be crater Chapter Outline 11 Introduction 1.2 Object Oriented Programming 113. Beginning with Java Revising Basic Java Concepts 1.1 INTRODUCTION Java is a popular Object Oriented programming language that is used to build secure and powerful applications that run across multiple operating systems. The Java language offers flexibility, scalability, and maintainability. The Java programming language was developed by James Gosling and Patrick Naughton for Sun Microsystems Inc. in 1991, and it was later acquired by Oracle Corporation. ‘You have learnt to work with Java in class IX earlier. This chapter is going to revise the concepts of Java that you learnt in previous class. After going through this chapter, you can brush up previous concepts learnt and then further your knowledge of Java programming language.2 2 Object O' 1.2.1 riented Programming ch that focuses on the Prot yproa ‘ming paradigm. This ap) cedures for the solution of a proble proach: emphasizes on the mis ‘The programming aP: ‘doi a es procedural program} oe rather than the ‘data’. paradigm views a problem in term of classes and Obje The Object Oriented Lee rrobjects are needed for a particular situation/probjny ies it determing rin Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavioy context. Recal a rueprint representing 2 group of objects that share common properties and ae ps. $0 suey ign determines the classes and objects needed forthe okt 4 problem and then provides a full set of operations for each class. Elementary Concept of Objects and Classes ‘As you know that OOP programming paradigm views a p' classes. So, let us quickly revise what an object and a class is. > An Object can be thought of as an entity having a specific identity, specific characteristics and specific behaviour, e.g, ‘Ceiling Fan’ that you see in your room is an object. Its characteristics are : it has three/four blades/wings, a motor, a mounting rod, may or not have remote-control feature etc. Its behaviour is : it works on electricity, it rotates air ata given speed (rpm). The software objects have state and behaviour : «= Their state is maintained through variables or data items. In software objects, values of characteristics (data items) at any instant of time determine the state of the object. = Their behaviour is implemented through functions generally called methods. rae) " ec A Class is a blueprint that represents a set of objects ‘ roblem in terms of objects and Vv that share common characteristics and behaviour, An Object is an entity with 3 eB, ‘Honda City’ isa class of cars, but a Honda City specific identity and having Car having a particular registration number say specific characteristics and rites is an object of this class type. Similarly, _ SPetiflc behaviour. A Clas st Dee a class, but a dog namely, “Leo” residing blueprint representing @ soe indhis, is an object of Dog class type. se that sar ae aracteristics and beha’ ie 1.2.2 General Object Oriented Programming Conicepis Object oriented programmin, Vv and implem c 8 paradigm i ji 4 * ‘ Le invoh bd the objects and classes implements ‘I, Dota Abstraction nations, 4 . ode Ir a nay (Abstraction hides the intemal details eet pee ich board’, you only press certain swith Ht, Connections ete., you needn't know: TS you need to know o nk ; e background details of iene things to operate ard. describes things in simple terms according to your requirement, its: is abstraction, which ensures that switch board without knowing thREVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 3 Aimmecties & wbviies lative $9 fhe worpcee oF ua, An object may have multiple abstractions depending upon the context. For instance, if we talk of a student object, we can talk of anything that belongs to her in the real world like her name, number of siblings, parents’ profession, locality she lives in, marks obtained by her, her roll-number in the class, her media history, her talents, her interests, her awards, sports played by her ete. = But when we talk of a student result tra rollno, name, marks obtained etc. > For extra-curricular activities, the abstraction ‘would be : her rollno, talents and awards. icking system, the abstraction for it would be ther Thus, there can be multiple abstractions for a real-world entity and for each abstraction, we define a class. The wrapping up of data and functions (that operate on the data) into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation. The only way to access the data is provided by the functions (that are combined along with the data). These functions are called member functions or methods in Java. Encapsulation is a way to implement data abstraction. Encapsulation hides the details of the implementation of an object. Encapsulation enables access restriction to a class members and methods by making them public, private or protected. (3. Modularity The act of partitioning a program into individual components is called modularity. Modularity is the property of a system that has been decomposed into a set of cohesive and loosely coupled modules. 4, Inheritance Inheritance is the capability of one class of things to inherit or derive capabilities or properties from another class, e.g., the class ‘Car’ inherits some of its properties from the class ‘Automobiles’ which inherits some of its properties from another class ‘Vehicles’. > A dlass from which another class inherits is called base class or super class eg, ‘Automobiles’ class is base class of class ‘Car’ > And the class inheriting from another class is called subclass or derived class ¢.g., the ‘Car’ class is a derived class of ‘Automobiles’ class. A subclass inherits the common features and additionally defines only those features that are unique to it. 5. Polymorphism Polymorphism is a property by which the same message can be sent to objects of several different classes, and each object can respond in a different way depending on its class. The same operation is performed differently depending upon the data type it is working upon, e.g, if you give 5 +7, it results into 12, the sum of 5 and 7. And if you give ‘A’ + ‘BC, it results into ‘ABC’, the concatenated strings. The same operation symbol ‘+’ is able to distinguish between the two operations (summation and concatenation) depending upon the data type it is working on.Byte Code 1.3. COMPUTER ‘APPLICATIONS-X 1,3-- Beginning with Java on . . amming language and a platform. Platform "fers fo some coning Java is both a progré ‘oftware e.g., operating system Win lo fel Core i9 or of hardware and system 50 vor otc. The Java Platform is a softoare platform thay a a AMD Ryzen righty interactive, dynamic and secure applications on networked compe" liver and run : systems. While most computer programs are platform dependent, i.c., they a vey Closely tied tothe specific hardware and operating system they run on Java app! to oes platform, independent i.e., they are not affected with changing platforms. Java solves the Problem of platform-independence by using byte code. 4 , . inary compilers, the Java compiler does not produce native executable code Feralas nockive, tend it produce a special format called bytecode. The vay code is interpreted by a special Java Interpreter for a specific platform. Actually this Java interpreter is known as the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Anatomy of a Java Program The most common Java programs are applications and applets. Applications are standalone programs that can run independently of another program or application. Applets are similar to applications, but they don’t run standalone, they are run inside another application suchas a web-browser. A simple java program has following components or parts : () Comments. Comments are the explanatory text enclosed in /* ... */ or follow //. The comments are only for the programmer, these are not part of the Java code and are not executed. (see Fig. 1.1) (i) Class(es). A java program can have one or more classes. A class defines functionality of a specific type of objects. A class has variables and methods inside it, There can ®° multiple classes in a program but there has to be a class that has the same name ® that of the Java program and this class contains the main( ) method, This das (ii) Method main( ), The entry point of eve are multiple classes in a program, the e class containing main method. If no m, ry Java application is its main method. If the xecution will begin from the initial class i# ain method is there, the An initial class 1S x) fone that contains may See, the main method is declared as ; public static void mainREVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 5 () Code statements. The methods inside classes contain functionality defined through various statements of the code, ¢.g., System.outprintin statement will display the given output on the terminal window. (refer Fig, 1.1) CISIarenrs) Class containing ‘main( ) is initial class. Execution bogins fam ‘main mettod ‘Systen.out .printin(“Hello World?"); Print to standard output device, goneraly monitor mbar he) ged Figure 1.1 Components of a Java Program. 1.3.2 Java Fundamentals A Java program is made up of many things such as keywords, identifiers, literals, expressions, statements etc. Let us briefly talk about these fundamentals or the building blocks of Java programming language. Java uses the Unicode character set. Unicode is a two-byte character code set that has characters representing almost all characters in almost all human alphabets and writing systems around the world including English, Arabic, Chinese and many more. Keywords are the words with special meaning associated with them. These are reserved for special purpose and must not be used as normal identifier names, Some keywords of Java are : default if private this boolean do. Protected break double public byte else return case int short try catch void char long class, float while for new switch (“the above given is a partial list of Java keywords) 1.3.2A Working with Values In a Java program, you can work with various ff smallest individual unit in a program is types of data values. These values can be either in [called a token. Keywords, identifiers, the form of literals/constants or named variables. [fliterals, operators and punctuators are Each value has a data type associated with it, “COMPUTER We —_—_ “literals ts) are data items that are fixed data values. Java ag, constant Literals (often a to as —_ several kinds of literals : eee i re whole nw ; 7 (i) Integer literals. ener eg., 10), octal ‘form (starts with a zero, eg,, 0) Ihe rts with a non gee on ocinal form (starts with a ox, sel * apen-vah beeteeg - i ing-point literals Floating poin' n with f (ii) ae sang decimal points. The con be written either in fractional forn 00 0.36E-3. in exponent form, ¢.g., 0: eg., 0.00036 or in exp eae if i literals are represen (iii) Boolean literals. These * ne (jo) Character literals. Single character or escape sequence enclosed in single quotation ‘a a literals. marks makes a character literal e.g., ‘a’ and ‘\t’ are character aa s. (0) String Literals. One or more characters enclosed in double quotation marks make . string literal, eg., “abe”, “T189” etc. (vi) The null literal. The null literal represent null reference and written as null, Identifiers are the names given by the programmer to various program units of Java Identifiers are the names of variables, methods, classes, packages and interfaces etc. Identifier forming rules of Java state the following : (@ Identifiers can have alphabets, digits, _ underscore and $ characters and can be of any _ length, (i) They must not be a keyword or Boolean literal or null literal. (ii) They must not begin with a digit. (iv) Java is case sensitive i.e., upper-case letters and lower-case letters are treated differently. Some legal Java identifiers are : Myar, myvar, MYVAR, x, I, _myvar, $myvar, -9pins, andornot, i_am_a_long_name Following identifiers are legal in java : My Var // Contains a space Shours // Begins with a digit case // it is a keyword atB-c // The ee oy eas er hyphen are not legal characters for identifiers Phe ds not a legal character for identifiers And¬ I ki. +4 ampersand is not a legal character for identifiers Whenever you store A . identifi 7 values with a name i.e, in fi , 7 ler naming rules, ym form of a variable, you name it as Pe A variable is a named ; ; Memory locati ii Variable is declared as per folowing ms ; ee h holds a data value of a particular data type 4REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 7 For example, double salary, wage 5 // two variables of double type declared int month, day, year ; // two variables of int type declared Jong distance, area ; // two variables of Long int type declared You can assign initial value to a variable at the time of its declaration, e.g., double price = 1214.7057, discount = 0.12; float x = 0.125; int val = 13 Constants A Constant value represents a named value that remains fixed throughout an entire program. A constant is declared in similar way as variable but with keyword final, ¢.g., final double TAXRATE = 0.25 ; Now on, you will be able to use TAXRATE’s value in your program but you will never be able to change its value again, because you created it with keyword final, which means that this named value will remain fixed for this name throughout the program where it has been created. Keyword final when used with a declaration similar to a variable, creates a named constant, 1.3.2B Data Types Each value that you use in a program has a data type. Data Types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations of handling it. Java provides many data types to support various types of data. Java provides data types belonging to these two categories: (i) Primitive data types. These are basic datatypes provided by language and are not based on any other datatypes. A primitive datatype is used to define and hold a value of basic type in a named variable. These are also called fundamental datatypes of Java. (i) Reference data types. These are derived datatypes that are created using the primitive data types. A reference datatype is used to store the memory address of an object. Various data types in Java are shown in following figure (Fig, 1.2.) Data Types in Java Primitive Types. ((ntrinsic or Fundamental) preference Iya Non-numeric Classes | | interface | | Arrays Integer | [Floating-point] [Character Boolean = byte © oat © char boolean, © short * double * intCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X (i) Primitive Data Types : There are about eight primitive data types 1" talk about these. tmiti . These data types store > Numeric Integral primitive types. wi both negative 28 integer values ie, whole numl Pa aise well as positive numbers). There i four num i : byte, short, int, and long. a " it vm . Floating-point datatypes can store fractional numbers ie o ing-poi es. | . . ” eae avin dedeal ints. There are two floating point data types in Java : flog aon precision of 6 digits) and double (provides precision of 15 digits). By defautt, oye * be assumes the fractional numbers to be of double datatype unless specified, 2, value 0.35 will be considered of double type by default to explicitly specify their type, you can use suffixes f or F (for float) and d or D (for double). > Character data type. The character datatype - char datatype of Java — is used to store characters. A character can be any Unicode character that you can store using char type, > Boolean data type. This data type (boolean) is used to represent a single true/false value. A boolean value can have only one of two values : true or false. Java. Let us briefly You can use suffix | or, with an integer to signify long value. (i) Reference Dota Types Broadly a reference in Java is a data element whose value is an address. Arrays, classes, and interfaces are reference types. The value of a reference type variable, in contrast to that of a primitive type, is a reference to (an address of) the value or set of values represented by the variable (Fig: 1.3). A reference is called a pointer, or a memory address in other languages. Figure 1.3 Reference datatype ‘reference is called a pointer, or a memory address in other languages. The Java Programming language does ot suppor the explicit use of addresses like other languages do. You use the variable's name instead. ‘anol or an array There are two values associated with a syml woe bolic variable : (i some a ‘ le : (i) Its data value, stored at which ie de nor Called roalue ) and (i) ts location value that is, the address in memory @t Ata value is stored (called Toalue) eg, see belo Memory Addresses Ty yee NA tli i 1054 Data values of variable—p 10 = Variables’ names ——y A : c Talue of A = 19 ae tvalue of C=25 Walue of C=1055aaa REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 9 Primitive data type operations deal only with stored value ie,, actual read-value (roalue). The reference types on the other hand, deal with the memory address ie,, the location-value (value). They do not store the actual read-value, rather they store the address wherefrom actual data is obtained. 1.3.2C Operators in Java The data values that you store and use in your program are processed as per the given instructions. Various types of operations can be carried out on the data values. The operations being carried out are represented by operators. Java provides a wide range of operators. ( Arithmetic Operators. These are +, -, *, / and % for arithmetic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and remainder calculation respectively. (ii) Increment/Decrement Operators. These are ++ (increment operator) and - (decrement operator) that increment or decrement a number. These operators, however, work in two forms, prefix form - when used before the operand e.g., +a and postfix form - when used after the operand, eg., a+. > When used in prefix form, it follows the rule Change-then-use, ic, first the variable value is incremented or decremented and then used in expression, ¢.g., int S=5, a= 105 S=St+a; will evaluate as_§ = 5 + 11 (a is internally first incremented, becomes 11 and then used), Thus $ stores 16 and a stores 11. = When used in prefix form, it follows the rule Change-then-use, ie, first the variable value is incremented or decremented and then used in expression, €.. int S=5, a= 10; S=S+ate; will evaluate as $=5+10 (a's value is first used and then incremented, a becomes 11) Thus $ stores 15 and a stores 11. (iii) Relational Operators. These operators, also sometimes called comparison operators, compare the values of two variables or literals etc. These are : >, <=, >=, <= !=. (iv) Logical Operators. These operators are used to combine two or relational expressions to make complex expressions for decision-making. These are : && (And), | |(or) and ! (not). (») Shift Operators. A shift operator performs bit manipulation on data by shifting the bits of its first operand right or left. Table 1.1 : Shift Operators Operator Use * Operation >>| opt >> op2 _| shift bits of opt right by distance op2 (signed shifting) << | opt << op2 __| shift bits of opt left by distance op2 (signed shifting) >>>___| opt >>> op2 _| shift bits of opt right by distance op2 (unsigned shifting)reason oT COMPUTER APPLICATIONS a 10 ee * and ~) work on individual bits of ‘These operators work as per following it tors (6, }) Bitwise Operators. Bitwise operators ( ” pont and verform bit-by-bit operation. a ther combination produces i duces 1. Any of 0. > ND (&) operations, pro : i oe a pues, "ep produces 1, a8 does 0 XOR 1 (Al these operation or , are commutative.) Any other combi > For OR (|) operations, 0 ! 0 produces ; > For complement (-) operations, the ~0 produces Lan operator = assigns values to a erators. The assignment ily rs like new, instanceof, (dot), [ ], 2: etc, 1&1 ination produces 0. 0. Any other combination produces 1. ~1 produces 0. (vii) Assignment, ?: and of variable and there are some other operato’ The conditional operator, ?: works as : expressiont ? expression? for true result : expression3 for false result If expression! evaluates to true then expression2 is evaluated and taken as overall result otherwise expression3 is taken and taken as overall result, ¢.3-, evaluates to 9 because test expression 6 > 4 is true. 6>429:7 evaluates to 25 because test expression 4 == 9 is false, 0 4229710: 25 Java Shorthand Operators Java offers special shorthands that simplify the coding of a certain type of assignment statement. For example, a=a+l0; canbe written as a t= 10; The operator pair + tells the compiler to assign to a the value of a+ 10. This shorthand works i all i binary operators in Java (those that require two operands). The general form of Java shorthand is var = var operator expression issameas var operator = expression Following are some examples of Java shorthands : means x=x-10 means x=x*S means x=x/2 means X=EX%6 F,% Operator Precedence and Associativity “ete. are called arithmetic assignment operators.REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 11 Here, addition and subtraction have the same precedence rating and soa and b are added and then from this sum c is subtracted. Again, parentheses can be used to overrule the default associativity, e.g, x=a+(b-c); However, the assignment and unary operators, are associated right to left, ¢.., xte yen 5 is equivalent to x= (y= (4D) 5 Table 1.2 : Operator Precedence and Associativity Operator Notes Associativity | vO Parentheses ( ) are used to group expressions ; a dot (.) is used | Left to Right | for access to methods and variables within objects and classes ; and [ ] is used for arrays | ~ instanceof | Returns true or false based on whether the object is an instance | Right to Left | of the named class or any of that class's superclasses | new (type) The new operator is used for creating new instances of classes ; | Right to Left () in this case is for casting a value to another type | */% Multiplication, division, modulus Left to Right +e Addition, subtraction Left to Right | > >> Bitwise left, right shift, and the zero fill right shift | Left to Right | <> | Relational comparison tests | Left to Right Equality not - equal to Left to Right | & AND Left to Right | “ XOR | Left to Right | | oR | Left to Right | 8a Logical AND | Left to Right | fl Logical OR Left to Right 2s Shorthand for if...then...else Right to Left /=%= %= | Various shorthand assignments Right to Left | -< Various shorthand assignments : ___| Right to Left | 1.3.2D_ Input in Java Input is any information that is needed by your program to complete its execution. Most] you input text via keyboard and other forms of input via other specific devices e.., for audi input you need mic. Text may be input in java in various ways, such as using java.io module (using BufferedReade or DatalnputStream classes) or even via using Scanner class. Using a Scanner class for keyboar: input is much easier for the beginners. Thus, in this section, we shall revise the input in Jav using Scanner class.meen ES 12 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X iit and substrings using regula, text for primitive types and oe l ions. It can obtain the text from sources such as a String oe aes a a file, aaa ei ithat implements the Readable interface. The Scanner splits input Strings, and any class that ae delimiters which by default consist of any white space. The tokens or tokens, arat sy cw can then be obtained as stings ot as primitive types. ent n To use Scanner class for input, you need to follow the steps given emer, () Import java.util.Seanner class in your program, by giving following statement in the beginning of the program : import java.util.Scanner ; Scanner is a class that can parse elow : (id) Create an object of Scanner class type by passing it argument as system.in so that it connect to keyboard for input. Give following statement for this : Scanner inp = new Scanner (System.in) 5 (ii) Using the Scanner object created in step (ii), read values using next__() methods, ie, nextInt( ) for reading integers, nextFloat( ) for reading floating-point numbers, nextDouble() for reading double-precision numbers, nextBoolean( ) for reading Boolean values, and next( ) for reading Strings . For example, the following code snippet shows how to read an integer from the keyboard : Amport java.util.Scanner ; ‘ Scanner inp = new Scanner (System.in) ; int i = inp.nextint () 3 | Program Vrite a program to input three numbers and print their Output produced is : 1m of cubes, Enter Number 1: 3 import java.util.scanner; Enter Number 2 : 7 public class Input _ Enter Number 3 : 1 { Three numbers are : 3, 7, 1 Public void sumcubes() { Sum of their cubes is : 371 Scanner inp = new Scanner (System. in) ; . System.out.print("Enter Number 1: "); Enter Number 1 ; 5 int num = inp.nextint( ) ; Enter Number 2 : 6 System.out.print("Enter Number 2: ") ; Shier Nunber 3 3 7 int num2 = inp.nextInt( ) ; Three numbers are : 5, 6, 7 System.out.print("Enter Number 3 ; "); “Sum of their cubes is : 684 int num3 inp.nextInt( ) ; Ant sum = (num * num * num) + (num * System. out.printIn(*Three nunbers ar System.out.printin("sum of their cubs num * num2) + re: "+ numa 4", esis: "+ sum) ;REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 13 1.3.2E Expressions An expression in Java is any valid combination of operators, constants, and variables i.e, a legal combination of Java tokens. An expression is made up of operands and operators. The objects of the operation(s) are referred to as operands and the operations are represented through operators. ‘The expressions in Java can be of any type : arithmetic expression, relational (or logical) expression, compound expression etc. Type of operators used in an expression determines the expression type. For instance, if an expression is formed using arithmetic operators, it is an arithmetic expression ; if an expression has relational and/or Boolean operators, it is a Boolean expression. _()) Arithmetic expressions. Expression that use arithmetic operators are called Arithmetic expressions. Arithmetic expressions containing all integer type operands are Pure integer expressions. An expression containing only real numbers is called real expression. Sometimes a mixed expression can also be formed which is a mixture of real and integer expressions. Using Mathematical Library Methods. An arithmetic expression may contain numeric variables or constants, or two or more numeric expressions joined by valid arithmetic operators. Apart from variables, constants and arithmetic operators, an arithmetic expression may consist of Java's mathematical functions that are part of Java standard library and are available through Math class defined in java.lang package. You can use these math functions as per following syntax: Math. function_name(argument list) Table 1.3 : Math Functions Available through Math Class Functions ‘Action |. Example sin(x) This function returns the sine of the angle x in radians | Math.sin(6) cos(x) This function returns the cosine of the angle x in radians Math.cos(6) tan(x) | This function returns the tangent of the angle x in radians | Math.tan(6) asin(y) This function returns the angle whose sine is y Math.asin(6) acos(y) This function returns the angle whose cosine is y Math.acos(6) atan(y) This function returns the angle whose tangent is y Math.atan (6) atan2(x, y) | This function returns the angle whose tangent is x/y Math.atana(5,2) | pow(x, y) | This function returns x raised to y (x”) Math.pow(3,4) exp) This function returns e raised to x (e*) Math.exp(4) | log(x) This function returns the natural logarithm of x Math.log(5) | sart(x) This function returns the square root of x Math.sqrt(16) ceils) This function returns the smallest whole number greater than | Math.ceil(17.3) or equal to x. (Rounded up) floor(x) This function returns the largest whole number less than or | Math.floor(17.3) equal to x (Rounded down) rint(x) This function returns the truncated value of x Math.rint(17.99) abs(a) This function returns the absolute value of a Math.abs(-17.9) max(a, 6) | This function returns the maximum of a and 6 Math.max(13, 17) min(a, 6) _| This function returns the minimum of @ and 6. | Math.min(13, 17)14 wad iis ey COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X son 2+ Mb? = 40¢ wit be written in Java as : For example, expression @* (—b+Math.sqrt(b *b-4*a*c) y/(2*a) ax? ca + will be written in Java as : d Similarly, expression (a * Math.pow(x, 2) +b) / (e* x +4) While evaluating an arithmetic expression, > if the expression is a pure expression (i.e, all operands are of same Bh) then the result of the expression will also have same data type as that of the operands. > if the expression is a mixed expression (ie, if the data types of operands are different ), then the operand with smaller datatype’s value will be Promoted to bigger data type and then the a expression will be evaluated and the overall result : ¥ ei will have the data type same as the bigger data || () type in the expression. This is called internal or implicit type conversion or coercion. User can also change the datatype of a value using type-cast operator () For example, expression (int) 3.2 will convert value to int datatype and thus value 3 will be used (int cannot store fractions). Similarly, if x is an int variable storing 4, then expression (double)x will change the datatype of x’s value to double and thus 4.0 will be used here. This way of explicit type conversion is called type casting. {Gi) Relational expressions Expressions that establish the relation of two or more variables/values using relational operators are relational expressions are called relational expressions. For example, x>y, a!=b, p == etc. are relational expressions, lil) Logical expressions — Expressions that use logical operators (&&, || and !) to combine relational expressions to Bake 4 complex expression are called Logical expressions. For example, (x > y) && (y > z) is a logical expression. Logical expressions are sometimes also referred t¢ i i (rior fis values which ae Boolean values, OUR eXPFeSsion as these result into (iv) Boolean expressions. The expressions that result into expressions are combination of constant, For example, following are examples of xy (a¥b) >= © &&(c <= d) OF 2) > (x12) (-x) <(2-yyas REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 15 1.3.2F Conditional Constructs in Java The conditional constructs or selection statements allow to choose the set-of-instructions for execution from multiple alternatives depending upon an expression’s truth value (i.e, a condition-test). Java provides two types of conditional constructs : if and switch. |. The if Statement of Java An if statement tests a particular condition ; if the condition evaluates to true, a course-of-action is followed, else another course-of action is followed. It syntax is : The true section of if (gets executed if the if (expression) eT ein tar statement 1; else The false section of if (gets executed ifthe statenent 2; cm deathon alanis tfc} If the expression evaluates to true the statement-1 (ie, the true section, containing a simple or a block statement) is executed, otherwise, statement-2 (i.e., the false section, containing a simple or a block statement) is executed. In an if-else statement, only the code associated with if (ie, statement-1) or the code associated with else (ie., statement-2) executes, but never both. [BALI Program 1.2 Write a Java Program that accepts a number in the range 1-99 and then displays if the entered number is single digit or double digit number. import java.util.Scanner 5 public class select { public void test() { Scanner inp = new Scanner (System.in) 5 int num ; system.out.print("Enter a number (1..99) : num = inp.nextInt(); if (num > @ && num <1@) system.out.printIn("You entered a single digit number.") 5 else System.out.printIn("You entered a double digit number. } The output produced by above program is : Enter a number (1..99) : 3 You entered a single digit number. ee Enter a number (1..99) : 45 ] You entered a double digit number. * BodCOMPUTER ‘APPLICATIONS-X 16 i tion or/and in its fl Nested Ifs if statement in its true sectior se secy cent contains another ifs if statement. Following program uses 4 Hy Ifanifstatement OM med as nest a) such a statement is t statement. Wi] Progam 13 m 1. Previous program (program 1 enters number beyond the given range 1 program so that it handles this situation i.e the range 1.99. B it user enters a number in tl ge uti ZI arr Sbove program is not able to handle that. Mio ic er ty ay, when users enters a number not in range 1,99. import java-util.Scanner 3 public class select { public void test() { , ‘Scanner inp = new Scanner (System-in) 5 int num 5 a system.out.print (“Enter a number (1.-99) :") 3 num = inp.nextInt() if (num > @ && num < 12) 7 system.out.print1n("You entered a single digit number." else if (num >= 10 && num < 100) Systen.out.printin("You entered a double digit number. else ‘System.out.print1n("You entered number beyond the asked range. } The output produced by above program is : Enter a number (1..99) : 9 You entered a single digit number, a Enter a number (1.,99) : 78 You entered a double digit nunber. ee Enter a number (1..99) : -4 x Yow entered nunber beyond the asked rang ee a Enter a number (1, .99) You entered nunber be a + 999 Yond the asked range A student is allow, ed to take i classe: © exam if he/she has attend, a : and then prints ig a Student after o ee least 75% of the classes. Waite +f _ Tints if a student is eligible to tak is ° tee cee Pi € exam or not.REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 17 import java.util.Scanner ; public class Eligibility { public void Cale() { Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in) ; int total_classes, attended ; float att_perc; System.out.print(“Enter total classes held : ") ; total_classes = inp.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter total classes attended : ") ; attended = inp.nextInt(); att_perc = ( (float) attended / total_classes) * 100 ; if (att_perc >= 75.0). System.out.printin( "Eligible to take exam") ; else System.out.println("Low attendance ! Not Eligible to take exam") ; } The output produced by above code is : Enter total classes held : 340. Enter total classes attended : 280 Eligible to take exam Enter total classes held : 340 Enter total classes attended : 210 Low attendance ! Not Eligible to take exam |. The switch Statement of Java The switch selection statement successively tests the value of an expression against a list of integer or character constants, for equality ; when a match is found, the statements associated with that constant are executed. ‘The syntax of switch statement is as follows : switch (expression) { case + statement-sequencel ; break: case 3 statement-sequence2 ; break 5 case + statement-sequence3 ; break 5 case : statement-sequence n-1; break; [ defautt + statement-sequence n ] ; Clause enclosed in [ ] is optional clauseCOMPUTER ‘APPLICATIONS-X 8 ‘ are matched against the values of the its valu is found, the statement sex CONG jon is evs match is fo quence qty ‘The expression is ¢' nn ben & ; case statemen 88305; specified in the ca5® SINE break sate with that case is exerwte ached. The default sta end of switch statemen' found. Ifthe Keabsence of RBEMEane a gets executed when not atching case, in the absenck @ “followin, a tothe next cas below the male Nr gefaut statement is |fllowing eases break, this is called oe "no action takes place if all = 2 a cae optional and, if it is mis eee satches fil [Bi] Program 15 Wi rogr tes a ese geometric shapes : Triangle, Rectangl it lates areas of these 8 pe rite a program that calcul le, par fe i ference : Gian li ses geometic shapes ae given here for your reference Triangle Area =1x bxh where b = base and h = vertical height 2 Rectang idth and h= height je Area = xh where w= wi ight Parallelogram Area=bxh where b=base and ht= vertical height Circle Area=ax1? where F= radius : | Billipse Area = nab where it and b are semi-major and semi-minor aes, import java.util.Scanner} public class Area { public void calcArea() { Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in) ; System.out..printIn(“Area Calculation”); System. out .println("1. Triangle") ; System. out .print1n("2.Rectangle"); System. out. print1n("3.Parallelogran") ; System.out. println("4.Circle"); System.out.printIn("5.Ellipse"); System.out.println("6. Exit"); System.out.print (“Enter your choice (1. +6): int ch = inp.nextInt(); double area, base, ht, wid, switch(ch) { casei: ry a, b; fusten-out.print( “Enter base of triangle : 2ase = inp. nextDouble(); peat Out. print ("Enter height of triangle : "); = inp.nextDouble(); area = 0.5 * base * hts // 1/2 *b+h i System.out, a breaky PT itIN("Area of triangle is : "sareat case 2: *xtDouble() Out print (™ System, Enter height of rectangle : ")5REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 19 ht = inp.nextDouble(); area = wid * ht 3 System.out.printIn("Area of rectangle is break; +area+" sq units"); case 3: System.out.print("Enter base of parallelogram : ") base = inp.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter height of parallelogram : ht = inp.nextDouble( i area = base * ht ; system.out.printIn(“Area of parallelogram is : "+areat" sq units"); break; case 4: system.out.print("Enter radius of circle : "); r= inp.nextDouble() 5 area =3.14159*r*r; // pitr*r system.out.println("Area of circle is : “+areat" sq units"); break; case5: System.out.print("Enter minor axis of ellipse : a= (inp.nextDouble() ) / 25 system.out print ("Enter major axis of ellipse : "); b= (inp.nextDouble() ) / 2 5 area = 3.14159* a*b; // pitatb system.out.printIn("Area of ellipse is : "+area+" sq units"); break; case6: System.out.printIn("Exiting. . break; } } Sample runs of above program are shown below : ‘Area Calculation L.tTriangle 2.Rectangle 3.Parallelogram 4.circle 5.Ellipse 6.Exit Enter your choice (1..6) : 1 Enter base of triangle : 7 Enter height of triangle : 5 Area of triangle is : 17.5 sq units Enter your choice (1..6) : 2 Enter width of rectangle : 4 Enter height of rectangle : 5 Area of rectangle is : 20.0 sq units SS Enter your choice (1..6) : 3 enter base of parallelogram : 4 Enter height of parallelogram : 5 Area of parallelogram is : 20.0 sq units Lee ee eS annae Enter your choice (1..6) : 4 enter radius of circle : 3.5 Area of circle is : 38.4844775 sq units ess Enter your choice (1..6) : 5 Enter minor axis of ellipse : 5 Enter major axis of ellipse : 7 ‘Area of ellipse is : 27.4889125 sq unitsJON” COMPUTER ‘APPLICAT! 20 4 1.3.26 Iterative Constructs JOO | sous allow a Set OF instructions to be perf ‘The iterative const oF HEAT filled: The tere sateen ate asc we repeatedly unt as Ja provides three 1oOPINE statements : for loop, while toy, Pe or looping do-while loop. |. The for Loop ‘The for loop i gathered at the top of ‘The general-form (syntax) ‘on expression(s)3 . All its loo] is the easiest to understand of the Java loops. P-contrl element . the loop. of the for loop statement #5 oc caruesatagatl test-expression ; update expression(s)) body-of-the-Lloop 3 () The initialization expression(s) is carried out ONLY ONCE before entering into the fo, Joop, ie, when for loop begins execution. (if) The test expression is next evaluated, if it returns true, the for loop’s body is executed and if it returns {false then for loop terminates. (iii) ‘The body of the loop contains either one statement or a block con- taining multiple Java statements. Unaste The body of the loop gets executed teh every time the test-expression 4 evaluates to true. (io) The update expression(s) is per- formed after execution of the body of the loop and the steps step (iii) onwards repeated. — The exit condition True The loop body [Aly Program 1.6 Figure 1.4 Write a program t i ers in the r: © calculate and print the sum of cubes of odd numbers i the range 1.10. Public class Loop { Public void prncubes() { Ant sum = @; for (int i=2 546105 440 Te bay of th foro sweeter, en?) “jut one cea System.out. printin(*sum } ‘Sum oF cub es Of odd numbers between 1..10 is :* + su")! Output produced is = ‘Sum of cubes of odd © of odd numbers between 1.19 j a 110 is = 1225,Saas - REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 21 As you can see that above program uses a for loop that starts with initial value of i = 1; iterates over the range 1..10 ; for every value of i < 10 (test-condition), it calculates the i? and adds it to sum and then updates the variable i's value with update expression as i+=2. The body of the loop contains just one statement : sum4=(i*i*i); Program 1.7 Modify previous program to calculate and of odd numbers in the range 1..10. Also, print the sum of cubes till every odd number in the range. public class Loop { public void prncubes() { int sum = @, cube = @ 5 for (int i= 1; i<10;i4=2) { cube=(i*4*%4); ‘System.out.print1n("Cube of "+i +" ‘sum += cube 5 As there are multiple statements in the body of this loop, the statements are enclosed in { }, ie., the block of statements : "+ cube) 5 System.out.print1n("Sum of cubes of odd numbers till 1.."+i4": "+ sum) ; Output produced is : Cube of 1: 1 ‘Sum of cubes of odd numbers til] 1 ..1: 1 Cube of 3: 27 ‘Sum of cubes of odd numbers till 1 ..3: 28 Cube of 5: 125 ‘Sum of cubes of odd numbers till 1 . Cube of 7: 343 ‘Sum of cubes of odd numbers til] 1 ..7: 496 Cube of 9: 729 153 Sum of cubes of odd numbers til] 1 ..9: 1225 Ul. The while Loop The while loop of Java, of a while loop is while (test-expression) o0p-body In a for loop, the initialization expression(s), test-expression and the update expression(s) are optional, i.e., you can omit any one, two or all of them, depending upon your logic. But the body of the loop must have at least one statement in it. iterates or repeats as long as the given test-condition is true. The syntax “where the loop-body may contain a single statement, a compound statement or an empty statement. The loop iterates while the test-expression evaluates to true. When the expression becomes false, the program control passes to the line after the loop-body code.rh lial COMPUTER APPLIC! 22 ‘4 “The usage form of while loop i Pa : Initialization expression(: while (test-expression) { Joop-body including update expression(s) } Hl] Program 1.8 Write a program that taking input until a 0 (zero) is ent tered by user. The pro; displays the of a ae z Program should ey red. import java.util.Scanner 3 public class Sum { public void calcSum() { . tnt com 20, num = 1; // initial value is so that the condition is true initia Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in) 5 7 while (num I= @) { system.out.print ("Enter number : ‘num = inp.nextInt(); sum = sum + num } System.out.print1n("Sum of numbers entered so far : "+ sum ); y } cape we Enter number : 3 Enter number : 6 Enter number : 2 1 4 Enter number : Enter number : Enter number : 0 ‘Sum of numbers entered so far : 16 Il The do..while Loop The do..while loop also works b executes at le; i eo” i iti do..while Toop. mice pled testeonditin ae is designed in such a way ane executing loop-body, the test condition after executin, th ody ofthe op re E otherwise loop terminates, "8 evaluated and if iti chp aye The syntax of the do-while oe do { Statement1 ; statement2 ; loop is : Futile (test-expressig ) mn);a - REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 23 Bl! Program 1.9 Write a program that inputs maximum 5 numbers and stops if 5 numbers have been entered or user has entered a zero. It alsc prints the count of non-zero numbers entered. import java.util.Scanner ; public class count { public void readwum() { duced is : ‘nt count: = ej:rumn = © ; Output produced is ‘Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in) 5 Enter a number : 6 do{ Enter a number : 8 System.out.print("Enter a number ; Enter a number : 2 num = inp.nextInt() ; Enter a number : 0 3 count++ 3 Total numbers entered : } while(count < 5 && num I= @) ; System, out.print1n("Total numbers entered :" + count); } + || Program 1.10 Write a program that inputs maximum 10 numbers but stops as soon as 4 even numbers have been entered. import java.util.Scanner ; public class count { public void readNum( ) { int count = @, num = @, evenCount = @ ; Scanner inp = new Scanner(System. in) ; do { System.out.print(“Enter a number :") ; num = inp.nextInt() 5 count++ 5 if (num % 2 == 0) evenCount++5 } while(count < 1@ && evenCount < 4) ; System.out.print1n(“Total numbers entered : "+ count) ; ‘System.out.print1n("Total even numbers entered : “ + evenCount) ; + } Output produced is : Enter a.number : 5 Since for and while loops test the Enter a number : 2 condition before entering into the Enter a number : 7 loop, they are called entry- Enter a number : 3 controlled loops. The do..while Enter a number : 2 loop, on the other hand, tests the Enter a number : 8 condition at the time of exit from Enter a number : 4 the loop, this loop is called Total numbers entered : 7 PEL copmtes loom Total even numbers entered : 4COMPUTER APPLICATIONS" 24 cs ii if a loop is call IV. Nested For loops «a its body. This form o} led nes, st oop may contain anoter 1OOP A ec efore the outer loop. V arity ‘nested loop, the inner ee “called nested for loop. “a its body, . another for loop in its bo iS that print some patterns using nested for loops, Consider following exam Program 1.11 ; TEE Sy 1s 4 BilPen 4 iangle of three Lines Jo Hiss) JooP. i heen Write a program to print an inverte ing or is not using “#”. public class Nested { public void prin() { inti=3, 5-65 for (3 4<55 i) 1 system. out.printIn()} for (int k=j3k>isk--) system.out.print("# ")3 id BB Program 1.12 Write a program to print a triangle with numbers 1 to 4 in 4 rows using a nested for loop. public class Nested { public void prin( ) { int 4, 35 for( i= 45 4 ce 4; +t) gue sce eat for 5-455 iy 44) ( pero s System. out. pris mt 2 Prints") 5 bie System.out.printin() ; (123 y , 1234 } } EA Program 1.13 —_—__ Write a program to print a tr langle with o4, Id ni Public cl, umbers f ass Nested from 1 to 10 using a nested for looP- Public vo} { id prin( ) int i, 4;= - REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 25 Output produced is = System.out.print(3 a } 135 systen.out.printin(); aS oe y 13579 + V. The break and continue Statements v vvvvyv The break and continue statements are called jump statements as they jump the normal control flow of execution. The break statement The break statement when used inside a switch, ends that case and when a break statement is executed inside a loop, the loop is terminated and program control resumes at the next statement following the loop. The continue statement When a continue statement is executed inside a loop, then from that point all remaining statements in the body of the loop are skipped and loop proceeds with the next iteration. Java is a popular Object Oriented programming language that is used to build secure and powerful applications that run across multiple operating systems. ‘An object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour A class is a blueprint representing a group of objects that share common properties and relationships. Data abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations. The wrapping up of data and functions (that operate on the data) into a single unit (called class) is known as ‘encapsulation. The Java Byte Code is a machine instruction for a Java processor chip called Java Virtual Machine. The byte code is independent of the computer system it has to run upon. The JVM compiler (javac) compiles the Java source code/program file (,java files) into byte code (.class files), which can then be executed using Java interpreter program (java). ‘An initial class contains main function inside it. The program is given the same name as that of its initial class. The building blocks of a program are classes, objects, methods, statements, expressions, variables etc. Java offers two selection statements : if and switch. Java offers three iterative constructs : for, while and do..while. The break and continue are jump statements of java.COMPUTER ‘appLicATIONS-X 26 Conceptual Questions Section A : Objective Type Questions BE: aracter set. : eee in a program is called —— 3. Which of the following is not a token ? (a tahient (@ operators (@) keywords ( identifiers 4. Identify the illegal identifier from the following. ome.50 (@ AtoZ (@) CHK () oBye 5. Which of the following does not represent a character literal ? @w ov (© ‘\a (@) “a 6. Which keyword tums a variable declaration into constant declaration ? (@ const (® constant (0 final (@) fixed 7, ch 4=2 is equivalent to (@ ch = chi2 (0) ch+2 (ch=+2 (@ none of the above 8, The Math class is part of which Java library package. (@ java.util ( javaio (0 java.random (@ javalang 9, Which clause is optional in a switch statement ? (@) switch () case (© default (@ none of the above. 10. Absence of which statement causes a fall-through in a switch statement. (@) continue () break (0 stop (@ fal u. Pie the itpait rela of an if statement can contain these many statements in it / : 5 (@) as many co ve the following loops is mostly used for fixed number of iterations ? (©) while o do-while A a. none of the above 13. Po the following is not an entry controlled a (c) while () do-while (d) none of the above 14. Which of the following is an exit controlled loop ? ( for (© while (®) do-while 15. Which of the following statements (@) none of the above termi eek males the complete execution of a loop ? (0) terminate ©) continue (@) System exit(o)eS REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 27 ie aa 1, Using Java notation, provide the integer value zero, a string consisting of a zero, and the character zero. Ans. ™ the integer value zero 0 ® string consisting of a zero : “0 the character zero : ‘0’ Section B : Subjective Type Questions 2. What is a type, as this term relates to programming ? Ans. A type or datatype represents a set of possible values. When we specify that a variable has a certain type, we are saying what values it can hold and what operations can be performed on it. When we say that an expression is of a certain type, we are saying what values the expression can have. For example, to say that a variable is of type int says that integer values in a certain range can be stored in that variable. 3, What is a literal? Ans. A literal is a sequence of characters used in a program to represent a constant value. For example, ‘A’ is a literal that represents the value A, of type char, and 17L isa literal that represents the number 17 as a value of type long. A literal is a way of writing a value, and should not be confused with the value itself. 4, Construct an expression that is equal to the absolute value of a variable. That is, if a variable p is positive, the value of the expression is just p, but if p is negative, the value of the expression is — p, which would be positive. Do it : using a conditional operator. (Do not use the mathematical function here). Ans. p>0?p:-p 5. Suppose x1 and x2 are two double type variables that you want to add as integers and assign to an integer variable. Construct a Java statement for doing so. Ans, Assuming that target variable is res of type int, res = (int) (x1 + x2) 5 6. Given the following set of identifiers : byte b; char ch ; short sh ; int intval ; Long longval ; float, fl ; Identify the datatype of the following expressions : (a) ‘a’ -3 (6) intoal * longval - ch (6) fl + longoal/sh Ans. (@) int because ee; P| char int es int10. o because Suppose x1 and x2 are two type double variables that you want to add as integers and asgring integer variable. Construct a Java statement for doing so. ‘Ans, Assuming that target variable is res of type int. res = (int) (x1 + x2)5 . What is casting, when do-we need it? Ans, Casting is a form of conversion, which uses the cast operator to specify by a type nam parentheses and is placed in front of the value to be converted. For example : result = (float) total / count ; They are helpful in situations where we temporarily need to treat a value as another type: What will be the output of the following ? ‘System.out.println(1 +9 + “Super") ; ‘System.out.printIn("Hello" +24+3)5 Ans. 1@ Super Hello 23 State the rules of operator Precedence, Ans. All expressions are eval tat the rules that govern the ordes nna an operator precedence hierarchy that Operator (ype) 1, ana the maine ns te evaluated. son i = Seman nder operator % are performed before + and -: many methods with whi imple * methods the square with which many simp! trouble of erating an defined ag op eE TOOt, Tounding, trigo ie dogarith ject, s they can be used irectly by the programme?REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 29 12. How is the if..else if combination more general than a switch statement ? Ans. The switch statement must be controlled by a single integer control variable, and each case section must correspond to a single constant value for the variable. The if...lse if combination allows any kind of condition supporting all types of comparisons after each if. 13, What is the main difference between a while loop and a do..while loop ? Ans. Both types of loops repeat a block of statements until some condition becomes false. The main difference is that in a while loop, the test-condition is tested at the beginning of the loop, and in a do..while loop, the fest-condition is tested at the end of the loop. It is possible that the body of a while loop might not be executed at all. However, the body of a do..while loop is executed at least once since the test-condition for ending the loop is not tested until the body of the loop has been executed. 14. What are jump statements ? Ans. The statements that cause unconditional control-transfer in program are called jump statements. Two most common jump statements are break and continue. 15. What does a break statement do ? Ans. A break statement terminates the current loop and proceeds to the first statement that follows that loop. For example, the break statement in the following loop for(int d=2;d eT + 10.0/1085 discount= el: + 5.0/1005 sa sf. igiscountbill , ee ) : ( bill * 5.0/100 ) ; 41 * 10.0/2 ; i 2000 ) ? ( bi (pill > ¥ discount = 19, Convert following anti=23 goat loop into for loop. d-d*23 : systen.out-printin(d) 5 a (icse } while (i <= 5) 5 , inti=1,d=53 for (3 1<= 55 i++) d=d*23 system.out.printin(d) 5 } 20, Analyze the given program segment and answer the following questions + for(inti=35;ice45 it) { for(int j=2340;i-=2) { for(j=255= What is meant by im F What do you mean by type castin | What le el ic and db is a double variable 2 pe conversion ? a icit plicit and explicit fy st operator in Java ? g ? What is type ca type of the following expression if bh represents a byte variable, isang variable, fl is a float variabl _ What will be the resultant type of the bh-iedb/fl-i* fl+db/ a / following expression if flis a float variable and dbiss ny variable ? (int) (fl + db) Determine the data type of the expression ronda) (p+ nls ) +n) (long) (s + p) If p is an int, ris a flat, qis a long and s is double. . Determine the data type of the expression 2x+3y | 8p E Sw +62" 5q if xis int, y is long, w is float, z is double, p is short and q is long double. State the value and type of each expression, SSH eruUKR sR h@anceD Math.abs(~5)-Math. abs(—7) wath.abs(-1e-1) + Math. abs(-2e-2) Math. sqrt(@.e¢64) vath.sqrt(Math.pow(2.7, 2) Nath.round(3.499) Math.max(1.5e-2, .@95) Math.ceil(4.ee2) Math.min(5, 1.0) Nath. floon(7.99) Math. ceil(-2.73) Math. pow(16, 0.25) Math.pow(4, -2) peat Pound( 49 +01 , 5 h.round(1.49) 4 a415. 16. 17. 18. 19. REBBES 26. 27. REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 37 Write the following as Java expressions. (@ Va? =o () rhx® -y6) © Snr (@\2*-11 ‘A student incorrectly attempted to produce a random value in the range 1.6 using the expression. 6*(int)Math.random( ) + 1 Correct the error in expression above to get the desired result. What is the significance of a break statement in a switch statement ? ‘What are iteration statements ? Name the iteration statements provided by Java. ‘What is meant by an entry-controlled loop ? Which Java loops are entry-controlled ? What is meant by an exit-controlled loop ? Which Java loops are exit-controlled ? What is the difference between a while and do-while loop ? How many times is the loop body executed in a do loop, even if the test-condition is false ? What is nested loop ? Write a program to print pattern like : 1 21 w2 t aa2% 54321 Write a program to print a pattern as : ioves 1234 123 12 1 Write a program to print a pattern as : 1 1e 101 1010 1e101 Write a program to print a pattern as : naeaA comPuTER ‘ApPLICATION> * senitive datatypes * primitive . ify the following 2 primitive oF POPPON 5 int (iv) classes 28, Classify the ew ' (i) char : BEST”) 3 29. systen.out. print( - a system. out.print1n( ‘oF Luck”) ove statements the al Chioose the correct option for the output of (ii) BEST (i BEST OF LUCK OF LUCK hes . 50. fd) Write a Java expression forthe flow * ~ ee? : ab J of y after evaluating the expression y-> + —-ys when int y = 8 given below ? (b) What is the valu yie Hy + (©) Give the output of the following = (i Mathfloor (- 4.7) (ii) Math.ceil(3.4) + Math.pow(2,3) 31. What are the values stored in variables 5 and rp ? {ICSE any () double r, =Math.abs(Math.min(—2.83, -5.83)) 5 (i doubler, =Math.sqrt(Math.floor(16.3)) ; 32. (@ Name the operators listed below : [ICSE 209 O< (++ (i) && (iv)? (b) State the number of bytes occupied by char and int data types. (© Write one difference between / and % operator. . Predict : , = [ICSE 201 class Test { Public static void main(String args| cen ig ares[]) { x=35 ye4; Z=Math.sqrt(x* x+y # yy, System.out.printIn(*z = " 4, } z=" 42); } 34, Predict the output : class Power ( Public static voig main(st inte=5, resurt as ring args) F result=1; 7? ize; while(e > 9) ¢ result #9.Ges REVISING BASIC JAVA CONCEPTS 39 e-; + int n= result /2, p=i- 1) System.out.print1n("2 to the power of" +14" is “+ result); ‘System.out.print1n("2 to the power of" + p+" is "+n); + 35. Predict the output : class FindFac { public static void main(String args[]) { for(int i= 25 i <= 100; i++) { System.out.print("Factors of" +i+": "3 for(int j= 2; 5 10; i++) System.out.println(i) ; System.out.printIn(i * 4) ; [ICSE 2018} 37. Find the error for(count = @, count < 5, count = count + 1) System.out.printin(“This is count:" + count); System.out.print1n("Done!"); - 38. Find the error : x= 3; yeas” 2 = math.power(x*x, y/2); 39. Find the error : class Test { Public static void main(String args[]) { int x = 19; if(x == 10) { int y = 20; System.out.printn("x andy: "+x+""4y); x=y*2; + y = 100; System.out.printin("x is " +x); +40 RG 47. 49, 51 52. 53. |. Write a program that input ‘COMPUTER ‘APPLICATIONS-X ts if the given number is a multiple of both 3 and 5, fe a characters and prints if the typed character is in uppercase oy Write a program that inputs a number and tes| : , igit or an alphabet iia progam that inputs a character and prints ifthe user has typed a digi a special character. 7 iven alphabet is a vowel or not, it that inputs an alphabet and checks if the given alpha co a : sansa that tekes a number and check ifthe given number is a 3 digit number or no Ise if to determine) = a program to input three number and print the largest of the three numbers. Write a program that takes a number and check if the given number is a 3 digit number or not, (Use a loop to determine) Write a program that prints the squares of 10 even numbers in the range 10 .. 100. Write a program that inputs a number and checks if the given number is a palindrome. A number that is equal to its reversed number is a palindrome number. Write a program to input a number in the range 10 to 100 and check if it is a prime number, Write a program to print following series of numbers: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14.... Write a program to print Fibonacci series : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8.... Write a program to print factorial of a given number. Write a program to print Floyd’s triangle as shown below : 1 23 456 78910 11 12 13 1415