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Preface
Index
Unit 1

Java programming
Introduction to java
Oops Concepts
History of java
Java Architecture
Java Features
Installing Java (JDK1.6 or newer version) on Your System
Writing your First java program

Unit 2

Data Types

Unit 3

Operators

Unit 4

Decision Control Statements

Unit 5

Wrapper Classes

Unit 6

Taking Input through Command Line

Unit 7

Class and objects

Unit 8

Constructors

Unit 9

Inheritance

Unit 10

Packages and Interfaces

Unit 11

Abstract Classes and Methods

Unit 12

Exception Handling

Unit 13

Multi Threaded Programming

Unit 14

Applets

Unit 15

AWT package

Unit 16

Events with Frame

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Unit 17

Swings

Unit 18

Swing with Events

Unit 19

JDBC

Unit 20

Networking

Unit 21

RMI (Remote Method Invocation)

Unit 22

Util Package

Unit 23

Generics

Unit 24

Introduction to Servlets

Unit 25

Advanced Programming

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Unit 1
Java Programming
Unit Contents
Introduction to java
Oops concepts
History of java
Java Architecture
Java Features
Installing Java (JDK1.6 or newer version) on Your System
Writing your First Java Program

Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, third generation programming language, like C, FORTRAN, Smalltalk, Perl, and
many others. You can use Java to write computer applications that play games, store data or do any
of the thousands of other things computer software can do. Compared to other programming
languages, Java is most similar to C++. However although Java shares much of C's syntax, it is not C.
Knowing how to program in C or, better yet, C++, will certainly help you to learn Java more quickly,
but you don't need to know C to learn Java. A Java compiler won't compile C code, and most large C
programs need to be changed substantially before they can become Java programs. What's most
special about Java in relation to other programming languages is that it lets you write special
programs called applets that can be downloaded from the Internet and played safely within a web
browser. Java language is called as an Object-Oriented Programming language and before begining
for Java, we should learn the concept of OOPs(Object-Oriented Programming).

Oops Concepts
There are some basic concepts of object oriented programming as follows:
Object
Class
Data abstraction
Data encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

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Dynamic binding

Object
An Object is important runtime entity in object oriented programming. This may characterize a
location, a bank account, and a table of data or any entry that the program must handle.
For Example - Employee

Object
Employee
DATA
Id
Name
BasicSalary
GrossSal
Dept
HRA
DA
Methods
InputData()
calGross()
display()
Fig.1.1 Representation of an object Employee

Classes
A class is the collection of objects with similar properties (attributes), common behaviour
(operations), and common link to other objects. The complete set of data and code of an object can
be made a user defined data type with the help of class.
The objects are variable of type class. A class is a collection of objects of similar type. Classes are
user defined data types and work like the build in type of the programming language. Once the
class has been defined, we can make any number of objects belonging to that class. Each object is
related with the data of type class with which they are formed.
As we learned that, the classification of objects into various classes is based on its properties
(States) and behaviour (methods). Classes are used to distinguish are type of object from another.
The important thing about the class is to identify the properties and procedures and applicability to
its instances.

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For Example : - Vehicle

Vehicle

Car

HR-01-9898

Price 230000 INR

Engine - 1200 cc
Fig.1.2 Representation of a Class - Car

In above example, we will create an objects HR-01-9898 belonging to the class car. The objects
develop their distinctiveness from the difference in their attribute value and relationships to other
objects.
Data Abstraction
Data abstraction is also known as data hiding means data abstraction refers to the act of
representing important and required description without including the background details or
explanations.

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Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size,
cost and functions operate on these attributes. They summarize all the important properties of the
objects that are to be created.

For Example : Suppose you are driving a car. During the driving a car you can only see steering, accelerator, breaks
, clutch but you dont know how engine is working. You can see only important information in front
of you.
.
Data Encapsulation
Data Encapsulation means wrapping up the data and functions into a single unit (i.e. class). It is
most useful feature of class. The data is not easy to get to the outside world and only those
functions which are enclosed in the class can access it.
Or in other words we can say that binding up the data into a single unit (i.e. Class) is known
encapsulation.
Inheritance
Inheritance is the process by which a sub or derived class inherits the properties of its super or Base
class is known as inheritance.
For Example : -

Grand Father

Father

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Son
Fig.1.3 Representation of Inheritance

Polymorphism
(Poly means many and morph means form).Polymorphism mean one thing can be used in many
forms or in other words Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
Polymorphism plays a main role in allocate objects having different internal structures to share the
same external interface. Here I am giving an example to clear the concept of polymorphism.
Suppose I am writing an expression here.
A+B
Here you can see that A+B , but you dont know about the type of A and B. only thing you know that
A and B are going on to add.
But think about + operator , whereas A and B are int ,float ,double or may be an Object but +
operator will add them. Means + operator is one thing and A and B may have many form .Method
overloading, constructor overloading are the examples of Polymorphism.

Dynamic Binding
Dynamic Binding means run time binding. Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the
code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code related with a
given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run time.
Dynamic binding is associated polymorphism and inheritance.

History of Java:
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of USA in
1991.Originally called Oak by James Gosling (one of the inventor of the language). Java was
invented for the development of software for cunsumer electronic devices like TVs, tosters, etc. The
main aim had to make java simple, portable and reliable.
Java Authors: James , Arthur Van , and others.

1990

Sun decided to developed software that could

be used for electronic devices. And the
project called as Green Project head by James
Gosling.

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1991

Announcement of a new language named

Oak.

1992

The team verified the application of their new

language to manage a list of home appliances
using a hand held device.

1993

The World Wide Web appeared on the

Internet and transformed the text-based
interface to a graphical rich environment.

1994

The team developed a new Web browsed

called Hot Java to locate and run Applets.

1995

Oak was renamed to Java, as it did not survive

legal registration. Many companies such as
Netscape and Microsoft announced their
support for Java.

1996

Java language is now famous for Internet

programming as well as a general purpose OO
language.

1997

Sun releases Java Development Kit(JDK 1.1)

1998

Sun releases Software Development Kit (SDK

1.2)

1999

Sun releases Java 2 platform Standard Edition

(J2SE) and Enterprise Edition(J2EE).

2000

J2SE with SDK 1.3 was released.

2002

J2SE with SDK 1.4 was released

.
J2SE with JDK 5.0 was released.

2004

Java Architecture: As we know that all programming language compilers convert the source code into machine code.
Same process done by Java Compiler to run a Java program, but the difference is that Java compiler

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convert the source code into byte code. And the this byte code is used by JVM (Java virtual Machine
known as Interpreter) . After interpreting this byte code JVM converts it as output.
See the following figure to illustrate java architecture.

OUT PUT
Source code

Complier

Byte Code

Interpreter(JVM)

Fig.1.4 Representation of Java Architecture

JAVA Features:
As we know that the Java is an object oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems of USA in 1991. Java is first programming language which is not attached with any
particular hardware or operating system. Program developed in Java can be executed anywhere
and on any system.
Features of Java are as follows:
1. Compiled and Interpreted
2. Platform Independent and portable
3. Object- oriented
4. Robust and secure
5. Distributed
6. Familiar, simple and small
7. Multithreaded and Interactive
8. High performance
1. Compiled and Interpreted
Basically a computer language is either compiled or interpreted. Java comes together both these
approach thus making Java a two-stage system.
Java compiler translates Java code to Bytecode instructions and Java Interpreter generate machine
code that can be directly executed by machine that is running the Java program.
2. Platform Independent and portable
Java supports the feature portability. Java programs can be easily moved from one computer
system to another and anywhere. Changes and upgrades in operating systems, processors and
system resources will not force any alteration in Java programs. This is reason why Java has become

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a trendy language for programming on Internet which interconnects different kind of systems
worldwide. Java certifies portability in two ways.
First way is, Java compiler generates the bytecode and that can be executed on any machine.
Second way is, size of primitive data types are machine independent.
3. Object- oriented
Java is truly object-oriented language. In Java, almost everything is an Object. All program code and
data exist in objects and classes. Java comes with an extensive set of classes; organize in packages
that can be used in program by Inheritance. The object model in Java is trouble-free and easy to
enlarge.
4. Robust and secure
Java is a most strong language which provides many securities to make certain reliable code. It is
design as garbage collected language, which helps the programmers virtually from all memory
management problems. Java also includes the concept of exception handling, which detain serious
errors and reduces all kind of threat of crashing the system.
Security is an important feature of Java and this is the strong reason that programmer use this
language for programming on Internet.
The absence of pointers in Java ensures that programs cannot get right of entry to memory location
without proper approval.
5. Distributed
Java is called as Distributed language for construct applications on networks which can contribute
both data and programs. Java applications can open and access remote objects on Internet easily.
That means multiple programmers at multiple remote locations to work together on single task.
6. Simple and small
Java is very small and simple language. Java does not use pointer and header files, goto statements,
etc. It eliminates operator overloading and multiple inheritance.
7. Multithreaded and Interactive
Multithreaded means managing multiple tasks simultaneously. Java maintains multithreaded
programs. That means we need not wait for the application to complete one task before starting
next task. This feature is helpful for graphic applications.
8. High performance
Java performance is very extraordinary for an interpreted language, majorly due to the use of
intermediate bytecode. Java architecture is also designed to reduce overheads during runtime. The
incorporation of multithreading improves the execution speed of program.

Installing Java (JDK1.6 or newer version) on Your System

Dear students first of all you should download JDK(java development kit) according to your
operating system.
Steps are given below.
Step 1: -

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Visit - http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk6downloads-1902814.html
To download jdk-6-windows-i586 for windows or other versions of JDK.
After Downloading
Step 2 : Double Click on jdk-6-windows-i586.exe
After doing this you will see installation process as given below.

Fig.1.5 Representation of Java installation

Step 3 : Click on Accept Button

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Step 4 : Click on next

Then you will see installation process as like this.

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Fig.1.6 Representation of Java installation

Step 5 :After doing this

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Fig.1.7 Representation of Java installation

Now click on next to install Java SE Run time environment.
Final Step : Click on finish.

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Fig.1.8 Representation of Java installation

Now You are ready to write your Java applications.
Before writing your first Java Program consider to set Java environment on your system. Without
doing this you are unable to write java program.
Hence Get ready to configure java environment on your system (Win xp sp2/sp3 is recommended
for best programming experience)
Steps are given below.
Step 1 : Right click on My Computer
Then click on Properties
After clicking on Properties you will see a window as like this

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Fig.1.9 Representation of Java environment variables

Step 2 : Now click on Advanced menu Top right on window.

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Fig.1.10 Representation of Java environment variables

Step 3 : After doing this Now click on Environment variables on Down left button.
After doing this Now another window will open as like this.

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Fig.1.11 Representation of Java environment variables

Step 4 : Now click on new in user variables for (you account name) (on top new button) remember do not
disturb system variables.
After clicking on new another window open.

Fig.1.12 Representation of Java environment variables

Then type keyword path in variable name text field.
And go in your systems C drive or where your java has been installed.
And find out the path of bin. Then copy the address bar and past it in variable value as above image
displays.

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C:\program files\java\jdk1.6.0\bin
After doing this click on OK Button.
Then click on Ok button of previous window.
And Again click on Ok button of first opened window.
Well done.
Now java environment has been created on your machine.
Testing of java on your machine .
First of all open cmd by clicking on start --- then click on run -- type cmd and enter.

Fig.1.13 Representation of Java cmd

Now type in cmd javac then press enter

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Fig.1.14 Representation of Java complier
If you will see the screen as like this means java compiler is working well. Otherwise configure java
environment again as we discussed earlier.
Now check java Interpreter
Type java on cmd to check java interpreter.
You will see again many options on cmd means java interpreter is working properly.
Now You are ready to write your First java program.

Fig.1.15 Representation of Java Interpreter

Let us write First java program.

First of all create a folder of your choice in any drive within your system.
As like this

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Fig.1.16 Representation of creating a Folder

Give it a name of your choice as MYJAVA.

Fig.1.17 Representation of creating a folder

Now open the folder which has been created by you.
Now create a notepad within your folder.

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Fig.1.18 Representation of creating a Notepad

Open notepad file.

Fig.1.19 Representation of creating a Java program

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Now type the following program on NotePad.
class First
{
public static void main(String s[])
{
System.out.println(Welcome to Java world);
}
}
See as like this

Fig.1.20 Representation of creating a First Java program

Now save this file in your folder named MYJAVA as First.java

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Fig.1.21 Representation of save a Java program

After saving as First.java it will become java file.
See here.

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Fig.1.22 Representation of creating a Java program

Now let us compile this First.java file using cmd.
Open cmd

Fig.1.23 Representation of cmd

Change directory and go into the Folder where your java file has been stored.
Type D:

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Fig.1.24 Representation of changing a directory

Now go into your MYJAVA folder
Type cd MYJAVA ( here cd refers change Directory)

Fig.1.25 Representation of changing a directory

Now compile the First.java file.
Type javac First.java

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Fig.1.25 Representation of compile a Java program

This will create a Byte code in your MYJAVA folder as like this

Fig.1.26 Representation of Java Byte Code

Now Run the First.java
Type java First then enter

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Fig.1.27 Representation of running a java program

Now you can see the output of your First java program as welcome to Java world.

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