade it use phosphodiesterase cAMP AMP

260. C3H8 +
5O2 = 3CO2 +
4H2O + heat

combustion reaction occurs through a

radical process

240.

261. Calcitonin

lowers blood Ca+ levels so it stimulates

osteoblast activity to store Ca inside the
bone thus forming bones.

241.

262. Calcitonin

decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by

inhibiting Ca2+ release from bone;
regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels;
antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

242.

263. Calcitonin

made by thyroid gland; decreases plasma

Ca2+ conc. by inhibiting Ca2+ release
from bone; Calcitonin secretion regulated
by plasma Ca+ levels

243.

264. Calcitonin

tones down the blood calcium level by

lowering the osteoclastic activity 265.
Calculating Solubility: Given Ksp for AgCl-> what is the solubility?
Ksp= [Ag][Cl]= x2 and SOLUBILITY= x!!!!
266. calorie
1 calorie= 4.2 J
1 Calorie= 1000 calories= 4200 J

267. can
glycogen be
stored
intracellularly?

yes

268. can
viruses infect
plants and
animals?

yes. viruses can infect both.

269.
Capacitation

sperm will need cap to puncture egg to

fertilize it. It is needed to mature the sperm
270. carbonyl: carbon double bonded to an
oxygen

271. Carboxylic
Acid

A compound with a COOH terminal group.

Compounds are named by replacing the -e
in the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.
Formic acid (methanoic acid), acetic acid
(ethanoic acid) are common names for the
simplest types.

272. carboxylic
acid

always receive number one. contain

carbonyl and OH group, very oxidized.
highest priority functional group. 273.
Carcinoma occurs in this type of tissue?:
epithelial

274.
Carcinoma

: Cancer in Epithelial tissues

238.

239.

244.

245.

246.

247.

248.

249.

250.

275. Cardiac Muscle

single nucleus, striations as

well as complex junctions
between adjacent individuals
cells called intercalated disc.
INVOLUNTARY

251.

276. cardiac muscle

one or two central nuclei,

straited and myogenic.

252.

277. Carrying capacity

# of individuals in a species
that can be sustained but the
avaible resources

253.

278. Cartilage

connective tissue derived from

mesenchyme, which is
rmbryonic connective tissue
that gives rise to most of the
connective tissue cells.
Cartilage is found in trachea,
tip of nose, larynx, external
auditory canal, and external
ear.

279. cartilage is a
connective tissue that is
derived from?

mesenchyme

255.

280. Casparian strip

waxy band in plant that aid in

water control

256.

281. Catalysts

- Lower Ea!
- Equilibirum does NOT
change, you just get to
equilibrium faster Keq ONLY
changes with temp!!

254.

257.

282. catalytic
hydrogenation

263.

264.

265.

reducing an alkene by adding

molecular hydrogen to double
bond with aid of metal
catalyst. e.g. pt, pd, ni. takes
place on surface of metal so it
does syn addition

258.

283. Cataracts

lens becomes opaque; light

can't enter therefore blindness

259.

284. cataracts

develop when lens becomes

opaque; light cannot enter the
eye leads to blindness

260.

285. Catecholamines

class of amino acid derivatives

that epinephrine and
norepinephrine belong to

286. cell death or ? can

help sculpt hands and
feet as well as eyes during
embryonic development.
because once cells die
they allow for separation
to occur in the region of
dying cells.

apoptosis

261.

262.

266.

267.

268.

269.

270.

287. Cell
Membrane

has selective permeability, regulates

passage of materials in and out of cell,
made of phospholipid bilayer, which allows
it to be permeable to both polar and
nonpolar; nonpolar just diffuses through,
charged particles can go through protein
channels and larger charged molecules can
cross with the assistance of carrier protiens

288. Cell
Theory

idea that all living things are composed of

cells, cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things, and new cells
are produced from existing cells; cells carry
genetic information in the form of DNA

289. cells in
the skin are
almost
waterproof
due to this
fibrous
protein?

keratin

290. cells of
the proximal
and distal
convoluted
tubule are very
rich in what
type of
organelle?

mitochondria 291. cells that absorb bone

are called?: osteoclast

292. Cellular
Respiration

best pathway to harvest energy from

glucose; gets 36-38ATP; Needs O2 because
O2 is the final acceptor of electrons

293. Celsius
Common
Temperatures

Freezing point of H20= 0 C BP of H20=

100C
Room temp= 25C Body temp= 37C

294.
Centrifugation

used to separate cells or mixtures of cells

without destroying them; you spin them
and they settle at different levels in the test
tube on the basis of their respective
densities (denser parts like the nuclei,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria sink
to bottom)

295.
Centrifugation

Separation technique used to separate

particles according to mass, shape and
density. Greater mass and density settle
near the bottom while lighter compounds
remain on top. This is meant to simulate a
gravitational pull.

296.
Centrioles

specialized microtubles involved in spindle

organization during cell division; not
bound by a membrane; Plants do not have
them, Animal cells usually have 2
centrioles at right angles to each other and
lie in the centrosome

297. centrioles
are found only
where?

in animal cells

298. Cenzoic
Era

newest era
(Cenzoic>Mesozoic>Paleozoic>Precambrian)

299.
Cephalopoda

octopus and squid- high demand for O2 and

has closed circulatory system

274.

300. Cerebellum

275.

301. Cerebellum

important in motor, maintenance of balance,

289. 318. choroid
hand eye coordination, timing of rapid
movements
290. 319. Choroid
coordinates muscle for balance and
layer
equilibrium

271.

272.

273.

276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

286.

302. cerebral
cortex
303. cerebullum

287.

288.

315. Chordata

Tunicates, mammals, amphiobians.

Reptiles, jawless fish- invertebrate- are
deuterostomes 316. Chorion: gas
exchange- secretes chorionic
Gonadotropin hormones to maintain
Corpus Luteum

317. Chorion

lines inside of shell of egg, moist

membrane, permits gas exchange

integrates sensory input and motor responses

291. 320. Chromatin
from memory and creative though.
292. 321.
modulate motor impulses, maintence of
Chromatography
balance, hand-eye coordination and timing of
rapid movements 304. Cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacrum coccyx are part of?: vertebral
column
293.

control lens shape and focal length

324. Circulation

transportation of material within cells

and throughout the body of a
multicellular organism

in wall of arteries that detect changes in the

gas H+, O2, and CO2

307.
chemotrophs
are organism
that use redox
reactions to
produce?

ATP 308. Chiasmata: Point where two

chromatids are intertwined

309. chiral

object that is not superimposable upon mirror296. 325. Citric Acid

Cycle, aka Kreb's
image
Cycle
carbon with four different substituents and
lack a plane of symmetry

311. Chiral
Molecule

312.
Cholecystokinin
313.
Cholecystokinin

314.
Cholecytokinin

Separation technique using retention

time of a compound in the mobile phase
as it travels through the stationary phase
to separate compounds with different
chemical properties.

323. Ciliary
muscles

306.
Chemoreceptors

310. chiral
center

DNA uncoiled

microtubules

At constant P V/T=V/T

295.

beneath sclera; helps supply retina with

blood; dark, pigmented area that reduces
reflection in the eye

322. cilia would

be most affected
by a drug that
causes
destruction of?

305. Charles'
Law and Curve

294.

beneath sclera helps supply blood to

retina.

A molecule not superimposable on its mirror

image. It must have at least one central atom
with four different attached atoms. However a
molecule with multiple centers may not fit
297. 326. Class
into this category.
Agnatha
hormone made by duodenum to stimulate
298. 328. Class
BILE release. cholecysto = gallbladder and
Chondrichthys
kinin = movement.
299. 329. Class
hormone release from small intestine in
Osteichthys
response to presence of fats, causes
contraction of gall bladder and release of bile 300. 330. Class
Reptilia
to small intestine (to aid in digestion of fats)
deom from small intestine in response to fats, 301. 331. Cleavage
causes contraction of gall bladder and release
of bile, which is involved in the digestion of
fats

For each turn of citric acid cycle, 2 CO2

released, 1ATP formed (substrate level
phosphorylation via GTP intermediate, 3
NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced;
NADH and FADH2 transports e-'s to
electron transport chain where more
ATP is produced by oxidative
phosphorylation
hagfish and lamprey-lack bones, scales,
and fins 327. Class Aves: Birds
skates and sharks
bony fish
lizards, turtles, and snakes
is a series of mitotic cell divisions that
follows fertilization (does not change
overall size) -characteristics of
protostomes

302.

303.

304.

305.

306.

307.

308.

309.

310.

311.

312.

332. Cleavage
furrow

333. Cleavage
in Vertebrate
Embryology

End of telophase for animal cells when

cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells, this
forms; the cell membrane indents along the
equator of the cell and eventually pinches
through the cell
series of rapid meiotic divisions in early
embryonic development; produces
progressively smaller cells because the cell
number increases but the cell protoplasm
(volume of the cytoplasm) remains constant;
increases the ratio of nuclear:cytoplasm;
increases surface:volume ratio which
improves gas, nutrient exchange

334. Climax
Community

most stable community marked by large

biomass with no environmental changes

335. Cloning

first one on a sheep also cows, pigs,

tadpoles, and goats. - Uses Somatic cell
nuclear transfer.
-Recombinant DNA tech or genetic
engineering
- use plasmid which are double stranded
circular DNA
- also uses Bacteriophage vector DNA to
make insulin, bovine growth hormones, and
vaccines

336. Cloning
DNA in
bacteria

another way (other than PCR) to amplify

genes; 1) ligation of the DNA sequence of
interest with vector DNA fragments 2) once
the recombinant molecule is formed it can be
inserted into the bacteria strain, through
transformation, identical copies of DNA
produced

337. Closed
system

Exchange of heat and work but not matter

with surroundings

338.
Cnidaria
Nervous
System

Has a nerve net which is a simple nervous

system that has limited centralization; some
jellyfish have clusters of cells and pathways
to coordinate swimming movement

339.
Cnidarians

hydras, corals, jellyfish, has Nematocyte

which are the stinging cells- no notochord
Hydras = reproduces by BUDDING asexually
-when they grow up they produce sexually Also known as Medusosid stage

340.
Cnidarians

simple nervous system called nerve net. ie

jelly fish

341.
Cnidoblast

A cell in the epidermis of coelenterates in

which a nematocyst is developed, are
specialized cells in the tentacles and body
wall of coelenterates.

342. CNS is
comprised of
what two
components?

brain and spinal cord 343. CO2: the most

abundant waster product of metabolism

344. CO2 in
blood

is carried as Bicarbonate ions HCO3 in the

blood

345.
Coacervate
droplets

a tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic

molecules (specifically, lipid molecules)
which is held together by hydrophobic
forces from a surrounding liquid.
Precursors to the first cells (but these are
not living and most are unstable, but some
are stable!). Absorb and incorporate
substances from the surrounding
environment

346. cochlea

functions in hearing

347.
Codominance

Happens when there is multiple alleles for a

gene, some are dominant and some are
recessive; dominant always wins over
recessive (wholly expressed); but when
there are two dominant alleles they are both
expressed simultaneously (ex. blood type)

317.

348. codon

3 base pairs that code for an amino acid;

multiple codons can code for the same
amino acid

318.

349. Cofactor

something that is required by the enzyme

but is not a protein part of the enzyme;
could be metals or small organic groups
"coenzymes"

350. Coffee
cup
calorimeter

q rxn + q water= o qrx= - q water

nHrxn= - mcT
where q water= mass of water or mass of
the solution (without ions)

351. cold
potassium
permanganate

alkenes oxidzed with kmno4, if made with

cold, dilue, make OH on each side of double
bond, diols or
glycol in syn orientation

glycol in syn
orientation

...

352. Collagen

triple helix- found in extracellular matrix,

rich in glycine

-fibrous
protein. Used
to connect and
support other
body tissues
353.
Colligative
properties

- Boiling point elevation

- Vapor pressure lowering
- Freezing point depression - Osmotic
pressure
ALL take into consideration to Van't Hoff
factor (i)

354. Collogen

triple helix, fibrous protein that makes up

bone and connective tissues -Has
Hydroxyporline and hydroxylysine

313.

314.

315.
316.

319.

320.

321.

322.

323.

324.

325.

355. Colloids

- Things mixed at semi-molecular

level with solute clumps
(aggregates) that are REALLy small
- They will stay mixed until you
centrifuge them
- Also known as an emulsion Ex:
Milk

326.

356. Combustion

reaction of alkane with oxygen to

form carbon dioxide, water and
heat.

357. combustion,
disproportionation,
free-radical
substitution,
pyrolysis

alphabetical order of alkane rxn

358. Common Ion Effect: Ex: AgCl
in water

327.

If you add in NaCl (more Cl ion)

then LESS solid will dissolve at
equilibrium
Application of Le Chatelier

364. Compound
Light
Microscope

uses 2 lenses to magnify an object

(eyepiece and objective); total
magnification = eyepiece x magnification
of objective; studies nonliving specimens
because you need to stain the cell which
kills it

335.

365. Cones

type of photoreceptor that responds to

high-intensity illumination and are
sensitive to color

336.

366. Cones

high intensity illumination; sensitive to

color; have 3 pigments: red, green, blue;
fovea= area densly packed with cones 367.
configuration: spatial arrangement of the
atoms or groups of a sterioisomer

368.
Conformational
Isomer

Stereoisomers that differ by rotation about

one or more ingle bonds, usually
represented using Newman projections.

369.
conformational
isomer

most similar. same molecule only at

different points in their rotation. show
them with newmans projections

370.
Conjugated
Proteins

Proteins requiring a covalently bonded

prosthetic group to function properly.
Hemoglobin is an example.

371.
Conjugation

sex in bacteria; 2 bacteria temporarily join

and transfer genetic info; transfers from
donor male (+) to recipient female (-) over
cytoplasmic conjugation bridge; only
bacteria containing sex factor plasmids
can conjugate

372.
Constitutive

operons that are always on and can never

be turned off because their regulator genes
code for defected repressors or there is
mutations in the operon

373. Control of
Adrenal
Hormones

Cortical hormone release under control of

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
374. Convergent evolution: different origin
but same biological trait

375.
Cooperative
effect

when hemoglobin binds to O2 and it

makes it easier to bind additional O2 to
the other sites

344.

376. Cori Cycle

Lactic cycle where lactate is brought back

to the liver and is converted into glucose Lactate is transported to the liver by the
blood flow.

345.

377. Cornea

transparent; at front of eye; bends/

focuses light rays

378. Corpus
callosum

divides the brain hemisphere- largest

myelinated tracts to allow right and left
brain to communicate 379. Corpus luteum:
develops because of LH in the Luteal
Phase of the Menstrual cycle; secretes
estrogen and progesterone

334.

337.

338.

DECREASES solubility
328.

329.

330.

331.

332.

333.

359. Common
oxidizing agents

O2, O3, MnO4-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-,

H2O2, Lewis acids, stuff with lots of
oxygens 360. Common reducing
agents: H2, metals, Zn/HCl,
Sn/HCl, LiAlH4, Lewis bases, stuff
with lots of hydrogens 361.
Community: interactions of different
populations of species

362. Complement
defense system

an immune response and

supplements the inflammatory
response

363. Complex Ion

Effect

Metal + Lewis base--> forms

complex ion

Keq for this kind of

rxn is called K f (K of
formation)

...

Adding an ion that

will COMPLEX to
part of your
dissolved solution
essentially PUSHES
the reaction to the
right--> and MORE
solid will dissolve

...

OPPOSITE to
common ion effect
INCREASES
solubility

...

339.

340.

341.

342.

343.

346.

347.

...

...

348.

380. Corpus luteum

in menstruation cycle - temporary

endocrine structure-production of
progesterone and estradiol to help
blood vessel grow

349.

350.

351.

352.

-corpus luteum
develops from an
ovarian follicle
during the luteal
phase of the
menstrual cycle o breakdown into
Corpus Albicans if
no fertilization
occurs.

...

- Secrete
progesterone to
maintain the
uterine lining

...

- Ovarian follicle
becomes corpus
luteum after
ovulation

...

381. Cortical sex

hormones

adrenal cortex secretes small

quantities of androgens (male sex
hormones) in both males and
females; in males, most androgens
secreted by testes and the adrenal
cortex has little effect but in females,
overproduction of androgens by
adrenal cortex can cause masculine
characteristics ( like facial hair)

382. Cortical sex

hormones

adrenal cortex secretes androgens

(male sex hormones). Most
androgens produced by male testes.

383.
Corticosteriods

derived from cholesterol; 3 types =

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
cortical sex hormones

384.
corticosteroids

secreted by adrenal cortex; derived

from cholesterol, include
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
and cortical sex hormones

385. cortisol and

cortisone

involved in glucose regulation.

examples of glucorticoids. 386.
Cotyledon: seed leaf that stores food
for germinated seedling

387. Courtship
behavior

precedes mating in most animals

358.

388. covalent bond

sharing of electron between atoms

359.

389. Cretinism

hypothyroidism in infants;
characterized by short stature and
mental retardation

353.

354.

355.

356.

357.

360.

390. CRF

Corticotrophin-releasing factor;
regulates anterior pituitary's trophic
hormone ACTH

361.

391. Critical Point

- The temp and pressure at which you

can't tell what phase it is! - Can no
longer get a liquid no matter how much
pressure you put it under

362.

392. Cross over

has chiasma as evidence- greater

chance of cross over when genes are
FAR APART, happens in prophase 1
meiosis

363.

393. Crossing over

chromatids of homologous
chromosomes break at corresponding
points and exchange equivalent pieces
of DNA; crossing over occurs between
homologous chromosomes NOT sister
chromatids because those are the same;
creates genetic variation

364.

394. Crustacean

crabs (anything with shell in water )

395. Cuboidal,
columar, and
squamous is
describing?

epithelial tissue.

366.

396. Curare

drug that blacks post-synaptic

acetylcholine receptors so acetylcholine
cna't interact with next cell which
causes paralysis by blocking nerve
impulses to muscles

367.

397. curare

blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine

receptors so that acetylcholine is
unable to interact with the receptor.
this leads to paralysis.

398. Cyclic AMP

and Cyclic GMP
will activate what
enzyme? this
enzyme catalyzes
reactions
involving
transferrin of
phosphate
groups.

Kinases

399. cyclic
electron flow

involves only one photosystems(P700),

ATP is produce though cyclic
photophosphorylation(FERRODOXIN)
400. Cyclosis: streaming movement
within cell that allows for transport in
the cytoplasm

401. Cyclosis or
streaming

part of intracellular circulation;

circular motion of cytoplasm around
the cell transport molecules

365.

368.

369.

370.

402. Cytochrome

a group of Heme that is found

in the electron transport chain

403. Cytochromes are

associated with what
phase of cellular
respiration?

Electron transport chain.

They are embedded in the
inner membrane of the
mitochondria

373.

404. Cytokinesis

cell division (affiliated with

mitosis)

374.

405. Cytokinins

plant hormones use to

promote cell division

387.

where most of the cell's

metabolic activity occurs

388.

the mechanical support of the

structure, network of protein
fibers that shape the cell -has
cellular movement like
contracting and glidingwithin cytosol

389.

371.

372.

375.

376.

377.

378.

379.

380.

381.

382.

383.

384.

406. Cytoplasm
407. Cytoskeleton

385.

386.

390.

413. Darwin

lack the understanding of genetics so

mutations was never explained by him explained natural selection

414. Deactivating
Substituents

Electron-withdrawing substituents
already attached to the aromatic ring.
They decrease the ring's potential to
react with other species. These are metadirecting, except ortho/para directing
halogens.

415. Deciduous
Forest

large trees like in the North Carolina

416.
Decomposers
have the most or
least Energy?

the least

417. Define Onco

tumor

418.
Denaturation of 1
structure
proteins

only loss if digestion occurs.

419.
Denaturation of
protein
structures are

2, 3, and 4 structuresc

420. denaturing
of a protein
causes change in
which
structures?

2, 3, and 4.

421.
Denitrification

bacteria converts NO2 or NO3 to N2 or

N2O

422. Density of
water

Density of water= 1 g/mL= 1 g/cm3

- made up of
microfilaments,
microtubules, and
intermediate filaments
(Keratin made from
actin) - has it in both
Prokaryote and
Eukaryotes

...

408. Cytoskeleton

made of microtubles and

microfilaments, gives cell
mechanical support,
maintains shape and
functions in cell
motility(ability to move
spontaneously and
independently)

393.

409. Dalton's Partial

Pressure Law

Ptotal= XiPtotal

395.

423. Dermis

Partial pressure= Mole

fraction x P total

...

second layer of skin under the

epidermis- has connective tissue,
sensory receptors, and hair follicles

396.

424. Dermis

P total= Sum of all the

partial pressures

...

a layer of the skin that has is attached to

vessels- as temp increases the blood
vessel dilated to lose that heat.

410. Dark field microcopy

views live cells or flagella that

are thin and that can't be view
by the light microscope

425.
Desmosomes

attach cells together to give mechanical

strength- skin

426.
desmosomes are
especially
abundant in the
skin and
randomly
arranged where?

lateral sides of plasma membranes.

391.

392.

411. Dark reaction in

plants

in stroma: ATP and NAPDH

are used in fixation of Carbon
- 2 NAPDH and 3 ATP for
each CO2 - 6 turns of Dark
rxn= 1 glucose molecule

412. Darwin

branching pattern of evolution

resulted from a process that he
called natural selection

394.

397.

398.

399.

400.

401.

402.

403.

404.

405.

406.

407.

408.

409.

427. Despite their

primitive appearance,
patterns in early
embryonic development
strongly suggest that this
phylum are most closely
related to the chordates,
the animal phylum that
developed most recently in
evolutionary time.

echinoderms

428. Determinate Cleavage

cell divides and separated

from each other, they will die

429. Determinate cleavage

results in cells whose future

differentiation pathways are
determined at an early
development stage 430.
determinate cleavage is
characteristic of?:
protostomes

431. Deuterostomes

first indentation is the anus

and the second is the mouth
(echinoderms and chordates)

432. Diabetes insipidus

disease

insufficient vasopressin
production (ADH)

433. Diabetes mellitus

underproduction or
insensitivity to insulin-hyperglycemia

434. Diaphragm
(microscope)

controls the amount of light

passing through specimen

435. Diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are not

mirror images of each other.
Diastereomers differ in their
configurations in at least one
chiral center and share the
same configuration in at least
one chiral center. They have
the same chemical properties
but different physical
properties.

436. diastereomers

non mirror image of

configurational isomers. cis
and trans alkenes are them.
possible when a molecule has
two or more stereogenic
centers that differ at some but
not alll of the centers. they
require multiple chiral
centers.

437. Diencephalon

contains thalamus and

hypothalamus

438. Difference in RNA

and DNA polymerase

RNA lack proofreading, DNA

has it so RNA messes up
more

410.

439. Differentiation

occurs when cell has become

specialized resulting from
selective gene expression
which happens once
gastrulation is complete.

411.

440. Diffusion

Gas substance moves from

area of hight to low
concentration--> diffuses
down concentration gradient

412.

- is random molec motion

...

413.

441. Dihybrid Cross

you can study two traits as

long as the genes are on
separate chromosomes and
assort independently during
meiosis

414.

442. Dilution Law!

M1V1=M2V2

Concentration x Volume=
Concentration x Volume

...

416.

Ex

It takes 20 mL of 2.OM
NaOH to titrate 40 mL of
HCl--> what was the
original concentration?

417.

20 (2)= C (40) C= 1M!

...

418.

443. diol

two hydroxyl groups

444. Dipole- dipole

Interactions

- Happens between all polar

molecules--> they align so
partial charge opposites
attract - Increases BP but not
as much as H bonding

- They are stronger the

more polar the molecule is

...

(Ion-dipole interactions
are STRONGER than
dipole-dipole-->
interaction btween full
charge (ion) and partial
charge)

...

422.

445. Direct Hormones

hormones which effect target

organs; those released from
anterior pituitary = Prolactin
and GH

423.

446. Direct hormones

growth
hormone(somatotropin),
prolactin, and endorphines.

415.

419.

420.

421.

424.

425.

426.

427.

428.

429.

430.

431.

432.

433.

434.

435.

436.

447. Direct
hormones (anterior
pituitary)

449.
disproportionation

directly stimulate target organincludes growth hormone (HS,

somatotropin) and Prolactin 448.
disaccharidase: maltose, lactose,
sucrose digestion( from small
intestine)
a radical transfers a hydrogen atom
to another radical and makes an
alkane and alkene

450.
Disproportionation
Reactions

Element in single oxidation state

reacts to form 2 different oxidation
states - 2Cu+--> Cu + Cu2+

451. Distal
Convoluted tubule

secretion occurs (K+ and H+ by

active transport and NH3 diffusion) rich in mitochondria (same with
proximal convoluted )

-secretes K+ and
absorbs Na+

...

-uses Aldosterone
ADH to increase
Na+ absorption
and concentrate
urine

...

452. Distillation

Separation technique exploiting

different boiling points for liquid
mixture. Mixture is heated slowly and
as the liquid with the lower boiling
point converts into its gaseous form,
it passes through a condenser where
it cools back to its liquid form.

437.

438.

439.

440.

441.
442.

443.

444.

453. DNA is not

found in which
lacks a nucleus?

erythrocytes

454. DNA ligase

joins DNA fragments by catalyzing

the formation of phosphodiester
bonds between DNA nucleotides

455. DNA
sequences that
appear to move
from one part of hte
genome to another
are called?

transposable elements

456. DNA-->mRNA
is called? and
occurs where?

called transcription and occurs in the

nucleus

457. do platelets
contain a nucleus?

no.

458. do prokaryotes
or eukaryotes lack
cholesterol in their
cell membranes?

prokaryotes lack cholesterol in their

cell membranes. 459. do red blood
cells contain mitochondria?: no

445.

446.

447.

448.

449.

460. do thick nerve fibers

allow for fast or slow
impulses?

fast impulses.

461. Down syndrome is

caused by...

trisomy on chromosome 21

462. Duodenal cells

produce hormone secretin stimulates pancreatic juice.

-pancreas is both endo

and endocrine gland that
helps digest and also
secrete hormones

...

463. Duodenum

also secretes enterogastrone

464. duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum are
the 3 sections of?

small intestine.

465. During cell division,

chromosomes are moved
into proper position with
the aid of this protein?

dynein

466. during cleavage

what physical changes
are not occurring to the
embryo?

during cleavage the embryo is

not increasing in size. 467.
during gastrulation a U shaped
form gives the name of?:
gastrula

468. during gastrulation

the process in an embryo
in which one tissue
causes another to
differentiate is called?

induction

469. during inspiration

(breathing) these nerves
cause the muscle fibers
in the diaphragm to
contract and move
downward.

phrenic nerves

470. during inspiration

(breathing) what
happens to the
diaphragm?

moves downward

471. during reproduction

this process produces
one single egg and 2 or 3
polar bodies?

oogenesis

472. during the light

reaction what is
produced, oxidized, and
reduced?

ATP is produced, Water is

oxidized, and NADP+ is
reduced 473. during the light
reactions a high concentration
of ? is produced within the
thylakoids.: [ H+ ]

450.

474. During this stage we see the production of

mitochondria, ribosomes and much protein synthesis?

458.

459.

451.

452.

453.

476. during what stage of interphase does DNA synthesis

occur?

460.

477.
duringwhatstageofinterphasedoesthecellpreparetoseparate?
478. Dwarfism

461.

462.

454.

479. Dynein

463.

464.

465.

466.
455.

480. E.coli is this type of anaerobic bacteria?

456.

482. E=hf

457.

483. Ear
467.

468.

469.

470.

484.
G1 stage
Early475.
Earth
during what
phase can
both human
autosomes
and sex
chromosomes
precisely
486. Eccrine
examined?:
metaphase.
S-stage
487. Echinoderm
G2stage
488.
stunted
Echinodermata
growth, in
children lack
489. echinoderms do not have
of GH
a notochord during what stage
of"motor
development? give an
example
protein"of
has
an echinoderm.
flagellum(
used for
490. eclipsed conformation
locomotion)
chromosomal
movement
491.
likeEctoderm
in cell
division. uses ATP to
move- arms
are attached
to the
microtubules
492.
Ectoderm germ layer
and serve as
molecular
motors
- Forms central nervous
facultative
system,
the lens of the eye,
anaerobic
cranial
(teeth) and sensory, the
481. E=and
mc2:
ganglia
nerves, pigment
...
cells, head connective tissues,
skin,
... hair, and mammary
glands
- fluid-filled
493.
Effector cells
semicircular
canals
(labyrinth)
attach to the
cochlea and
nerves in the
inner
ear. - nuerons
495.
efferent
They send
information
496. Effusion
on balance
and head
- is
random
position
to molec motion 497.
Egg
the brain.

NO O2! Only has CO2,

CO, H2O, NH3, N2,
H2S, H2, anaerobic
heterotrophs, RNA 485.
Early Earth gases: NO
O2 but has NH3, H2,
H2O, H2S
sweat gland that
maintains body
temperature.
DON'T have notochord
during developing
stage- are
deuterostomes
sea urchins and sea
stars
echinoderms do not
have a notochord during
any stage of
development. example is
starfish
highest energy no
separation. or 120
separation.
integument (includes:
epidermis, hair, nails,
epithelium of nose
mouth and anal canal,
lens of eye, retina,
nervous system)
first to forms from the
outermost of the germ
layer
...

cells in muscles and

glands that are not
neurons but can receive
communication from a
neuron 494. Efferent
neurons: motor neurons
motor nuerons(muscles
and glands)
Gas escapes container
through tiny opening
-Have polarity

471.

-Vegetal Pole

where yolk is most

concentrated

472.

-Animal Pole

where yolk is least

concentrated

473.

-Neutral Plate

folding of plate will form

neutral tube that becomes
brain and spinal cord Gray Crescent: establish
body axis0 located on the
side of the egg opposite of
sperm entry

474.

498. Electrolytic Cell

...

475.

499. Electron Affinity

- amount of energy
RELEASED when
something gains an
electron - Increases from
bottom to top and left to
right

476.

- Peaks= halogens

...

477.

- Troughs= noble gases

...

500. Electron configuration

TRAP

d4 and d9, they prefer to

have d either full or half
filled and have s half filled

501. Electron microscopes

reveals organelles that

light microscopes cannot
do but cell is killed due to
chemicals and staining.
502. Electron Microscopy:
allows 1000 fold higher
magnification than light
microscopy; can study
living cells

478.

479.

480.

503. Electron Transport

Chain

inside inner mitochondrial

membrane; as electrons
transfer from carrier to
carrier, energy is released
and

used to form ATP (via H+

gradient); most of ETC
carriers are cytochromes
(electron carriers that
resemble hemoglobin) which
have a central Fe; the final
acceptor is O2 which then
picks up 2 H+'s to form
water

...

504. Electronegativity
Mnemonic

- F rogs - O ften

483.

- Cl ing

...

484.

- N ear

...

485.

- Br anches -In

...

481.

482.

- S wampy

...

-C
onditions H owever

...

488.

- P arrots

...

489.

- B oldly

...

490.

- Si ng

...

491.

- Al oud

...

505.
electrophile

charged, need electrons

506.
electrophilic
addition

electrons of pi bond are reactive and easily

attacked by molecules that want e pair e.g.
electrophiles.

507.
electrophilic
addition of
free radicals

in presence of peroxide, oxygen or ultraviolet

light. antimarkonikov because they want a
stable free radical. therefore X ends up on
least subsituted carbon

508.
electrophilic
addition of
H2O

water can be added to alkenes under acidic

conditions. make carbocation. ends with
alcohol

509.
electrophilic
addition of
HX

e of double bond act as lewis base and react

with hydrogen of hx. make carbocation
intermediate. use markonikovs rule

510.
electrophilic
addition of
X2

fast process. double bond is nucleophile and

attack x2. make cyclic halonium ion with
either br or cl. and make dihalo trans

511.
Electrostatic
force

F= kQQ/ r2

512. Embryo
Stages

Zygote Morulablastulagastrulaneurula

513.
Embryology

study of the development of a unicellular

zygote into a complete multicellular organism

514.
Embryonic
Stages

: -Zygote -Morula

502.

-Blastrula

early stage: when zygote undergoes cell

division, contains Morula- solid balls of cells
that go through mitosis to form a hollow ball
of blastula

503.

-Gastrula

...

504.

-Neurula

...

515. Emf
and Gibbs
Free Energy

G= -nFEcell n= # moles transferred

486.
487.

492.

493.

494.

495.

496.

497.

498.

499.

500.

501.

505.

506.

507.

508.

509.

510.

511.

512.

513.

514.

515.

516.

517.

F= Faraday
or 100000
(104)

...

516.
Emissions
spectrum
(Bohr)

...

517.
Emphysema
is a pathology
marked by the
destruction of
the ?

alveoli

518.
Enamines

An amino group attached to a carbon in a

carbon-carbon double bond.

519.
enantiomer

moleculse that have the opposite

configuration at their one chiral center. or if
multiple chiral centers, must have the
opposite configuration at every one of their
chiral centers to be enantiomers. identical
physical properties and much of the same
chemical properties. but differe in optical
activity and how they react in a chiral
environment

527.
Endometrium

uterine wall

528. Endoplasmic
Reticulum

network of membrane enclosed spaces

involved in the transport of materials
throughout the cell, particularly
materials that will be secreted by the
cell; provides channels throughout the
cytoplasm and provides a direct
continuous passageway from the
plasma membrane to the nuclear
membrane

529. Endosperm

is the tissue produced inside the seeds

of most flowering plants around the
time of fertilization- serves as food for
flowering plant embryo and later no for
the germinating seedling

530. Energy
emitted when
electron changes
levels

...

522.

531. Enolization

Process by which the carbonyl oxygen

of a ketone gets protonated to form an
enol. 532. Eosinophil: White blood
cells: use to battle parasites

523.

533. Epidermis

outer layer of skin, has no blood

supply, depends on dermis for O2 and
nutrients

-made up of layers
of Stratums
germinativum
(contains dividing
cells), spinosum,
granulosum
(granules that is
easily stained) ,
lucidum,

...

and corneum
(varies in
thickness)

...

- epidermis>
dermis > fatty
tissue ( cushion
and insulator)

...

527.

534. Epiglottis

prevent food from entering in the lung

528.

535. Epimers

Isomers differing in configuration at

only one stereogenic center.

529.

536. Epinephrine

increase blood glucose, blood flow to

skeletal muscles

518.

519.

520.

521.

520.
enantiomer

nonsuperimposable mirror image of chiral

objects, a specific steroisomer.

521.
Enantiomers

Nonsuperimposable stereoisomers that are

mirror images of each other. Enantiomers
differ in configuration at every chiral center
but share the same chemical and physical
properties in a nonstereospecific
environment. Optical activity is different.

522.
endochondral
ossification

cartilage is replaced by one. usually occurs

in long bones

523.
Endocrine
system

communication; glands secrete hormoes

into circulatory system

525.

524.
Endocytosis
is similar to
active
transport in
that?

both endocytosis and active transport

require energy.

526.

525.
Endoderm

epithelial linings of the digestive and

respiratory tracts (including die lungs),
parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and
bladder lining

526.
Endoderm
germ layer

Forms stomach, the colon, the liver, the

pancreas, the urinary bladder, the lining of
the urethra, the epithelial parts of trachea,
the lungs, the pharynx, the thyroid, the
parathyroid, and the intestines.

524.

530.

531.
532.

533.

534.

535.

536.

537.

538.

539.

540.

-Increase heart rate,

respiratory rate,
glycogenolysis , blood
flow to brain and
blood pressure

...

-Dilation of pupils

...

-constrict blood
vessels to decrease
blood supply to
digestive tract and
kidneys

...

537. Epinephrine

converts glycogen to glucose in

liver and muscle, causing rise in
B.G. levels and increase in basal
metabolic rate. Both epinephrine
and norepinephrine increase rate
and strength of heartbeat, dilate
and constrict blood bessels to
increase blood supply to

545. Epistasis

one gene that modifies other genes,

modifier gene. -two or more genes effect
one phenotype

-affect skin color

and fur color

...

546. epistatic
trait

gene at one locus alters the phenotypic

expression of a gene at another locus
(horse coat color)

547.
Erythroblastosis
fetalis

Mother Rh- and fetus Rh+

548.
Erythroblastosis
fetalis

severe anemia of fetus because red blood

cells are being destroyed by anti- Rh
antibodies of mom; cant happen with
ABO blood types because the anti-A
antibodies (etc) cant cross over placenta

549.
Erythrocytes

oxygen carrying components of the blood

(the red blood cells); 1 erythrocyte = 250
million molecules of hemoglobin; each
hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of
oxygen; shape = biconcave

547.

550. Ester

Compound with a COOR group. They are

named as alkyl or aryl alkanoates.

548.

551. Estrogen

female sex hormones, are steroid

hormones

552. Estrogen,
progesterone,
cortisone,
cortisol,
testosterone,
and aldosterone
are types of
these
hormones?

steroid hormones

550.

553. Estrogens

steroid hormones, necessary for normal

female maturation; stimulate
development of female reproductive tract
and contribute to development of
secondary sexual characteristics and sex
drive; cause thickening of endometrium
(uterine wall); secreted by ovarian
follicles and corpus luteum

551.

554. Ether

Compound with an oxygen attached to

two alkyl groups (R-O-R').
Compound can be named either as an
alkoxyalkane or as an alkyl ether.

552.

555. ethers

functionality is specified by alkoxyprefix. ROR 556. Ethylene: stimulates

fruit ripening

553.

557. Ethylene

stimulate fruit ripening

554.

558. Euglena

lives in fresh water - lack cell walls,

541.

542.

543.

544.

skeletal muscle, heart,

brain, while
decreasing supply to
kidneys, skin, and
digestive tract-"Flight or flight
response" elicited by
sympathetic nervous
system.

...

538. epinephrine

increases the conversion of

glycogen to glucose in liver and
muscle cells. causes rise in blood
glucose levels and metabolic rate.

539. Epinephrine physiological details

increases conversion of glycogen

to glucose in liver and muscle
tissue which increases the blood
glucose and basal metabolic rate

545.

546.

549.

540. epinephrine and

nor epinephrine

produced by the adrenal medulla

541. Epinephrine and

Norepinephrine
Overall Effects

increases rate and strength of

heart beat; shunts blood to skeletal
muscle, heart and brain; causes
"fight or flight" response;
controlled by sympathetic nerve
system; also neurotransmitters in
addition to hormomes

542. Epinephrine and

thyroxin are
hormones derived
from?

amino acids 543. Epiphyseal plate:

bone growth at the end of the long
bones

544. Episomes

plasmids able to integrate into the

bacterial genome

555.

556.

557.

558.

559.
560.

561.

562.
563.

564.

565.

566.

-has
flagellum to
move, highly
motile, plant-like
protista (as
well as green
algae)

...

559.
Eukaryote

has pH 7.4 cells

560.
Evolutionary
Path for
plant
development

Bryophytes > gymnopsperms ( first to have

seeds) > angiosperms

561.
Exceptions
to Octet Rule

B: likes to have 3 bonds and only 6 e's P:

likes to have 5 bonds and 10 e's

likes to have 6 bonds and 12 e's

Expansion
can ONLY
happen for
3rd row and
below (the
really really
big atoms)

...

562.
exhalation

passive process, external intercostal muscles

relax, diaphram relaxes. thoracic cavity
decreases and pressure increases. lung

best studies ex factor in E. Coli; if

you have this plasmid= F+ cells; if
you don't have it F- cells;
conjugation occurs from F+ to an Fcell

569. Facilitated
Diffusion

movement of particles down their

concentration gradient through
special channels or via carrier
protiens; does no require energy

570. Facultative
anaerobic bacteria

can live with or without O2 -under

anaerobic conditions it switches to
fermentation for energy

570.

571. FADH2

yield 2 ATP

571.

572. Fallopian tubes

where fertilization occurs 573.

Faraday's Law: I x time= n x F

F= 100000
(104)Coulombs/mole
e n= number moles
of electrons

...

Plates metal at the

cathode (mass goes
up) Corodes
substance at the
anode (mass goes
down)

...

574. Fats energy

yields more energy than carbs or

proteins

575. Fatty Acid

synthesis

occurs in the cytosol

576. Fatty acid

synthesis

occurs in the cytosol, fatty acid

metabolize into acetyl-CoA to get in
Kreb cycle to make ATP- animals
cannot convert fatty acids to glucose
like humans do

577. Fe+2 (iron) is

found in
mitochondria.
Which is the metal
found in
chloroplast?

Mg+2 578. Feedback inhibition:

deactivates the enzyme: shuts down
the reaction

579. Female
Menstruation cycle

FOLmen- follicial tubule, ovulation,

luteal phase, and menstruation 580.
femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal,
metatarsal are all part of which
limb?: lower limb

581. Fermentation

way to degrade pyruvate w/o O2

present; NAD+ must be regenerated
for glycolysis to continue in absence
of O2; pyruvate reduced into ethanol
or lactic acid; generates only 2 ATP
per glucose molecule

568.

569.

DEFLATES

...

563.
Exocrine
glands

as opposed to endocrine glands secrete

substances transported by ducts not the
circulatory system 564. Exponential Decay:
...

565. External
Respiration

entrance of air into lungs, gas exchange

between alveoli and blood

566.
Extracellular
circulation,
and kinds of

transport throughout the body of an

organism; 1)diffusion, if cells in direct or
close contact with external environment food
and O2 can just diffuse in 2) Circulatory
System, when diffusion won't cut it, requires
vessles to transport fluid and a pump to drive
the circulation

567.
Extraction

568. F factor

567.

Separation method exploiting solubility

properties. Two solvents are usually used,
one aqueous and one organic, and teh
component of interest will be soluble in one
phase while the impurities will be soluble in
the other solvent.

572.

573.

574.

575.

576.

577.

578.

579.

580.

581.

582.

583.

582. fermentation
produces

2ATP. NAD is regenerated

for glycolysis to continue

583. Ferns

vascular plants with large

feathery leaves -large leaves
with many veins

-spores develop on
sporophyte in sporangia(
anything that produces
spores) -Sori- clusters of
sporangia develop on the
lower surface of the leaf.

...

584. Fertilization and types

union of sperm and egg to

form zygote with diploid # of
chromosomes; external
fertilization and internal
fertilization (terrestrial
vertebrates)

585. fertilization occurs?

in the fallopian tubes

585.

586. Fibroblast

produce extracellular fibers

and ground substances of
connective tissues

587.

588.

589.

590.

591.

592.

593.

587. Filtration

593. Fission

kind of asexual reproduction; occurs in

single-celled organisms; DNA
replicates, new plasma membrane and
cell wall grow inward along the midline of the cell and the result is two
equally sized cells with equal amounts of
cytoplasm and exact copy of parent
DNA`

595.

594. Fission

...

595. Flagella
/cilia

has 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, 9

fused pairs of microtubules will form a
ring that surrounds 2 center
microtubules 596. FLAT PiG: Six
hormones of anterior pituitary: FSH,
LH, ACTCH, TSH---Prolactin i(ignore,
GH

597.
Flatworm/Round
worms

cause a lot of human disease.

598. Fluid
Mosaic Model

cell membrane consists of a

phospholipid bilayer with proteins
embedded the lipids and many of the
proteins can move freely within the
membrane

599. follicle (in

ovaries)

multilayer sac of cells that contains,

nourishes, protects an immature ovum;
also produces estrogen

600. Follicular
phase

begins with cessation of the menstrual

flow from the previous cycle; FSH
(follicule stimulating hormone) from
anterior pituitary promotes development
of the follicle; follicle grows and begins
secreting estrogen

601. following
fertilization in
the angiosperms,
the ovary
develops into
what?

fruit.

602. For each

turn of the citric
acid cycle, how
much CO2, ATP,
NADH and
FADH2 is
produced?

2 CO2 released, 1 ATP formed (substrate

level phosphorylation through a GTP
intermediate), 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

603. Foramen

passage of nerves- natural opening

where vessels such as nerves may pass,
604. Foramen: natural opening for
vessels like nerves to pass through.

605. Foramen
Magnum

spinal cord passage

596.

584.

586.

594.

Separation technique
separating solids from
liquids. This utilizes a filter
allowing liquids and small
particles to pass through
while retaining larger
particles.

588. First Law of

Thermodynamics

E= Q + W

Q= positive if system
ABSORBS heat and
negative if system gives
OFF heat

...

W= positive if work is done

ON system and negative if
the system DOES work Ex

If a gas expands--> it does

work on the system of the
chamber

589. First Law of

Thermodynamics

E= Q + W Conservation of
energy

Change in total INTERNAL

energy of system is equal to
contributions from heat
and work 590. fischer
projection

lowest priority group

projects into the page

591. fish have a ?

chambered heart?

592. fish have how a

chambered heart?

2 chambered tubular heart

597.

598.

599.

600.

601.

602.

603.

604.

605.

606.

607.

606. Formal
Charge

# of valence electrons - ( # dots + # lines)

607.
formaldehyde

name for mathanal

608. Founders
Effect

new population is build from very few

individuals same as bottlenecks 609.
Fovea: area of retina that is densly packed
with cones; important for high-acuity
vision 610. fovea: high visual acuity.

611. Fraternal
Twins

when more than one egg is fertilized

612. Free Energy

G

- Free energy that is available to do work

613. Freezing
Point
Depression

Tf=Kf(i)m

m= molality

...

614. Fresh
Water Fish

-Pee a LOT

613.

-Drinks little

...

614.

-Diluted urine

...

615.

-Needs Salt

...

-Absorbs salt
through gills

...

615. fresh water

fish urinate
constantly but
rarely....?

drink

616. frog have

how a
chambered
heart?

3 chambered heart

617. from the

two main
headings under
the PNS which
one further
branches off?

The Motor devision.

618. FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone-made in

anterior pituitary-cause maturation of
ovarian follicles which begin secreting
estrogen; males-FSH stimulates
maturation of seminiferous tubules and
sperm production

608.

609.

610.

622.

620. FSH

prevent ovulationprogesterone inhibits this

hormone.

623.

621. Function of the Skin

to protect and regulate body

temperature by allowing
blood flow through its
outer layers

624.

622. Fungi

molds and yeast, mildew,

mushrooms (has polymer
chitin) -Eukaryotic
heterotrophy

-Secrete digestive enzymes

and then absorb the soluble
products of digestion Reproduce asexually and
sexually

...

-Haploid state
predominates

can alternate between the

Haploid and diploid states
-Have cells walls and are
immotile

-Attacks dead matter and

living tissue such as Athletes
foot

...

-Similar to Humans than

bacterial cells

...

-Saprophytic

break down of living

organisms that have died.
(Many but not all) --->
Decomposers that eat off
from dead stuff

623. Fungi contain what type

of polymer?

chitin

631.

624. Fungi Groups

Zygomycota, Ascomycota-,
Basidiomycota,
Deuteromycota- lichen is a
type of fungi

632.

625. Fusion

...

633.

626. G1

: production of
mitochondria, organelles
(longest stage)

634.

627. G2

: cells prepare to divide

635.

628. Galvanic Cell

E cell=E cathode- E
anode

E cell is POSITIVE and cell

can PROVIDE energy

...

- ANODE on LEFT and

CATHODE ON RIGHT

...

- electrons ALWAYS flow to

cathode

...

- current FLOWS to anode

...

625.

626.
611.
612.

616.

617.

618.

619.

620.

621.

619. FSH

627.

628.

629.

Follicle-stimulating hormone; females:

causes maturation of ovarian follicles
which begin secreting estrogen; males:
stimulates maturation of seminiferous
tubules and sperm production

630.

636.

637.

638.

639.

640.

641.

Basically this
means the
cathode must
have a higher E
red or
REDUCTION
POTENTIAL than
the anode

...

629. Gametophyte
Generation

In plants, the phase where they

reproduce sexually; the haploid
gametophyte generation produces
gametes by mitosis; union of male and
female gametes at fertilization restores
the diploid sporophyte generation

631. Gamma
globulin

the fraction of the blood containing a

wide variety of antibodies, can be used
to confer temporary protection against
hepatitis and other diseases by passive
immunity

644.

632. Ganglia

neuronal cell bodies clustered together

in the periphery

645.

633. Gap Junction

allows cells to exchange nutrients and

molecular communication- allows
fluorescent tags to move into the
adjacent cell

646.

634. Gas

- COMPRESSIBLE!!

- atoms are far

apart- no intermol
forces (ideally) Flow to fill
container

...

635. Gastrin

gastrointestinal hormone; food

stimulates stomach to release gastrin
which stimulates gastric glands to
release HCl 636. Gastrin: made in
stomach to stimulate HCl secretion

647.

648.

649.

650.

637. Gastrin

640. Gastrula

643. geminal

diol with hydroxyl group on same carbon

644. Gene
regulation

regulation of transcription; controlled by an

operon which varies the accessibility of the
RNA polymerase to genes being transcribed

654.

645. Genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism

655.

646. Genus

is categorized with the most similarities in

groups

647.
Geometric
Isomers

Isomers that differ in the arrangement of

substituents around a double bond.
Geometric isomers are often differentiated
using either the cis/trans notation for
simple compounds or Z/E notation for more
complex compounds, and can differ in their
physical and chemical properties.

648.
geometric
isomers

differ in position of substitutents attached to

a double bond or cycloalkane. Cis or trans or
e or z 649. geotropism: growth of portions of
plants towards or away from gravity.

650. GH

Secreted directly by anterior pituitary;

Growth Hormone, aka Somatotrophin;
promotes bone and muscle growth 651.
Gibberellins: plant hormones induce
flowering and stem elongation

652.
Gibberllins

stimulate rapid stem elongation. enhances

the production of phloem cells.

653.
Gigantism

overproduction of GH in children

654. give an
example of a
hormone that
is
nonsteroidal?

norepinephrine and epinephrine, insulin

655. give an
example of a
peptide
hormone?

insulin

656. give an
example of an
echinoderm?

starfish

657. give two

examples of
steroid
hormones?

progesterone and testosterone

653.

In humans its haploid, in plants it's

diploid

643.

part of the embryo stages and where all 3

germ layer ( ecto, endo, mesoderm) are
formed 642. gauche conformation: methyl
are 60 degrees apart. kinda stable

652.

630. Gametophyte
in
humans/animals
and plants

642.

641.
Gastrulation

651.

656.

657.

658.

659.

660.

661.

released by stomach, stimulates gastric

glands to secrete HCl into response to
food 638. gastrin hormone is made in
the stomach and stimulates the
secretion of?: HCL 639. Gastropoda:
snails and slugs, molluscan class
after the blastua has implanted in the
uterus; double-walled stage of the
embryo resulting from invagination of
the blastula; eventually develops into 3
layers

662.

663.

664.

658. Glands in
the lining of he
esophagus
produce what
which
facilitates
swallowing?

mucus

666.

659. Glaucoma

increase pressure in eye because outflow

of aqueous humor is blocked

667.

660. glaucoma

increase of pressure in eye due to blocking

of outflow of aqueous humor

677.

661. Glomerular
filtrate

reabsorbs glucose in the proximal

convoluted tubule. - people with diabetes
glucose will show up in the urine.

662. Glucagon

stimulates protein and fat degradation;

conversion of glycogen to glucose and
gluconeogenesis; all of which increases
blood glucose levels; antagonistic to
insulin

665.

668.

669.

670.

663. Glucagon

Made by alpha cells in pancreas,

stimulate protein+fat degradation,
conversion of glycogen to glucose,
gluconeogenesis 664. Glucagon: made by
pancreatic alpha cells (increase glucose
levels)

671.

665. glucagon

increases plasma glucose

672.

666. glucagon

stimulates fate and protein degredation.

converts glycogen to glucose and
gluconeogenesis, increase blood glucose
levels opposite of insulin

673.

674.

675.

667.
Glucocorticoids

668.
Glucocorticoids

669.
glucocorticoids

Include cortisol and cortisone-deal with

glucose reg and protein metabolism.
RAISE blood glucose levels by promoting
proteins breakdown, and gluconeogenesis
(glucose production from non carb
sources)and decreasing protein synthesis.
Antagonistic to insulin effects.
ex) cortisol and cortisone; involved in
glucose regulation and protein
metabolism; raise blood glucose levels by
promoting protein breakdown and
gluconeogenesis and decrease protein
synthesis; are antagonistic to effects of
insulin
raise blood glucose by promoting
gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein
metabolism. antigonistic effects of insulin
670. Gluconeogenesis: production of
glucose from non-carbohydrates;
promoted by glucocorticoids

671.
Gluconeogenesis

makes glucose from amino acids and

fats and is similar to glycolysis but not
reverse of glycolysis (occurs in cytosol)
672. glucose and other sugars are
absorbed into the blood from the
intestinal tract and reach the liver via
the ?: portal vein. 673. Glycine: only
optically inactive amino acid -no
chiral center and has 2 H

674. glycogen is
stored where?

liver

678.

675. Glycolysis

breaks down glucose into 2 molecules

of pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and
reduces 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH

679.

676. Glycolysis

2 ATP is formed when making Lactate

or Ethanol.

677. glycolysis
products

oxidative brakedown of glucose. 2

Pyruvate, 2ATP and 2NADH

678. Glycosidic
Center

Bond that forms when the hemiacetal

group of one sugar reacts with a
hydroxyl group on another sugar to
form an acetal group in between the
two sugars. Polysaccharides are held
together by glycosidic linkages.

682.

679. Glycosylation

enzymatic process that links

saccharides to produce glycans,
attached to proteins, lipids or other
organic molecules

683.

680. GnRH

sitmulates A.P. to secrete FSH and LH

681. Golgi
Apparatus

receives vesicles and their contents

from the ER, modifies them
(glycosylation), repackages them into
vesicles, and distributes them to the
cell surface by exocytosis

685.

682. Gonads

organs that produce gametes

(male=ovaries, female=testes)

686.

683. Gout disease

uric acid crystals deposit it tissues

such as big toe

684. Graham's
Law for
Diffusion/Effusion

Rate 1/ Rate 2= M2/M1

685. Green house

gas effect

Methane, CO2, O3,

chloroflurohydrocarbons (CFC) causes heat build up in the lower
atmosphere

686. Grignard
Reagent

An alkyl magnesium halide used to

make carbon-carbon bonds. Alkyl
group in a Grignard reagent has a
negative charge and acts as a
nucleophile attacking electrophilic
carbons.

676.

680.

681.

684.

687.

688.

689.

690.

687. Growth
Hormone (GH,
somatrotropin)

Direct hormone synthesized by

anterior pituitary; bone and muscle
growth. abormalities include
dwarfism and gigantism.
Overproduction of GH in adults:
acromegaly

691.

688. Gymnosperms

spruces, pine, fir trees

692.

689. H zone

region containing thick filaments

only

693.

690. Habitat

physical environment in which

organisms live

694.

691. Haloalkane

compounds with halogen

695.

692. Haloalkanes

Alkanes with a halogen substituent.

Compound can be named either as a
haloalkane or alkyl halide. 693.
halogen: F, CL, Br, I

696.

694. halogenation

in which one or morehydrogen

atoms are replaced with a halogen
atom. via free radical substitution

697.

695. Halogens

- Forms salts with Groups I and II Usually -1 oxidation state

698.

- F is most eneg

...

699.

696. Halophiles

bacteria that lives in extremely salty

water

697. Hardy
Weinberg
Assumption

to examine population gene pools no change in gene pool -random

mating, large pop, no migration, no
mutation, no natural selection

698. Hashimotos
disease

Thyroid involvement 699. hCG:

human chorionic gonadotropin

700. heat input

q=mcT

T can be in K or C-->
just needs to
MATCH the c value
m is the mass of
substance being
heated

...

is the STEEP part of

curve

...

701. heat of phase

change

q= nH phase change

can be n or mass-->
just needs to
correspond to H
value

...

NO TEMP change
during phase
change

...

700.

701.

702.
703.

704.

705.

706.

707.

708.

(Ex

temperature of cup of melting ice is

0 C)

709.

702. Heat Transfer

...

Conduction,
Convection,
Radiation

Conduction: Heat transfer by

DIRECT contact (need to touch)

711.

Convection

Heat transfer by flowing gas or

liquid

712.

Radiation

Heat transfer by EM waves- CAN

HAPPEN IN VACUUM ( Ex: Hot
metal rod emiting heat)

703. Helical shaped

bacteria

spirilla

714.

704. Helper T-cells

type of lymphocyte that stimulates

the production of antibodies by B
cells when antigen is present

715.

705. Helper T-cells

activating and directing other

immune cells - are the specific
target for the virus that causes AIDS
(HIV)

716.

706. Hemoglobin

-sigmoidal curve( S curve), increase

in acidity will enhance O2 release Allosteric: multiple binding sites,
has heme group

- binds to O2, CO2,

CO, and H+

...

- High CO2 level,

binds to CO tighter
than O2

...

- Tetramer

Have 2 alpha and 2 beta chains:

forms quaternary structure

707. hemoglobin in a
low pH (acidic
environment) will
lead O2 to do what?

be released by hemoglobin.
Example muscle when fatigued
release lactic acid (H+) this high
level of H+ promotes O2 release.

708. Hemophilia

sex-linked disorder- lack of blood

clotting continuous bleeding 709.
Henderson Hasselbalch: pH= pKa
+ log [A-]/[HA]

or pOH= pKb +
log[B+]/[B]

...

710. Henry's Law

Solute concentration= kPsolute

Psolute= partial
pressure of solute at
solution's surface

...

710.

713.

717.

718.

719.

720.

721.

722.

723.
724.

Concentration of
solute in solution
is directly
proportional to
partial pressure
of solute just
above solution
surface

...

711. Hess's Law

- Can find H of any reaction

- Arrange series
of rxns that give
H rxn

...

- Reverse sign if
you flip

...

- Multiply H rxn
if you change
number of moles
to get something
to cancel

...

712. Heterotroph

an organism that depends on complex

organic substances for nutrition; first
organisms

713.
Heterotrophic
Aerobes

depend on environment for nutrients,

require 02 (includes, amoebas,
earthworms, humans) 714.
Heterotrophic Anaerboes: depend on
environment for nutrients, do not
require O2 (includes yeasts)

732.

715. heterozygous

have 2 different alleles for that same

trait

733.

716. Hfr cells

high frequency of recombination; sex

factor gets incorporated into the
bacterial genome so when conjugation
bridge forms, the whole bacterial
chromosome duplicates and attempts to
transfer over, many times conjugation
bridge breaks before all of it can get over

725.

726.
727.

728.

729.

730.

731.

734.

735.

736.

720.
hindbrain(rhombencephalon)

posterior part of brain consist

of cerebellum, pons, and
medulla 721. Hindbrain/
Posterior: contains
cerebellum, pons, medulla

722. Histones are found only

in?

eukaryotes

723. homologous structures

have?

common ancestors. but

function can vary

740.

724. homozygous

have 2 of the same alleles for

that trait

741.

725. Hormones

-Derived from steroid (made

from cholesterol are lipid
soluble) or nonsteroidal
(made from amino acids are
Water soluble) Norepinephrine/epinephrine=
nonsteriodal

-Can bind directly to receptors

in the nucleus, when steroid
binds to nuclear receptor
alterates rate of transcription
and translated into proteins.

...

726. Hormones are

intercellular messengers
produced by these type of
glands?

ductless

727. Hormones classified

based on

: Peptide hormone or Steroid

hormone, affect target cells by
extracellular or intracellular
receptors

728. hot, acidic potassium

permanganate

nonterminal alkenes are

cleaved to form two molar
equivalent of carvoxylic acid
..make keton 729. How and
where are fats stored?: stored
in the form of triglycerides in
the adiopse tissue

730. How do Annalids

circulate?

closed circulatory system;

dorsal vessel functions as
heart and contracts moving
blood towards head, 5 aortic
looks function as additional
pumps

731. How do Anthropods

circulate?

have open circulatory systems,

the blood (interstitial fluid) is
in direct contact with body
tissues; blood circulated
mostly by body movements;
nutrient and gas exchange
occurs in sinuses

737.

738.

739.

742.

717. HhGgLLKk.
How many
different types of
gametes could be
produced?

determine number of heterozygotes 3

(H,G and K) then 2^n. So 2^3=8.

718. High CO2

and H+ partial
pressure

increase in breathing rate

719. High O2 in
blood partial
pressure

decrease breathing rate

743.

744.

745.

746.

747.

748.

749.

750.

751.

752.

753.

754.

755.

756.

757.

758.

732. how do
erythrocytes (red
blood cells) derive
their energy?

through anabolic respiration.

glycolysis. RBC do no have
mitochondria

733. How do
protozoans
circulate?

diffusion of gases and nutrients

through cell

734. How does

DNA replicate

DNA molecule unwinds and each

strand is a template for complementary
base pairing; each daughter helix
contains an intact strand from the
parent helix and a newly synthesized
strand therefore DNA replication is
semiconservative

759.

760.

761.

735. How is RNA

different from
DNA?

1) has ribose not deoxyribose 2)

contains Uracil (U) instead of
Thymine 3) usually single stranded
736. How many ATP is a FADH2
worth?: 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

737. How many

ATP is a NADH
worth?

1 NADH = 3 ATP

738. how many

chambers does a
heart of a bird
have?

4 chambers in a birds heart

739. How many

liters of blood does
the Human body
hold?

4-6 Liters; 55% plasma/liquid 45%

cellular (erythrocytes, leukocytes,
platelets)

762.

740. how many

nucleotides
specify one of the
20 amino acids?

3 nucleotides

763.

741. how many

turns of the calvin
cycle produce one
mole of glucose?

six turns of the calvin cycle yield one

glucose. 742. How MRI's work: ...

743. How much

ATP is formed by
substrate level
phosphorylation
throughout
Glycolysis and
Cellular
Respiration

2 ATP from Glycolysis, 2 (1 from each

pyruvate) from citric acid cycle = 4 ATP
total

744. how much

growth occurs
during
gastrulation?

little if any

764.

765.

745. How to Cnidarians circulate?

Cnidarians are just

2 layers of cells
thick; all cells are
in direct contact
with either the
internal or external
environment; no
need for circulatory
system

746. How to interfere with DNA

replication

If there is no OH
group on the C-3
position it will
block it.

747. How X Rays work

X-radiation
(composed of Xrays) is a form of
electromagnetic
radiation. X-rays
have a wavelength
in the range of 0.01
to 10 nanometers,
corresponding to
frequencies in the
range 30 petahertz
to 30 exahertz
(31016 Hz to
31019 Hz) and
energies in the

range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are

shorter in wavelength than UV rays
and longer than gamma rays

...

The part of the patient to be Xrayed is placed between the X-ray

source and the image receptor to
produce a shadow of the internal
structure of that particular part of
the body. X-rays are partially
blocked ("attenuated") by dense
tissues such as bone, and pass
more easily through soft tissues.
Areas where the X-rays strike
darken when developed, causing
bones to appear lighter than the
surrounding soft tissue.

...

748. Hckel's Rule

In order for a ring

to be aromatic, it
must contain 4n+2
conjugated
electrons.

749. Human Chorioinic

Gonadotropin (HCG)

prevents Corpus
Luteum from
breaking down

766.

767.

-corpus lutein temporary endocrine structure in

mammals, involved in production of relatively high
levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol
and inhibin A

...777. 759. hydroboration

750. human oocytes can be fertilized most successfully

by the use of which technique?

micro-injection.
which involves
directly injecting
the
778.
sperm
760.cell
Hydrogen Bonding
into an egg

768.

751. Humans belong to which phylum?

chordata

769.

752. Humans illustrate an ? selected population?

K-selected
population

753.
Humerus,radius,ulna,carpal,metacarpalareallpartof?

upperlimbs
779. 761. Hydrogen bonding

754. Humoral Immunity

production of
antibodies (aka
immunoglobins)
after
to INCREASES
780. exposure
- H bonding
antigens
BP

770.

771.

772.

773.

774.

775.

776.

755. Humoral immunity

756. Hund's Rule

757. hybridization

758. Hydration (another term used in orgo is

HYGROSCOPIC)

- Oxygen in water is partially negative and surrounds

cations/ H is partially positive so it surrounds anions
- H+ ALWAYS actually exists as H3O+

responsible
for
781. - HF is
most polar and the
the production
strongest H bond H
of
bonding DOES NOT
immunoglobins
happen with ethers
or antibodies- by
782. 762. Hydrolysis
B-lymphocytes
Add electrons to
orbitals with
783. 763. Hydrolysis of Salts of
single electron
Weak Acids and Bases
and with same
spin-->
electrons prefer
Saltoccupy
of a STRONG acid or
to784.
singly
base
an orbital and

diborane add to double bond.

boron acts as lewis acid and
attaches to less hindered
carbon. hydride transferred
to adjacent carbon.
antimarkonikov, alcohol
produced
Strong intermolecular bond
between a hydrogen atom
bonded to an electronegative
atom (like F, O, or N) and
lone electron pairs on the F,
O, or N atom.
- Need a highly eneg atom
(FON) bonded to H and a LP
- Technically H bonded is a
weak type of dipole dipole
bonding
...
...

the act of enzymes digesting

large molecules into smaller
components
Salt of a WEAK acid in
water: makes basic solution
Salt of a WEAK base: makes
acidic solution
neutral

more
favorable
785. Weak acid example
to spin in same
direction

Salt of its conjugate base

CH3COONa<---> Na+ +
CH3COO-

formed
by
786. CH3COO- + H2O<--->
mixing
different + OHCH3COOH
types of orbitals
787. 764. Hydrostatic Pressure
- Same as
solvation 788. 765. Hydrostatic skeleton
When
water
forms shell
around ions in
solution
...789. 767. Hyperopia

...

790.

791.

tend to push fluid out of

capillary
incompressible fluid in the
flatworm's tissues 766.
hyperglycemia: high blood
glucose levels.
farsightedness; when image
is focused behind retina

768.
hyperopia(farsightedness)

image is focused behind the

retina

769. Hyperplasia

increase in cell #

792.

793.

794.

795.

796.

797.

798.

799.

800.

801.

802.

770.
Hyperpolarization

when K+ ion channels open and many

K+ rush out and the cell becomes more
negative inside than it is at its resting
potential

771.
Hyperthyroidism

thyroid over stimulated, hormones over

secreted; symptoms: increased
metabolic rate, feelings of excessive
warmth, profuse sweating,
palpitations, weight loss, protruding
eyes; thyroid often enlarges (as with
hypothyroidism) and forms a bulge in
neck

772.
Hyperthyroidism

overstimulated thyroid, oversecretion

of thyroid hormones--increased
metabolic rate, excessive warmth,
palpitations,

weight loss,
protruding eyes

...

773.
hyperthyroidism

oversecretion of hormones

774. Hypertonic
solution

cell has lower concentration of solutes,

water flows out, cell shrivels 775.
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size of
tissue and organs

776.
Hypothalamichypophyseal
portal system

system that allows releasing hormones

from hypothalamus to immediately
reach anterior pituitary; blood from
capillary bed in hypothalamus flows
through a portal vein into the anterior
pituitary where it goes into a second
capillary network

781.
hypothalamus

controls visceral functions such as

hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance,
blood pressure and temperature
regulation.

782.
HypothalamusAnterior
Pituitary
Interactions

Hypothalamus hormones influence

anterior pituitary secretions; releasing
hormones secreted into hypothalamichypophyseal portal system

783.
HypothalamusPosterior
Pituitary
Interactions

Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

synthesize oxytocin and ADH,
transporting them via axons into
posterior pituitary for secretion and
storage.

784.
Hypothyroidism

thyroid hormones (thyroxine and

triiodothyronine) are undersecreted or
not at all; symptoms: slow h.r., resp.
rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight
gain; thyroid often enlarges (as with
hyperthyroidism) and forms a bulge in
neck;called cretinism in infants

785.
Hypothyroidism

undersecreted or lack of secretion of

thyroid hormones; in newborn infantscalled cretinism--mental retardation and
short stature

786.
hypothyroidism

undersecretion or no hormones secreted

at all

787. Hypotonic
solution

cell has higher concentration of solutes,

water flows in,, cell could lyse (burst)

810.

788. I band

region containting thin filaments only

789. Ideal gas

- Pointy dots that move randomly Collide with e/o and container wall

- Obeys kinetic
molec theory

...

- No
intermolecular
forces

...

- No intermolec
volume

...

- Perfectly
elastic collisions
(KE conserved)

...

- Gases IDEAL at
LOW
PRESSURE and
HIGH TEMP

...

790. Ideal Gas

Law

PV= nRT

R= 8.314

...

803.

804.

805.

806.

807.

808.

809.

777.
Hypothalamichypophyseal
Portal System

Blood from capillary bed in

hypothalamus flows through portal
vein into anterior pituitary, where it
diverges into second capillary network

811.

778.
Hypothalamus

located in forebrain, directly above

pituitary gland. Receives neural
trasnmissions from other parts of
brain and from peripheral nerves that
trigger specific responses from its
neurosecretory cells.

813.

779.
Hypothalamus

780.
Hypothalamus

controls visceral functions ex) hunger,

thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood
pressure, temperature regulation; also
plays a role in controlling the
endocrine system
part of forebrain, located above
pituitary gland; neurosecretory cells in
hypothalamus regulate pituitary gland
secretions by neg feedback mech. and
through the actions of inhibiting and
releasing hormones

812.

814.

815.

816.

817.

818.

819.

P in Pascals V in m3

...

820.

T in K

...

791. identical twins are made

possible due to?

indeterminate
cleavage.

792. if ? hormone levels fall so

will this ? hormone level falls
which cause the uterine wall
tissue to break down and
menstruation begins?

LH fall so will
progesterone

793. If 2 gases diffuse down tube

from opposite ends... where will
they meet?

- Lighter gas will travel

FASTER and so the
gases will meet closer
to end where HEAVY
gas started

821.

822.

823.

824.

825.

826.

827.

828.

829.

830.

831.

832.

833.

834.

794. if a plasmid becomes

incorporated into a
chromosome, it is called?

episome

795. if an organism has a

diploid number of 18, how man
chromatids are visible at the
end of mitotic prophase?

36

796. if certain liver problems

exist what is a possible body
waste that might not be
effectively removed possibly
causing discoloration of the
skin? known term?

bile. bilirubin

797. If the biological success of a

phylum can be measured by its
total number of individuals and
its greatest number of different
species, then which of the
following animals are the most
successful?

Arthropods

798. if the body needs calcium

what happens?

then bone is broken

down by osteoclast.
799. if these channels
were blocked, an action
potential would be
prevented?: Na+ 800.
Ignored: di, tri, t, sec,
n-

839.

Compound with a
carbon double-bonded
to nitrogen (C=N).

841.

801. Imine

802. Imprinting

835.

836.

837.

838.

phase-sensitive rapid
learning. EX: baby bird
follows parent's
footsteps

840.

842.

803. in a dihybrid cross. indicate

percentage of. Phenotypically
expresses the dominant allele of
the first gene and the recessive
allele of the second gene.

3/16

804. in a dihybrid cross. indicate

percentage. recessive alleles of
both genes.

1/16

805. in a dihybrid cross. what

percentage has phenotypically
expresses the dominant allele of
both genes?

9/16 806. in a
energy pyramid, the
greatest amount of
energy is found in
the ?: producers.

807. in a gastrula (U shaped)

whas is the outermost layer
called?

ectoderm

808. in a natural disaster the

resulting population is much
smaller and not representative of
the original one. Certain alleles
may be under or over represented.
this is an example of what type of
genetic drift?

bottleneck

809. in a neuron what term

describes

Inside negative
again:
repolarization

810. in a neuron what term

describes

inside negative with

respect to outside?:
polarization 811. in
a neuron what term
describes: inside
now becomes
positive:
depolarization

812. in a pedigree if a certain trait

skips generations it a good sign to
identify as? if no skipping of
generation then?

autosomal recessive.
autosomal dominant

813. in a retrovirus Reverse

Transcriptase enzyme produces
..... copy from a ....... template?

DNA copy from a

RNA

814. In a typical eukaryotic cell,

the pH is usually around?

7.4

815. in deuterostomes, the

opening of the first indentation
becomes the? and the second
becomes ?

first becomes the

anus second
becomes the mouth.

816. In females, the ovaries

produce

In females, the
ovaries produce
estrogen and
progesterone

843.

844.

845.
846.

847.

848.

849.

850.

851.

852.

853.

854.

855.

817. in ferns, what is the predominant

plant form?

sporophyte

818. In human beings, color blindness

is controlled by an X-linked recessive
allele. In a cross involving this Xlinked trait the male parent has
normal color vision, but the female
parent is a carrier. What are the
chances (in %) that a male

...

offspring will inherit color blindness?

draw x-axis. x-y

y-axis. x^c -x^c. this makes the

chance 50% see on yellow sheet on
wall.

...

858.

819. in light (phase contrast) what is

not done?

no staining is
done. so cells
can be seen
alive.

859.

856.

857.

820. in mammal, which of hte

following is the common passage
through which air and food are
transported?

pharynx 821. In
muscle cells this
ion is released
from the
terminal
cisternae and
allow for
filament
sliding?: Ca+

822. In photosynthesis does glucose

get synthesized during light or dark
reactions?

dark reactions.

823. in photosynthesis when does

carbon fixation occur?

dark reactions

824. In protostomes, the blastopore

forms ? while in deuterstomes the
blastopore forms the ?.

mouth and
anus.

825. in protostomes, the opening of

first indentation becomes what?

the mouth

826. In response to some stimulus or

as a voluntary action, this type of
neurons carry information away from
the central nervous system to an
organ or muscle. Also called efferent
neurons?

motor

827. in the glomerular filtrate this

compound is reabsorbed. This
reabsorption occurs in the proximal
convoluted tubule.

Glucose

828. in the normal adult how many

incisors, canines, premolars and
molars exist?

8 incisors, 4
canines, 8
premolars, and
12 molars

860.

861.

862.

863.
864.

865.

866.

867.

829. in what
type of
organism
does the
haploid stage
of a life cycle
dominates?

fungi

830.
Incomplete
Dominance

Phenotype is a blend of both alleles (ex. red

and white flower make pink flower)

831.
Indeterminate
Cleavage

if cells separate, will develop into viable

organisms

832.
Indeterminate
cleavage

one that results in cells that maintain the

ability to develop into a complete organism;
results in identical twins

833. Induced
Fit

active site has flexibility in its shape; when

the right substrate comes in contact with
the active site, the conformation of the
active site changes to fit the substrate

834. Inducible
Systems

one type of regulation of transcription

system; default: repressor bound to
operator; allow transcription when inducer
binds to repressor which forms an
inducer/repressor complex which can no
longer bind and inhibit operator; this is the
lactose system; inducer is usually the
substrate for the enzyme the structural
genes encode

835.
Induction

induced to change another: Ex: the optic

vesicle is touching the portion of the
ectoderm of the head to cause and "induce"
the formation of the lens.

- In embryo

it is seen in gastrulation

836.
Inflammatory
Response

injured cells release histamine; blood

vessels dilate; blood flow to region
increases; granulocytes come to injury site
and phagocytize antigenic material; often
accompanied by fever

837.
inhalation

diaphragm contracts and flattens, external

intercostals muscles contracts. volume
increases pressure decreases. lung
INFLATES

838. initiation
propagation
termination

steps of free radical substitution

839. inside of
bones is a soft,
net like mass
of connective
tissue called?

marrow 840. insluin: decreases plasma

glucose

868.
869.

870.

871.

872.

841. Inspiration

"breathing" lungs inflate,

-thoracic
pressure
decrease as
thoracic cavity
size increases,

...

-diaphragm
moves
downward

...

-Phrenic nerves
carry impulses
to the
diaphragm to
allow
contraction

...

842. Insulin

Made by Beta cells pancreasin response

to high B.G. Stimulates glucose uptake by
muscle and adipose cells and storage of
glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver
cells. Also stimulates fat synthesis from
glucose and uptake of amino acids.

843. Insulin

made by pancreatic Beta cells, has

peptide hormones

874.

844. Insulin

a peptide hormone derived from

preproinsulin and pro-insulin

-undergoes
hydrolysis
reaction to
active insulin
(cleaves two
peptide bonds to
mature)

...

-promotes entry
of glucose and
some amino
acids into
muscles and fat
cells -lowers
blood glucose

...

-acts by binding
to receptors
located in the
plasma
membrane of
target cells

...

876.

877.

845. Insulin

secreted in response to high blood

glucose; stimulates uptake of glucose
by muscle and adipose cells and
storage of glucose as glycogen in
muscle and liver cells; stimulates
synthesis of fats from glucose and
stimulates uptake of amino
acids;decreases blood glucose level;
antagonistic to glucagon and
glucocorticoids

879.

846. insulin

secreted in response to high glucose

concentration. glucose uptake by
muscles and adipose cells. opposite of
glucagon

847. Integrated
Proteins

held in the membrane by hydrophobic

interactions with the lipids. -Hard to
remove: uses Detergent, organic
solvents, and ultrasonic vibrations to
remove them

848. Interferon

group of small proteins made by most

body cells that responds to virus attackuse for tumor and cancer treatment
849. Interferons: produced by cells
under viral attack and they diffuse to
other cells where they help prevent the
spread of the virus 850. Intermediate
fibers are made of?: keratin

851. Internal
Respiration

exchange of gas between blood and

cells and intracellular processes of
respiration

883.

852. Interneurons

participate only in local circuits; link

sensory and motor neurons

884.

853. Interpahse

DNA replication

854.
intramembranous
ossification

mesenchymal connective tissue is

transformed into, and replaced by
bone. 855. Invagination: In fission,
this is when the cell is pinching itself
in or growing inward to divide itself
into two cells

856. Inversion in
a gene

when chromosome fragment is turned

around 180 degrees. Translocation
results when two nonhomologous
chromosomes interchange genes

857. ionic bond

transfer of electrions from one atome to

another

858. Ionization
Energy

- amount of energy needed to knock off

first valence electron - Increases from L
to R

- Increases from
Bottom to Top

...

880.

873.

875.

878.

881.

882.

885.

886.

887.

888.

889.

890.

891.

892.

893.

894.

895.

896.

897.
898.

899.

900.

901.

902.

903.

904.

905.

- 2nd IE ALWAYS higher than

1st IE due to e-e repulsion Highest peaks are noble gases

...

- Lowest troughs are alkali

metals

...

859. Ions and radius size

- Positive ions are

SMALLER than parent
atom (fewer shielding
electrons and stronger
force felt on electrons by
nucleus)

- Negative ions are LARGER-->

they have more shielding e's
and more e-e repulsion so
radius expand 860. IP3

"second messenger" that

activates Ca++ channel
release from ER

861. Iris

colored, muscular,
controls diameter for
pupil

862. is a fern a plant with

vascular or avascular leaves?

vascular

863. is a fern a vascular or

avascular plant?

vascular plant which

contains xylem and
phloem

864. is bile an enzyme?

no. bile is not an enzyme

865. is it true that bacteria

and fungi are decomposers
that occupy no particular
trophic level since they feed on
organisms from all trophic
levels?

true

866. is it true that ferns have

large leaves with many veins?

true

867. is it true that hemoglobin

and myoglobin are both water
soluble?

true.

868. Is it true that natural

killer cells are not phagocytic?

true

869. is peroxide an oxidizing

or reducing agent?

oxidizing agent. gets

reduced.

870. is phospholipid bilayer

symmetrical?

no. the inner and outer

layers are not the same.

871. Is the heme group the

same in both hemoglobin and
myoglobin? where does it
differ?

yes. the heme group is

the same for both and
bind to iron. the heme
group differs in
chloroplast where it is
Mg+2 instead of Fe+2.

872. is the pH of lysosome

acidic or basic?

acidic pH below 7.

873. Islet of Langerhans are

made up of alpha and beta
sheets in the pancreas.
What hormone do the alpha
sheets produce compared
to the beta sheets?

alpha sheets produce

glucagon. Beta sheets
produce insulin hormone.

907.

874. Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells produces/

secrete glucagone; Beta cells
produce/ secrete insulin

908.

875. Islets of Langerhans

collection of alpha (secretes

glucagon) and beta cells
(secretes insulin) of the
pancreas. 876. Isobaric: No change in pressure

909.

W=PV

...

910.

877. Isobaric Processes

The motivation for the

specific sign conventions of
thermodynamics comes
from early development of
heat engines. When
designing a heat engine, the
goal is to have the system
produce and deliver work
output. The source of energy
in a heat engine, is a heat
input.

If the volume compresses

(delta V = final volume initial volume < 0), then W
< 0. That is, during isobaric
compression the gas does
negative work, or the
environment does positive
work. Restated, the
environment does positive
work on the gas.

...

If the volume expands

(delta V = final volume initial volume > 0), then W
> 0. That is, during isobaric
expansion the gas does
positive work, or
equivalently, the
environment does negative
work. Restated, the gas does
positive work on the
environment.

...

906.

911.

912.

If heat is added to the

system, then Q > 0. That
is, during isobaric
expansion/heating,
positive heat is added
to the gas, or
equivalently, the
environment receives
negative heat. Restated,
the gas receives positive
heat from the
environment.

...

If the system rejects

heat, then Q < 0. That
is, during isobaric
compression/cooling,
negative heat is added
to the gas, or
equivalently, the
environment receives
positive heat. Restated,
the environment
receives positive heat
from the gas.

...

878. Isoelectric
Focusing

Type of chromatography used to

separate proteins based on
charge. Stationary gel has an
established pH gradient and the
mobile phase proteins will travel
to the point where the pH equals
their isoelectric point.

916.

879. Isoelectric Point

Point at which a compound is

electrically neutral.

917.

880. Isolated system

No exchange of heat, work, or

matter with surroundings 881.
isomer: same molecular formula
but different structure

913.

914.

915.

918.
919.

920.

...

G= -RTln(Keq)

...

ln of Keq less than 1 is

NEGATIVE

...

Keq= K forward/ K
backward 887. Kselected population

low reproductive rates and roughly

constant size (humans)

888. K= Coulomb's
constant

9 x 109

889. Ka and Kb

Ka of acid HA= [H+][A-]/ HA

Kb of base
NH3=[NH4+][OH-]/
NH3

...

928.

Kb x Ka= Kw= 10^ -14

...

929.

890. Karyokinesis

nuclear division (affiliated with

mitosis)

930.

891. Karyotyping

size and arrangement of

chromosomes, best looking at the
metaphase cuz its most condensed
892. Keq Size: Keq= O rxn is at
equilibrium

Keq>>>> 1 means
products are favored
at eq Keq<<<<1 means
reactants are favored
at eq

...

893. Keratin

fibrous protein found in birds,

reptiles, amphibians, in hair,
skin, nails, claws, horns, shells,
and feathers. Makes it waterproof
cause of disulfide bridges

894. keratin a fibrous

protein can be soft
(feathers) or very
hard (turtle) due to
these type of bonds?

disulfide bridges

934.

895. Ketone

Compound with a nonterminal

carbonyl group (R-C=O-R').
Ketones are named by replacing
the -e in the corresponding alkane
with -one.

935.

896. ketone

carbonyl located in middle or

somewhere in chane. Named with
ONE 897. Ketose: Sugar
containing a ketone group RC=O-R'

936.

898. Kidney

Loop of Henle---> Distal

Convoluted tubule--->Collecting
Duct

922.
923.

924.

925.

926.
927.

882. Isothermal

No change in T

883. Isothermal
Process

An isothermal process is a
change of a system, in which the
temperature remains constant:
T = 0. This typically occurs
when a system is in contact with
an outside thermal reservoir
(heat bath), and the change
occurs slowly enough to allow
the system to continually adjust
to the temperature of the
reservoir through heat
exchange.

884. Isotonic solution

886. K eq and the two

ways to get it

921.

cell sized normal because solute

concentration the same as
outside cell 885. Joints are
stabilized by?: ligaments

931.

932.

933.

937.

938.

939.

940.

941.

942.

943.

944.

945.

946.

947.

948.
949.

950.

951.

952.

899. Kidneys
and blood
volume decrease

Blood volume decreases, kidneys produce

renin, renin converts plasma protein
angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1,
angiotensin 1 converted to angiotension
2, angiotension 2 stimulates adrenal
cortex to secrete aldosterone, aldosterone
increases blood volume by reabsorbing
calcium at the kidney which increases
water

900. Killer-T
cells

"cytotoxic cell kills cells with antigens on

it -uses protein perforin to lyse target

-kills cancer
cells

...

-develop in the
thymus , does
not release
antibodies

...

901. Kinetic
energy of ejected
electrons

...

902. Kinetic
Theory 4
Assumptions

1. Random molecular motion 2. No

intermolecular forces

3. Negligible
molecular
volume

...

4. Perfectly
elastic collision
and KE
conserved

...

903. Kinetic vs
Thermodynamic
Rxn control

- Thermo tells us if rxn is

SPONTANEOUS or not (if G is neg) Kinetics is HOW fast rxn will occur (low
Ea)

904. Kingdom
Monera

Blue-green algae and bacteria

905. Kingdom
Protista

green algae and paramecium

906. Kinins

promote cell division

907. Ksp
Calculations

Ksp= Solubility product constant

Changes with TEMP/ Particle Size/
Polarity

Ksp for
Ag2SO4=
[Ag+]2[SO4]

...

Ksp= [2x]2[x]=
4x3!

...

MAKE sure to
square ALL
NUMBERS!!!
(Ex

3x3= 27x3!!!!!

More positive the

Ksp--> the more
product will
dissolve in
solution at
equilibrium

...

908. l= angular
momentum

range: 0 to (n-1)

909. Lactase
hydrolyzes
______ into
______

Lactase hydrolyzes lactose into

monoscaccharides (glucose and
galactose)

910. Lactic Acid

Fermentation

occurs in some fungi, bacteria and

human muscle cells during strenuous
activity; pyruvate converted into lactic
acid, thus NAD+ is regenerated and
glycolysis can continue

911. lactic acid

fermentation

occurs in fungi and bacteria. in

humans(muscle cells)

912. Lactose made

of?

glucose +galactose

959.

913. Lamark

theory of acquired characteristics -pass

done generation traits - not true
though

960.

914. Land plants

Have alterations of generations such

as gametophyte (haploid multi-celled
stage) with Sporophytes (diploid multicelled satge)

915. Large
intestine

resorption of water , Na, and minerals,

waste storage, water conservation, and
ion regulation- bacteria inside produce
vitamin K

953.

954.

955.

956.

957.

958.

961.

962.

963.

964.

965.

966.

967.

968.

969.

916. large organ located behind the

stomach. It serves two major functions.
First, it is a digestive organ, releasing
digestive enzymes into the small
intestine by means of the pancreatic
duct. But it also functions as an
endocrine organ, releasing the
hormones insulin and glucagon
directly into the bloodstream from
specialized cells known as the islets of
Langerhans.

pancrease

917. latent period

time between
the
stimulation
and the onset
of contraction.

918. Lattice energy

- Electron pair acceptor - No LP on central

atom

Ex

BF3 and AlCl3

925. Lewis
base

- Electron pair donator

- Have LP's
on central
atom

...

Ex

NH3

926. Leydig
cells

secretes testosterones to mature the sperm

927. Leydig
cells and
Islet of
Langerhans
will
produce?

hormones 928. Leydig cells are found in the

testes and produce?: testosterone

978.

929. LH

Luteinizing hormone-made in anterioir

pituitary-stimulates ovulation and formation
of corpus luteum. Males-stimulates
intersititial cells of testes to synthesize
testosterone

979.

930. LH

Luteinizing hormone;females: stimulates

ovulation and formation of corpus luteum;
males: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to
synthesize testosterone

931. Life
cycle of
erythrocytes

formed from stem cells in bone marrow; lose

nuclei, mitochondria and membrane
organelles; when mature circulate in blood for
120 days; then phagocytized by special cells
in liver and spleen

932.
ligaments

bone to bone connectors

933. Ligand

binds to receptors which will have a

conformational change in the receptorincludes substrates, activators, inhibitors,
hormones and neurotransmitters.

-in nervous
system

the ligand is acetylcholine where Na+ rush in

and K+ rush out to initiate action potential.

934. Light
reaction in
plants

ATP produced

-Water
oxidized

...

973.

- LE measures
ionic bond
strength - LE
is the energy
required to
BREAK ionic
bond

919. Le Chatelier

- liquids,
solids, and
NON reactive
gases or any
kind of
INSOLUBLE
ion that will
NOT complex
with your ions
do NOT affect
it

922. Lens

924. Lewis
acid

972.

...

921. Leaving Group

white blood cells; larger than red blood cells,

function: protection; includes destroying
foreign matter, macrophages and
lymphocytes

971.

- LE electrostatic attraction between

ions

920. Least abundant RNA

923.
Leukocytes

970.

mRNA=contains
codons
Atoms that
can dissociate
to form a
stable species
after accepting
electron pairs.
Weak bases
tend to be good
leaving
groups.
suspended
behind pupil;
light continues
through here

974.

975.
976.

977.

980.

981.

982.

983.

984.

985.

-NADP+
reduced
(NADPH is
needed for
synthesizing
glucose)

...

935. Light
reaction in
plants

high H+ is produced in thylakoids- produce

NAPDH and high concentration of H ions to
make ATP 936. lindlar's catalyst: palladium
or barium sulfate (BaSO4) with quinoline.
occur on metal surface, make cis.

988.

937. lipase

fat digestion(from pancreas)

989.

938. lipase

fat digestion( from small intestine)

939. Lipases
do what?

Break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

940. Lipid
Bilayer

inside cell membrane- lipid and proteins are

free to move laterally in there but movement
from one face to another is prohibited- it's
NOT symmetrical

941. Liquid

- Atoms move about--. but are close together

and bound by intermolec forces - NOT
COMPRESSIBLE

1003.

- Flows and
takes
container
shape

...

1004.

942. List the

Glycolytic
Pathway

Glucose -UsesATP-> Glucose-6-Phosphate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate -UsesATP->Fructose

1,6-Phosphate --> Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate (PGAL) -->1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
--MakesATP-> 3-Phosphoglycerate --> 2Phosphoglycerate --> Phosphoendopyruvate -MakesATP-> Pyruvate

986.

987.

990.

991.

992.

993.

994.

995.
996.

997.

998.

999.

1000.

1001.

1002.

1005.

943. Liver

stores glycogen not glucose, -Bile production

-Albumin
synthesis

...

-Destroys
old red
blood cells Converts
nitrogenous
waste into
urea

...

944. ln (x/y)
and log (x/y)

If X/Y is LESS than 1--> answer is negative If

X/Y 1 then the answer is POSITIVE

1006.

1007.
1008.

1009.

1010.

As X/Y gets
bigger--> then
ln (x/y) gets
bigger (more
and more
POSITIVE) ! Ex

ln(5) is less than ln(50)

As it gets
smaller then
the answer gets
more and more
NEGATIVE

...

945. Lock and

Key Theory

One of two theories about enzymes (the

other is Induced Fit); says that the spacial
structure of an enzyme's active

site is exactly
complementary
to the spacial
structure of the
substrate, this
theory has been
largely
discounted

...

946. Locus

is the location of the gene.

947. Lower
limb

females tib fib pat towards metatarsal Femur

-Tibia

...

- Fibia -Patella Tarsal Metatarsal

...

948. Lumen

space inside a tube

949. Luteal
Phase

LH (luteinizing hormome) causes burst

follicle to develop into corpus luteum
(secretes estrogen and progesterone);
progesterone causes glands in
endometrium to mature and become
prepared for implantation of an embryo;
the estrogen and progesterone are
essential in maintaining the
endometrium

950. lymph
nodes may
contain what
two
components?

lymphocytes and macrophages

951.
Lymphocytes

involved in immune response and

production of antibodies (B cells) and
cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)

1011.

1012.

1013.

952. Lysogenic
cycle

953. Lysosome

954. Lysosome

bacteriophage doesn't lyse cell;

bacteriophage DNA becomes
incorporated into the bacterial genome
in a harmless form (prophage) and it
lies dormant; virus could stay
integrated indefinitely or it canreenter
lytic cyle from environmental
circumstances (radiation, ultraviolet
light or chemicals) or spontaneously
membrane bound vesicles that contain
hydrolytic enzymes involved in
intracellular digestion; break down
material ingested by the cell
contains hydrolic enzymes that are
made in the Rough ER, found in white
blood cells such as macrophages

1014.

955. Lysosomes

found in both animal and plant cells

1015.

956. Lytic Cycle

One of two types of cycles a

bacteriophage can enter into;
bacteriophage takes control of
bacterium's genetic machinery and
manufactures new progeny; bacterial
cell lyses and releases new virons;
bacteriophages that replicate by lytic
cycle and kill there host cells are
"virulent"

967. many
vertebrates
use ? in feces
urine or scent
glands to
mark
territories

pheromones

968. Marine
(Salt) Fish

: -Drinks a LOT -Pee Little

-Concentrated
urine

...

-Has too much

salt

...

-Gets rid of
salt though
gills

...

969. marine
fish
constantly....?

drink

970.
markovnikov's
rule

goal is to produce most stable carbocation

1031.

971. Mast cells

histamine release

1032.

972. mcpba

m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid

1024.

1025.

1026.

1027.

1028.

1029.

1030.

1016.

957. M

: makes up 10% of the cell cycle,

shortest stage

1033.

973. Medulla

vitals: breathing, heart rate,

gastrointestinal activity

1017.

958. M line

runs in the middle of the H zone

1034.

974. medulla

controls vital functions such as breathing,

heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity

959. m= magnetic
quantum number

range: -l to +l

975. Meiosis Anaphase 1

960.
Macrophages

migrate from blood to tissue and

become stationary 961. macrophages
are rich in what?: lysosomes

homologous pairs separate and are pulled

to opposite poles of cell; this is called
disjunction when they are pulled apart;
daughter cells get a mixture of mom and
dads chromosomes

962. Malpighian
tubules in insects

form uric acid and discharge it into the

gut 963. Maltose made of?: 2 moles of
glucose

976. Meiosis Interphase

parent cell's chromosomes replicate, yields

2 N of sister chromatids

964. mammals
and birds have a ?
chambered heart?

977. Meiosis Metaphase 1

homologous pairs align on equator; each

pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by
its kinetochore

965. Mandible

strongest bone of the face

978. Meiosis Prophase 1

966. Many
characteristics
such as skin
color, hair color,
and height result
from a blending of
several separate
genes that vary
along a
continuum?

polygenic inheritance

chromatin condenses into chromosomes,

spindle apparatus forms, nucleoli and
nuclear membrane disappear; homologous
chromosomes (one from mom and one
from dad) come together and intertwine
(synapsis); where crossing over occurs

979. Meiosis Second

Meiotic
Division

Happens right after Meiosis 1, no

chromosomal replication, proceeds exactly
like mitosis, ends with each daughter cell
having haploid chromosomes (in human
females, only one of these becomes a
functional gamete)

1018.

1019.

1020.

1035.

1036.

1037.
1021.

1038.
1022.
1023.

1039.

1040.

1041.

1042.

980. Meiosis Telophase 1

nuclear membrane forms around each

new nucleus, at this point each
chromosome still consists of sister
chromatids joined by centromere

981. Melatonin

functions in humans is unclear (thought

to be involved in circadian rhythms;
secretion regulated by light and dark
cycles in environment; in primitive
vertebrates, melatonin lightens skin by
concentrating pigment granules in
melanophores (antagonistic to MSH)

982. Melatonin

unclear role in humans, might deal with

reg of circadian rhythms, secretion
regulated by light and dark cycles.
Primitive vertebrates-LIGHTENs skin by
concentrating pigment molecules in
melanophores

1043.

983. Men

Hemizygous- contains single copy of

gene 1 X and 1Y

1044.

984. Mendel

the Law of Segregation and the Law of

Independent Assortment, Mendel's Laws
of Inheritance.

1045.

1046.

1047.

1048.

1049.

1050.

985. Mendel's
four proposed
principles of
Inheritance

1) genes exist in alternative forms

(alleles) 2) Organisms have 2 alleles for
each trait (one from each parent) 3) the 2
alleles segregate during meiosis giving
gametes only one allele for each trait 4) If
2 alleles in organism are different then
only 1 would be fully expressed (dominant
allele) ...this last part not true for
everything

986.
Menstruation What happens
if the ovum IS
fertilized?

developing placenta produces hCG which

maintains the corpus luteum which then
can continue to supply the estrogen and
progesterone that maintain the uterus
and endometrium until placenta takes
over in production of those hormones

987.
Menstruation What happens
if the ovum is
NOT fertilized?

corpus luteum atrophies causing drop in

progesterone and estrogen levels causing
endometruium to slough off which causes
menstrual flow

988. Mercury
Barometer

- Measures atmospheric pressure by

allowing atm pressure to push on Hg
colum - Barometer open at one end and
closed at other

- Atm pushes
through open
end and Hg
rises in closed
end

...

989.
mesencephalon

midbrain-relay center for visual and

auditory impulses.

990. Meso
Compound

A stereoisomer with an internal plane of

symmetry. Meso compounds are optically
inactive. 991. meso compound: a molecule
with an internal plane of symmetry

992. Mesoderm

musculoskeletal system, circulatory

system, excretory system, gonads,
connective tissue throughout body,
portions of digestive and respiratory
organs

993. Mesoderm
Germ layer

skeletal muscle, the skeleton, the dermis

of skin, connective tissue, the urogenital
system, the heart, blood (lymph cells), the
kidney, and the spleen.

1054.

994. Metalloids

- 5 elements in line from B to At (BAT)

and Ge and Sb - In between metals and
nonmetals in character

1055.

995. Metals

- Likes to LOSE e's an gain + charge More electroPOSITIVE

- Forms basic
oxides

...

- Good heat
and electricity
conductor

...

- Malleable,
ductile, luster

...

- Solid at room
temp except Hg
which is liquid

...

- GOOD
REDUCING
AGENTS (ie.
they like to be
oxidized!)

...

996.
Metaplasia

inflammation and irritation- change from

one cell to another 997. Methionine:
amino acid used to start protein synthesis
in eukaryotes.

998. methylene

refers to the =CH2 group

999.
microfilaments
are build by

actin

1000.
Microinjection
and viral
vector

ways to in which a foreign DNA can be

introduced to organisms genome. 1001.
microtubules are built by: tubulin

1002.
Microvilli and
Villi

In Small Intestines

-Increases in
absorption
surface

...

1051.

1052.

1053.

1056.

1057.

1058.

1059.

1060.

1061.

1062.
1063.

1064.

1065.

1066.

1067.

1068.

1069.
1070.

1071.

1072.

1073.

1074.

1075.

1076.

1077.

Villi contains hairs

called microvilli to
increase surface
area for food
absorption

...

1078.

1003. Midbrain

relay center for visual and auditory

impulses; also plays a role in motor
control

1079.

1004. Middle Ear

Malleus, Incus, and stapes

-the three small

bones in the
middle ear that
brings the
vibration of
sounds to the inner
ear

...

1005. mild
treatment of salt
removes this type
of proteins?

peripheral proteins

1006.
Mineralocorticoids

ex) aldosterone; regulates levels of

sodium and potassium and therefore
the total extracellular water volume;
aldosterone causes active
reabsorption of sodium and passive
reabsorption of water in the nephron;
causes increase in blood volume and
increase in blood pressure

1007.
Mineralocorticoids

1012. Mitosis Interphase

90% of cell life spent in interphase;

during this time each chromosome is
replicated, after replication,
chromosomes consist of 2 identical
sister chromatids (held together at
center by centromere)

1013. Mitosis Metaphase

centriole pairs now at opposite ends

of the cell, fibers attach to
chromosomes at centromere; align
them in center of cell (metaphase
plate)

1014. Mitosis Prophase

centriole pairs separate and move to

polar ends of the cell, spindle
apparatus forms, nuclear membrane
dissolves (allows spindle fibers to
interact with chromosomes)

1015. Mitosis Telophase

spindle apparatus disappears; 2 new

nuclear membranes form around
each set of new chromosomes, each
nucleus has same number of
chromosomes (diploid #, 2N),
chromosomes uncoil and resume
interphase form

1016. Mitosis
makes up roughly
what percent of the
cell cycle?

10%

1017. Molality

Molality= mols of solute/ mass of

solvent in KG

1018. Molar volume

at 0C and 1 atm

Ideal gases occup 22.4 L per mole of

molecules at 0C and 1 atm

- remember to
account for correct
mass of diatomic
gases! - Ex

O2 is 32 g per mole!

1019. Mold,
mildew, yeast and
mushroom are all
examples of?

fungi

1020. molecular
complexes that
play a role in
adhesion are
especially
abundant in the
surface layer of the
skin?

desmosomes.

1021. Molecular
Geometry

# of electron domains (bonds, LP,

radical) 2= linear

1089.

3= trigonal planar

...

1090.

4= tetrahedral

...

1080.

includes aldosterone, regulates

plasma levels of Na and K, total
extracellular water volume.
Aldosterone cause active
reabsorption of Na and passive
reabsorption of water in the nephron.
Rise in blood volume and pressure

1008.
Mitochondria

sites of aerobic respiration within the

cell (supplies energy); each
mitochondrion is bounded by an
outer and inner phospholipid bilayer

1009. Mitosis

each daughter cell receives an exact

copy of the parent cell's DNA

1010. Mitosis Anaphase

centromeres split (so each chromatid

can have its own); sister chromatids
pulled towards opposite poles of cell
by shortening spindle fibers

1011. Mitosis Cytokinesis

end of telophase, cytoplasm divides

into 2 daughter cells (each with own
nucleus and organelles); in animal
cells, cleavage furrow forms

1081.

1082.

1083.

1084.

1085.

1086.

1087.

1088.

5= trigonal
bipyramidal 6=
octahedral

...

- Determines the
SHAPES!

...

1022. Molecular
Geometry and LP's

3 ED: 1 LP= bent

1094.

4 ED

1 LP= trigonal pyramidal 2LP= bent

1095.

5 ED

1 LP= seesaw 2 LP: T shaped 3 LP:

linear 6: 1: sq pyram 2: sq planar 3: T
shaped 4: linear

1023. molecular
orbital

when two atomic orbitals combine.

obtained mathematically by adding or
subtracting wave functions. if sings
are the same, make bonding, if
different, less stable antibonding.

1024. Mollusca

snails, slugs, clams, and octopuses

1025.
monocistronic

This means mRNA only codes for one

polypeptide.

1026. monocots
and dicots are part
of?

angiosperms

1027. monocots
contain how many
cotyledons
compared to
dicots?

monocots contain one compared to

dicots which contain two.

1028. Monocyte

a type of white blood cell

- developed into
the macrophages
and dendritic cells
- Response to
inflammation
signals

...

1029. monocytes
are large cells that
develop into?

macrophages

1030. Monohybrid
cross

where only one trait is being studied

1031.
Monosaccharides

Small unit of carbohydrates. Glucose

and fructose are examples.

1032. Monosomy
nondisjunction
(pleiotrophy)

-Turner Syndrome: only XO have 45

chromosomes, lacking an X
chromosome, sterile female no
ovaries.

1107.

1033. Morgan

chromosome plays in heredity.

Mutation in flies

1108.

1034. Morula

solid ball of embryonic cells; forms

about 4 days after fertilization

1091.

1092.

1093.

1096.

1097.
1098.

1099.

1100.

1101.
1102.

1103.

1104.

1105.

1106.

1035. Most
abundant RNA

r-RNA

1036. most CO2 in

the body is
transported in the
blood as?

bicarbonate. HCO3-

1037. most mature

bones contain
yellow marrow,
which can convert
to red marrow and
produce what?

red blood cells.

1112.

1038. mRNA

messenger RNA; carries compliment

of the DNA sequence and transports it
from the nucleus to the ribosomes,
goes out of the nucleus through
nuclear pores; is monocistronic

1113.

1039. MSH

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormonesecreted by intermediate lobe of the

pituitary; unclear function in
mammals

1114.

1040. MSH

Intermediate lobe of the pituitary; in

mammals its function is unclear; in
frogs, MSH causes darkening of the
skin via induced dispersion of
molecules of pigment in melanophore
cells

1041. Mullerian
mimicry

two or more harmful species, that may

or may not be closely related and
share one or more common predators,
have come to mimic each other's
warning signals. -same type of color
EX: bees, wasp, and hornets

1042. multi-allelic
trait

of discrete trait that has two or more

possible alleles (blood type)

1043.
Mutarotations

Conversion of an anomer to a
anomer, occuring when a sugar ring
opens, rotates about the bond between
C1 and C2, and closes.

1118.

1044. Myelin

made by Schwann cells, acts as

electrical insulator which increases
the rate of axon translating to signals

1119.

1045. Myoglobin

a monomer, has heme group, has

higher O2 affinity than hemoglobin rapid release of O2 in low pressure

-no change in O2
binding over pH
range

...

1046. Myopia

nearsightedness; occurs when image

focused in front of retina

1109.

1110.

1111.

1115.

1116.

1117.

1120.

1121.

1047.
myopia(nearsightedness)

image is focus in front of

retina

1123.

1048. NADH

yields 3 ATP

1124.

1049. NADH & FADH2

1122.

1125.

1126.

1127.

1128.

1129.

1130.

1066.
Neurotransmitter

epinephrine and norepinephrine

1138.

1067. Neutrophil

transfers the electrons to the

electron transport chain

phagocytic cell doesn't develop into

macrophage.

1139.

1068. Niche

lipases, amylase, and

proteases 1051. name
hormone that increased
blood glucose: cortisol and
glucagon

role that an organism plays in its

natural community- the way they eat
and live and reproduce -if 2 organisms
have same niche it will mate at same
time and will compete for food

1140.

1069. Nitrile

Nitrogen triple-bonded to a carbon.

1052. name hormone that

increases blood calcium in
the blood by stimulating
blood to release calcium.
Similar to osteoclast cells.

parathyroid hormone

1141.

1070. nitrogen
fixing bacteria
are present where
in the plant?

root nodules. cause plants require N2

to grow. 1071. nitrogen fixing N2 from
the atmosphere is converted into
what?: NH3 ammonia

1142.

1072. NO

used to relaxing smooth muscles

1053. name hormone that

increases Na+ and Clreabsorption, K+
secretion

aldosterone 1054. name

hormone that
vasoconstriction of blood
vessels: epinephrine
(adrenaline)

1143.

1073. Noble Gases

- High IE and low EA - Don't react

- Oxidation state=
0!

...

chief cells, parietal cells, Gcells, and mucous cells

1074. Nodes of
Ranvier

gaps between segments of myelin

1055. name the 4 cells of

the stomach?

1075. Non Metals

1056. name the type. What

is a vascular plant with
large, feathery leaves?

ferns

- GOOD OXIDIZING AGENTS (like to

be reduced!_ - Like to GAIN electrons
(high eneg)

causes plant to grow

horizontally. grows away
from the pull of gravity 1058.
Nematoda: hookworms and
pinworms- no notochord

- More
electronegative

...

1057. negative geotropism

- Forms acidic
oxides

...

- Bad heat and

electricity
conductor - Solid,
l, or gas at room
temp

...

- If solid, brittle
and not shiny

...

1076. non-cyclic
electron flow

uses both photosystems(P700 and

P680) ATP is produce by non-cyclic
photophosphorylation. NADP is
reduce to NADPH. water is split and
fills the holes of P680(photosystem II)

1077. NONtracheophytes

lacking vascular tissues such as simple

plants

1078. nonbonded
strain

results when nonadjacent atoms or

groups compete for space. dominant
source of energy in flagpole
interactions of the boat conformation.
thus it goes in various conformations
like chair boat and twist.

1050. name 3 enzymes that

secreted by the pancreas?

1059. Nephron

any of the small tubules that

are the excretory units of the
vertebrate kidney

1132.

1060. Nernst Equation

Ecell= Ecell - (RT/nF)

(lnQ)

1133.

1061. Nerve fibers

-bigger fiber= faster impulse

and decrease in electrical
resistance 1062. Nerve
gases: Inhibitor of AcH so it
causes death by respiratory
paralysis

1134.

1063. Nerve signals

From presynaptic-->synaptic cleft-->Postsynaptic cell

1136.

1144.

1145.

1146.

1147.

1131.

1135.

1137.

1064. Nerves

bundle of axons covered in

connective tissue

1065. Neurosecretory Cells

(hypothalamus)

Regulate pituitary glands

secretions via neg feedback
mechanisms, and by
inhibiting and releasing
hormones

1148.

1149.

1150.

1151.

1152.

1153.

1154.

1155.

1156.

1157.

1158.

1159.

1160.

1161.

1079.
Nondisjunction

either failure of homologous

chromosomes to separate properly
during meiosis I or failure of sister
chromatids to separate properly during
meiosis II; Resulting zygote could have 3
copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or 1
copy of that chromosome (monosomy);
most monosomies and trisomies are
lethal

1080.
nonsteroid
hormones are
synthesized
from what ?

amino acids

1081.
nonsteroids can
be synthesized
from what two
components?

amino acids and steroid derivatives

1082.
norepinephrine

constrict blood vessels and supply blood

to the digestive system

1083.
Norepinephrine
can act as what
two things?

hormone and neurotransmitter

1084. Normality
Dilution Law

NV= NV (same as dilution law)

1085. Normality
N

N= M x # moles of species that count Ex:

N of a 2 M solution of H2SO4 is 4N!

N= Mass/ Gram
Equiv weight

...

Gram Equiv
weight= Molar
Mass/ # moles
of species that
count

...

Ex

Gram E weight of H2SO4 is 49 grams per

EQUIVALENT (1 mole of H2SO4 is 98
g) 1086. not ignored: iso, neo, cyclo

1090.
Nuclei/Mitochondria/
lysomsomes

Nuclei is heavier than

mitochondria and lysomsomes so
during centrifugation, nuclei will
be at the bottom while the rest is
in the supernatant.

1169.

1091. Nucleophile

A species that tends to donate

electrons to another atom. They
are attracted to positive charge, a
nucleus, (protons and neutrons).
In protic solvents and situations
with different attacking atoms, its
strength correlates to size. In
aprotic solvents with the same
attacking atom, its strength
corresponds to basicity.

1170.

1092. nucleophile

nucleus lover. electron rich

species that are attracked to
charged atoms

1093. Nucleotide is
made up of...

1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate
group 3) nitrogenous base

1094. Nucleus

controls activities of cell,

including cell division;
surrounded by nuclear
membrane, contains DNA which
is complexed with structural
proteins called histones to form
chromosomess; where ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs

1095. nucliec acids are

linear polymers linked
by?

phosphodiester bonds

1096. O2-hemoglobin
dissosciation Curve

if temp or CO2 increase or pH

decrease -means more O2 is
unloaded and will shift to the
right on the curve

1097. oaks, maples,

and grasses are
examples of?

angiosperms

1098. Obligate
Anaerobic bacteria

dies when expose to O2

1099. of the following,

which group of
invertebrates is
apparently most
closely related to
primitive vertebrates?

Echinodermata 1100. of the germ

layers which one forms most of
the central nervous system?:
ectoderm

1101. of these
compounds which has
the highest energy?
Phosphoenolpyruvate,
acetyl co-a, and ATP

phosphoenolpyruvate

1102. Olfactory bulb

center for reception and

integration of olfactory input

1168.

1171.

1172.

1173.

1174.
1162.

1163.

1164.

1165.

1166.

1167.

1175.

1176.

1087.
Notochord

support axial body of the embryo -derived

from mesoderm layer

-worms don't
have them

...

1088. Now you

can understand
why this type of
chromosomes
are similar, but
not identical

although they contain the same genes,

they may not contain the same alleles for
these genes.: homologous

1178.

1089. Nuclei

neuronal cell bodies clustered together in

the CNS

1179.

1177.

1180.

1103. Oligodendrocytes

produce myelin in CNS; (so

type of glial cell)

1181.

1104. oligodentrocytes

produce myelin in the central

nervous system.

1105. on a per gram basis,

which contains the
greatest amount of
energy?

fats

1106. Once the

acetylcholine is released
into the synaptic cleft it
interacts with the
acetylcholine receptor
and triggers an impulse.
Binding causes a
conformational change
leads to?

Leads to the opening of the

voltage channels.

1184.

1107. Oncogene

transforms into cancer cells

1185.

1108. Oncotic Pressure

tends to pull fluid into

capillary 1109. Oogenesis:
produces 1 egg- 1 functional
ovum

1182.

1183.

1186.

1110. Oogenesis

production of female eggs;

one diploid female sex cell
undergoes meiosis but only
forms one single mature egg;
in each division there is one
mature ovum and a polar
body (no organelles, just
nucleus)

1112. Oogenesis is a
discontinuous process in
which only a limited
number of ova are
produced and become
arrested during this
meiosis phase until
puberty?

prophase I

1189.

1113. Open system

Exchange of heat, work,

matter with surroundings

1190.

1114. Operon

made of: structural genes

(contain DNA for proteins),
operator gene (sequence of
nontranscribeable DNA that
repressor binds to), promoter
gene (noncoding sequence of
DNA where the RNA
polymerase binds to

1191.

1115. optical activity

1117. Organism that

first evolved

Jawless Fish such as hagfish and

lampreys -Jawless fish>Bony fish>
amphibians>reptile>bird>mammals
(JB A REAL BAD MAN)

1118. Organisms
that have the
characteristics of
radial symmetry,
water vascular
system, a spiny
skin, and are found
exclusively in a
marine habitat
would be in which
phylum?

echinodermata

1119. organisms
which have the
greatest number of
similarities is?

species

1120. Osmosis

simple diffusion of water from a

region of low solute concentration to
a region of higher solute
concentration 1121. Osmotic
pressure: = MiRT

M= molarity R=
8.314

...

1198.

T in Kelvin

...

1199.

1122. ossicles

convert the sound waves striking the

eardrum into mechanical vibrations.
-amplifying sound energy

-The smallest bones

in the human body located in the
middle ear

...

1201.

1123. Osteoblast

Build bone, synthesize and secrete

organic constituents of bone matrix
1124. osteoblast secretes what?:
collagen

1202.

1125. Osteoblasts

build bone: secrete collagen but does

not carry out mitosis

1203.

1126. Osteoclast

destroys bone also known as bone

resorption.

1204.

1127. Osteoclasts

breakdown bone or bone-resorbing

cell, bone is broken down if calcium
is low, does not carry out mitosis

1194.

1 functional ovum and 2 or 3

polar bodies

1188.

compounds of the cell, each with a

special structure and function:
nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles,
vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria,
chloroplasts and centrioles

1193.

1111. Oogenesis

1187.

1116. Organelles

1192.

1195.

1196.

1197.

1200.

if a compound is able to
rotate plane polarized light.

1205.

1206.

1207.

1128.
Osteocytes

are living bone cells, is osteoblast cells

are trapped within the small spaces of the
bone it will mature to osteocytes.

1129. Overview
of what
happens in
Meiosis

fusion of 2 gametes, involves 2 divisions

of primary sex cells which results in 4
haploid (just N) cells called gometes

1130. Ovulation

midway through cycle; mature ovarian

follicle bursts and realeses an ovum;
caused by a surge of LH (surge in LH
caused by the peak in estrogen levels from
the stimulation of the follicle)

1131. oxidation

if reagent has a bunch of oxygen 1132.

Oxidation # Rules: Follow in Order!

1. Atom in
elemental form
is always 0 (Ex

Hg, H2)

2. Monatomic
ions= charge
(Ex

Na is +1 and Cl is -1) 3. F is ALWAYS -1

4. Hydrogen is
+1 unless
violated by 2 or
3

...

5. Oxygen is -2
unless violated
by 2,3,4

...

For neutral
species--> add
to zero

...

For ionic
species--> add
to charge on
ion

...

1215.

Ex

CO32-

1216.

O is -2, C is +4

...

1133. Oxidation
of Alcohols

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to

aldehydes using PCC and further oxidized
to carboxylic acids using KMnO4,
Na2Cr2O7, or CrO3. Secondary alcohols
can be oxidized to ketones using any of
these oxidants.

1208.

1209.

1220.

1221.

1222.

1223.
1210.

1211.

1212.

1213.

1214.

1217.

1218.

1219.

1224.

1225.

1226.

1227.

1134. oxidizing

ozonolysis under hot acidic kmO4, e.g.

H2O2 condition

1135.
Oxyhemoglobin

when hemoglobin is bound to oxygen;

primary form of oxygen transport in the
blood

1228.

1229.
1230.

1231.

1232.

1233.

1136.
Oxytocin

secreted during childbirth, increases

strength/freq of uterine muscle contractions;
including by suckling, stimulates milk
secretion in the mammary flands

1137.
Oxytocin

synthesized by neurosecretory cells of

hypothalamus; transported via axons; stored
and released by posterior pituitary; secreted
during childbirth; increases the strength and
frequency of contractions; secretion induced
by suckling; stimulates milk secretion in
mammary glands

1138. ozone
converts
much of the
harmful
ultraviolet
light into?

heat energy

1139. Ozone
layer

splits by sunlight but reforms quickly

-converts
harmful UV
to heat

...

-early earth
had very
little O2
which
promotes
growing of
living
organisms

...

1140.
ozonolysis

O3

1141.
ozonolysis

cleaves double bond in half, it only oxidizes

the carbon to an aldehyde under reducing
conditions. if ozidizing make same product
as KMNO4

1142.
p[anything]

is -log[x] so the pKa of 2.4 x 10 ^ -12 is....

11.76

...

or y.z times
10n is (n1).(10-y.z)

...

take
ABSOLUTE
VALUE OF
n!!!

...

1143.
Pancreas

both an exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes

into small intestine via series of ducts)and
endocrine organ ( islets of

Langerhans)

...

1234.

1144. Pancreas

secretes Amylase, protease, lipase

1235.

1145. Pancreas

exocrine and endocrine organ;

Exocrine: cells secreting digestive
enzymes into small intestine via ducts;
endocrine: islets of Langerhansalpha/beta cells

1146.
paramecium
relies on
contractile
vacuoles to rid
the cell of ?

excess water

1147.
Parasympathetic
Nervous System

conserves energy returns system to

resting levels after exertion; decreases
h.r.; increases gut motility; an
important nerve = vagus nerve

1236.

1237.

1238.

1239.

1240.

1241.

1242.

1243.

1244.

1246.

1148.
parasympathetic
nervous system

conserve energy and restore body

activity levels following exertion(rest
and digest) primarily nuerotransmitter
is acetylcholine.(vagus nerve is an
IMPORTANT nerve)

1149.
Parathyroid
Gland

embedded in posterior surface of

thyroid-secretes PTH

1150.
parathyroid
gland

increases calcium levels by stimulating

calcium release from bone and
decreasing it from the kidneys 1151.
Parathyroid Glands: located on
posterior surface of thyroid; synthesize
and secrete PTH

1247.

1248.

1249.

1152.
Parathyroid
hormone

stimulates Osteoclastic activity

1153.
Parthenogenesis

kind of asexual reproduction;

development of an unfertilized egg into
an adult organism

1154. Passive
Immunity

transfer of antibodies produced by

another individual or organism;
acquired by pregnancy or injection;
active immediately but short lived;
usually not very specific immunity

1155. Path of
light

1245.

enters through pupil; lens;

photoreceptor cells; bipolar cells;
ganglion cells, axons of ganglian cells
bundle to form optic nerve

1250.

1251.

1252.

1253.

1254.

1255.

1256.

1156. Path of
Sound waves
in ear

outer ear (auricle[external ear], auditory

canal) to tympanic membrane (eardrum in
middle ear) to 3 ossicles: malleus, incus,
stapes to oval window to fluid filled
cochlea which creates pressure which
then stimulates hair cells in basilar
membrane to transduce that pressure into
action potentials

1157. Path of
Sperm in Male
Reproductive
System

SEVEN UP Seminiferous tubules,

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculartory
duct, (nothing), urethra, penis

1158. Pauli
Exlcusion
Principle

2 electrons in same orbital must be of

different spins

1159.
pepsinogen is
an inactive
form of an
enzyme. The
term that
describes an
inactive
enzyme is?

zymogen 1160. peptide hormones: surface

receptors(extracellular) generally act via
second messenger system

1161. Peptides

short peptides (amino acid chains)-ADH,

to complex-insulin

1162.
Peptidoglycan

composed of polysaccharide and

polypeptide

-Uses Gram
Stains to see
its presence;
when purple it
is present
gram stain
positive. Teichoic acids

used to recognize binding sites by

bacterial viruses that causes infections.

1163.
Peptidoglycans
contain?

amino sugars

1164.
Perioxsomes

convert H2O2 ---> H2O and O2

1165.
Peripheral
Nervous
System

contains nerves and ganglia; has 2

divisions: somatic automatic (both have
motor and sensory parts)

1166.
Peripheral
proteins

use Hydrogen bonding and elastic

interactions to associate with the
membrane -Bound to charged polar head
groups of the bilayer

-Mild
treatment of
salt can
remove them

...

1257.

1258.

1259.

1260.
1261.

1262.

1263.

1264.

1265.

1266.

1267.

1268.

1269.

1167. Peroxisomes are

membranous vesicles
that contain enzymes
to produce?

H202 (hydrogen peroxide)

1168.
peroxycarboxylic acid

alkene oxidized with this, strong

oxidizing agent. CH3CO3H or
mcpba and it makes epoxide or
oxirane

1169. PGAL is made

during the light or
dark reactions?

dark reactions. 1170. pH Effect: If you have a solution of

dissolving acid

1272.

HA--> H+ + A-

...

1273.

If you add a base like

NaOH--> the OH- ions
will gobble up the H+
and the rxn will shift
RIGHT and MORE
acid will dissolve!
1171. Phase Changes

H fusion= - H freezing

H vaporization= H condensation H
sublimation= - H
deposition

...

1172. Phase Changes

and Energy Release

- energy released when gas

condenses to liquid - energy
released when liquid turns into
solid

1271.

1274.

1275.

1276.

1277.

1173. Phase changes

with MOST energy
change

- Sublimation and Deposition=

greatest enthalpy change Vaporization and Condesnation=
2nd largest

- Fusion and Freezing

has LOWEST
enthalpy change

...

H fusion + H
vaporization= H
sublimation!

...

1174. Phase contrast

microscope

"light" microscope- no staining is

done and cells are viewed alive

1175. Phase Contrast

Microscopy

allows the study of living cells;

contrast between cells are
produced by differences in
refractive index 1176. Phenotype:
physical manifestation of the
genetic makeup, what an
organism looks like as a
consequence of its genotype

1177. Phenyl

1270.

1278.

1279.

1280.

1281.

1282.

Term used to describe benzene

when it is used as a substituent.

1283.

1284.

1285.

1286.

1178.
Phenylketonuria
(PKU)

molecular disease caused by the inability

to produce the proper enzyme for the
metabolism of phenylalanine thus a
degradation product (phenylpyruvic
acid) accumulates

1179.
Pheromones

carries info to members of the same

species -sex attractants, mark
territories, accelerate reproductive
maturity in a # of species

1180. Phosphate

acts as intercellular buffer H2PO, HPO

as acid and base

1181.
Photoelectric
Effect

...

1182.
Photoreceptors

turn light into action potentials; two

types: cones and rods

1183.
photosynthesis
and respiration

reduction process and oxidation process

1184.
photosystem I

P700

1185.
photosystem II

P680

1186.
photosystems

light capturing unit in the thylakoid

membrane.

1187.
phototropism

tendency of shoots of plants to bend

towards light sources.

1188. pi bond

when two p orbitals line up in parallel

and electron clouds overlap. it exsits
over a single bond.

1189. Pinal
Gland

located at base of brain, secretes

melatonin

1190. pine trees,

spruces, fir
trees are
examples of?

gymnosperms

1191. Pineal
gland

tiny, base of brain, secretes melatonin

1192. Pituitary
(hypophysis)

small trilobed gland lying at base of

brain, Has two main lobes: anterior and
posterior

1193. Pituitary
Gland

aka "hypophysis"; small, 3-lobed gland

at base of brain; 2 main lobes = anterior
and posterior; in humans the third
intermediate lobe is rudimentary

1194. PKU
disease

high amount of phenylalanine in the

blood- lack enzyme to digest
phenylalanine-result in retardation in
children- homozygous recessive

1287.

1195. Placenta

produces progesterone and

estrogen. Connects the
developing fetus to the uterine
wall to allow nutrient uptake,
waste elimination, and gas
exchange via the mother's
blood supply

1196. Placenta Precursor

Trophoblast and chorion

1197. plants may contain

? which imparts an
unsatisfactory taste to
leaves and twigs, thus
will discourage
herbivores from
consuming them?

tannin

1290.

1198. Plasma

contains globulin, fibrinogen,

and albumin ( most abundant,
used to maintain bloods
osmotic pressure) 1199.
Plasma cells: antibody
production

1291.

1200. Plasmids

the small, circular segments of

DNA that are found in bacteria
and that stay separate from the
bacterial chromosomes, carry
accessory genes

1292.

1201. Plasmolysis

process in plant cells where

the plasma membrane pulls
away from the cell wall due to
the loss of water through
osmosis

1288.
1289.

1202. Platelets

forms blood clotting, uses

megakaryocytesfrom red
marrows (red marrow= makes
RBC, yellow marrow= stores
fats)

1294.

1203. Platelets

blood clotting, chain reaction

where fibrinogen convert to
fibrin which forms fibrin
fibers- make a mesh to trap
RBC and become solid barrier

1295.

1204. Platelets

cell fragments, no nuclei, clot

formation

1296.

1205. Platyhelminthes

flatworms

1297.

1206. Platyhelminths

tapeworms and flukes, -no

notochord

- Includes the class of

Trematodas and
Monogenea. (blood
sucking parasites)

...

1207. Pleiotropy

single gene influences multiple

phenotypic traits -one

1299.

...

1301.

1208. pleiotropy

condition where one gene

controls the expression of
more than one trait (sickle
cell anemia gene) 1209.
Plexus: network of nerve
fibers

1302.

1210. polygenic trait

inheritance goverened by
two or more genes

1211. Polymerase Chain

Reaction (PCR)

used to amplify genes;

Procedure: 1)
DENATURATION DNA
denatured with heat to
separate strands, a single
strand acts as the template
DNA and holds the
sequence that needs to be
amplified 2)PRIMER
ANNEALING

complementary nucleotides
(primers) join the template
3) PRIMER EXTENSION
DNA polymerase joins
deoxynucleotide
triphosphates (dNTPs) to
the primers which leads to
the addition of the
nucleotides complementary
to the template

...

1305.

1212. polymerization

creation of long, high

molecular weight polymer
composed of repeating
subunit called monomers.
occur through a radical
mechanism.

1306.

1213. Polymorphic Variation

Same species but different

types

1214. Polypeptide synthesis stages

1) Initiation: ribosome
binds to mRNA (near 5')
at a start codon (AUG),
MET-tRNA binds bc it has
the anti codon UAG 2)
Elongation: h-bonds form
between mRNA codoin in
A site and the
complimentary
anticondon on the
incoming

1303.

1293.

1298.

gene affects more than one

phenotype

1300.

1304.

1307.

1308.

1309.

aminoacyl tRNA complex,

peptide bond is formed btw
the amino acid attached to
the incoming tRNA and the
MET at the P site, this bond
forming makes the chain of
polypeptide come off of the A
site

...

3) Translocation

Ribosome advances 3
nucleotides along
mRNA, uncharged tRNA
is expelled; peptidyl
tRNA from A site slides
over to P site; A site now
empty

1310.

1215. Polyploidy

process of genome
doubling that gives rise
to organisms with
multiple sets of
chromosomes.

1311.

1216. Polyribosomes

ribosomes that can

translate multiple
strands of mRNA at the
same time

1312.

1217. Polysaccharide

branched or linearmany more can be made

and offers more variety
than polypetides which
are linear only

1313.

1218. Polyspermy

more than one sperm

enters the egg- to block
this from happening, the
fertilization membrane is
develops right after the
first sperm to prevent
anymore to enter. EX:
Sea Urchin

1314.

1219. Pons

relay center to let cortex

communicate with
cerebellum

1315.

1220. pons

act as a relay center to

allow cortex to
communicate with the
cerebellum

1316.

1221. Population

same species that

interbreed while
occupying a given area at
a given time

1317.

1222. Population bottleneck

disaster such as flood,

disease, or starvation will
nearly wipe out the
population 1223. Porteases
do what?: Degrade
proteins into amino acids

1318.

1224. positive geotropism

causes the root to grow

downwards and also to
grow towards the pull of
gravity

1319.

1225. Posterior Pituitary

aka neurohypophysis;
does not synthesize
hormones; stores and
releases peptide hormones
oxytocin and ADH which
are produced by
neurosecretory cells of
hypothalamus; hormone
secretion is stimulated by
action potentials from
hypothalamus

1226. Posterior Pituitary

(neurohypophysis)

Does not synthesize

hormones; Stores and
releases peptide hormones
OXYTOCIN & ADH,
produced by
neurosecretory cells of
hypothalamus. Secretion
stimulated by action
potentials from the
hypothalamus

1227. Posterior pituitary

Gland

does NOT secrete any

Hormones -Stores: ADH
(Vasopressin) & Oxytoxinboth made in
hypothalamus

1228. posterior
pituitary(nuerohypophysis)

stores and releases the

pided hormones oxytocin
and ADH. 1229.
potassium permanganate:
kmno4

1323.

1230. Power Stroke

how flagella move;

thrusting movement
generated by the sliding
action of microtubles

1324.

1231. Precambrian era

earliest era (invertebrates,

monera, fungi,
heterotrophs)

1325.

1232. Precipitation

What ever forms a solid

most PREFERENTIALLY
will precipitate out of
solution first (Ie. whatever
has the MOST

1320.

1321.

1322.

1326.

1327.

1328.

1329.

1330.

1331.

negative
Ksp)

...

Ex

If PbI2 solid is dissolved in solution of

Na2CO3 and PbCO3 forms--> means that
CO32- will precip out before I-!

1233.
Pressure

P= F/A

F must be
in Newtons
Area must
be in
meters P
will be in
Pascals

...

1234.
Pressure of
Gas
Concept

Pressure due to gas molecules constantly

colliding with container walls - Pressure
equally distributed over walls of container b/c
motion is random

1235.
Pressure
Units

1 atm= 101 kPa= 101000 Pa= 760 mm Hg=

760 torr

1236.
Primary
Amine

An amine where the nitrogen atom is attached

to one alkyl chain (H2NR).

1237.
primary
carbon

is bonded to only one other carbon atom

1238.
Primary
Structure
of Proteins

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, read

from N-Terminus to the C-Terminus. 1239.
Primary Succession: without soil and have not
previously support community. EX: glaciers
and lava flows

1240.
Primordial
Soup

the product of the energy around (heat,

electricity, solar radiation, cosmic rays,
radioactivity) and building blocks of inorganic
and organic compounds (salts, methane,
ammonia, hydrogen and water) to form
sugars, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

1339.

1340.

1341.

1342.

1343.
1332.

1333.

1334.

1335.

1336.

1337.

1338.

1241.
Prions

1344.

infectious proteins in Mad-Cow disease, kuru,

scrapie in sheep and Creutzfieldt-Jacob
disease -a protein that has adopted to
abnormal comformation

1242.
Producers
have the
most or
least
Energy?

the most (plants)

1243.
Progeria

premature aging

1345.

1346.

1347.

1348.

1349.

1350.

1244.
Progesterone

steroid hormone secreted by corpus

luteum during luteal phase of menstrual
cycle; stimulates development and
maintenance of endometrial walls in
preparation for implantation

1245.
Prokaryotes

-Have ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma

membrane, mesosomes (membranes
bacterial organelle) and nucleoid Lacks membrane bounded organelles:
mitochondria, Golgi, ER, Nucleus, and
Lysomsomes.

-Asexual,
reproduce by
binary fission

...

1246. Prolactin

Direct hormone synthesized by anterior

pituitary; stimulates milk production
and secretion in female mammary
glands 1247. Prolactin: secreted directly
by anterior pituitary; stimulates milk
production and secretion in female
mammary glands

1248. Promoter
site

determines where transcription begins

in Pro and Eukaryotes

1249. promoter
sites bind ? and
determine where
transcription
begins?

RNA polymerase

1250. Prophage

a harmless form of bacteriophage DNA

that is incorporated into the bacteria
chromosome; bacteria that contain
prophages are resistant to further
infection ("super infection") by similar
phages

1251. Prophase 1
Meiosis

Crossing over - synapsis occurs ( the

key to distinguish from meiosis and
mitosis)

1252. Prophase

: -chromatids shorten and thicken Nucleoli disappears

-Spindle fibers
form

...

-Centrioles move
to opposite
poles. ( which is
the cells In
cytokinesis to
make separate
daughter cells)

...

1253.
propionaldehyde

name for propanal

1351.

1352.

1353.

1254. Prostate gland

basic fluid that neutralizes

vaginal secretion and enhances
sperm mobility 1255. Prosthetic
groups: cofactors that bind to
the enzyme by strong covalent
bonds

1256. proteins
molecules may be
modified by addition of
other groups. Which
cellular organelles best
describes this primary
modification?

golgi complex. modifies and

preps to be shipped out of the
cell by exocytosis.

1257. protic solvent

solvents with protons in

solution, e.g. water or alcohol.
large atoms tend to be better
nucleophiles in here because
they can shed the solvating
protons around them and are
more polarizable

1258. protobiont

precursor of prokaryotes metabolically active protein

clusters

1355.

1259. Protostomes

first indentation is the mouth,

anus is formed elsewhere
(mollusk, arthropods, annelids)

1356.

1260. protozoa

no organized nervous system.

unicellular. may respond to
stimuli such as
light,touch,heat,and chemicals

1358.

1359.

1360.

1266. PTH

increases [Ca2+] in blood by increasing

bone resorption and decreases Ca2+
excretion in kidneys;calcium is bonded
to phosphate in bone and breakdown of
bone releases phosphate as well as
calcium so parathyroid compensates by
stimulating kidneys to excrete phosphate

1362.

1267. PTH

Parathyroid hormone-regulates plasma

Ca+2 conc. Raises Ca+2 in blood by
increasing bone resorption and
decreasing Ca+2 excretion in kidneys

1268.
Pulmonary
Arteries

Carries low oxygenated blood Pulmonary Veins carry high O2 blood

(has valves) -Blood travels slowest in the
capillaries

1269.
pulmonary vein
have oxygenated
or deoxygenated
blood?

oxygenated

1270. PulseChase
experiment

using radioactive label on a protein to

detect what's happening in the cellintracellular location

1271. Pupil

under cornea, opening that rays travel

through

1272. Purine
bases

Adenine and Guanine

1273. PV
diagram

- Work is area under or enclosed by

curve - Happens in pessure changes or if
volume changes

NO WORK
happens in
isovolumetirc
process

...

1274. Pyloric
valve is between
what?

pyloric valve aka sphincter is between

esophagus and duedonum (top portion
of small intestine). 1275. Pyrimidine
bases: CYtosine and ThYmine

1276. pyrolysis

occur when a molecule is broken down

by heat. used to reduce the avverage
molecular weight of heavy oils. c-cbonds are cleave dand make small chain
alkyl radicals that recombine to form
different alkanes

1277. Pyruvate
Decarboxylation

pyruvate transported from cytoplasm to

mitochondrial matrix, decarboxylated
and acetyl group left is transferred to
coenzyme A to form acetylCoA; NAD+ is
reduced to NADH

1278. q
calorimeter

qcal= Ccal T

1363.

1354.

1357.

1361.

1261. Protozoa and

Cnidaria Respiration

every cell is in contact with the

external environment; exchange
of respiratory gasses through
diffusion through cell
membrane

1262. Protozoa Nervous

System

because unicellular, have no

organized nervous system;
respond to stimuli like touch,
heat, light, chemicals 1263.
Provide the connection between
sensory neurons and motor
neurons: interneurons

1264. Pseudostratified
columnar epithelial
cells may contain what
type of cells which
secrete mucous?

Goblet cells

1265. Psuedopodia

what amoebas do for

locomotion, advancing cell
membrane extends forward
allowing cell to move

1364.

1365.

1366.

1367.

1368.

1369.

1370.

1371.

1372.

1373.

1374.

1375.

1376.

1377.

1378.

1379.

1380.

1381.

1382.

1383.

1384.

1385.

1386.

1387.

1279. Q
Reaction
quotient

Calculated SAME way as Keq-->compare to

Keq value and see how rxn will proceed

1289. Receptor-Hormone
Complex

Steroids only: can enter

the nucleus and directly
activate expression of
specific genes by binding
to

Q< Keq it will

move right Q>
Keq it will
move left

...
receptors on chromatin-changes in protein synthesis

...

1280.
quantum
numbers

n, l, ml, ms

1390.

1290. Recessive Genes on X

chromosome will more likely
show up in Males or
Females?

More likely to show up in

males because

1281.
Quaternary
Structure of
Proteins

Different polypeptide chains, each referred

to as a subunit, associate together to form a
functional protein.

1391.

they only have one X

therefore there is no
possibility of a dominant
second allele to mask it;
affected males can not pass
it to their male offspring, but
will pass it to all their female
offspring who may or may
not show up with it
phenotypically

...

1282. Rselected
population

rapid growth, fast maturation, and very

little parental care needed (bacteria)

1283.
Racemic
Mixture

A mixture that contains equal amounts of

the (+) and (-) enantiomers. Racemic
mixtures are not optically active. 1284.
racemic mixture: rotations cancel each
other out therefore no optical activity

1291. Recombinant DNA or

genetic engineering is often
called cloning and can be
employed to make molecules
such as ?

human insulin

1393.

1292. Recombination

when linked genes are

separated, breaks and
then adjacent regions of
DNA rearrange; happens
when organisms carrying
different genes or alleles
for a trait are crossed

1388.

1389.

1392.

1285.
Radioactive
DNA and
RNA tracers

Use 35P to study DNA/RNA metabolism

1286. Rain
Shadow

rain reduction on the side of high

mountains -no rain or moist-considered
deserts

1287. Rate
Law

- Stoich coeffs are NEVER the exponents of

a rxn UNLESS it is the ELEMENTARY rxn!
- Always need to divide

- Rate law of
rxn is rate
law of RDS!

...

1394.

1293. Recovery Stroke

return of cilium or
flagellum to original
position

rate= k
[X]n[Y]n

...

1395.

1294. Recrystallization

1288. Rate
Law and the
Slow Step

Rate of RDS is rate of rxn

RATE LAW
CANNOT
INCLUDE
intermediates
or
products!!!!!

...

Separation technique used

to purify particles of
interest from a mixture of
solids. Mixture is
dissolved in saturating
amounts in warm solvent.
As the solution cools, the
pure substance
crystallizes while
impurities remain in
solution.

1396.

1295. Red Blood cells

It can include
catalysts

...

lacks mitochondria and

nucleus- NO Kreb Cycle,
NO DNA - gets energy
from glycolysis

1397.

1296. Redox Reactions

- OIL RIG Oxidaton is

LOSS of
electrons Reduction is
GAIN of
electrons

1398.

RED CAT AN OX

...

Reduction happens at cathode

ALWAYS and oxidation happens at
anode ALWAYS

...

1297. Redox Titration

Using Iodine
I2+ T ox -->
2I - + T red

I2--> 2I- goes from dark blue to

colorless

...

Using Permanganate

...

MnO4- --> Mn2+ Goes from Purple to

COLORLESS

...

Similar to titration but look for color

change and not pH!

...

1298. reducing

zn/h or
CH3/s with
ozonolysis

1417.

1299. Reduction Potential in Redox

Problems

all E values
are for
REDUCTION

1418.

2Ag+ + 2e---> 2Ag (E value= +.799)

...

1419.

Means that Ag has a high affinity to be

REDUCED and greater ability to be the
OXIDIZING AGENT

...

So the most NEGATIVE E red value

means that that metal has high affinity
to be OXIDIZED and will be the
REDUCING AGENT If an OXIDATION
rxn is given with a Standard
OXIDATION value--> need to reverse
the sign!!! CAREFUL!!

...

1410.

1300. ReductionPotentialTableexample

...

1411.

1301. Refractory Period

period when
cell can't
send another
action
potential
because it is
recovering/
resetting

1399.

1400.

1401.

1402.
1403.

1404.

1405.

1406.

1407.
1408.

1409.

1302.
Regeneration

kind of asexual reproduction; regrowth

of a lost or injured body part;
replacement of cells occurs by mitosis;
exists in starfish (more extensive
regeneration capabilities) and
salamanders (less extensive
regeneration capabilities

1303.
Regeneration of
connective
tissues

ganglion in central nervous system has

no regeneration power, heart and
neurons of the CNS cannot regenerate.

1304. Regulator
gene

codes for synthesis of a represser

molecule that binds to the operator and
blocks RNA polymerase from
transcribing structural genes

1305. relative
configuration

configuration in relation to another

chiral molecule. use it to determine if a
molecule is an enantiomer,
diastereomer, etc

1306. Removal of
neurotransmitter
in synapse

by enzyme degradation, reuptake of

simple diffusion

1307. Renin

enzyme by kidneys-converts plasma

protein to angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I->angiotenin II

1308.
Representative
elements

- S and P block - DOES NOT include

the d block

- No loosely
bound d
electrons

...

1309. Repressible
Systems

one type of regulation of transcription

system; repressor inactive until it
combines with corepressor; the
repressor/corepressor complex inhibits
transcription; corepressors are often
the end products of the biosynthetic
pathways they control

1310.
Reproduction
Isolation

New species formation- like hybrids

but are sterile

1422.

1311. Resolution

the differentiation of two closely

situated objects (microscope)

1423.

1312. Resonance

Describes a situation where the atomic

connectivity remains unchanged while
the electron distribution between the
atoms changes.

1412.

1413.

1414.

1415.

1416.

1420.

1421.

1424.

1425.

1426.

1427.

1428.

1429.

1313. Resting
Potential

When a neuron is at rest, the difference in

potential of outside the neuron to inside the
neuron; potential difference comes from
unequal distribution of ions inside and out;
typical resting membrane potential is 70mV; K+ inside Na+ outside

1314.
Reticulocytes

immature red blood cells,

-typically
composing
about 1% of
the red cells
in the human
body develop and
mature in the
bone marrow

...

1315. Retina

innermost layer of the eye; has the photo

receptors that sense light

1316. reverse
transcriptase
is found
where?

retrovirus

1317. Rh
factor

an antigen that may be present on the

surface of red blood cells; Rh+ = has Rh
antigen; Rh- = does not have Rh antigen;
pregnancy worst case scenario: 2nd time
pregnancy with Rh- mom and Rh+ baby;
antibodies from mom cross over to baby and
destroy the baby's red blood cells creating
erythroblastosis fetalis (severe anemia of
fetus)

1318. Rh-

not able to produce Rh antigen

1431.

1319. Rh+

able to produce Rh antigen

1320.
Rhizopus

a parasite, fungal pathogen that spoils food

1321.
Ribosome

sites of protein production; are synthesized

by nucleus; free ribosomes are in the
cytoplasm, bound ribosomes line the outer
membrane of endoplasmic reticulum;
composed of 2 subunits (made of proteins
and rRNA), one large subunit and one
small subunit that

1433.

1434.

1435.

...

1437.

1323. ring flip

when boat flips

1438.

1324. ring strain

arise from angle strain, torsional

strian and nonbonded strain

1325. Rings of
muscle in the wall
of the esophagus,
stomach, and
other specialized
regions are
called?

sphincters

1326. RNA
polymerase

Binds to promoter site to initiate

transcription.

Promoter site is
needed in both
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes to
determine where
transcription
begins.

...

1327. RNA
primase

initiates DNA replication using RNA

primers

1328. Rod shaped

bacteria

Bacilli

1329. Rods

low intensity illumination, important

for night vision; uses rhodopsin
which absorbs just one wavelength
1330. rods: type of photoreceptor that
detects low intensity illumination and
are important for night vision.

1331. Root mean

square speed of
gas

Urms= 3RT/ Molar Mass

Molar Mass in
KILOGRAMS

...

Speed of gas
molecules

...

1448.

1332. rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; structural

component of ribosome; most
abundant of all types of RNA;
synthesized in nucleus

1449.

1333. Ruminants

cows, sheep's, deer has stomach with

alkaline pH that is four chambered
that is capable to digest cellulose and
break it down to glucose

1439.

1430.

1432.

-due to lack of
ATP, so actin and
myosin are locked
in bonded
together until
muscles are
decomposed

1436.

only bind
together
during
protein
synthesis;
Have 3
binding sites

A= aminoacyl-tRNA complex binding site,

P= Peptidyl-tRNA binding site (growing
chain), E= exit, where tRNA is released

1322. Rigor
mortis

seen after a few hours of death

1440.

1441.

1442.

1443.

1444.

1445.

1446.

1447.

1334. S (entropy)

-Measure of disorder

-Rxns that
produce more
moles of gas
increase in
entropy

...

-Universe favors
increase in
entropy

...

- Cannot be
harnessed to do
productive work

...

1468.

gas> liquid>
crystals

...

1469.

gases have most

entropy

...

1456.

1335. S phase

DNA synthesis

1457.

1336. SA node

sinoatrial node " pacemaker" allows

heart to beat by sending electrical
impulse signals to cause atria to
contract and push to ventricles.

1450.
1451.

1452.

1453.

1454.

1455.

1458.

1459.

1460.

1461.

1462.

1463.

1337.
Sacroendoplasmic
Reticulum

mimic of ER and produce Calciumacetylcholine triggers action potential

to make SacroER produce it. Release
from terminal Cisternae

1338. Saliva
Glands

secrete Amylase to breakdown

carbohydrates

1339. Saltatory
conduction

transmission acceleration due to

action potential propagation, jumps
from node to node 1340. Sarcoma:
Cancer in connective tissues

1341. sarcoma
occurs only in this
type of tissue?

connective tissue

1342. Satellite
DNA

found in centromeres and are at the

end of the chromosomes ( repeatition
of short DNA, non coding. Makes up
of short tendum repeatition seq)

1343. saturated
hydrocarbon

no double bonds. it has the maximum

number of hydrogens. 1344. Savanna:
grassland with low rainfall, plant
eating animals such as giraffes are
found 1345. Schwann cells: produce
myelin in Peripheral Nervous System;
(so type of glial cell) 1346. schwann
cells: produce myelin in the peripheral
nervous system

1464.

1347. Sclera

thick opaque layer of eye that covers

eyeball (the white of the eye)

1465.

1348. sclera

outermost layer of eye

1349. SDS-PAGE

Type of chromatography used to

separate proteins based on mass. SDS
binds to the proteins, giving them a
negative charge cancelling the effect of
charges from the individual amino
acids. Lighter proteins travel faster
than heavier ones.

1350. Sebaceous
gland activity

-secretes oil in the skin -as we age we

lose oil and have dry skin

1351. Second Law

of
Thermodynamics

Isolated system will increase in

entropy over time

- Open system
can decrease in
entropy but at the
expense of
greater increase
in entropy of
surroundings

...

In short- total
entropy of
universe is
always increasing

...

- REAL processes
are never
reversible-->
entropy change is
always greater
than the heat
transfer over
temp

...

S q/ T

...

1352. Secondary
Amine

An amine where the nitrogen atom is

attached to two alkyl chains (HNR2).
1353. Secondary Carbon: Carbon atom
bonded to two other carbon atoms.

1354. Secondary
Structure of
Proteins

Regularly repeating local structures

such as -Helices and -pleated sheets
often formed by hydrogen bonds
between residues nearby on the chain.

1355. Secondary
succession

burned-over, when a fire weeps

through it is formed.

1476.

1356. Secretin

released by small intestine when acidic

material enter from stomach; Stim
secretion of bicarbonate from
pancreas, neutralizes acid chyme

1477.

1357. Secretin

hormone released by small intestine

when acidic food from stomach enters,
stimulates secretion of alkaline
bicarbonate solution from pancreas
which neutralizes the acidity of chyme

1466.

1467.

1470.

1471.

1472.
1473.

1474.

1475.

1478.

1479.

1480.

1481.

1482.
1483.

1484.

1485.

1486.

1487.

1488.

1489.

1490.

1491.

1492.

1358. Semi log

plot

...

1493.

1359.
Semicircular
canals

are three half-circular, interconnected

tubes located inside each ear. (Sense of
balance)

1494.

1360.
semicircular
canals

helps maintain balance - function to sense

movement

1361. Sexlinked genes

are mostly
carried on
the?

X Chromosome 1362. SHE:

...

...

1363. Shielding
electrons on
Bohr model

Shielding e's are those that orbit at

smaller radius (than valence)

1364. Sicklecell anemia

disease where red blood cells become

crescent shaped because they contain
defective hemoglobin; the sickle cell
hemoglobin carries less O2; caused by a
single substitution of valine for glutamic
acid

1498.

1365. sigma
bond

when a molecular orbital is formed head

to head or tail to tail. all single bonds are
tehese.

1499.

1366. similar
structures
which may be
different in
function are
called?

homologous structures

1367. Simple
Diffusion

movement of dissolved particles down

their concentration gradients; does not
require outside energy 1368. simple
twitch: response to a single muscle.

1495.

1496.

1497.

1500.

1369. skeletal
muscle

voluntary, multinucleated, striations.

1370. Skeleton
muscles

Multinucleated, striated, doesn't

undergoes mitosis and contains think
MYOSIN protein, VOLUNTARY 1371.
small DNA binding proteins that allow
DNA coiling are called?: histones

1501.

1502.

1503.

1504.

1372. Small
intestine

dj ileum -Duodenum

-Jejunum Ileum

...

1505.

1373. Smallest
RNA

t-RNA-which transport amino acids to the

ribosomal site, provides anticodons

1506.

1374. Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.

1375. Smooth
Muscle

single nucleated, found in walls of

urinary bladder, digestive system, uterus,
and blood vessels, -INVOLUNTARY,
NON-striated, has ACTIN and MYOSIN
present (not ordered in sacromeres like
skeletal muscles)

1376. smooth
muscle

involuntary,no straitions, one central

nuclei and myogenic able of contracting
without nerve cells

1377. Smooth
Muscles

involuntary muscles found in aorta,

pulmonary artery, esophagus, bladder respond to action potentials

mononucleated

...

1378. Sn1
Reactions

Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution

reactions. Leaving group leaves, forming
a carbocation that then reacts with a
nucleophile. Reactivity increases from
methyl to primary to secondary to tertiary
with increasing carbocation stability.

1379. Sn2
Reactions

Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution

reactions occur through a concerted
mechanism where the nucleophile attacks
as the leaving group starts to leave.
Reactivity increases from tertiary to
secondary to primary with decreasing
steric effects.

1380. Solid

- atoms/molecules vibrate about a fixed

position - NOT COMPRESSIBLE

- Does not flow

to fill a
container

...

1381. Solubility
and pH

- OPPOSITE of "like dissolves like" Acids are MORE soluble in base

- Bases are
MORE soluble
in acids

...

(Ie. More acid

dissolves in
base than it
will in another
acid)

...

1382.
SolubilityRules

...

1383. Somatic
and autonomic
nervous system

Have motor and sensory neurons

1507.

1508.

1509.

1510.

1511.

1384. Somatic
Nervous System

skeletal muscles, voluntary movement

1385. Some
monerans have
a cell wall made
of a sugarprotein complex
called ?, which
can be
determined by
Gram staining.

peptidoglycan

1386. Somite

: .: segmented blocks of tissue that form

on either side of the notochord:
development of vertebrae backbone
muscles and skin which becomes spinal
cord and is axial body support of embryo

1387. Southern
blots

1388. sp

1396. Sperm and

Egg chromosomes

haploid- 23 chromosomes and 23

chromatids, Diploid organisms have
23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids

1397. Sperm
ejaculation
process

SEVEN UP -Seminiferous tubules:

spermatogenesis

1523.

-Epididymis

spermatozoa matures

1524.

-Van deferens

...

1525.

-Ejaculatory duct

...

1526.

-Urethra

Cowper's glands add more mucous to

the semen -Penis

1398. sperm
production
(spermatogenesis)
occurs in the .... of
the testes?

seminiferous tubules 1399.

Spermatogenesis: produce 4 mature
spermatozoa

1400.
Spermatogenesis

sperm production; occurs in

seminiferous tubules

1401.
Spermogenesis

produces 4 functional spermatozoa

1402. Spherical
bacteria

Cocci

1531.

1403. Sphincters

Rings of muscles in the walls of the

esophagus, stomach

1532.

1404. Spinal Cord

takes sensory input to brain and

response from brain to body; reflexes
(responses of the spinal cord without
the brain); in a cross section of
spinal, outer white matter is the motor
and sensory axons, the inner gray
matter is the nerve cell bodies

1533.

1405. Spiracles

where the trachea reach the surface

for exchange

1406. Spontaneous
reactions and
Standard Free
Energy Change

- spontaneous reactions can occur all

by itself - BUT they can be SUPER
slow

- Spontaneous
means - G

...

- DO NOT assume
an exothermic
reaction is
spontaneous-->
depends on temp!

...

1407. Sporazoans

Parasites that include plasmodium

that cause malaria

1521.

1522.

allows for the detection of a specific

DNA sequence in a specific DNA
sample; Procedure: 1) DNA is cleaved
into restriction fragments by restriction
endonucleases that cut at specific
restriction sites, 2) Fragments separated
by gel electrophoresis, 3) Detect
sequence by washing with radioactively
labeled probe
two p orbital form pi and third p orbital
combine with s to make two sp hybrid.
180 degree apart 1389. sp2: one s and
two p 120 degree apart

1527.

1528.

1529.

1530.

1512.

1390. sp3

one s and three p orbitals

1513.

1391. Species

Is a member of the population All share

common gene pool

Capable to
interbreed

...

re productively
isolated from
other species

...

1392. Specific
gravity of water

Specific gravity of water= 1 gm/cm3= 1

1393. Specific
heat of water

Amount of energy required to heat water

by 1C

1535.

Takes 4.2 J per

gram/ C

...

1536.

1394. specific
rotation

a = observed rotation / concentration *

length

1395. Speed and

amplitude
remain
constant
during? but
what does
change.

action potentials. What does change is

the frequency of action potentials.

1514.

1515.

1516.

1517.

1518.

1519.

1520.

1534.

1537.

1538.

1539.

1540.

1541.

1542.

1543.

1544.

1545.
1546.

1547.

1548.

1549.

1550.

1408.
Sporophyte
Generation

In plants, the phase where they reproduce

asexually; (Diploid generation);
evolutionary trend has been towards
increased dominance of this phase

1409. Stable
Lewis
Structures

- Octet rule must be satisfied on every atom

- No or minimized FC

- If FC- like
charges apart
and opposite
charges
together

...

1410. Stages of
mitosis cell
cycle

G1, S, G2, M which is the mitosis which

makes up 10% of the cell cycle)

1411. Standard
heat of
formation

Change of heat in rxn where a compound

in standard state is formed from elemental
components in their standard states

1412. Stanley
L. Miller

1953, showed that a combo of UV

radiation, heat, methane, hydrogen,
ammonia and water could form complex
organic compounds; the experiment:
apparatus with 4 gases continuously
circulating past electrical discharges from
tungsten electrodes, one week later found
urea, hydrogen cyanide, acetic acid and
lactic acid in liquid in apparatus

1413.
Staphylococci

clusters

1414. starch

what is the principal storage of food

1415. Starch
and glycogen
are polymers
ofL?

alpha glucose

1416. Start
codon

AUG

1417. Stem
cells

in the bone marrow are lymphocytes by

mitotic division

1418. stem
elongation
and flowering
in some
plants are due
to?

gibberellins 1419. stems cells in the bone

marrow produce lymphocytes by ?: mitosis
1420. Steptococci: chains

1421.
Stereoisomers

Compounds with the same molecular

formula and connectivity but different
arrangements in space. Stereoisomers
include geometric isomers, diastereomers,
enantiomers, conformational isomers, and
meso compounds.

1551.

1422. stereoisomers

same chemical formula. same

atomic connectivity . different
in how atoms are arranged in
space

1552.

1423. steroid hormones

intracellular receptors,
hormone/receptor binding to
DNA promotes transcription of
specific genes 1424. steroid
hormones are synthesized
from?: cholesterol

1553.

1425. Steroids

estrogen and aldosterone,

produced by testes, ovaries,
placenta, and adrenal cortex.
Lipid soluble, so they enter
taret cells directly and bind to
receptor proteins in the
cytoplasm.

1554.

1426. Stomach Cells

chief cells, parietal cells, Gcells, Mucous Cells (chief pari

got mucous!) -Chief cells:
secrets pepsinongens

1555.

-Parietal cells

secrete HCL, intrinsic factor

(B-12 absorption)

1556.

-G-cells

secrete gastrin which

stimulates HCL production
from the Parietal cells Muscous cells: secrete mucous
that lubricates the stomach
and protects stomach from HCl

1557.

1427. stomata

area where gas exchange

occurs in plants

1558.

1428. Stop codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

1559.

1429. Strong Acids

HClO4: Percloric Acid HI:

Iodic Acid

1560.

HBr

Bromic acid

1561.

H2SO4= Sulfuric Acid

...

HNO3= Nitric Acid

Hyrdronium= H3O+

...

Conjugate bases of
strong acids are SUPER
Stable and are great
Leaving Groups!! They
are also very very WEAK
bases 1430. Strong Bases

LiOH: Lithium Hydroxide

1564.

NaOH

...

1565.

KOH

...

1566.

RbOH

Rubidium Hydroxide CsOH:

Cesium Hydroxide CaOH2

1567.

SrOH2

Strontium Hydroxide BaOH2

1562.

1563.

1568.

1569.

1570.

1571.

1572.

1573.

1574.

1575.

1576.

1577.

1578.

1579.

1580.

1581.

Conjugate acids
are super stable
but are also
VERY weak!

...

1582.

1431. structural
isomers

share molecular formula but have

different chemical and physical
properties

1583.

1432. Strucutral
Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular

formula but different connectivity.
Structural isomers have different
chemical and physical properties.

1433.
Sublimation

Separation technique used to separate a

mixture of solids from impurities that
have different vapor pressures. As it
sublimes directly into the gaseous
phase, the gas is condensed on a cold
surface.

1434.
Submucosa

connective tissue with blood and lymph

vessels along with nerve plexuses.

1435. substrate
level
phosphorylation

produces a total fo 4 ATP, 2 from

glycolysis and 1ATP from each turn of
citric acid cycle. 1436. sucrose is
hydrolyzed into?: 1 mole glucose and 1
mole fructose

1437. Sucrose
made of?

glucose + fructose

1438.
summation of
twitches

build up of twitches over several muscle

fibers. leads to tetanus eventually
muscle will fatique and contraction will
weaken

1439.
Surfactants

in alveoli of the lung made for fetus to

breathe easier. Reduces surface tensionstimulation of first breathe in newborns
are high level of CO2

1440.
Suspension

- Things mixed at the particle level that

will NOT stay mixed

1441. Sweat
glands

are aprocrine and eccrine glandsactivity in sweat glands decrease as we

age- gets replaced by fibrous tissue

1442.
Sympathetic
Nervous System

fight or flight response; increases b.p.,

h.r., and blood flow to skeletal muscles;
decreases gut motility; dilates
bronchioles to increase gas exchange;
norepinephrine is the primary
neurotransmitter

1443.
sympathetic
nervous system

responsible for fight or flight response.

functions in emergency situations.
primarily nuerotransmitter is
norepinephrine

1444. Sympatric
speciation

new species evolve from a single

ancestral species while inhabiting the
same geographic region.

1584.

1585.

1586.
1587.

1588.

1589.

1590.

1591.

1592.

1593.

1594.

1445. symptoms of
hyperthyroidism

increased metabolic rate,

weight loss, protruding
eyes, feelings of excessive
warmth, sweating,
palpitations

1446. symptoms of
hypothyroidism

weigh gain, fatigue, slow

heart rate and respiration
rate, cold intolerance

1447. Synapsis

happens in meiosis
prophase 1 when
homologous chromosomes
from mom and dad come
together and intertwine;
where crossing over occurs

1448. Synapsis is the

pairing of homologous
chromosomes during
prophase I of?

meiosis

1449. t

calcium

1450. T-lymphocytes are

part of what immunity
system?

cell mediated immunity.

1451. t-RNA features

has unusual bases such as

methylinosine,
pseudouridine, and 4thiouridine

1452. t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA

are all produced during
what stage of protein
synthesis?

transcription 1453.
Tautomers: Isomers that
can interconvert by
exchanging the location of
a proton.

1454. Tay Sachs disease

Lysosomal defect (it's

absent), -autosomal
recessive disease,

-cause lipid build up in

brain cells,

...

-common among European

infants-Jewish descents
which Is fatal in the first 5
years of human life -mental
retardation, blindness, and
death

...

1455. Teeth are derived

from which germ layer?

ectoderm

1456. telecephalon

part of forbrain-has
cerebral cortex

1595.

1596.

1597.

1598.
1599.

1457.
Telencephalon

in the forebrain; major component of

it is the cerebral cortex (the highly
convoluted gray matter that can e seen
on the surface of the brain); cerebral
cortex interprets sensory signals and
sends motor responses and involved
in memory and creativity; also has
olfactory bulb

1458. Telomeres

gets shortened after DNA replication.

Believed as the aging process. Longer
telomeres= longer lifespan, shorter
telomere= age faster

1459. Temperature
of Gas Concept

Measure of AVERAGE KE of gas

molecules - Higher temperatures
means molecules are traveling faster

1460. tendons

bone to muscle

1461. Tertiary
Structure of
Proteins

Three-dimensional structure of a
peptide, results from hydrophobic and
hydrophilic interactions between
residues far apart on the chain.
Disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds
can also add to the tertiary structure of
the protein.

1600.

1462. Test Cross

if you have a phenotype but you don't

know the genotype, cross it with a
homozygous recessive (if the recessive
doesn't show up parent was AA)

1601.

1463. Tetrad

In meiosis during prophase 1 when

the 2 sister chromosomes come
together and intertwine they make a
tetrad; each synaptic pair of
homologous chromosomes (because
each chromosome has 2 sister
chromatids)

1602.

1464. Thalamus

relay and integration center for spinal

cord and cerebral cortex

1603.

1465. thalamus

relay and integration center for spinal

cord and cerebral cortex

1466. that type of

twins result from
two eggs which
were fertilized
independently of
each other?

fraternal twins

1467. The ? does

not initiate
voluntary
movement, but it
helps fine-tune it.
Makes sure that
movements are
coordinated and
balanced.

cerebellum

1604.

1605.

1606.

1607.

1608.

1609.

1610.

1611.

1468. The ? is
responsible for the
control of involuntary
functions such as
breathing,
cardiovascular
regulation, and
swallowing. Is also
processes a great deal
of information and
helps maintain
alertness.

medulla oblangata

1469. The ? is
responsible for the
maintenance of
homeostasis. It
regulates temperature,
controls hunger and
thirst, and manages
water balance. It also
helps generate emotion

hypothalamus

1470. The ? is the

largest portion of the
brain and the seat of
consciousness.
Controls all voluntary
movement, sensory
perception, speech,
memory, and creative
thought.

cerebrum

1471. the ABO blood

group classification is
an example of?

multiple alleles

1472. The adrenal

cortex releases 3
hormones?

glucocorticoids affect glucose

levels in the blood.
Mineralocorticoids affect the
rate at which the kidneys absorb
certain minerals from the blood.
Sex steroids have some effect on
sexual characteristics and
processes but are generally
overshadowed by the hormones
produced by the gonads.

1473. the alternating

between the ? and ?
filaments gives skeletal
muscle its striated
appearance.

actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

1612.

1613.

1614.
1615.

1616.

1617.

1618.

1619.

1620.
1621.

1622.

1623.

1624.

1625.

1626.

1627.

1628.

1629.

1474. the alveoli contains substances called

? which reduces the surface tension of the
fluid within the infants lungs. This allows
alveoli to expand and stay expanded and
not collapse under surface tension after
each breath.

surfantants

1475. the amount of blood in an average

sized adult is approximately?

5 quarts

1476. the appendix is an example of?

vestigial organ

1477. the assemblage of operator,

promoter, and structural genes is called ?

called an operon

1478. The automatic region under the PNS->Motor-->Autonomic-->....?

1479. The B-pleated sheet represents a
secondary structure held together by this
type of bond?
1480. the bond that binds each nucleotide
to the next in both RNA and DNA is?
1481. The brain and spinal cord are bathed
in a fluid called the ?, which helps to
cushion these delicate organs against
damage which is maintained by the glial
cells.
1482. The briefest mitotic stage is?
1483. Thecavityofthe?
representsthebeginningoftheprimitivegut?
1485. The clotting cascade

and calcium and vit.K converts inactive

prothrombin to its active form thrombin
5) Thrombin converts fibrinogen into
fibrin 6) fibrin threads coat damaged area
and trap blood cells to form clot
1486. The dermis is living tissue that
contains many blood vessels, sweat glands,
and sebaceous glands, which produce?

1630.

1631.

1632.
1633.

macrophages

1495. the least abundant RNA?

m-RNA

1496. the lens of the eye is

derived from which germ
layer?

ectoderm

1498. the loss of water from

leaves is called?
phosphodiester bond
1636. 1499. the lungs have a thin,
smooth membranous outer
cerebrospinal fluid
covering called?

transpiration

1635.

1637.

1500. the main function of ? is

the resorption of water,
sodium, and other minerals.

anaphase

pleurae

large intestine 1501. the

main function of bile is
to?: breakdown fats in
the stomach.

1638. 1502. the main purpose of a

decomposition
archenteron 1484. thecavityofthe?
fungi is?
representsthebeginningoftheprimitivegut?:archenteron
1639. 1503. The neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
1)Platelet finds exposed collagen of damaged vessel 2)
most often associated with the
Platelet releases chemical that causes neighboring
parasympathetic division of
platelets to adhere to each other (platelet plug)
the autonomic nervous system
3)collected platelets and damaged tissue both released
is?
thromboplastin 4) Thromboplastin
1640. 1504. the operator in the
transcription
...
operon is the control point for
?

1505. the outermost layer of

the epidermis is ? this is the
layer containing the dead
oils that keep the skin from drying out.
epithelia cells.
1641.

1642.

1488. the development of individuals from

an unfertilized eggs is called?

parthenogenesis

1492. the hepatic vein carries blood away

from the liver and drains into.....of the
heart?

1494. the largest phagocytic

cells are ? which may be found
in the lymph nodes?

ecological succession

endometrium

1491. the formation of new species due to

geographical isolation is called?

geographical separation
of population

1634. 1497. the long-term natural

sympathetic and parasympathetic
process by which a pond
eventually becomes a
terrestrial community is
hydrogen bonds
referred to as?

1487. The developing embryo will most

likely attach to ?

1489. The farther apart the genes are does

what to the probability of crossing over?

1493. the initial step in the

speciation process often
involves?

1507. The pH of the

intracellular fluid is
maintained by what buffer?

1508. the phenomenon by

which white blood cells adhere
increases the probability
ofpass
crossing
over. 1490.
to and
through
the The
food and air passages
cross
at
this
structure?:
pharynx
endothelium of the blood
vessels is called?
allopatric speciation
1643.

inferior vena cava.

stratum corneum 1506.

the pancreas can
function as what two
types of glands?:
exocrine and endocrine.
bicarbonate.

diapedesis.

1644.

1645.

1646.

1647.

1648.

1649.

1650.

1651.

1652.

1653.

1654.

1509. the phenomenon that

occurs when one gene PAIR
masks or modifies the
expression of another gene
pair is called?

Epistasis. So, two

different genes are
involved instead of two
alleles of a single gene.

1510. the plasmid is circular

and is called "Vector DNA"
which is ?

double stranded.

1511. The primary feature, for

which chordates are named,
is the ? , a tubular rod of
tissue that runs
longitudinally down the back

notochord

1512. The promoter region in

eukaryotes which contain a
group of nucleotides is called
a?

TATA box

1513. the rate and type of

cleavage occurring after
fertilization would be most
affected by the?

amount and distribution

of yolk. 1514. the shape of
the t-RNA molecule is
maintained by?:
hydrogen bonds

1515. The source of O2

produced is the ? that is split
during the light reactions?

H2O

1516. the sperm cell is unable

to survive is this pH
environment?

highly acidic
environment.

1517. the term agglutination

has to do with what
regarding blood?

Blood mixing.

1518. The term that describes

the condition of having three
copies of a given
chromosome or chromosome
segment in each somatic cell
rather than the normal
number of two?

trisomy

1519. the term that describes

when nerve impulse jumps
from node to node, which
increases velocity several
fold.

saltatory conduction

1520. the three types of

comparative anatomy are
homologous structures,
analogous structures and
vestigial structures. What is
the difference between
homologous and analogous
structures?

Homologous structures
have common ancestors
but function may not be
the same. Analogous
structures do not have
similar ancestors but
function are the same.
key is Ancestry.

1655.

1656.

1657.

1658.

1659.

1660.

1661.

1662.

1663.

1664.

1665.

1666.

1667.

1521. The thyroid gland produces

what hormone? which has what role
in the blood?

calcitonin
which lowers
calcium levels in
the blood.

1522. the transfer of DNA by a virus

is called?

transduction

1523. there are 4 eras. Is this the

right sequence from most recent to
oldest?

...

Cenozoic > Mesozoic > Paleozoic >

Precambrian

true is the right

sequence from
most recent
Cenozoic to
oldest
prebambrian

1524. These are inhibitors of

acetylcholinesterase, and cause
death by respiratory paralysis?

nerve gases

1525. these are the three bones of

what body structure. Incus, malleus,
and stapes

middle ear

1526. these substances reduce

surface tension and allows the fetus
to breathe easier. They are present in
the alveoli of the lungs?

surfactants

1527. these syndrones

Edward, Down,
Klinefelter
syndromes are
all due to what?:
trisomy
nondisjunction

1528. These two nervous systems act

antagonistically and often have
opposite effects.

sympathetic and
parasympathetic

1529. these type of cells are present to

provide physical and metabolic
support for neurons

glial cells

1530. these type of epithelial cells

occur in one or more layers are
elongated and usually found near
base of the cells.

columnar

1531. These type of neurons can

either excite or inhibit their target
muscles or organs. This nervous
system can itself be subdivided into
the sympathetic division and
parasympathetic division.

autonomic

1532. these types of channels are

controlled by a substance present in
the extracellular fluid of the
receptor?

ligand-gated
channels

1668.

1669.

1670.

1671.

1672.

1673.

1674.

1675.

1676.

1677.

1678.

1679.

1680.

1533. Thick bands in skeletal

muscle

are MYOSIN: dark

bands

1534. Thin filaments in skeletal

muscle

Are ACTIN ( most

abundant
cytoplasmic protein):
are light bands [I
bands]

1535. this are located on the

kidneys. They consist of two
distinct parts

the adrenal cortex,

the external portion
of the gland, and the
adrenal medulla, the
interior portion.:
adrenal glands

1536. this chemical defense

system works with the immune
response and supplements the
inflammatory response and is
comprised of a complex series of
serum proteins.

complement

1537. this consists of a double

layer of cells and will be the
precursor of the placenta?

trophoblast

1538. this feature of a bacteria

hold the bacteria together to
allow DNA transfer during
conjugation?

pili

1539. This features of the small

intestine increase surface area
and aid in food absorption?

microvilli and villi

1540. This gland
enhances sperm
motility?: prostate
gland

1541. This gland secretes a milky

fluid with a pH > 7 ?

prostate gland

1542. this hormone is

synthesized in the anterior
pituitary gland and stimulates
the adrenal cortex to release its
hormones, the corticoids.

Adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH)

1543. this is known as a "second

messenger" who activates
enzymes, initiates protein
synthesis, and can even alter
membrane permeability?

Cyclic AMP

1544. This is located in back of

the throat?

pharynx

1545. this is removed from the

synapse either by enzyme
degradation, re-uptake or simple
diffusion?

a neurotransmitter
1546. this is where
nitrogenous waste is
converted to urea?:
liver

1547. This joint attaches the

lower jaw to the upper jaw?

TMJ

1681.

1682.

1683.

1684.

1685.

1686.

1687.

1688.

1689.

1548. this kingdom are characterized by

a single circular chromosome of DNA, a
single cell membrane that controls the

...

transport of substances into and out of

the cell, and a process of asexual
reproduction called binary fission that
involves dividing into two identical
clones.

Monera

1549. this little "valve like" cartilage

called the ? prevents food from entering
the lungs?

epiglottis

1550. this nervous system controls

processes that an animal does not have
voluntary control over, such as the
heartbeat, the movements of the digestive
tract, and the contraction of the bladder

autonomic

1551. this nervous system under the

motor system controls tissues other than
skeletal muscles, including smooth and
cardiac muscle, glands, and organs.

autonomic

1552. this neurotransmitter is the

primary neurotransmitter of the
sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine
1553. this
part of a
plant
controls
gas
exchange
by opening
and
closing?:
stomata

1554. This part of a plant is found in

higher plants and represents
undifferentiated cell types?

meristem

1555. this part of the adrenal gland

releases three types of steroid hormones.
The glucocorticoids affect glucose levels
in the blood. Mineralocorticoids affect
the rate at which the kidneys absorb
certain minerals from the blood. Sex
steroids have some effect on sexual
characteristics and processes but are
generally overshadowed by the hormones
produced by the gonads.

adrenal
cortex

1556. this part of the plant contains an

inner and outer membrane. the inner
membrane contains a fluid called
stroma?

chloroplast

1690.

1691.

1692.

1693.

1694.

1695.

1696.

1697.

1698.

1699.

1557. this phylum has three

embryonic tissues, a complete
digestive tract, and well-developed
circulatory, respiratory, and
nervous systems. Several features
distinguish phylum from all other
animal phyla. The primary feature,
for which chordates are named, is
the notochord, a tubular rod of
tissue that runs longitudinally down
the back

chordata

1558. This Phylum includes all

stinging marine organisms that
exhibit radial symmetry, such as
jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and
coral. this phylum have a true
digestive gut like other animals, but
one opening serves as both the
mouth and anus. Additionally, their
body walls are made up of only two
layers of cells

endoderm and
ectoderm.:
Cnidaria

1559. this phylum is also known as

sponges?

porifera
(sponges)

1560. This reproduction process

produces 4 mature spermatozoa?

spermatogenesis.

1561. this sub-division of the CNS

include the afferent neurons.

sensory

1562. This term describes a cavity or

hollow space in a bone?

sinus

1563. this term describes a genes

specific location along a lenght of
chromosome.

locus (Loci)

1564. this term describes a

membrane-bound structure found
at the anterior end of most sperm
cells, which is a hydrolytic enzyme
that causes the breakdown of the
protective surface of the egg.

acrosome.

1565. this term describes a natural

opening where vessels such as
nerves may pass.

foramen

1566. this term describes a primary

neurotransmitter of the
parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine
1567. this term
describes a skull
cavity that allows
passage of the
spinal cord:
foramen
magnum

1700.

1701.

1702.

1703.

1704.

1705.

1706.

1707.

1708.

1709.

1710.

1711.

1568. this term describes a useless

part of an animal that has no
function, such as the appendix.

vestigial 1569.
This term
describes an
amino acid which
can act as acids or
bases?:
amphoteric

1570. This term describes an

organism is an organism, usually a
bacterium, that makes ATP by
aerobic respiration if oxygen is
present but is also capable of
switching to fermentation

Facultative
anaerobic bacteria

1571. this term describes DNA that

can "cut" themselves from a
chromosome and reinsert
themselves in another area. This
may allow a somatic cell to alter its
genetic constitution without
meiosis.

transposable.
DNA segments
that are movable.

1572. this term describes shrinkage

of a cell due to water loss.

plasmolysis

1573. this term describes

something that can act as sex
attractants, mark territories, and
accelerate reproductive maturity in
a number of species?

pheromones

1574. This term describes

structural evidence for crossing
over?

Chiasmata

1575. this term describes the basic

respiratory units where actual gas
exchange occurs by passive
diffusion?

alveoli 1576. this

term describes the
colorful part of the
plant that attracts
insects, they have
odors as well.:
petal

1577. this term describes the female

part of the plant; it consists of the
stigma, style, and ovary

pistil

1578. This term describes the

fleshy, outer portion of the external
ear?

pinna

1579. this term describes the male

part of the plant?

stamen

1580. this term describes the most

stable community marked by a
large biomass with no environment
change?

climax community

1581. this term describes the sporeproducing and spore containing

reproductive structures.

sporangia

1712.

1713.

1714.

1715.

1716.

1717.

1718.

1719.

1720.

1721.

1722.

1582. This term describes the tissue

that covers all the digestive organs
and lines the body cavity?

peritoneum

1723.

1583. this term describes what

happens when a failure of the
chromosomes to separate during the
meiotic cell division. A cell will either
have no chromosomes or it will have
double the normal amount?

nondisjunction

1724.

1584. this term is a cartilaginous rod

hat extends from the head to the tail
in the embryo of all chordates It is
derived from cells of the mesoderm.

notochord

1725.

1585. this term refers to a type of

lymphocyte that stimulates the
production of antibodies by B cells
when an antigen is present?

Helper T cells

1586. this term refers to the

breakdown of nutrients to provide
energy?

catabolism

1587. this term refers to the synthesis

of biomolecules from simpler
compounds?

anabolism

1588. This term serves as food for a

flowering plant embryo, and later for
the germinating seedling.

endosperm
1589. this terms
describes the
chamber where
pollen develops
in plants?:
anther

1726.

1727.

1728.

1590. this terms describes the fate of

lactic acid produced in muscles. It
allows the conversion of lactate back
into glucose, which can be carried
back to the muscles via the blood.

Cori Cycle

1591. This two word name describes

a species that cannot survive in an
atmosphere of oxygen?

obligate
anaerobes 1592.
this type of
anaerobic
bacteria is killed
by O2?: obligate
anaerobic
bacteria

1593. this type of bacteria do not

require oxygen but grow better when
oxygen is present.

facultative
anaerobic

1594. this type of behavior. A

repeated stimulus creates a
decreased response. ex. a barking
dog scares a child, over a period of
time the child becomes less scared.

habituation

1729.

1730.

1731.

1732.

1733.

1595. This type of cell binding allows

cells to exchange nutrients and for
"molecular communication".

gap junctions

1596. This type of cell binding seals

the spaces between cells and
prevents cell leakage. these are
usually part of intestinal cells which
prevent any intestinal content to
seep out?

tight junction

1597. this type of cell deposits

collagen and release calcium
phosphate to strengthen the bone. A
side mineral hydroxyapetite is
produced.

osteoblast

1598. this type of conditioning

describes the relationship between
dog food and bell? in other words a
physical response (saliva) to a
stimulus from the environment
(bell).

classical
conditioning

1599. this type of connective tissue is

avascular?

cartilage

1600. this type of epithelial cells are

square shaped cells can be found in
ducts of the glands?

cuboidal

1601. This type of epithelial cells are

thin flat plates with elliptical nuclei?

Squamous

1602. this type of fluid aids to

neutralize the acidic vaginal
secretion?

prostatic fluid.

1603. this type of hormone acts by

binding to receptors located in the
plasma membrane of target cells?

insulin 1604.
this type of
hormone
promotes the
entry of glucose
and some amino
acids into
muscle and fat
cells?: insulin

1605. This type of neurons only

target the skeletal muscles
responsible for body movement. they
release acetylcholine, an excitatory
neurotransmitter that causes
skeletal muscles to contract. None of
these neurons have an inhibitory
effect.

somatic

1606. this type of neurotransmitter

has excitatory and inhibitory effects
on muscles and glands throughout
the body

acetylcholine

1734.

1735.

1736.

1737.

1738.

1739.

1740.

1607. This type of phylum do

not exhibit any clear
symmetry, and they are the
only animal phylum that does
not possess at least two
distinct embryonic tissue
layers.

porifera (sponges)

1608. this type of pressure

tends to pull fluid into
capillary (circulatory
system)?

oncotic pressure

1609. this type of pressure

tends to push fluid out of a
capillary

Hydrostatic

1610. this type of species

cannot self fertilize, they are a
species in which each
individual is distinctly male
or female. the term is used
mainly for plant species.

Dioecious species

1611. this type of succession

will occur in areas such as
burned-over land, when fire
sweeps through a forest.

secondary succession

1612. this type of technique

allows scientist to quickly
clone DNA in a test tube rather
than in living cells?

PCR (Polymerase Chain

Reaction)

1613. Thylakoid membrane

contains chlorophyllmakes the pigment of

plants

1618. Thyroid
hormones

thyroxine (T4) and

triiodothyronine (T3); necessary
in children for growth and
neurological development;
increases rate of metabolism
throughout body

1619. thyroxin and

triiodothryronine are
what type of
hormones? and what
do they contain?

thyroid hormones and contain

iodine

1620. Thyroxine
hormone increases the
number and activity of
mitochondria in cells
by binding to the cells'
DNA which causes an
increase in the?

Basal Metabolic Rate

1621. Titration Curve

...

1622. Titration Curves

Multiprotic

...

pH= pKa1 at the HALF

equivalence point

...

1st Equiv point occur

at Titrant Volume= 1.0
eq 1623. Titration
Indicators

-Indicators behave as weak

acids/bases

- Used in tiny amount

and doesn't impact
system's pH - H-In<-->
H+ + In-

...

HIn has different color

than In-

...

1754.

1624. TMJ

lower and upper jaw attachment

1755.

1625. Tonus

partial state of contraction.

muscles are never fully relax

1756.

1626. torsional strain

results when cyclic molecules

must assume conformations that
have eclipsed interactions 1627.
totipotency: the ability of a single
cell to divide and produce all the
differentiated cells in an
organism

1746.

1747.

1748.
1749.

1614. Thylakoids

a series of disks stacked

in each other that
contain pigments
needed for
photosynthesis.

1742.

1615. Thyroid

2-lobed, located ventral

surface of trachea;
produces and secretes
thyroxin and
triiodothyronine (the
two thyroid hormones)
and calcitonin

1616. Thyroid gland

Thyroxine and
Triiodothyronine-Thyroxine
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3),
derived from iodination of amino
acid tyrosine; IMPT for growth
and neurological development.
Increase metabolic rate
throughout body.

1745.

1741.

1743.

1617. Thyroid
Hormones

1744.

bi-lobed structure
located on ventral
surface of trachea.
Secretes thyroxin,
triiodothyronine
(thyroid hormones) and
calcitonin

1750.

1751.

1752.

1753.

1757.

1628. Transcription

DNA to mRNA; mRNA transcribed

on the sense strand in the 5' - 3'
direction

1758.

1629. Transduction

when a fragment of bacterial DNA

accidentally get packaged with a
virus and the virus goes off and
infects other bacteria; scientist use
this to map genes because the closer
genes are together on a
chromosome, the more likely they
will be transduced together

1630.
Transformation

when a foreign chromosome

fragment is incorporated into the
chromosome via recombination

1631. Transition
metals

- D block

- High conductivity
due to loosely
bound outer d
electrons

...

- Complex with
ligands and d
orbitals change in
energy
(nondegenerate)

...

- Electron
transitions between
nondegenerate d
orbits gives
transition metal
complexes vivid
colors - Always have
a POSITIVE
oxidation #

...

1764.

1632. Translation

where mRNA codons are translated

into amino acids; occurs in
cytoplasm

1765.

1633. Transpiration

loss of H20 by evaporation in leaves

1634. Transplant
nucleus

only a few exceptions that works

(tadpoles) cells differentiation, with
no lose of genetic material- nucleus
still has the same gene so it is
viable.

1635. Transposable
elements in DNA

can move a DNA segment- can cut

themselves from the chromosome
and reinsert themselves in another
area.

1768.

1636. triple bond

a sigma bond and two pi bonds

1769.

1637. Triple Point

- All three phases exist in

equilibrium!

1759.

1760.

1761.

1762.

1763.

1766.

1767.

1638. trisomy 21 is also

called Down Syndrome
and is due to ?

non-disjunction

1639. Trisomy
nondisjunction (get
double or none of the
chromosomes)
(pleiotrophy)

-Failure to separate correctly in

meiosis -Edward syndrome: on
chromosome 18

1772.

-Down syndrome

on chromosome 21 have 47
chromosomes-occur during
anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis Klinefelter syndrome: on sex
chromosomes, XXY and XXXY,
feminine males

1773.

1640. tRNA

transfer RNA; the type of RNA

found in the cytoplasm, aids in
translation of mRNA's
nucleotide code into amino
acids; brings amino acids to the
ribosomes during protein
synthesis; at least one tRNA for
each amino acid

1641. Trophic
Hormones

hormones that stimulate other

endocrine glands to release
hormones; those released from
the anterior pituitary= FSH, LH,
ATCH,TSH

1775.

1642. Tropic hormones

Synthesized by anterior pituitary,

stimulate other endocrine glands
to release hormones

1776.

1643. tropic hormones

ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH

1644. true or false?do

platelets, leukocytes
and erythrocytes
develop from a
common stem cell
source?

true

1645. true or false. A

repressor binds to the
operator and will block
RNA polymerase from
binding to the
promoter region, thus
stopping transcription

true.

1646. true or false.

Each of the following
changes the frequency
of alleles in a
population. Mutation,
natural selection,
immigration, and
genetic drift.

true

1770.

1771.

1774.

1777.

1778.

1779.

1647. True or false.

Eukaryotes and
prokaryotes both
utilize electron
transport chains?

true

1648. true or false. If a

clone has
chromosomes with
short telomeres, it will
likely age faster than
normal.

true

1649. True or false.

Small uncharged polar
molecules and lipids
can readily move
through a selectively
permeable membrane.

true

1650. True or false.

When a steroid binds
to a nuclear receptor,
we see an alteration of
the rate in which
specific genes are
transcribed and
translated.

true

1651. true or false.

When O2 binds to
hemoglobin many salt
bridges are broken or
disturbed upon
binding which leads to
cooperative binding in
hemoglobin?

true

1785.

1652. trypsin

protein digestion(from
pancreas)

1786.

1653. TSH

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone,

made in anterior pituitary;
stimualtes thyroid gland to make
and release thyroid hormone,
including thyroxin

1780.

1781.

1782.

1783.

1784.

1787.

1654. TSH

1790.

1791.

1792.

1793.

1794.

thyroid stimulating hormone;

stimulates thyroid gland to
synthesize and release thyroid
hormones, including thyroxin
(hormone produced by the
thyroid glands to regulate
metabolism by controlling the
rate of oxidation in cells)

1788.

1655. Tundras Habitat

treeless region- mosses, lichen,

grass and low-lying shrubs -very
cold has permafrost

1789.

-very low rainfall

...

1795.

1796.

1797.

1798.

1799.

1800.

1656. Tunicates

underwater saclike filter feeders

- invertebrates - doesn't lose
notochord

Tunicates and
amphioxus Both are
invertebrates and
represent Chordates (
have notochord only
for some time)

...

1657. Two kinds of

hormones

peptide and steroid: Peptide:

surface receptors; generally act
via secondary messengers;
Steroid: lipid based so
intracellular receptors;
hormone/receptor binding to
DNA promotes transcription of
specific genes

1658. ultimately, there

is a limit to the number
of individuals that can
occupy one area at a
particular time this is
referred as?

carrying capacity

1659. Umbilical cord

connects embryo to yolk sac,

allantois, and amnion.

1660. under the fivekingdom

classification,
members of the
kingdom are generally
separated from the
members of all other
kingdoms by having?

Prokaryotic cells versus

eukaryotic cells.

1661. Upper Limb

: humor really? U c metacarpal?

-Humerus

-Radius -Ulna -Carpal Metacarpal

...

1662. Uric acid

excreted from birds, insects, and

reptiles

1663. urine is
(hypertonic or
hypotonic) to the blood
and contains a high
urea and solute
concentration?

hypertonic because urine

contains a high solute
concentration.

1664. urine leaves the

kidney via?

ureters. not the urethra which is

how the urine leaves the body

1801.

1802.

1803.

1804.

1805.

1806.

1807.

1808.

1809.

1810.

1811.
1812.

1813.

1814.

1665. Vacuole
(and vesicles)

1666. Vagus Nerve

membrane bound sacs that transport

and store materials that are ingested,
secreted, processed or digested by the
cell; vacuole=large, more in plants;
vessicles=small, more in animals
important parasympathetic nerve,
innervates many of the thoraci and
abdominal viscera; uses acetylcholine
as primary neurotransmitter

1667. Van der

Waal's equation

Deviation from ideal gas behavior P

(pressure)= [nRT/ V- nb] - [n2a/V2]

Essentially this is
P= repulsionattraction

...

- b= bounce, the
greater b is...
more repulsion

...

- a= attraction,
the greater a is
the less pressure
there is

...

1668. Van der

Waals' forces=
London
Dispersion
Forces

- Exists for all molecules - Only

significant for non polar molecules

- Come from
induced and
instantaneous
dipoles

...

- LDF's get bigger

for larger
molecules
(decane has
bigger LDF than
ethane)

...

1669. Van't Hoff

factor

- total # of of particles in solution - Ex:

glucose is 1

- Ex

NaCl is 2 (breaks up into 2 ions)

1670. Vapor
Pressure
Lowering

P=(Mol fraction solute/ Total #

moles)iPsolvent P=X(i)Psolvent

1671. Vascular
bundles in
Angiosperms

are multistranded cord of phloem and

xylem tissue -Monocots- have
scattered vascular tissues, 1 cotyledons

-Dicots- vascular
tissue is arranged
around the center
core in the stem, 2
cotyledons

...

1672. Vascular
Tissue

In plants use to transport things

internally -Xylem: transport of
Water and minerals UP the stem

-Phloem

transport nutrients DOWN the stemmainly sucrose

1673. Vegetative
propagation

asexual reproduction for plants

1674. Vegetative
propagation is
what form of
reproduction?

asexual reproduction. one of the

sperm cells unites with the egg to
form a zygote.

1675. Vertebral
column

cer the lum sac -cervical

-Thoracic -Lumbar
-Sacrum -Coccyx

...

1676. Vestibular
apparatus

maintains equilibrium; located in

inner ear

1822.

1677. vestibule

containing the sense organs

responsible for balance - function to
sense movement

1823.

1678. vicinal

diols with hydroxyl group on

adjacent carbon

1824.

1679. Vinyl

monosubstituted ethylene

1680. Virulent
bacteriophages

bacteriophages that replicate by lytic

cycle and kill their host cells

1681. Virus

contains DNA or RNA ( never both),

lacks cellular organelles so
antibodies don't work on them

1682. viruses that

bind to bacteria to
infect them do so by
recognizing this
structure on the
bacteria and
binding to it?

teichoic acids

1683. Vitreous
humor

jelly inside the eye; maintains eye

shape and optical properties 1684.
vitreous humor: maintains the shape
of eye and optical properties

1685. Volvox

plant-like protist

1686. Water Phase

Diagram

- liquid more dense than solid!

boundary slopes left

1687. Ways
neurotransmitter is
removed from
synapse

1) Uptake carrier - protein that retakes up the neurotransmitter into

the presynaptic cell and recycles
it/degrades it 2)Enzyme degrade
synapse - enzymes in synapse
degrade it 3) neurotransmitters
diffuse out of synapse

1815.

1816.

1817.

1818.

1819.

1820.

1821.

1825.

1826.

1827.

1828.

1829.
1830.

1831.

1832.

1833.

1688. Ways you can

degrade Pyruvate?

Anaerobic=fermentation, aerobic=
cell respiration in mitochondria

1689. Weak Acids

Do NOT completely dissolve in

solution Formic Acid: HCOOH

1834.

Acetic Acid

CH3COOH

1835.

Hydrofluoric Acid

HF

1836.

Hydrocyanic Acid

HCN Hydrogen Sulfide: H2S

Water: H2O

Conjugate base of a
WEAK acid is a
relatively STRONG
weak base

...

Dissolve less in
presence of
CONJUGATE ion!

...

1839.

Ex

HF dissolves less if NaF salt is

added! 1690. Weak Bases:
Ammonia: NH3

1840.

Amine

NR3

1841.

Pryidine

C5H5N (aromatic 6 mem ring with

N LP) Ammonium Hydroxide:
NH4OH

1842.

Water

H2O

Partially
disassociate-->
conjugate acids are
STRONG weak acids

...

Dissolve less in
presence of its
CONJUGATE ion!

...

1691. weak bases

what are the best leaving groups?

1692. what are 2

types of hormones
that the adrenal
medulla gland
produces?

epinephrine (adrenaline),
norepinephrine, 1693. what are 3
key characteristics of
echinoderms?: no segmentation
exist, adults are symmetrical, are
inverterbrates

1694. what are 3

things that can cause
the release of integral
proteins from the
plasma membrane?

reagents such as detergents, nonpolar solvent, and denaturing

agents

1695. what are

segmented worms?

Annelids

1696. What are the 3

Stages of Cellular
Respiration?

1)Pyruvate Decarboxylation
2)Citric Acid Cycle aka Krebs cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

1837.

1838.

1843.

1844.

1845.
1846.

1847.

1848.

1849.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1697. what are the 3

types of muscles in
the body?

cardiac, smooth muscle and

skeleton muscle.

1698. what are the 4

things that bind to
hemoglobin?

CO, O2, CO2 and H+

1699. what are the 4

things that
prokaryote cells do
contain?

ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma

membrane and nuclear region
called nucleiod.

1700. what are the 6

hormones secreted
by the anterior
pituitary gland?

LH, FSH, HGH, TSH, prolactin

and ACTH

1701. what are the 6

hormones
synthesized in the
anterior pituitary
gland?

FSH, TSH, HGH, Prolactin, LH,

and ACTH

1702. What are the

differences between
Plant and Animal
Cell division?

1) plant cells do not have centrioles

(instead spindle apparatus
synthesized by microtuble
organizing centers - not visible) 2)
plant cells divide by forming cell
plate, not like cleavage furrow in
plants

1703. What are the

four phases of the
Menstrual cycle

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal

phase, menstruation 1704. what are
the main headings under the PNS?:
Sensory and Motor.

1705. What are the

most diverse types
of plants? hint they
are flowering plants.

angiosperms

1706. What are the

only type of blood
cells that can leave
the blood vessels
and circulate in the
lymphatic system?

White blood cells

1707. What are the

three methods
bacterial cells have
for increasing
genetic variance of a
population?

transformation, conjugation,
transduction

1708. what are the

two examples of
genetic drift?

bottleneck and founder effect.

1709. What are the

two female sex
hormomes?

progesterone and estrogens; GnRH

regulates LH and FSH which
regulate progesterone and estrogens

1862.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1710. what are the two

hormones that raise
glucose levels in the
blood?

glucagon and cortisol

1711. what are the two

main parts of the
autonomic nervous
system?

sympathetic and
parasympathetic 1712. what
are the two nervous systems?:
CNS (central nervous system)
and Peripheral nervous system.

1713. what are the two

terms that describes a
population is originated
rebuilt from very few
individuals?

bottleneck and founder effect.

1714. what are the two

types of cells that xylem
has?

tracheids and vessel members

1715. what are the two

ways that hormones can
be derived?

steroid and peptide hormones

1716. What are the

vascular tissue of
plants?

phloem and xylem

1717. what arises from

large, multinucleated
cells in the red marrow
called megakaryotes.

platelets 1718. what bacteria is

being described. Rod shaped
bacteria?: bacilli

1719. what bacteria is

being described.
Spherical bacterial?

cocci

1720. What binds to the

operator?

repressor

1721. what binds to the

Promoter region?

RNA polymerase

1722. what blood type is

the universal acceptor?

blood type AB.

1723. what blood type is

the universal donor?

blood type O

1724. what buffer system

works primarily in the
extracellular fluids of all
cells?

Phosphate buffer 1725. What

cause Denaturation of protein?:
pH, heat, radiation, heavy
metal: Pb, Ag, Hgcc

1726. what causes the

release of
neurotransmitters into
the synapse?

action potentials

1727. what
characteristic of
bacteria plays a key roll
in heat resistant?

The greater GC amount, the

more stable and more heat
resistant the bacteria will be.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

1890.

1728. what compound is

needed for the dark
reaction to occur?

NADPH 1729. what

connects bone to bone?:
ligaments

1730. what connects bone

to muscle?

tendons

1731. what converts

hydrogen peroxide into
H20 and O2?

peroxisomes

1732. what depends on the

formation of fibrin from
fibrinogen.

blood clotting

1733. what describes a sexlinked disorder?

hemophilia

1734. what disease may

originate through
nondisjunction of
chromosome 21, and be a
autosomal disorder which
occurs equally in both
sexes?

down syndrome

1735. What distinction

does RNA polymerase
have with DNA
polymerase?

DNA polymerase proofreads

the DNA strand whereas
RNA polymerase does not
have the proofreading
ability.

1736. What divides the

brain hemispheres?

corpus callosum

1737. what do G-Cells

secrete?

G-Cells secrete hormone

Gastrin which stimulates
HCL production of parietal
cells.

1738. What do Mucous

cells secrete?

secretes mucous which

protects the stomach lining
from the HCL secreted by the
parietal cells. 1739. What do
Parietal cells secrete?:
parietal cells secrete HCL

1740. what does a

bacteriophage lack and
contain?

a bacteriophage contains
DNA or RNA but lack
organelles.

1741. what does the head of

a sperm consist largely of?

nucleus

1742. What does the motor

division of the PNS further
break down to?

Somatic and autonomic

1743. what does the
oxidation of fatty acids result
in?: in the formation of
Acetyl Co A

1744. What enzyme

catalyzes ATP-->Cyclic
AMP?

adenylate cyclase and

integral membrane protein

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1745. what enzyme

catalyzes the second
step of glycolysis.
glucose-6-phosphate--> fructose-6phosphate?

phosphoglucose isomerase

1746. What factors

affect solubility?

- Temperature (dissolve better at

higher temp) - Particle size
(smaller particles easier to
dissolve)

- Polarity- like
dissolves like (in
terms of polarity)

...

- Speed of stirring!
(Just speeds up
process that will
naturally occur given
enough time)

...

- for GASES ONLY-->

pressure- gases
dissolve better at
higher pressure
(directly
proportional)

...

1747. what forces

water and solutes out
of he glomerular
capillaries and into
the region inside the
bowman's capsule
during filtration?

blood pressure

1748. what happens

during indeterminate
cleavage that makes it
possible for identical
twins?

this type of cleavage of the zygote

allows for two viable embryos
instead of one.

1749. What happens

in depolarization?

cell gets depolarized enough

(generally to -50mV) that this
change in voltage causes
Na+voltage- gated ion channels
to open, Na+ runs down its
concentration gradient into the
cell which further depolarizes it

1750. What happens

in repolarization?

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

1905.

voltage-gated K+ ion channels

open and K+ runs down its
electrochemical gradient out of
the cell, which repolarizes it

1906.

1907.

1908.

1751. what happens to a oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve

when the pH is decreased or
temperature is increased?

the curve shifts to the

right.

1752. what happens to a RBC

when it gets placed into a
hypertonic solution?

RBC will try to balance

out the high solute
concentration in the
solution by diffusing
water of its own. This
will cause the cell to
shrink.

1753. what happens to the

probability of a crossover
between two genes on a
homologous chromosome if the
genes are further apart?

the probability of
crossover (separated)
increases. cause if they
are close to each other
and crossing over
occurs they would
most likely be crossed
over together.

1754. what happens to the

thoracic pressure as the
thoracic cavity size increases?

thoracic pressure
decreases 1755. what
has a closed
circulatory system:
annelid

1756. what has an open

circulatory system?

arthropod

1757. what has happened when

two nonhomologous
chromosomes interchange
genes, we see the attachment of
all or part of one chromosome
to another.

translocation.

1758. what helps regulate the

heart, arterial blood pressure,
body temperature, and
maintain homeostasis?

hypothalamus

1759. what hormone regulates

the kidneys gland to reduce
water loss in the urine.

Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)

1760. what hormone stimulates

the corpus luteum to produce
progesterone and estrogen
which allow for blood vessels to
grow and for the lining to
prepare for implantation of the
egg, which is to be fertilized?

LH (lutenizing
hormone)

1909.

1910.

1911.

1912.

1913.

1914.

1915.

1916.

1917.

1918.

1919.

1920.

1761. What hormone

Increased osteoblast activity;

Retains calcium in the bones
by inhibiting osteoclast?:
calcitonin 1762. what is a
circular DNA molecules that
exist in bacterial cells
called?: plasmids

1763. What is a connective

tissue with blood and
lymph vessels along with
nerve plexuses called?

submucosa

1764. what is a plant

feature that is a waxy
band in plants that aid in
water control?

casparian strip

1765. what is a plant

hormone involved with
promoting cell division?

cytokinins

1766. what is a solid ball of

cells called?

morula

1767. what is a unique

characteristic of
angiosperms regarding
fertilization?

double fertilization of the egg

nucleus and central nucleus.

1768. What is an
association that all of the
following have

cilia, flagella, pseudopodia,

striated muscle?: locomotion

1769. what is being

described in the
following. A series of
disks stacked on each
other that contain
pigments needed for
photosynthesis.

thylakoid

1770. what is being

described. exist as a
tetramer, is an allosteric
molecule, contains heme,
binds CO with a much
greater affinity (binds
tighter) than O2?

hemoglobin

1771. what is being

described. hair, eyes,
teeth, skin, nervous
system, lens of eyes?

ectoderm

1772. what is being

described. lining of
bladder, digestive and
respiratory tracts, liver,
pancreas and gall
bladder.

endoderm 1773. what is

being described. Skeleton,
muscles, gonads, kidneys,
and circular system?:
mesoderm

1774. what is called the

voice box?

larynx

1921.

1922.

1923.

1924.

1925.

1926.

1927.

1928.

1929.

1930.

1931.

1775. what is finger like

projections on the wall of
the small intestine that
increase surface area
and absorb nutrients?

villi 1776. what is produced in

a fatigued muscle?: lactate

1777. what is split by

sunlight but quickly
reforms?

ozone (O3)

1778. what is the

appendage that are
involved in the transfer
of genetic material
between bacterial cells?

pilli

1779. what is the best

technique to determine
the the 3-D structure of a
macromolecule?

x-ray crystallography

1780. what is the carbon

source of
photosynthesis?

CO2

1781. what is the

chromosome number of a
somatic cell undergoing
mitosis have at
anaphase?

4N aka 96 total
chromosomes. this is because
sister chromatids of each
chromosome are now
separated from each other and
have moved to opposite poles.

1782. what is the deepest

layer of the epidermis
(above dermis) which
contains melanocytes
which produces melanin
pigment?

Stratum germinatium

1783. What is the

difference between
Estrogen hormone and
insulin hormone?

estrogen is a steroid hormone.

Insulin is a peptide hormone.

1784. what is the

difference between
systolic and diastolic
blood pressure?

systolic is highest blood

pressure and diastolic is
lowest pressure.

1785. what is the

difference between the
haploid gametophyte in
plants compared to in
animals?

in plants the haploid

gametophyte is multicellular,
while in animals the haploid
gametophyte is unicellular.

1786. what is the

difference in leafs
between monocots and
dicots?

monocots have parallel veins.

Dicots have net like veins.

1932.

1933.

1934.

1935.

1936.

1937.

1938.

1939.

1940.

1941.

1942.

1943.

1944.

1945.

1946.

1787. what is the difference in

their vascular features between
monocots and dicots?

monocots have
parallel vascular
systems. Dicots are
net like.

1788. what is the dominant stage

of life cycle of mosses?

gametophyte

1789. what is the enzyme needed

during the reaction of pyruvate
to lactate during fermentation?

dehydrogenase aka
(lactate
dehydrogenase)

1790. What is the enzyme that

converts hydrogen peroxide to
H2 and O2 since it is toxic to
cells?

catalase 1791. what

is the excitatory
neurotransmitter that
causes skeletal
muscles to contract?:
acetylcholine

1792. what is the first proof and

major criterion in defining a
species?

reproductive
isolation

1793. what is the formula to

measure cardiac output?

stoke volume
multiplied by heart
rate

1794. What is the hormone

involved in NA+ reabsorption
and K+ secretion in the kidneys
collecting duct, as well as a rise
in blood pressure and blood
volume?

aldosterone

1795. what is the hormone that

lowers glucose concentration in
the blood?

insulin

1796. what is the initiation codon

in prokaryotes?

AUG

1797. what is the ion form in

which CO2 is carried
predominantly in the blood?

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

1798. what is the longest and

shortest phases of mitosis?

prophase is longest.
anaphase is the
shortest

1799. What is the main solute

transported by phloem?

sucrose

1800. what is the major form of

oxygen in the atmosphere?

carbon dioxide

1801. What is the min. threshold

membrane potential needed to
generate an action potential?

-50mV

1802. what is the most abundant

waste product of metabolism?

CO2

1947.

1948.

1949.

1803. what is the name of the

amino acid used in eukaryotes for
initiation during protein
synthesis?

methionine 1804.
what is the name of
the only optically
inactive protein?:
glycine

1805. what is the name of the

passage between the right and left
atria in the heart that allows blood
to bypass the pulmonary
circulation?

foramen ovale

1806. what is the name of the vein

that carries oxygenated blood
from the placenta to the fetus

umbilical vein