Electrical Circuits and Simulation
Electrical Circuits and Simulation
Electrical Circuits and Simulation
1. PREAMBLE:
The significance of the Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab is renowned in the various fields of
engineering applications. For an Electrical Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas
about the Electrical Circuits and Simulation.
By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for Electrical
Circuits and Simulation.
The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the fundamental aspects of
Electrical Circuits and Simulation in practical. The manual prepared very carefully with our level
best. It gives all the steps in executing an experiment
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OUTCOME:
At the successful completion of this course, the student is expected to gain the following skills:
Become familiar with the basic circuit components and know how to connect them to make a
real electrical circuit;
Become familiar with basic electrical measurement instruments and know how to use them
to make different types of measurements;
Be able to verify the laws and principles of electrical circuits, understand the relationships and
differences between theory and practice;
Be able to gain practical experience related to electrical circuits, stimulate more interest and
motivation for further studies of electrical circuits; and
Be able to carefully and thoroughly document and analyze experimental work.
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Part 1
8
9
10
11
12
Z & Y parameters
Transmission & hybrid parameters.
Measurement of active power for star and delta connected balanced loads
Measurement of active power for star and delta connected balanced loads
Measurement of 3 Phase power by 2 wattmeter method for unbalanced loads..
PART II
13
Simulation of DC Circuits ..
14
DC Transient Response .
15
Mesh Analysis..
16.
Nodal Analysis..
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5. SESSION PLAN
Sl.No Name of the Experiment
Week of
Experiment
Week #1
Week #2
Week #2
Week #2
Week #3
Week #4
Week #5
Z & Y parameters
Week #6
Week #6
10
13
14
DC Transient Response
Week #11
15
Mesh Analysis
Week #12
16
Nodal Analysis
Week #13
11
12
Week #7
Week #8
Week #9
Week #10
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6.
AIM :
To verify Thevenins Theorem for a linear network.
APPARATUS:
RANGE
1.
NAME
Bread Board.
2.
Resistors -
1.8K
QUANTITY
3 No.s
1K
1 No.
3.
Voltmeter
(0-20) V
1 No.
4.
Ammeter
(0-20mA)
1 No.
5.
Multi meter
6.
Connecting wires.
1 No.
THEORY:
Statement: Any linear bilateral network containing one or more voltage sources can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source whose value is equal to
the open circuit voltage across the output terminals, in series with Thevenins equivalent
resistance. The Thevenins equivalent resistance is equal to the effective resistance measured
between the output terminals, with the
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
Connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-1. Note down the current through the load
resistance.
Calculate the value of open circuit voltage, Thevenins equivalent resistance and
the current through the load resistance using Thevenins theorem.
Find out RTh by shorting the voltage source and measuring the equivalent
resistance across open circuited RL (1K) terminals using a multimeter. Compare
this value with the calculated value.
Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-2 and Note
down the reading of voltmeter as VTh.
Connect the Thevenins equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3 and Note down
the reading of ammeter.
If current through the load resistance using Thevenins theorem is equal to
the
measured value of the current from circuit1, Thevenins Theorems is verified.
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RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To verify Nortons Theorems for a linear network.
APPARATUS:
NAME
1.
Bread Board.
2.
Resistors
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.8K
3 No.s
1 K
1 No
1 No
3.
Voltmeter
( 0-20 ) V
4.
Ammeter
(0-20mA)
5.
Multi meter
6.
Connecting wires.
1 No
1 No.
THEORY :
Statement:
Any linear bilateral network containing one or more current sources can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent current source, in parallel with an equivalent
resistance. Value of current source is equal to the short circuit current through the output
terminals with the load resistance shorted. The Nortons equivalent resistance is equal to the
effective resistance measured between the output terminals with the load resistance removed,
and with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
PROCEDURE:
1.
Connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-1. Note down the current through the load
resistance.
2.
Calculate the value of short circuit current, Nortons equivalent resistance and the
current through the load resistance using Nortons theorem.
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3.
Find out RN by shorting the voltage source and measuring the equivalent resistance
across open circuited RL (1K) terminals using a multimeter. Compare this value
with the calculated value.
4.
Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-2 and Note
down the reading of ammeter as I N
5.
Connect the Nortons equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3 and Note down the
reading of ammeter.
6
If current through the load resistance using Nortons theorem is equal to the
measured value of the current from circuit1, Nortons Theorems is verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS :
Theoretical:
Short circuit current IN =
Nortons Equivalent Resistance R N =
Current through the load resistor I L =
Measured:
Short circuit current IN =
Nortons Equivalent Resistance R N =
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To verify the Maximum Power Transfer theorem on DC and AC.
APPARATUS :
1. Resistor
3.3K.
45mH.
5. Capacitor
0.01F
6. AC milli Ammeter
0-20mA
7. AC Voltmeter
0-20 V
8. DC milli Ammeter
0-20mA
9. DC Voltmeter
0-20V
2. Resistance Box
3. Inductor
4. Inductance Box.
A.C.:- The maximum power is said to be delivered to the load when the source
impedance is complex conjugate of load impedance.
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The maximum power transfer theorem finds its application in a radio speaker system
supplying the input signals to voltage pre-amplifiers it is necessary to transfer maximum
voltage, current or power to the load.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
On DC:1.
2.
3.
Take the readings of the milli Ammeter and voltmeter while varying RL in suitable
steps.
4.
5.
Laboratory Manual
On AC:1.
2.
3.
Keep XL=XC. Take the readings of milli Ammeter and voltmeter while varying the RL
in suitable steps.
4.
5.
Verify that the maximum power transfer occurs at the values predicted by the
theorem.
TABULAR FORM:
On DC
S.No
On AC
RL
PL
()
(A)
(V)
(W)
S.No
RL
ZL
PL
()
()
(A)
(V)
(W)
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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3.
M.C. Voltmeter
Range
Quantity
150
330
150
0-20 V
2 No.s
2 No.s
1 No.
1 No.
Theory :
Statement : The Super position theorem states that in any linear network containing two or
more sources, the response in any element is equal to the sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone while the other sources are made inoperative.
We define a linear element as a passive element that has a linear voltage-current
relationship. i.e. multiplying the time-varying current through the element by a constant K
results in the multiplication of the time-varying voltage across the element by the same
constant K.
V(t) = R I (t).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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PROCEDURE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram and Note down the reading of the
voltmeter as V.
Short-circuit the voltage source VI and Note down the reading of voltmeter as VI.
Now short-circuit the voltage source V2, keeping VI in the circuit and Note the
reading of voltmeter as VII.
If V = VI + VII, Super position theorem is verified.
OBSERVATIONS :
V=
VI=
V II =
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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Range
100
1 mH
Quantity
2 Nos
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
THEORY :
RMS (Root Mean Square) value of an ac wave is the mean of the root of the square of the
voltages at different instants. For an ac wave it will be 1/ 2 times the peak value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Laboratory Manual
Measured value
(V)
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To verify the Compensation Theorem.
APPARATUS :
NAME
RANGE
Bread Board.
QUANTITY
Resistors
3 No.s
1K
560
Ammeter
(0-25mA ) MC
1 No
2 Nos
THEORY :
Compensation theorem states that any element in the linear ,bilateral network can be
replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the current passing through the element
multiplied by the value of current , provided the currents and voltages of the other parts of the
circuit remain unaltered. This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage
when the value of resistance is changed in the circuit. If the resistance of any branch of a
network is changed from R to (R+R) where the current flowing in that branch originally is I,
the change of current in the other branches can be calculated by placing a voltage source of the
value I(R) in the modified branch with all the other sources made ineffective. This theorem is
particularly useful in analyzing the networks where the values of the branch elements are
varied and for studying the effect of tolerance on such values.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE :
1)Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1, Note down the values of I1 and I2 using milli
Ammeters.
2) Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-2, Note down the value of I2l .
3) Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3, where VC(Compensating voltage)=( I2l - I2) 560.
4)Note down the reading of ammeter as I.
5) If I = I2l - I2 , Compensating Theorem is verified.
OBSERVATIONS:
I1
( mA)
I2
( mA )
I1
( mA )
I2
( mA )
Vc
(V)
Calculated I
( mA )
Measured I
( mA )
RESULT :
CONCLUSION:
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AIM :
To verify the Millmans Theorem.
APPARATUS :
NAME
RANGE
QUANTITY
2. Resistors
1.8K
3No.s
3. Voltmeter
(0-20)V
1 No.
1. Bread Board.
THEORY :
Millmans theorem states that in any network, if the voltage sources V 1, V2, .. Vn in
series with internal resistances R1, R2,. Rn respectively are in parallel, then these sources may
be replaced by a single voltage source Veq in series with R where value of the voltage source
Veq can be given by
Veq = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + .. Vn Gn
G1 + G2 + .. Gn
Where Gn is the conductance of the nth branch,
And
R = 1 / (G1 + G2 + . + Gn)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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PROCEDURE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1 and Note down the reading of voltmeter
as V L1.
Connect the equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-2 , by calculating
Veq=(V1G1 +V2G2)/ (G1 + G2) and R eq= 1/ (G1+G2)
Note down the reading of the voltmeter as V L2.
If V L1 = V L2, the Millimans Theorem is verified.
OBSERVATIONS:
V L1
( V)
V L2
( V)
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To verify the Reciprocity Theorem.
APPARATUS :
NAME
1. Bread Board
2. Resistors
RANGE
-
150, 220,
QUANTITY
I No each
330.
3. M.C.Ammeter THEORY :
Statement:
(0-20) mA
I No
In any bilateral, linear network, if we apply some input to a circuit the ratio of
response (output) in any element to the input is constant even when the position of the input
and output are interchanged.
Another way of stating the above is that the receiving and sending points are interchangeable.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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PROCEDURE :
1.
Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1 and take the reading of Ammeter as I1.
2.
Now change the voltage source to the right hand side as shown in CIRCUIT-2 and
measure the current with the help of Ammeter as I2.
3.
If I1 = I2, then the Theorem is verified.
OBSERVATIONS :
I1
(mA)
I2
(mA)
RESULT:
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To Plot the current locus diagrams for RL and RC circuits.
APPARATUS :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Resistance Box
Inductance Box
Capacitance Box
Ammeter
AC
Volt meters
AC
Function Generator
CRO
-- (0-20mA) --- 1 No
-- (0-20V) --- 2 No.s
THEORY :
Locus diagrams are useful in determining the behaviour or response of an RLC circuit,
when one of its parameters is varied while the frequency and voltage are kept constant. The
magnitude and phase of the current vector in the circuit depend upon the values of R, L and C
and frequency at the fixed source voltage. The path travelled by the tip of the current vector
when the parameters R, L or C are varied while frequency and voltage are kept constant is
called the locus diagram.
R-Varying :
If R = 0, then I = V/ XL or V/ XC and has maximum value. It will lag or lead the voltage by
900 depending on whether the reactance is inductive or capacitive. The angle represents the
phase angle ( = tan-1(VX/ VR)). As R is increased from zero value, I and decrease. In the
limiting case when R= , then I = 0 and = 00. The locus of end-point qitI is a semi-circle of
radius V / X.
R-Fixed :
If X = 0, then I = V/ R and has maximum value. The current will be in phase with
voltage as it is a purely resistive circuit i.e., the phase is zero. As X is increased depending on
whether the reactance is inductance or apacitance the current starts lagging or leading V i.e.,
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the current I decreases and phase angle increases. In the limiting case when X = , then I = 0
and = 900. The locus of end point of I is a semi-circle of radius V/ R.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
Circuit 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT 1. Note down the values of applied
voltage and frequency.
Fix the resistance at a suitable value (say 1K).
Note down the values of VR, VC and I for at least three different values of the
Capacitor.
Now fix the capacitance at a suitable value (say 0.01F).
Note down the values of VR, VC and I for at least three different values of the
resistor.
Draw the corresponding current locus diagrams.
Circuit 2 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT 2. Note down the values of applied
voltage and frequency.
Fix the resistance at a suitable value (say 1K).
Note down the values of VR, VL and I at least three different values of the Inductor.
Now fix the Inductance value at a suitable value (say 45mH).
Note down the values of VR, VL and I at least three different values of the resistor.
Draw the corresponding current locus diagrams.
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TABULAR COLOUMN :
f=
Vi/p =
Circuit 1
S.No
S.No
Circuit 2
R
()
R fixed
C
VR
(F) (V)
R
()
C fixed
C
VR
(F) (V)
VC
(V)
VC
(V)
I
(mA)
I
(mA)
S.No
S.No
R
()
R fixed
C
VR
(F) (V)
VL
(V)
I
(mA)
R
()
L fixed
C
VR
(F) (V)
VL
(V)
I
(mA)
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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AIM :
To determine resonant frequency, band width and Q-factor for series and parallel RLC
circuits
APPARATUS :
NAME
RANGE
QUANTITY
1. Resistor
1K
1 No.
2. Inductor
45mH
1 No
3. Capacitor
0.01F
1 No
4. Milli Ammeter
0-20mA (AC )
1 No
5. Function generator
THEORY :
An AC circuit is said to be in Resonance when the applied voltage and current are in phase.
Resonance circuits are formed by the combination of reactive elements connected in either
series or parallel.
Resonance frequency in series circuit is given by fr = 1/ (2 LC) Hz
The impedance of the RLC circuit is
Z = R + j ( L 1/C) = R + jX
The circuit is in resonance when X = 0 ie., when L = 1/C
In series RLC circuit the current lags behind or leads the applied voltage depending upon the
value of XL and Xc. When XL is greater than Xc the circuit is inductive and when Xc is greater
than XL, the circuit is capacitive.
Quality factor ( Q-factor) or (Selectivity) :
Quality factor can be defined as ,
= 2 (maximum energy stored )/ ( energy dissipated per cycle).
= (f2 f1) / fr
Band width: Band width of a resonance circuit is defined as the band of frequencies on
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either sides of resonance frequency. This frequency range can be obtained by dropping a
vertical in the graph at its half power value, i.e.,
Band width = f2 f1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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TABULAR COLOUMN :
S. No
Series
I/P V Frequency,
Hz
IL,
Amp
Z=V/IL
Parallel
S. No V i/p Frequency,
Hz
IL,
Amp
Z=V/IL
CALCULATIONS:
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THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS :
Series
Parallel
EXPECTED GRAPH :
RESULT :
CONCLUSION :
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AIM:
To determine the self and mutual inductances and coefficient of coupling for two
inductive coils.
APPARATUS :
Name
Type / Range
Quantity
1 No
Volt meter
MI , ( 0 300 ) V
2 No
Ammeter
MI , ( 0 5 ) A
1 No
Wattmeter
LPF , 300 V , 5 A
1 No.
THEORY :
The property by which a coil opposes any change in the current passing through it is
known as self inductance. Whenever current passes through an inductor, it produces a
magnetic field around the coil and if the current is alternating it produces an emf in the coil.
Thus the self inductive reactance and the self inductance can be found out by measuring the
emf induced and the current required to produce it.
Mutual inductance is the property by which a coil opposes any change in the current
passing through a neighbouring coil. Thus the mutual inductive reactance and the mutual
inductance can be found out by measuring the emf induced in the neighbouring coil and the
current required to produce it.
The amount of coupling between the inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of
the coefficient of coupling.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
(1)
(2)
(3)
Note down the voltmeter , ammeter and wattmeter readings in the primary and
secondary sides.
(4)
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(5)
Note down the voltmeter , ammeter and wattmeter readings in the primary and
secondary sides.
(6)
OBSERVATIONS:
When connected to LV side :
S No.
Voltage V1
Current I
Power W
Voltage
(volt)
(Amp)
(watt)
V2(volt)
Voltage V1
Current I
Power W
Voltage
(volt)
(Amp)
(watt)
V2(volt)
S No.
CALCULATIONS :
When connected to LV side :
Power factor COS = W / VL * I
Power factor angle = COS -1 ( W / VL * I )
Magnetizing current I = I * Sin
Self Inductive reactance XL1 = VL / I
Self Inductance L1 = XL1 / 2 f
RESULT :
CONCLUSION:
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AIM :
To determine the Z, and Y parameters of a Two-port network.
APPARATUS :
Name
Type / Range
Quantity
1.
Resistors
each 1 No.s
2.
milli Ammeter
(0-20mA)
3.
Voltmeter
(0-20v)
1 No
4.
30 V, 2A
1 No.
5.
Connecting wires.
2 No.s
THEORY :
A network is having two pairs of accessible terminals, it is called a two port network. If
voltage and current at the input and output terminals are V1 , I1 and V2 , I2 respectively, there
are six sets of possible combinations generated by the four variables, describing a two - port
network. Z - parameters and Y- parameters are two among them.
Using Z- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following equations
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
Using Y- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following equations
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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PROCEDURE :
Z- parameters:1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Y- parameters :1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
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I1 ( A)
I2 ( A)
Z11 = V1 / I1 ( I2 = 0 )
Z21 = V2 / I1 ( I2 = 0 )
When V1 is open circuited,
V1 (volt)
V2 (volt)
I1 ( A)
I2 ( A)
Z12 = V1 / I2 ( I1 = 0 )
Z21 = V1 / I1 ( I1 = 0 )
For Y -parameters
When V2 is short circuited,
V1
V2
(volt)
(volt)
I1
( A)
I2
( A)
Y11 = I1 / V1 ( V2 = 0 ) =
Y21 = I2 / V1 ( V2 = 0 )
When V1 is short circuited,
V1 (volt)
V2 (volt)
I1 ( A)
I2 ( A)
Y12 = I1 / V2 ( V1 = 0 ) ,Y22 = I2 / V2 ( V2 = 0 )
Result:
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AIM :
To determine the Transmission and Hybrid parameters of a Two-port network.
APPARATUS :
Name
Type / Range
1. Resistors
2. milli Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
Quantity
(0-20mA)
2 No.s
(0-20v)
1 No
1 No.
5. Connecting wires.
THEORY :
A network is having two pairs of accessible terminals, it is called a two port network. If
voltage and current at the input and output terminals are V1 , I1 and V2 , I2 respectively, there
are six sets of possible combinations generated by the four variables, describing a two - port
network. Transmission- parameters and Hybrid- parameters are two among them.
Using T- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following equations
V1 = A V2 - B I2
I1 = C V2 - D I2
Where A, B, C, D are the transmission parameters.
Using h- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following equations
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 are the hybrid parameters.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
T- parameters :a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
h parameters :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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V2
I1
I2
(volt)
(volt)
( A)
( A)
V1
V2
I1
I2
(volt)
(volt)
( A)
( A)
V1
V2
I1
I2
(volt)
(volt)
( A)
( A)
V1
V2
I1
I2
(volt)
(volt)
( A)
( A)
B = V1 / I2 ( V2 = 0 )
D = I1 / I2 ( V2 = 0 )
When V2 is open circuited,
A = V1 / V2 ( I2 = 0 )
C = I1 / V2 ( I2 = 0 )
For h -parameters
When V2 is short circuited,
h11 = V1 / I1 ( V2 = 0 )
h21 = I2 / I21 ( V2 = 0 )
When V1 is open circuited,
9.
h12 = V1 / V2 ( I1 = 0 ) h22 = I2 / V2 ( I1 = 0 )
Result:
Conclusion:
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6.10 Measurement of active power for star and delta connected balanced load
Aim: To measure the active power for the given star and delta network.
Apparatus:
S.No
1
2
3
Range
0-10A/600V
0-200 ohms
-
Type
Quantity
MI
2
Wire wound
3
As per the
requirement
Theory:
A three phase balanced voltage is applied on a balanced three phase load when the current in
each of the phase lags by an angle behind corresponding phase voltages. Current through
current coil of w1=Ir, current through current coil of W2=IB, while potential difference across
voltage coil of W1=VRN-VYN=VRY(line voltage), and the potential difference across voltage
coilof W2= VRN-VYN=VBY.Also , phase difference between IR and VRY is (300+ ).While that
between IB and VBY is (300- ).Thus reading on wattmeter W1 is given by W1=VRYIYCos(300+
)While reading on wattmeter W2 is given by W2=VBYIBCos(300- )Since the load is balanced,
|IR|=|IY|=|IB|=I and |VRY|=|VBY|=VLW1=VLICos(300+ )W2=VLICos(300- ).
Thus total power P is given by
W= W1 +W2 = VLICos(300+ ) + VLICos(300- )
= VLI[Cos(300+ ) + Cos(300- )]
= [3/2 *2Cos ]VLI
= 3VLICos .
Electrical Circuits & Simulation Lab 42 EEE-Department
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Star connected load:
Procedure:
(Star connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
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4) A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of Bphase
is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to
the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.
(Delta connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to the
third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across R & Yphase, the extreme of R-phase is connected to
the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.
Precautions:
1. Avoid making loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
Result: Calculated Active and Reactive Powers for Star and Delta Networks
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11 Measurement of active power for star and delta connected balanced loads
Aim:- Measurement of Reactive power of an 3- balanced inductance load using one 1-
Wattmeter.
Apparatus:Theory:For the measurement of reactive power in balanced 3- circuit only a single Dynamometer
type wattmeter is required.
The current coil is connected in series with load and the pressure coil is connected across
the remaining two phase.
Let the current through current coil be Iph & potential appliance across the pressure coil
be V
VI=VY-VB=3 VPH.
This potential VI is leading R by 90o IR by hence wattmeter reading indicates.
WI=3 VPH IPH. Cos (-90o+)= =3 VPH IPH sin
Total reactive power (Q) obtained by Multiplying the wattmeter reading with =(-3)i.e Q=3 WI
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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Result:The measurement of 3- Reactive power using 1- Wattmeter has been clone and
theoretical & practical values has been compared.
Observation Table:S.No W1 W2 Volts P=3* W1 S=3VI =tan-1(Q/P) Q=3VI sin Q=S2-P2 I(Amps)
Result:- Reactive Power is Calculated by using Single Wattmeter Method
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APPARATUS:
NAME
RANGE
QUANTITY
Wattmeter
10A/600V
2 Nos
Ammeter
(0-10)A
2Nos
Voltmeter
( 0 -600V)
1 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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PROCEDURE:
1)
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Ensure that the
autotransformer is in the minimum position and the load applied is zero.
2)
3)
Increase the load gradually and each time note down the meter readings.
4)
5)
Gradually decrease the load to zero and switch OFF the supply.
A1
(A)
A2
(A)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
W
(W)
RESULT :
CONCLUSION:
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AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice
APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.
Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result :
Conclusion :
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AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice
APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.
Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result :
Conclusion :
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AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice
APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.
Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result :
Conclusion :
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AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice
APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.
Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Result :
Conclusion :
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7.
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Exp:2
1. State the maximum power transfer theorem.
2 What are the applications of maximum power transfer theorem?
3 What is the difference in the application of maximum power transfer theorem to AC and
DC?
4 Is it possible to find maximum power in any circuit without drawing its equivalent
thevenins circuit?
Exp:3
1. Define thevenins theorem.
2. What are the conditions to apply the thevenins theorem?
3. What is the importance of Thevenins theorem?
Exp:4
1. Verify the concept of Ohms Law for at least two measurements for each value of the R. (To
be answered in the draft report and then retyped in the written report)
2. Verify the results obtained in part B theoretically. (To be answered in the draft report and
then retyped in the written report).
3. From part (A), plot the voltage, VS, versus the current, I, for each resistance using Excel. Show
the slope of each curve (on the curve itself using Excel) and state what they represent.
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Exp:5
1. Does the resistor in step 4 operate in the linear region or non-linear region? Explain by
considering the power rating of the resistor.
2. An electric heater takes 1.48 kW from a voltage source of 220 V. Find the resistance of the
heater?
3. If the current in a resistor doubles, what happens to the dissipated power? (Assume the
resistor operates in the linear region).
4. A 4 resistor is needed to be used in circuit where the voltage across the resistor is 3V .If
two 4 resistors with 2 W and 3 W power rating are available, which will you use and why?
Exp:6
1. Comment on the sharpness of the maximum of the power curves. Is it necessary to match
with great care to achieve maximum power transfer?
2. What is the phase difference between the current and the voltage source when maximum
power transfer is achieved?
3. If the frequency of the source is doubled, what change should be done to maintain
maximum power transfer to the load? How does this change affect the value of the maximum
power? Explain.
4. The term available power is used to describe a source in many communication applications.
It is the maximum possible power which the source can deliver to an external load. What is the
available power of a source of voltage V and internal resistance R?
Exp:7
1 The frequency of the voltage in your house is 60 Hz. How much time is required for the
waveform to complete three cycles?
2- What is the difference between AC and DC coupling of the oscilloscope? Explain how to use
them to measure the average value of any periodic signal.
3- Some meters are calibrated to read r.m.s. Value of sinusoidal waveforms from the basic unit
that responds to the peak value of the waveform. In terms of the peak value, Vp , the meter
will read 2Vp which is the correct r.m.s value for a sinusoidal signal. Can this meter be used
to read the correct rms value for other waveforms like square, triangular, etc? Comment.
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Exp:8
1.
Why the lamp is damaged when the voltage across it goes to 7V? Explain by comparing
power dissipation with rated value
Exp:9
1
Compare the values of resistance obtained with ohmmeter, Ohms law (V/I) and slope of
the V-I plot. Comment on your results.
2. How could you tell if the resistances are linear or not?
Exp:10
1 For a resistance and capacitance in series with a voltage source, show that it is possible to
draw a phasor diagram for the current and all voltages from magnitude measurement of
these quantities only. Illustrate your answer graphically
2. The equivalent impedance of a capacitor in series with an inductor is equivalent to a short
circuit (i.e. equal to zero) at a certain frequency. Derive an expression for this frequency.
3. The equivalent impedance of a capacitor in parallel with an inductor is equivalent to an open
circuit (i.e. equal to infinity) at a certain frequency. Derive an expression for this frequency
Exp:11
1
Superposition theorem applies for only certain types of circuit. State what is the typ
2
Superposition applies to only some variables or quantities like current and voltage. It
does not apply to, for example, power. State why not
Exp:12
1. Thevernins and Nortons Theorem are very useful. List at least two reasons for it
2. Is the Maximum Power Theorem verified experimentally? Explain.
Exp:13
1. Are R4 and R6 in parallel or in series?
2. Are R3 and R4 in parallel or in series?
3. Are Vs and R6 in series or in parallel?
4. Is VDR applicable for applicable for R3 and R4?
5. Is CDR applicable for R4 and R6?
6. Is the parallel combination of R4 and R6 in series or in parallel with R2?
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Exp:14
1) Find and fc for the circuit in figure 1 if R = 200 and C = 0.5 F and state the region of
frequency, in which the circuit will behave as an integrator.
Exp:15
1. Which method is better and why?
2. Does a computer simulation represent actual circuit behavior? Discuses the point by
referring to the results you obtained in this experimen
Exp:16
1) Convert the measured values of currents iR, iL and iC obtained in steps 3-5 into phasor form
(example, I=5 30 Amp ). Compare these values with the ones obtained throughsimulation
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4) Verify the Super position Theorem and RMS value of Complex wave
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13) Measure the active power for star and delta connected balanced loads
14) Measure the active power for star and delta connected balanced loads
15) Simulate the DC Circuits
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Power should always be in switch-OFF condition, EXCEPT while you are taking readings.
The Circuit diagram should be approved by the faculty before making connections.
Circuit connections should be checked & approved by the faculty before switching on the
power.
SAFETY II
1.
The voltage employed in electrical lab are sufficiently high to endanger human life.
2.
3.
4.
Dont switch on main power unless the faculty gives the permission
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